Journal articles on the topic 'History of psychiatry and the medico-social field'
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1
Pereira, Izadora De Sousa, Amanda Plácido da Silva Macêdo, Ivna Celli Assunção de Sá, Larissa Melo Moreira, and Modesto Leite Rolim Neto. "Social Psychiatry and the demand for Mental Health Services: Some caution is valid?" Amadeus International Multidisciplinary Journal 4, no. 7 (October 27, 2019): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/aimj.v4i7.90.
Abstract:
Mental health in the interface with social psychiatryis a constantly evolving field. Psychiatry faces major challenges. The therapeutic relationship remains paramount. Methods: A Short Communication that focus the informational spaces of professional interests, many new ideas and concepts what are issued under the banner of "social psychiatry.". Include: discovery or development of new information’s, novelty in modeling scientific and channels of information. Results: The evidences emphasize that Mental illness and interventions in psychiatry should be considered in the of social context where patients live and factors they face on a daily basis. There’s a need for greater numbers of psychiatrists. Limitations: As Short Communications are expected to have higher than average impact on the field rather than report on incremental research, they will receive prioritized and rapid publication. Conclusion: Social values and concepts have played a central role in the history of mental health care, allowing more focus on possible environmental causes or factors. Keywords: Social Psychiatryis; Mental Health; Therapeutic Relationship.
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Toms, Jonathan. "MIND, Anti-Psychiatry, and the Case of the Mental Hygiene Movement’s ‘Discursive Transformation’." Social History of Medicine 33, no. 2 (November 17, 2018): 622–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hky096.
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Summary During the 1970s the National Association for Mental Health (NAMH) re-labelled itself MIND, becoming a rights-based organisation, critiquing psychiatry and emphasising patients’ citizenship. Its transformation has been coloured by attributions of the influence of anti-psychiatry. This article argues that the relevance of anti-psychiatry has been over-simplified. It examines MIND’s history as part of the psychiatric strategy known as mental hygiene. This movement’s agenda can be understood as paradigmatic of much that anti-psychiatry renounced. However, building on the sociologist Nick Crossley’s description of the interactional nature of Social Movement Organisations in the psychiatric field, this article shows that a ‘discursive transformation’ can be deduced in core elements of mental hygienist thinking. This transformation of discourse clearly prefigured important elements of anti-psychiatry, and also fed into MIND’s rights approach. But it must be appreciated on its own terms. Its distinctiveness under MIND is shown in its application to people with learning disabilities.
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Myllykangas, Mikko, and Katariina Parhi. "The History of Psychiatric Epidemiology in Finland: From National Needs to International Arenas, 1900s–1990s." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 97, no. 2 (June 2023): 321–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a905733.
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summary: Psychiatric epidemiology has significantly influenced public health policies all around the world. This article discusses how Finnish epidemiologists reacted to local needs, which were born in specific circumstances and were controlled by science policy and funding opportunities. The development between the 1900s and 1990s is divided into three stages. The first Finnish studies in the field focused on the prevalence of mental illnesses in the country. The focus was to gain information for service planning, most of all to estimate the need for new hospitals and to set up the national social insurance system. After the Second World War, structural changes and social engineering fueled epidemiological interest. From the 1960s until the late 1980s, psychiatric epidemiology was interconnected with social psychiatry, which held a strong position in Finland. Since the 1990s, Finnish psychiatric epidemiology has been integrated with international epidemiology by using shared methodologies and through participation in transnational studies.
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Delille, Emmanuel. "Eric Wittkower and the foundation of Montréal’s Transcultural Psychiatry Research Unit after World War II." History of Psychiatry 29, no. 3 (March 27, 2018): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x18765417.
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Eric Wittkower founded McGill University’s Transcultural Psychiatry Unit in 1955. One year later, he started the first international newsletter in this academic field: Transcultural Psychiatry. However, at the beginning of his career Wittkower gave no signs that he would be interested in social sciences and psychiatry. This paper describes the historical context of the post-war period, when Wittkower founded the research unit in Montréal. I focus on the history of scientific networks and the circulation of knowledge, and particularly on the exchanges between the French- and English-speaking academic cultures in North America and Europe. Because the history of transcultural psychiatry is a transnational history par excellence, this leads necessarily to the question of the reception of this academic field abroad.
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Delille, Emmanuel, and Ivan Crozier. "Historicizing transcultural psychiatry: people, epistemic objects, networks, and practices." History of Psychiatry 29, no. 3 (May 14, 2018): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x18775589.
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The history of transcultural psychiatry has recently attracted much historical attention, including a workshop in March 2016 in which an international panel of scholars met at the Maison de Sciences de l’Homme Paris-Nord (MSH-PN). Papers from this workshop are presented here. By conceiving of transcultural psychiatry as a dynamic social field that frames its knowledge claims around epistemic objects that are specific to the field, and by focusing on the ways that concepts within this field are used to organize intellectual work, several themes are explored that draw this field into the historiography of psychiatry. Attention is paid to the organization of networks and publications, and to important actors within the field who brought about significant developments in the colonial and post-colonial conceptions of mental illness.
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Gomez Juanes, R., and P. Herbera Gonzalez. "Bioethics in psychiatry." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72464-6.
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IntroductionBioethics in psychiatry is a research area that is gaining more relevance each year. To understand what bioethics is we need to clarify some concepts.Morals are the rules that govern the behaviour of humans being in relation to society and themselves but that does not imply alone the concept of good or bad.Ethics consider what is moral, how to rationally justify a moral system and how it is applied then to different areas of our social life. We therefore conclude that bioethics is responsible for studying what is moral in the field of human behavior.ObjectivesWe provide a historical review of bioethics in psychiatry from the Middle Ages to the present day.MethodologyHaving reviewed documents we will cover the key historical events which changed the course of bioethics in psychiatry as well as in other areas of medicine.ResultsIn our field, Psychiatry, Bioethics is a relatively new discipline which has changed over the centuries to find a model based on patient autonomy and beneficence. These two basic ethical principles were specially established since the Belmont Report was published in the 70s.ConclusionsDespite the changes and evolution through the history, bioethics is a subject that still requires more research and analysis. There are still few professionals who have an adequate training in bioethics.
7
HOUSTON, R. A. "A LATENT HISTORIOGRAPHY? THE CASE OF PSYCHIATRY IN BRITAIN, 1500–1820." Historical Journal 57, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1300054x.
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ABSTRACTBoth empirically and interpretively, extant histories of psychiatry reveal a vastly greater degree of difference among themselves than historical accounts of any other field. Scholarship focuses on the period after 1800 and the same is true of historiographical reviews; those of early modern British psychiatry are often brief literature studies. This article sets out in depth the development of this rich and varied branch of history since the 1950s, exploring the many different approaches that have contributed to understanding the mad and how they were treated. Social, cultural, philosophical, religious, and intellectual historians have contributed as much as historians of science and medicine to understanding an enduring topic of fascination: ‘disorders of consciousness and conduct’ and their context. Appreciating the sometimes unacknowledged lineages of the subject and the personal histories of scholars (roots and routes) makes it easier to understand the past, present, and future of the history of psychiatry. The article explores European and North American influences as well as British traditions, looking at both the main currents of historiographical change and developments particular to the history of psychiatry.
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Gonçalves, Arthur Maciel Nunes, Clarissa de Rosalmeida Dantas, Claudio E. M. Banzato, and Ana Maria Galdini Raimundo Oda. "A historical account of schizophrenia proneness categories from DSM-I to DSM-5 (1952-2013)." Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental 21, no. 4 (December 2018): 798–828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-4714.2018v21n4p798.7.
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The history of diagnostic classifications in psychiatry has been recognized as a privileged means of access to the vicissitudes inherent to the configuration of a scientific and professional field, also bringing significant contributions to conceptual history. We have taken as primary sources the five editions of the DSM (1952-2013) to examine the construction of diagnostic categories related to schizophrenia proneness, indicating the scientific and social contexts related to the development of DSM and psychiatry itself. Along this process we highlight the conditions of possibility for the emergence of the Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome, a highly controversial diagnostic proposal, in the elaboration of DSM-5. This proposal ended up being rejected not only on scientific grounds, but also because of feared unintended consequences.
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Scalise, C., M. A. Sacco, A. Zibetti, P. De Fazio, P. Ricci, and I. Aquila. "Suicide presentation and the risk at the time of the mandatory quarantine for the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic: medico-legal and forensic aspects." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1356.
