Relevant bibliographies by topics / History of International Public Law

Academic literature on the topic 'History of International Public Law'

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Published: 7 July 2024
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "History of International Public Law":

1

Mills, Alex. "The Private History of International Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 55, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei066.

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The purpose of this article is to address two related false assumptions, or myths. The first is an assumption of public international law. It is the myth that the history of international law is one of progressive expansion, of increasing concern in public international law with matters traditionally considered private or internal to States, and that this expansion is a relatively recent phenomenon.1 The second is an assumption of private international law. It is the myth that private international law is not actually international, as it is essentially and necessarily a part of the domestic law of States.2 These assumptions, taken together, constitute the myth that public and private international law are discrete, distinct disciplines, with independent, parallel histories. This article addresses these myths through an analysis of the role played by international law theory in the history of private international law.
2

Law, Stephanie, Jo Shaw, Jonathan Havercroft, Susan Kang, and Antje Wiener. "Private law, private international law and public interest litigation." Global Constitutionalism 13, no. 1 (March 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381724000017.

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AbstractPrivate actors and institutions, and by extension private law itself, are increasingly being forced to reckon with a multiplicity of challenges that extend beyond the domain of private law as it is traditionally conceived. They reflect threats to the global constitutional order and liberal constitutionalism, and threats to individual and collective fundamental rights and constitutional values. As a result, the role of private law in framing and facilitating the development of the global economy and globalization often does not fall within the direct purview of public international lawyers. This editorial aims to examine the role of private law in the litigation and enforcement of public interests against the background of the public/private divide. This is done in light of the increasing role adopted by private actors, including corporations, beyond the private realm.
3

Szabó, Marcel. "The EU under Public