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Introduction COVID-19 pandemic is the most important health emergency of the 21st century. Since the high number of infected people and as there is still no specific therapy worldwide, the pandemic has been countered through the application of prevention measures based on social distancing and home isolation. These elements are known risk factors for the development of various psychiatric conditions. From a forensic point of view, these pathologies are related to a high suicide rate. Objectives It is no coincidence that during the previous pandemics that have occurred in history there has been a significant increase in suicides. By this work, we therefore want to highlight the psychological consequences of a pandemic and the importance of preventive strategies. Methods It is important to focus not only on physical well-being but also on the psychological aspects that the pandemic produces in the daily life of each individual Results If the infecting agent causes the death of millions of people around the world, the socio-economic context that is created indirectly determines as many deaths. Conclusions Therefore it is necessary to underline how it is advisable to implement preventive measures in order to significantly reduce deaths from suicide, a problem with an important impact in the social and forensic fields. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Prudo, R., and H. Munroe Blum. "Five-year Outcome and Prognosis in Schizophrenia: A Report from the London Field Research Centre of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 3 (March 1987): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.3.345.
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A sample of 100 schizophrenic patients admitted to London area psychiatric hospitals were examined as part of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Clinical and social outcome were variable. At 5-year follow-up, 49% had good symptomatic outcome and 42%, good social outcome. Poor social functioning at inclusion was predictive of poor symptomatic outcome. Illness history (IH), occupational functioning (OF), social relationship functioning (SRF), negative and non-specific symptoms (NNS) at initial evaluation, and their interaction with sex and race accounted for 32% of the 5-year symptomatic outcome variance (n = 84; F=3.48; P<0.001). OF, SRF, housing status, NNS and their interaction with sex, race and age accounted for 47% of the social outcome variance (n = 62; F=2.62; P<0.007).
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Žalnora, Aistis. "Psychiatry in Vilnius in 16th–20th Centuries: Review on Social Transformations." Studia Historica Gedanensia 11 (2020): 246–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.20.013.13619.
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There issue of Psychiatry in Vilnius is unexplored field especially in a terms of its social aspects. Most of the former papers devoted to psychiatry in Vilnius were written in descriptive manner or they were uncritical case studies of one or another hospital. One of the first successful studies that was constructed by using modern methodology was a monograph of Dr. Tomas Vaisėta that described a social features of Vilnius psychiatry. However, the study is devoted to a late period – Soviet psychiatry only. Therefore the modern analysis of earlier periods and other Vilnius hospitals was still missing. In our article, we set us a goal, namely, to find the most important features, the so‑called paradigm fractures in the social history of Vilnius psychiatry. The main tendency which should be emphasized was uneven development of Vilnius psychiatry, especially in a terms of attitude towards the patient. In most cases that could be interpreted in a light of a broader Global context. In Vilnius hospitals just like in other countries mentally ill were discriminated because of their unclear social and economic status. In the earliest period the mentally ill as an outcast of society is being locked in a jail‑like mental hospitals or fall into complete favor of the monastery hospices. The 19th century positivism at least theoretically brought humane paradigm to Lithuanian psychiatry. However, because of the limited medical measures as well as economic reasons the later period was marked by the realism or even negativism of semi‑modern interwar psychiatry. Mentally ill again falls into a status of outcast or a burden to the society. The question of responsibility towards mentally ill is avoided by the community as well as by state. Nevertheless, some original solutions were found in Vilnius district. The mentally ill were employed in local farms that at‑least partly solved the issues of economic burden. Moreover, there were some more tendencies that do not fit in the global narrative. Despite the technical advance in treatment that gradually enabled the psychiatrists to help the patient, in the Soviet period we observe the opposite tendency that was to restrain and harm the mentally ill patient. In many cases even totally healthy people were misdiagnosed to be mentally ill and received harsh chemical treatment and isolation because of their personal criticism towards totalitarian Soviet system.
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Rudenko, Sergii, and Mykhailo Tasenko. "INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS OF MENTAL DISORDERS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Philosophy, no. 9 (2023): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2523-4064.2023/9-8/15.
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B a c k g r o u n d . The article demonstrates the development and influence of the main diagnostic systems in psychiatry, such as the DSM and the ICD, on the concept of psychiatric diseases. The problem of classification of psychiatric disorders is one of the main topics that is the field of study of the philosophy of psychiatry. The correct diagnosis within a particular diagnostic system directly affects the choice of appropriate drug treatment, psychotherapy and social support for people suffering from mental disorders. Misdiagnosis has not only negative medical but also social consequences, leading to stigmatization and avoidance of people suffering from mental disorders. M e t h o d s . The research uses an integrated approach to the analysis of psychiatric diagnostic systems, including historical, comparative and interdisciplinary methods. The application of the historical method contributed to a detailed study of the evolution of psychiatric diagnostic systems and changes in approaches to the classification of mental disorders. A comparative analysis of the main diagnostic systems was carried out, considering their structure, diagnostic criteria and interaction. The interdisciplinary method involves the integration of knowledge from psychiatry, philosophy, medical history, cultural studies, and psychology, providing a deep understanding of the medical, philosophical, social, and cultural aspects of mental disorders. R e s u l t s . The article analyzes the historical development of ideas and methodology for the classification of mental disorders from ancient Greece to the present. From Hippocrates and Plato to Sydenham, Kabanis, Pinel, and Eskierol, the authors trace the evolution of understanding of mental disorders, emphasizing the shift in emphasis from etiological theories to more descriptive and categorical models. The authors describe the current state of the DSM and ICD classification systems, which play a dominant role in psychiatric science and subsequent social support and welfare for people suffering from mental disorders. Changes that have occurred in these systems and their impact on psychiatric practice and research are discussed. Considerable emphasis is placed on the history of the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which becomes a symbolic indicator of the complexities and challenges associated with the modern classification of mental illness. The authors consider the phenomenological method as a tool for a deeper understanding of PTSD, especially in the context of the constant psychotraumatic factors of war, the consequences of which generate new challenges for Ukrainian psychiatric practice. The authors present a case study using the phenomenological approach to diagnose PTSD, which demonstrates the need for a detailed analysis of patients' internal experience for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. C o n c l u s i o n s . The conclusions emphasize the importance of integrating philosophical methods into the diagnosis and analysis of mental illness in clinical practice. The authors call for the development of interdisciplinary research involving both philosophers and mental health professionals to develop more detailed and person-centered approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
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Gaedtke, Andrew. "Diagnosis, Literature, and Legitimation." American Literary History 35, no. 3 (June 21, 2023): 1317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajad147.
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Abstract This commentary responds to several patterns in the articles that constitute the special issue on “Diagnosing America” and underscores questions of legitimacy related to the history of psychiatric diagnoses. Clinical diagnosis often operates as a speech-act through which a patient’s distress is made recognizable and legitimated. However, diagnostic categories have long been plagued by questions of legitimacy from within and beyond the field of psychiatry. Despite attempts to resolve these controversies through successive editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), concerns about the validity and reliability of diagnostic categories persist. The stakes of such questions are significant. Diagnostic categories may not only describe but can also shape historically shifting expressions of mental illness and their treatments. Many works of contemporary literature have engaged in these debates by foregrounding the social, political, and phenomenological dimensions of mental illness that have often been absent from diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Such works prompt fundamental questions about how and why certain categories of mental illness come to be recognized as real. Discussions of the cultural and social dimensions of psychiatric diagnosis should include . . . questions of legitimacy—not of patients’ distress but of the nosological systems that purport to recognize forms of distress as real according to the historically prevailing ontology.
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McDonald, Ruth, Vivek Furtado, and Birgit Vollm. "Managing madness, murderers and paedophiles: Understanding change in the field of English forensic psychiatry." Social Science & Medicine 164 (September 2016): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.011.
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Faouel, N., B. Ben Mohamed, M. Bejar, R. Ayoub, F. Zaafrane, and L. Gaha. "When healing becomes a burden: The feedback of tunisian psychiatrists." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.857.
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IntroductionPsychiatry is a fascinating medical specialty. Many reasons may motivate early career doctors to choose this field. However, this experience could have a different impact on their quality of life and social functioning.Objectiveswe aimed to assess the impact of psychiatry as a medical career, on the psychiatrist’s quality of life, and to evaluate their feedback on their experience and how it effects their life.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional descriptive study of 68 psychiatrists. An E-questionnaire has been sent via a psychiatrist’s closed groups on social media. We collected sociodemographic data, we also used the stress perceived scale, and we explored the quality of life using the SF-12 questionnaire.ResultsThe participants were mostly females with a mean age of 32 years (range25-65). Only 10% of psychiatrists had psychiatric history mostly depression. Concerning substance use, 15% were smokers, 17% used alcohol, 10% smoked occasionally cannabis and 23 % used different psychotropic drugs. 73% our sample were interested in psychiatry during their studies. 60% of our population considered the role of psychiatrists ambiguous among other colleagues. A very high perceived stress was noted in 90 % of our sample. Physical health status was in the average of standard deviation wether mental health status was below average among psychiatrists. The most frustrating situation mentioned was the absence of intermediate structures to receive psychotic patients.ConclusionsTunisians psychiatrists are facing many obstacles during the practice of their job, that would transform their passion into demotivation and a desire to leave the country.
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Dimitrijevic, Aleksandar. "Trauma as a neglected etiological factor of mental disorders." Sociologija 57, no. 2 (2015): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1502286d.
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Throughout the history of mental health care field, trauma was prescribed different and frequently opposing roles. In psychoanalysis, the attitude toward trauma was ambiguous: it was considered a crucial factor, but at the same time its role could happen to be minimized. In biological psychiatry, it is seen as a dominant cause of some disorders and completely irrelevant for the others. In this paper, two issues are discussed: frequency of traumatic events in general population and among persons with mental disorders; and hypothesized intrapsychic mechanisms that lead to detrimental consequences of trauma on mental health. It is advocated that prevention of early, especially attachment, trauma should be the focus of our work in dealing with mental disorders.
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Galkina, Yulia M. "FRENCH WOMEN’S MENTAL DISORDERS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR." Ural Historical Journal 79, no. 2 (2023): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-87-95.
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The article deals with the problem of the mental health of French women during the First World War, which has not yet been covered in the Western historiographical tradition. The author considers cases of mental disorders caused or provoked by the state of hostilities, the social and stressful situation of the 1914–1918 conflict. The source base for the study was professional medical journals in the field of psychiatry and neurology, as well as publications of professional medical associations. The clinical cases identified by the author made it possible to identify and classify the main triggers of mental illness: the loss of a relative at the front, the events accompanying the state of occupation, the impact of propaganda. The author also traces the ways to resolve the mental conflict: in addition to inpatient treatment in psychiatric institutions, women who experienced the traumatic consequences of the First World War, found solace in occult practices, organizing communication with like-minded people, and alcohol abuse. The study is relevant in the context of the debatable issue of the etiology of mental disorders: at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries in European and Russian medicine, the discourse about degeneration dominated, as well as the idea of heredity as a source of mental illness of the population. According to some French researchers, the First World War called into question this conviction, forcing representatives of medical science to reconsider their views due to the admission of patients with no previous history of psychiatric diagnoses to specialized hospitals.
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Nechuhrin, Aleksandr, Sergii Syniakov, and Іvan Skyba. "PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE HISTORICAL RESEARCH." Proceedings of the National Aviation University Series Philosophy Cultural 35, no. 1 (July 20, 2023): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2412-2157.35.16530.
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The mechanisms of interrelation between ideological values and methodological means of historical perception arerevealed in the article. The role of philosophy as a theoretical center of the ideology is underlined in the article. The participationof philosophical ideas in the formation of historical conceptions and categorical mechanisms of historical science, in theevolution of historical concepts, in the development of the methods of the perception of the past and the subject field of theresearch is discussed in the article. The authors underline the specific features of historical perception, the importance of microideaswhich show the unique nature of social phenomena of the past for it. The change in the system of concepts of historicalscience in connection with the change of philosophical conceptions as well as historical approaches (social history, "Annals"school, new social history) is shown in the article.
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Rahman, Md Sydur, and Boshir Ahmed. "Predicting Psychiatric Disorder from the Classified Psychiatric Characteristics using Machine Learning Algorithm." European Journal of Information Technologies and Computer Science 2, no. 4 (August 29, 2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/compute.2022.2.4.72.
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Psychiatry is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on a major public health concern. The following threats represent a significant risk to the mental health of anyone who is exposed to them. Various things might have an impact on both a person's physical and financial health. Psychiatric treatment can raise the likelihood of getting a mental disorder. Schizophrenia is a devastating mental condition that predominantly affects women. It is more prevalent in both male and female. Mentally sick individuals are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior which results in social behavioral distortion. As a direct result, societal concerns that were already evident have grown considerably more prevalent. According to global data, anxiety, drugs misuse, hazardous behavior, arrogance, suicidal thoughts, depression, disorientation, and consciousness are widespread among 20 to 30 years adults. These individuals are continuously searching for something new, which can be detrimental to their mental health because it makes them less stable. A machine learning classifier has been predicted to classify the appropriate extracted features after applying Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers for various no-linear kernels, taking into account all the critical elements for psychiatry that have been stated. An unequal history of mental diseases has climbed from 10.5 percent in 1990 to 19.86 percent in 2022, according to Adult Prevalence of Mental Illness (AMI) 2022, and psychiatry currently accounts for 14.3 percent of yearly global mortality (approximately 8 million).
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Faubert, Michelle. "CURE, CLASSIFICATION, AND JOHN CLARE." Victorian Literature and Culture 33, no. 1 (March 2005): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150305000847.
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THE NINETEENTH CENTURYis an important period in the history of psychiatry. According to the accepted narrative about the development of psychiatry as a field, in October of 1793, Philippe Pinel freed the patients at Bicêtre, the hospital for the insane in Paris. This act “heralded a new attitude to the insane,” as Pinel “abolished brutal repression” and “replaced it by a humanitarian medical approach” (Hunter 603). The French physician's approach to madness was officially brought to English soil when his text,A Treatise on Insanity, was translated into English in 1806 by D. D. Davis. His methods then began to appear in English practice and positively bloomed by mid century, particularly in the form of moral management, which advocated freeing patients of physical restraints and emphasizing their abilities to monitor their own behavior, while re-educating them about social mores and expectations (Showalter 27). The period from 1790 to 1850 has been called “the birth of psychiatry” (Donnelly viii).
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NAGY, Endre. "HOW TO BUILD HR CONTROLLING METRICS, SIMPLY & EASY-TO-USE?" ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA. ECONOMIC SCIENCES 32, no. 2 (December 2023): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes32(2)026.
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The descriptive field study showcases how the HR controlling “Key Performance Indicators” of an industry leading company (Ongropack Ltd.) have evolved step by step from the state without professional history to the professional level. The milestones are presented in a clear tabular form. Finally, I set up a simple, transparent and efficient dashboard version of the KPI structure (completed with rarely published real company data). The sole source of the field study is the data collection from company databases and HR documents, according to the social constructionist research methodology.
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Omobowale, Emmanuel Babatunde, and Stephen Ese Kekeghe. "Political Ambition and Psychiatric Manifestations in Femi Osofisan’s A Restless Run of Locusts." Matatu 52, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-20201000.
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Abstract Existing studies, in Nigeria, have explored the interplay of physical and psychological diseases with a central focus on different psychiatric conditions as well as their social triggers. This article examines ambition as a major intensifier of neurotic and psychotic episodes in Femi Osofisan’s play, A Restless Run of Locusts. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is adopted to account for the mental states of the characters, as manifested in their moods, conducts, gait, physical dispositions and utterances. The play is subjected to a critical analysis to reveal some psychiatric symptoms elicited by grave ambition, as exhibited by its protagonist and other characters featured in it. Besides a close reading of the primary text, secondary materials on the field of psychiatry and literature give insights to the study. The play reveals different psychotic and neurotic features which emerge from the fierce greed and ambition of the protagonist in his craving for political positions and privileges. Through verbal and behavioural displays, Osofisan’s protagonist undergoes a gradual descent into mental derangement, from neuroses to psychoses.
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Harrington, Anne. "Mental Health's Stalled (Biological) Revolution: Its Origins, Aftermath & Future Opportunities." Daedalus 152, no. 4 (2023): 166–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_02037.
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Abstract The 1980s, by common consensus, saw a big and remarkably rapid pivot away from previously dominant psychoanalytic and social science perspectives in American psychiatry and toward a so-called medical model foregrounding biology and the brain. The standard understanding is that this happened because, after years of wandering lost in a Freudian desert, the field had finally gained some fundamental new biological understandings of mental illness. The standard understanding is wrong. Nothing of sudden significance had happened on the biological front. There had been no major scientific or therapeutic breakthroughs. Why, then, did the field really pivot? This essay aims to explain. The answer is important, not least because choices made back then have directly shaped the fraught world of psychiatry with which we live today.
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Shin, Ji-Hye, and Sung-Vin Yim. "A Foundation for a “Cheerful Society”: The Korean War and the Rise of Psychiatry." Korean Journal of Medical History 32, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 553–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2023.32.553.
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One of the most remarkable medical achievements of the Korean War was the development of psychiatry. During the Korean War, soldiers and prisoners of war (POWs) experienced “gross stress reaction” and manifested poor concentration and memory as well as clinical depression and social alienation. Rest and relaxation rotations served as the primary treatment for their conditions. Civilians also bore the brunt of the war’s effects. Delusions of grandeur and megalomania appear to have been common among Koreans, but there were few mental health facilities to provide treatment and care. Out of the furnace of war, psychiatry emerged as a newly specialized field, and in the 1950s, Korea became the very place where military psychiatry training under the U.S. military laid the groundwork for civilian psychiatry. This essay aims to enrich the study of mental illness during and after the Korean War by providing a more detailed picture of the mental problems experienced not only by veterans and POWs, but also by civilians in Korea. Examining mental health issues from this period is challenging due to the scarcity of resources for delving into the minds of the civilians involved. Taking military psychiatry as a starting point, this essay goes beyond existing scholarship to discuss psychiatry-related responses to the Korean War, including the influence of military psychiatry on civilian psychiatry, the endeavors of medical professionals and government policies, and contemporary expressions of mental distress during and after the war.
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Bollini, Paola, Giovanni Muscettola, Antonella Piazza, Maurizio Puca, and Gianni Tognoni. "Mental health care in Southern Italy: application of case–control methodology for the evaluation of the impact of the 1978 psychiatric reform." Psychological Medicine 16, no. 3 (August 1986): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700010448.
Abstract:
SynopsisA survey to analyse patients' characteristics and the care delivered to them was conducted in several psychiatric facilities, covering the whole range of care offered in the public sector in two regions of Southern Italy. A case–control method of analysis was chosen, and the relative risk estimates (RR), together with their 95% confidence intervals (CI), of being in custodial facilities were computed, comparing patients treated in custodial institutions (‘cases’) with those in community-based services (‘controls’) in respect of social and clinical vairables. Factors more stongly associated with custodial treatment were: illiteracy (RR = 2·4), unmarried status (RR =2·4), a history of prolonged illness (RR = 7·6), organic diagnosis (RR = 2·6), previous custodial treatment (RR = 3·9), and expected poor social functioning (RR =2·4). The suitability and advantages of the case–control method of analysis in the field of psychiatric care evaluation are discussed.
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Savov, Ilin. "THEORETICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE CONCEPT „INFORMATION“." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 4, no. 9 (February 17, 2023): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v4i9.7047.
Abstract:
Information has always played a decisive role in the history of civilization development and has served as the basis for decision-making at all levels and stages of society and state development. In the history of societal development, several information revolutions can be distinguished, associated with cardinal changes in the sphere of production, processing, and transmission of information, leading to radical transformations of social relations. As a result of such transformations, society has in a certain sense acquired a new quality. The article present the specific range of social relations related to the role and importance of information on the field of national security.
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Freis, David. "‘Subordination, authority, psychotherapy’." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 2 (April 2017): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695116687238.
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This article explores the history of ‘subordination-authority-relation’ (SAR) psychotherapy, a brand of psychotherapy largely forgotten today that was introduced and practised in inter-war Vienna by the psychiatrist Erwin Stransky (1877–1962). I situate ‘SAR’ psychotherapy in the medical, cultural and political context of the inter-war period and argue that – although Stransky’s approach had little impact on historical and present-day debates and reached only a very limited number of patients – it provides a particularly clear example for the political dimensions of psychotherapy. In the early 20th century, the emerging field of psychotherapy was largely dominated by Freudian psychoanalysis and its Adlerian and Jungian offshoots. Psychotherapists’ relations with academic psychiatry were often uneasy, but the psychodynamic schools succeeded in establishing independent institutions for training and treatment. However, as this article shows, the gulf between mainstream psychiatry and psychotherapy was not as wide as many histories of the psy-disciplines in the early 20th century suggest. In inter-war Vienna, where these conflicts raged most fiercely, Stransky’s ‘SAR’ psychotherapy was intended as an academic psychiatrist’s response to the challenge posed by the emerging competitors. Moreover, Stransky also proposed a political alternative to the existing psychotherapeutic schools. Whereas psychoanalysis was a liberal project, and Adlerian individual psychology was closely affiliated with the socialist movement, ‘SAR’ psychotherapy with its focus on authority, subordination and social hierarchy tried to translate a right-wing, authoritarian understanding of society into a treatment for nervous disorders.
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Menendez Gil, I. E., and M. L. Maria Del Carmen. "Advances in the field of genetics and difficulties in the diagnosis of di george syndrome." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S983—S984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2091.
Abstract:
IntroductionThe spectacular progress of the last decade in the field of genetics is allowing a new development of medicine and the ability to make a better diagnosis. A great example of this is the diagnosis of chromosome 22q11 deletion, which occurs in 1:4000 live births.ObjectivesThis case wants to illustrate the difficulties in the diagnosis, despite technological advances.MethodsExhaustive review of the literatureResultsThis is a 38-year-old male patient diagnosed with chromosome 22q11 deletion in adulthood.Family history of medical problems: mother with genetic diagnosis of chromosome 22q11 deletion, in adulthood, after the diagnosis of her own son.Personal history of medical problems:- Psychiatry: he has been followed up intermittently in psychology since he was 6 years old, due to cognitive difficulties and behavioral alterations. He has had several hospital admissions in psychiatry during adolescence for behavioral disorders and intellectual disability, with possible psychotic symptoms. In treatment with antiepileptics and antipsychotics.- Cardiology: aortic aneurysm and bicuspid aortic valve were detected. The patient underwent surgery in 2018.- Genetics: he is diagnosed with chromosome 22q11 deletion in 2019. This is an inherited mutation of maternal origin that is detected later.- Rheumatology: seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, non-erosive.- Rehabilitation: treatment to improve psychomotor skills, from 6-12 years of age.It is important to emphasize that the diagnosis was made at the age of 35 years, after a more deep study which had been carried out after the debut of the cardiac pathology. In addition, it is very striking that the diagnosis of his mother was made later than the one of the patient himself.Currently, the patient presents serious difficulties in respecting the rules of coexistence at home and in understanding social norms, so that he has not been able to integrate in any environment and remains isolated at home. Serious behavioral alterations with tendency to physical and verbal heteroaggressiveness, difficulty in accepting limits and sexualized and uninhibited behaviors.Clinical judgment: chromosome 22q11 deletion.ConclusionsEarly diagnosis is essential to be able to treat and, above all, prevent the possible complications that this syndrome may present. However, diagnosis is sometimes very complex, despite advances in molecular diagnostic techniques. Therefore, an integrative approach is very valuable, looking at the individual as a whole and not only by systems or medical subspecialties. In addition, it would be very interesting to establish a means of communication between specialties. Finally, it would be a real step forward to integrate all the medical information of each person in a single medical record, an apparently simple aspect, but so far from being possible.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Vaivre-Douret, L., and S. Hamdioui. "Understanding of the prevalence of depression in a sample of gifted children by identifying the developmental trajectory of risk and protective factors." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S86—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.257.
Abstract:
IntroductionDevelopmental studies in infancy remain rare. Studies measuring depressive symptoms in gifted children are contradictory, considering more anxiety or depression than in non-gifted children. Furthermore, questionnaires or anxiety scales are used without taking into account all aspects of mood disorders and thus, rarely depression scales have been conducted.ObjectivesTo refine the developmental trajectory of depression in a national sample of French gifted children by identification of the specific risk and protective factors.MethodsA self-reported depression scale MDI-C (Multiscore-Depression-Inventory-for-Children) were sent to families to be administered to their gifted children from preschool to high school, aged from 4 to 20 years-old (IQ >125) looking for help from gifted associations. A larger wave of data collection on different aspects of child and family history was collected (pregnancy, term and delivery mode, neonatal period, psychomotor development, health, schooling, interpersonal relationships with family and friends, personality, parental socio-economic status).Results438 children (> 130) were eligible. Regarding anamnestic fields, Exploratory-Factor-Analysis highlighted six predictive factors of depression with eigenvalues from 1.09 to 3.17. Major factors explaining 62.96% of total variance are: Factor-1 “motor skills disorder” (14.53%). Factor-2 “positive family relationships” (14.04%). Factor-3 “positive social relationships with peers” (14.02%). Factor-4 “integration of social codes” (11.23%). Factor-6 “Learning disabilities and rehabilitation” (10.1%).ConclusionsOur findings highlight specifics risk factors of depression in the field of learning disabilities or social cognition, while a good quality of social relationships since childhood seems to be a preventive factor.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Chihai, J. "Mental heath in republic of moldova: The way from in-patient to community-based care services." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.946.
Abstract:
IntroductionThe history of mental health in Moldova has been centered on psychiatric institutions. Current reform goals are centered on the reduction in psychiatric hospital beds, shifting the focus towards outpatient therapy, where community mental health centers have a central role in coordinating recovery and social reintegration.Objectivesto collect different data according guidance for establishing a situational analyses about Moldova.Methodologywe elaborated a guidance with outline: the historical perspective:– a. back a 5–10 years events/developments; epidemiologic data;– b. the service delivery system;– c. mental health system: laws/regulations, role of the government as well as civil organizations, mechanisms for data collection, monitoring of performance, costs, quality of care and outcomes;– d. opportunities, barriers, and needed changes/innovations needed to address these.ResultsThe current focus is on moving from a relatively centralized system towards a more community-based approach to psychiatric care and community supports, as well as deinstitutionalization and integration of mental health care with primary care. Besides over reliance on institutionalization, the Moldovan mental health care system faces other challenges, including access to care, workforce limitations, and stigma.ConclusionLooking forward, success in these efforts will require continued strong political will to bring domestic law, policies and practices into line with international standards in the field of human rights for persons with disabilities. By supporting deinstitutionalization and improving the accessibility of mainstream services, more people will have the opportunity for social inclusion and the ability to contribute to the communities’ social and economic growth.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
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Arous, A., R. Trabelsi, J. Mrizak, A. Aissa, H. Ben Ammar, and Z. El Hechmi. "The association between childhood trauma and empathy in patients with stable schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.606.
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IntroductionEmpathy, which refers to the ability to understand and share the thoughts and feelings of others, has emerged as an important topic in the field of social neuroscience. It is one of the most understudied dimensions of social cognition in schizophrenia (SCZ).ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between cognitive and affective empathy and CT in SCZ.MethodsFifty-eight outpatients with stable SCZ completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire retrospectively assessing five types of childhood trauma (emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). They also completed the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) comprising five subscales intended to assess cognitive and affective components of empathy.ResultsPatients with a history of sexual abuse better emotion contagion scores (P = 0.048) which means that develop more easily self-oriented emotional state matching the affective states of others. Patients with a history of emotional neglect or/and in denial of CT had higher scores in perspective taking score (P = 0.017). Perspective taking assesses the extent to which respondents can take another's perspective or see things from another's point-of-view.ConclusionsInvestigating psychosocial mechanisms, specifically the role of CT, underlying the development of empathic capacities is important since empathy can represent a treatment-target.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Hunter, Ernest. "Double Talk: Changing and Conflicting Constructions of Indigenous Mental Health." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 6 (December 1997): 820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709065507.
Abstract:
Objective: The method by which psychiatric professionals and the profession itself have addressed the mental health needs of Indigenous Australians is explored. Method: A sociohistorical frame is utilised to explore the changing nature of psychiatric engagement in this field since the Second World War. Results: A series of distinct phases are definable, each of which demonstrates particular characteristics that relate to the social and political circumstances of indigenous Australia and changing investment on the part of mental health professionals. Significant difficulties have emerged at various stages and there exist quite different interpretations and uses of language relating to indigenous mental health. Conclusions: Current relations between mental health professionals and members of indigenous communities in Australia are informed by a history of which we should be aware. It has had and continues to have consequences that include significant differences in the ways in which mental health needs are conceived and articulated. These, in turn, are consequential in terms of policy and practice.
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Kheradmand, Ali, and Elhamsadat Amirlatifi. "Smartphone Addiction and Its Associated Factors Among Tehran University Students." BJPsych Open 8, S1 (June 2022): S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.165.
Abstract:
AimsSmartphone addiction is a new concern due to its progressive global usage. Since this phenomenon occurs in adolescents and young people, especially in students, causing many problems in interpersonal relationships, occupational and educational performances, evaluation of smartphone addiction in this population seems to be necessary. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the prevalence of smartphone addiction in Tehran university students for determining the risk factors associated with this issue.MethodsThis analytical cross-sectional survey was carried out on university students in Tehran between 2016–2018. A study sample of 382 students from various faculties of Tehran universities was chosen by random multi-stage cluster sampling. The participants simultaneously completed a researcher-made questionnaire on demographic characteristics and risk factors, the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), and Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT). After checking the smartphone addiction questionnaire, smartphone-addicted individuals were identified, and a comparison with the non-addicted group was performed in terms of risk factors.In this study, the participants were given written consent forms. Questionnaires were anonymous and the information was kept confidential. This study was registered at the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with a code of 1395,309.ResultsOur findings indicated that the frequency of smartphone addiction was 28.8%. The frequency of smartphone addiction in women (32.5%) was higher than that in men (23%) (p = 0.04). The highest incidence of smartphone addiction occurred in the age range of less than 20 while the lowest was found above the age of 40. (P = 0.001). The prevalence of smartphone addiction in the single population was 34.1% Vs 16.1% in married. (P = 0.000) The most prominent educational field of smartphone addicts was technical and engineering. (P = 0.007). Smartphone addiction was significantly more in internet service and social networking users. (P = 0.025) There was a significant relationship between the history of psychiatric illness and smartphone addiction. (P = 0.035) The most common psychiatric diseases were found to be obsessive-compulsive disorder (41.7%), followed by anxiety disorders. (33.3%)ConclusionSmartphone addiction has a significant frequency among university students in Tehran, associated with access to internet services and social networking. It was more common in women, single adults, and younger ages. There was a significant relationship between the history of psychiatric illness and smartphone addiction. The highest frequency of psychiatric illnesses in the addiction group was obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders. No relationship was found between smartphone addiction and history of substance use, as well as smoking and alcohol.
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Varga, Beatrix, Kitti Fodor, and Roland Szilágyi. "QUETELET, THE FATHER OF STATISTICS." ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA. ECONOMIC SCIENCES 32, no. 2 (December 2023): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes32(2)007.
Abstract:
By the 17th and 18th centuries, two trends in statistics had developed: descriptive statistics and political arithmetic. The main representatives of descriptive statistics were the newly established statistical offices or organisations in the countries. The main task of this movement was to describe the status of the state. Political arithmetic concentrated on the observation of socio-economic phenomena that could be quantified and on the relationships between social phenomena. Adolphe Quetelet, who played a major role in many disciplines, was most active in the field of statistics. He was the man who united the two branches of statistics and one of the people who made statistics a science. He is associated with the founding of many statistical journals and societies, and worked tirelessly to establish international cooperation between statisticians, resulting in the regular International Statistical Congresses. The aim of this article is to summarise Quetelet’s work and the history of the International Statistical Congresses, which contributed to the harmonisation of national statistics. Finally, we have examined Quetelet’s work in the field of crime statistics because Quetelet focused his attention not only on crime, but also on all the phenomena he believed determined the moral face of society. He also studied the evolution of suicide, divorce, out-of-wedlock births and prostitution. Quetelet recognised that it was possible to improve the state of human societies through appropriate state intervention, but that this required an understanding of the interplay of social processes. It can therefore be said that Quetelet made an outstanding contribution to many important areas of statistics and can rightly be called the father of statistics.
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Ying, Jiangbo, Melvyn Weibin Zhang, Sreedharan Geetha Sajith, Giles Ming-Yee Tan, and Ker-Chiah Wei. "Misdiagnosis of Psychosis and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a Young Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2023 (February 14, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7705913.
Abstract:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and the presence of restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. Making a first diagnosis of ASD in adults has certain difficulties, including inaccurate recall of developmental history and overlapping behaviors with other psychiatric conditions. This case study presents a young man who was assessed to have no major mental illness during his first visit to emergency services in a psychiatric hospital. During his second visit, he was initially assessed to have first episode psychosis, due to his possible delusional beliefs related to the insurance payout, social withdrawal, and strange behaviors, and then later he was assessed to have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) instead of psychosis, because of his recurrent and intrusive thoughts. Eventually, his diagnosis was revised to ASD during outpatient follow-up after more comprehensive assessment. It is not easy to differentiate ASD from psychosis among some adult patients, even for expert psychiatrists. Cognitive rigidity in ASD may be similar to delusions in psychosis. Unusual behaviors in ASD can be confused with disorganized behaviors in psychosis. Differentiating ASD from OCD can be a complicated task as well, due to similarities between ASD and OCD. Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors in ASD may be perceived as obsessions and compulsions in OCD. Overall, diagnosis of ASD in adults requires comprehensive evaluation. Distinguishing symptoms of OCD and psychosis from autistic traits is critical for accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment. Although research in adult ASD has expanded alongside increased prevalence statistics over the past few years, more efforts to enhance the diagnostic processes in adult ASD are needed to reduce the challenges in this field.
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Amamou, B., I. Betbout, A. Ben Haouala, M. Ben Mbarek, I. Merchaoui, R. Jebali, F. Zaafrane, and L. Gaha. "Prevalence and associated factors to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) among health workers in the emergency room." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.1425.
Abstract:
Introductionpost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health illness that can develop after being exposed to one or more traumatic events. This is a serious, long-term emotional response to extreme psychological trauma. As for public health emergencies, it demands large-scale coordination among many staff, and participants, especially medical workers, are exposed to high levels of stress, which can easily lead to psychiatric illnesses such as social anxiety disorder (SAD). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) demonstrate a high degree of comorbidity, yet little is known regarding the nature of this relationship.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of PTSD and SAD among health workers in the emergency ward and study the relationship between PTSD and SAD and the associated factors to both disorders among health workers in the emergency ward to suggest some solutions to reduce their effects.MethodsThis is a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among medical and paramedical health professionals in the emergency rooms of the university hospital of Sahloul and Hached and the regional hospital of Msaken in Tunisia. The data was collected by a questionnaire that included demographic questions and Yes/No questions, as well as several scales to assess the degree of social nxiety (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale) and posttraumatic stress disorder (Post-traumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)).ResultsIn our study, 81 healthcare workers completed the survey. Of the total responding participants 67.9% were females. We noticed that the example was young (58%), also 59.3% had <1 year of experience. The population was slightly predominated by paramedical staff (56.8%), it also had a low married percentage of 38.3. Among the participants 17.3% smoke tobacco, 12.3% drink alcohol, and 3.7% are under cannabis use. We found that 7.4% of the participants had a psychiatric illness. In our study, 38% scored positive for PTSD and for SAD 13.58% had marked social anxiety, 12.35% had severe social anxiety and 3.7% had very severe social anxiety, this is associated rather with the female gender, the younger (age range 20-30 years) and the paramedical staff.PTSD and SAD are more pronounced among those with the fewest years of experience.We obtained a positive Pearson Correlation between PTSD and SAD (r=0.513).ConclusionsPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) demonstrate a high degree of comorbidity, especially in the healthcare field. Overall, researchers reveal that the link between PTSD and SAD is complicated, owing to a variety of factors such as a person’s genes, trauma history, and psychological vulnerabilities so large-scale epidemiological investigations are required.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Benabbas, M., and O. Benelmouloud. "Validity of the results of psychological autopsies in suicide prevention policy." European Psychiatry 30, S2 (November 2015): S121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.232.
Abstract:
Psychological autopsy is a clinical tool and a research tool likely to clarify the circumstances of a death in cases of suicide, of homicide or suspicious death (Fig. 1.1). In our analysis of the methodolog and its application, the purpose specifically focus on autopsies psychological in cases of suicide. Psychological autopsy focuses on the psychological aspects of occurrence of death. It incorporates the field of Suicidology. Its goal is to understand the circumstances as the state of mind of the victime of his act. This type of method includes a reconstruction lifestyle behaviors and events experienced by the individual. Thus, the psychological autopsy is a retrospective analysis The aim of the psychological autopsy is to collect as much information about the circumstances of the death and to update the reasons for suicide eventually help reveal risk factors (Hawton et al., 2003) This is an epidemiological study of suicides in Eastern Algeria (15 wilayas) through psychological autopsies (2003 to 2010) or more variables were studied to establish a typical profile of suicide in Algeria. The studied variables were: age, sex, occupation, place of residence, the existence of life events, psychiatric history and possibly TS history, source of information (to whom we have collected information: father, mother, brother, sister…) and the proceeds used for suicide. In total we identified 1263 cases of suicide with age 15 and over occurred in populations of the North-eastern Algeria during the period from 2003 to 2010. It concludes with the emergence of some variables that may be risk factors namely Age between 30 and 45 years, male gender, social and financial difficulties especially bad life, presence of a psychiatric diagnosis on axis 1 of DSM IV and finally the lack of access to primary care in urban areas. The evaluation of the feasibility and reliability of psychiatric autopsies in Algeria remains lapsed due to non-standardized measurement tools and the difficulty of their implementation on the ground. Finally, the authors highlight the prevalence per 100,000 population per city and the average prevalence for all of East of Algeria.
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Cheung, Peter, and Isaac Schweitzer. "Correlates of Aggressive Behaviour in Schizophrenia: An Overview." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 3 (June 1998): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809065534.
Abstract:
Objective: This review aims to critically evaluate the reported biological, psychological and social correlates of aggression in schizophrenia and to delineate those correlates which could be of use clinically and those which require further research. Method: The literature from 1974–1996 was searched using Psychlit and supplemented by suggestions from senior members of the authors' Department. Results: Past history of aggression, psychopathology, extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptic medications, substance abuse, reduced serotonin function, antisocial and impulsive personality traits, neurological/neuropsychological deficits, electroen-cephalography, neuroimaging abnormalities and environmental factors were all found to be correlated with aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia. However, there are many methodological limitations of previous studies in this field, often leading to inconsistent and inconclusive findings. Conclusions: Some tentative conclusions regarding clinically useful predictors of aggression in schizophrenia can be drawn at this stage. There is a need for methodological limitations of previous studies to be overcome before more firm conclusions can be reached.
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Ortiz, Victor, Rachael Cain, Scott W. Formica, Rebecca Bishop, Haner Hernández, and Lorena Lama. "Our Voices Matter: Using Lived Experience to Promote Equity in Problem Gambling Prevention." Current Addiction Reports 8, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00369-5.
Abstract:
Abstract Purpose of Review The field of problem gambling has been historically disconnected from the community experience of gambling and people of color, leading to a lack of integration of those with lived experience into programming. The aim of this article is to describe community-centered efforts to prevent and mitigate harm from problem gambling in Massachusetts—including a pilot program, the Massachusetts Ambassador Project, which is grounded within public health and lived experience frameworks. Recent Findings To engage Massachusetts communities in problem gambling prevention, planning processes were conducted to develop culturally appropriate prevention strategies. One of the recurrent themes was the desire of men in the substance misuse recovery community to share their knowledge with others, specifically, men of color who experience racism and health disparities. This finding informed the development of the Ambassador Project, a novel, peer-based, community-centered, and culturally responsive approach for men of color who have a history of substance misuse to engage other men of color in problem gambling prevention. Two organizations pilot tested the project and reached 4388 individuals. The pilot led to several findings in the design and implementation of related projects. Lessons are shared in three categories: structure, support, and implementation. Summary This article demonstrates an innovative approach to connect the field of problem gambling prevention to the community experience, using a public health and social justice lens. Others in the field should acknowledge the disconnect between problem gambling and the lived experience of those disproportionately impacted by creating opportunities for community voice to be at the center of programming.
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Tanet, A., A. Philippe, C. Cavezian, and S. Chokron. "A Case Report of Asperger Syndrom with Associated Visuo-Attentional Disorders." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71099-5.
Abstract:
In Pervasive Developmental Disorders, visual perception deficits, such as impaired face and object recognition, have been previously described. More particularly, Kracke (1994) as well as Pietz and colleagues (2003) reported prosopagnosia in individuals fulfilling criteria for Asperger Syndrome (AS). Moreover, anatomical or functional anomalies in the temporo-occipital areas have been observed in neuroimaging studies in autistic patients. Besides, this region is known to underlie visuo-attentional functions. Yet, the examination of such cognitive functions in autistic disorders is scarce, even in clinical practice.This poster presents the case study of a teenager (male, 14 years) diagnosed with AS on the basis of his developmental history and current presentation: marked social abnormalities, lack of ocular contact, good language although with verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, circumscribed special interests and motor impairments.A neuropsychological and neuroophtalmological assessment of visuo-attentional cognitive functions revealed a visual field concentric reduction, signs of left unilateral spatial neglect, impaired visual pursuit, visuo-constructive apraxia and visual extinction. The anatomical MRI showed a mild enlargement of the left posterior ventricular horn (facing the occipital lobe), probably consecutive to a cortical atrophy (in the occipito-parietal parenchyma).This case study emphasizes that visuo-attentional cognitive difficulties such as visual recognition deficit, visual field defect and attentional bias may be associated to behavioural signs of AS. In addition to previous descriptions in the literature, our case study leads us to consider that neuropsychological assessments of visuo-attentional functions in children with autistic symptoms may provide invaluable clinical and theoretical information.
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Shadinova, G. A., A. Zh Maldybek, and G. B. Dayrabaeva. "CULTURE AS THE ESSENTIAL BASIS OF KAZAKHSTAN’S DEVELOPMENT MODEL." Adam alemi 95, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2023.1/1999-5849.04.
Abstract:
This article examines some aspects of culture as the essential basis of the Kazakhstani development model. The attributes of Kazakhstan’s national definition are studied. In recent years, the issue of a national definition in Kazakhstan has been discussed more and more extensively. The search for a national idea is a certain ideal principle of personal identification. The need for more growth of Kazakhstan’s national unity is established and substantiated. The formulated idea of «unity in diversity» is the underlying ontological principle that unfolds the life of contemporary cultural and social structures in Kazakhstani society. We consider history today and see the close relationship between the past and the present. Historians and politicians are motivated, by the official direction taken in pursuing their own national ideas, to turn to the ideological legacy of the past. Today, we are witnessing a realistic manifestation of the ideas of the past in the context of Eurasian space, in the field of Central Asia.In current conditions, however, the concept of Eurasianism is much more actualized, and it is the only alternative to the challenge presented by the world’s development toward unipolarity. To step towards multipolarity, Kazakhstan supports the deepening of Eurasian unification.
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Bayat, Narges, Atieh Ashtari, and Mohsen Vahedi. "The Early Prelinguistic Skills in Iranian Infants and Toddlers." Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/irj.19.4.1605.1.
Abstract:
Objectives: The prelinguistic skills which pave the way for language development have always been an area of research in the Speech Therapy field. Although studying these skills is important, there is a study gap among Persian children. Therefore, this study explored prelinguistic skills among a sample of Persian-speaking children aged 6 to 24 months and made a comparison between different age groups. We also studied the effects of gender and family history of speech-language disorders on children’s prelinguistic abilities. Methods: In the present study, 277 mothers of Iranian Persian-speaking children aged 6 to 24 months were asked to fill a research-made checklist that evaluated the prelinguistic skills of their children. This study was cross-sectional and was conducted in Tehran City, Iran, in 2021. Children’s abilities in different age groups were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), Scheffe test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the post-hoc test. The differences between the total scores of the two genders were also determined using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Comparing the prelinguistic skills in different age groups indicated a statistically significant increase in the scores as children grow up. Children with a positive family history of speech-language disorders scored lower on the checklist than the others (91.03±17.37). Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences between the two genders in developing gesture, vocalization, first words, social interaction, imitation, and play; girls had higher scores. Conclusion: Based on the studies conducted in different countries, prelinguistic skills develop as children grow up; these skills facilitate language acquisition and other social skills. The present study also demonstrated the development of these skills alongside children’s development. This similarity between Persian-speaking children and other children from different cultures and languages, as well as better performance in children with a negative family history of speech-language impairments, confirm the role of genetic factors in children’s development. Moreover, the differences in the development of some prelinguistic skills between girls and boys reveal the impact of various factors, such as social factors, on prelinguistic skills development.
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Sevigny, Robert. "Communaute Et Sante Mentale A Singapour: Une Autre Vision Du «Communautaire»." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 10, no. 1 (April 1, 1991): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1991-0002.
Abstract:
This paper uncovers some dimensions of Singapore's mental health practices which, compared with western ones, indicate an alternative view on “community.” Singapore's culture is rich in community life based on larger systems of reference like language, religion, history, and tradition. This gives more salience to social dimensions often ignored or poorly taken into account by western specialists speaking about community approaches. The author puts forward the idea, through an analysis of interviews done with practitioners in the mental health field, that community redefined as it is in Singapore penetrates the institutions of mental health practice. Consequently, a community development model need not be limited to local and immediate community issues: It could also address more global community references systems, which create deep and lively cultural grounds for people's lives.
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Pontalti, Corrado, and Raffaele Menarini. "Group-Analytic Family Psychotherapy: A Transcultural Perspective." Group Analysis 30, no. 3 (September 1997): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316497303004.
Abstract:
Group-analytic family psychotherapy is a methodology based on a development of Group-analytic theory. The family is defined as a mental field formed by the symbolic plot of `us' in a double relationship: with the cultural history of the family group on one side, and with external groups on the other. The symbolic plot thus has a tribal characteristic which connects the genealogical trees to the ancestral foundation of the group. In cases of psychotic and borderline patients, Group-analytic family psychotherapy has indicated two types of family: those that are embedded in the past, or families that are cut off from the past. After outlining the circumstances of Italian families, this article presents two clinical cases which exemplify the theoretical concepts previously set forth. The final thesis of the article relates the current international situation to such family psychopathology: the global village contrasted with a planet fragmented into ethnic groups.
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Peele, Stanton. "A Moral Vision of Addiction: How People's Values Determine Whether They Become and Remain Addicts." Journal of Drug Issues 17, no. 2 (April 1987): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268701700205.
Abstract:
Contemporary theories of addiction of all stripes rule out faulty values as a cause of addiction. Yet evidence from cross-cultural, ethnic, and social-class research, laboratory study of addictive behavior, and natural history and field investigations of addiction indicate the importance of value orientations in the development and expression of addictive behaviors, including drug and alcohol addiction, smoking, and compulsive eating. Furthermore, the rejection of moral considerations in addiction deprives us of our most powerful weapons against addiction and contributes to our current addiction binge. The disease myth of addiction in particular attacks the assumption of essential moral responsibility for people's drug use and related behavior, an assumption that we instead ought to be encouraging.
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Kalo, Z. "Woman aspects of behavior addiction, including gambling." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.133.
Abstract:
AbstractBehavioral addictions, also known as non-substance or non-drug addictions, refer to a range of compulsive behaviors that individuals engage in despite the negative consequences that result from these behaviors. Research on behavioral addiction in women has shown that women are at a higher risk for certain types of behavioral addictions, such as shopping addiction and internet addiction, compared to men. Studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to these types of addictions because of social and cultural factors, such as societal expectations of women to be nurturing and caregiving, which may lead them to use these behaviors as a form of coping mechanism. There is also evidence that women are more likely to experience shame and guilt as a result of their addiction, which can make it more difficult for them to seek help and support. Gambling among women has traditionally been less common than among men however, this trend is changing. Survey have shown that the number of women who gamble is on the rise, and that they are becoming increasingly diverse in terms of age, income, social background. Research studies have found that the rate of problem gambling among women is lower than men, but that women tend to develop gambling problems more quickly than men. This is thought to be due to a number of factors, including women’s greater vulnerability to stress and depression, as well as the fact that women are more likely to have a history of trauma or abuse. Overall, research on behavioral addictions among women is still a relatively new field, and there is a need for more studies to be conducted in order to better understand the unique factors that contribute to the development of these types of addictions in women.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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CASTLE, D. J., A. JABLENSKY, J. J. McGRATH, V. CARR, V. MORGAN, A. WATERREUS, G. VALURI, H. STAIN, P. McGUFFIN, and A. FARMER. "The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): development, reliability and applications." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 1 (September 29, 2005): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705005969.
Abstract:
Background. We describe the development, reliability and applications of the Diagnostic Interview for Psychoses (DIP), a comprehensive interview schedule for psychotic disorders.Method. The DIP is intended for use by interviewers with a clinical background and was designed to occupy the middle ground between fully structured, lay-administered schedules, and semi-structured, psychiatrist-administered interviews. It encompasses four main domains: (a) demographic data; (b) social functioning and disability; (c) a diagnostic module comprising symptoms, signs and past history ratings; and (d) patterns of service utilization and patient-perceived need for services. It generates diagnoses according to several sets of criteria using the OPCRIT computerized diagnostic algorithm and can be administered either on-screen or in a hard-copy format.Results. The DIP proved easy to use and was well accepted in the field. For the diagnostic module, inter-rater reliability was assessed on 20 cases rated by 24 clinicians: good reliability was demonstrated for both ICD-10 and DSM-III-R diagnoses. Seven cases were interviewed 2–11 weeks apart to determine test–retest reliability, with pairwise agreement of 0·8–1·0 for most items. Diagnostic validity was assessed in 10 cases, interviewed with the DIP and using the SCAN as ‘gold standard’: in nine cases clinical diagnoses were in agreement.Conclusions. The DIP is suitable for use in large-scale epidemiological studies of psychotic disorders, as well as in smaller studies where time is at a premium. While the diagnostic module stands on its own, the full DIP schedule, covering demography, social functioning and service utilization makes it a versatile multi-purpose tool.
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Porto, Fernando Rocha, Thainá Lessa, and Almerinda Moreira. "The legacy of the director of School of Professional Nurses Alfredo Pinto: Gustavo Köhler Riedel (1921 -1934)." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 4, no. 2 (March 31, 2010): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.859-7312-1-le.0402201058.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTObjectives: to examine the circumstances in which Gustavo Köhler Riedel was the director of the Vocational School for Nurses Alfredo Pinto and discuss the symbolism of his legacy to nursing school in question and to the field of psychiatric medicine. Methodology: a type of circumstantial biographical documentary written sources coming from the Annals of the Colony of Psychopaths Engine Inside, institutional reports and newspaper articles, and a photographic document. The documents were collected through a survey instrument. The analysis of documents was carried out by the historical context of social and political, through the set of objective relations. Results: pointed to explanations of how the biography walked into work and academic assistance to innovating in the field of psychiatry and thus contributed in the field of nursing education to create the School of Professional Nurses Alfredo Pinto. Conclusion: the study allowed to reveal the symbolic value of the legacy of the biography. Descriptors: nursing; nursing history; biography; speech; symbolism; technical report. RESUMOObjetivos: analisar as circunstâncias em que Gustavo Köhler Riedel foi o diretor da Escola Profissional de Enfermeiras Alfredo Pinto e discutir o simbólico de seu legado para a escola de enfermagem em apreço e para o campo da medicina psiquiátrica. Metodologia: estudo do tipo biográfico circunstancial com fontes documentais escritas oriundas dos Anais da Colônia de Psicopatas de Engenho de Dentro, relatórios institucionais e textos jornalísticos, e um documento fotográfico. Os documentos foram coletados por meio de um instrumento de pesquisa. A análise dos documentos foi realizada por meio do contexto histórico social e político, por meio do conjunto de relações objetivas. Resultados: apontaram para explicações de como o biografado trilhou na vida profissional e acadêmica, inovando a assistência no campo da psiquiatria e dessa forma contribuiu no campo do ensino da enfermagem ao criar a Escola Profissional de Enfermeiras Alfredo Pinto. Conclusão: o estudo possibilitou desvelar o valor simbólico do legado do biografado. Descritores: enfermagem; história da enfermagem; biografia; fala; simbolismo; relatório técnico.RESUMENObjetivos: examinar las circunstancias en que Gustavo Riedel Köhler fue director de la Escuela de Formación de Enfermeras Alfredo Pinto y discutir el simbolismo de su legado a la escuela de enfermería en cuestión y que el campo de la medicina psiquiátrica. Metodologia: un tipo de documental biográfico circunstanciales fuentes escritas procedentes de los Anales de la Colonia de motor dentro de los psicópatas, los informes institucionales y artículos de prensa, y un documento fotográfico. Los documentos fueron recopilados a través de un instrumento de la encuesta. El análisis de los documentos que se llevó a cabo por el contexto histórico social y político, a través del conjunto de relaciones objetivas. Resultados: se refirió a las explicaciones de cómo entró en la biografía de trabajo y asistencia académica para innovar en el campo de la psiquiatría, contribuyendo con ello en el ámbito de la educación en enfermería para crear la Escuela de Enfermeras Profesionales Alfredo Pinto. Conclusión: el estudio permitió revelar el valor simbólico de la herencia de la biografía. Descriptores: enfermería; historia de enfermería; biografía; habla; simbolismo; relatório técnico.
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Veesar, Ghulam Yaseen, Ather Akhlaq, and Ahson Qavi Siddiqi. "The Faces of Deceptive Healers: A Scoping Review of Titles and Traits Associated with Quacks across Regions." National Journal of Health Sciences 8, no. 4 (December 28, 2023): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21089/njhs.84.0203.
Abstract:
Abstract: Background: The progress in medical science and the increased accessibility of digital resources have enhanced the convenience for individuals in accessing appropriate treatments. Despite these advancements, quackery continues to persist as a global concern. Throughout history, people have been intrigued by miraculous treatments rooted in faith and trust theories. In ancient times, distinguishing between scientifically approved and unapproved medical practices posed challenges. Ever since medical practices have been taking place, service providers took advantage of people’s unawareness, exploiting patients for personal gain. Over time, in certain cultures and societies, their intentions became apparent, and they earned a reputation as deceivers in the medical field. The current research seeks to uncover the various traits utilized by quacks across different times and locations worldwide, aiming to expose their fraudulent practices. Methodology: In this scoping review, the focus was on investigating various characteristics displayed by quacks during their practices. The study involved a comprehensive examination of 3740 published research articles and 400 pieces of gray literature such as websites of regulatory authorities, Acts, Laws. News items and reports which encompassed regulatory authority websites, news articles, and reports. From this extensive pool of sources, 45 articles and 4 excerpts were carefully chosen for in-depth analysis. Result: The current study highlighted 90 terms used for quacks to define their characteristics. The data was analyzed and developed five different themes defining various traits according to the near association. The main theme covered the moral values of these practitioners followed by Modern quackery under complementary and alternative healthcare services, sorcery and mystic, ignorant of science, and contract to law. Conclusion: Quackery, with its long-standing history, remains an ongoing health threat. Embracing modern technology, it utilizes the Internet and social media to propagate deceptive claims. Gaining insights into the traits of quacks is crucial for policymakers to address this issue effectively. Combating quackery necessitates heightened awareness, robust regulations, dissemination of authentic information and evidence-based healthcare involving all stakeholders.
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Bjerge, Bagga, Karen Duke, and Vibeke Asmussen Frank. "The shifting roles of medical stakeholders in opioid substitution treatment: a comparison between Denmark and the UK." Drugs and Alcohol Today 15, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-07-2015-0033.
Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the shifting roles of medical professionals as stakeholders in opioid substitution treatment (OST) policies and practices in Denmark and the UK within the past 15 years. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on literature reviews, documentary analyses and key informant interviews with a range of stakeholders involved in OST and policy in Denmark and UK. The study is part of the EU-funded project: Addictions and Lifestyles in Contemporary Europe: Reframing Addictions Project. Findings – Denmark and the UK are amongst those few European countries that have long traditions and elaborate systems for providing OST to heroin users. The UK has a history of dominance of medical professionals in drugs treatment, although this has been recently challenged by the recovery movement. In Denmark, a social problem approach has historically dominated the field, but a recent trend towards medicalisation can be traced. As in all kinds of policy changes, multiple factors are at play when shifts occur. We examine how both countries’ developments around drugs treatment policy and practice relate to broader societal, economic and political changes, how such divergent developments emerge and how medical professionals as stakeholders enhanced their roles as experts in the field through a variety of tactics, including the production and use of “evidence”, which became a key tool to promote specific stakeholder’s perspectives in these processes. Originality/value – The paper contributes to current policy and practice debates by providing comparative analyses of drug policies and examination of stakeholder influences on policy processes.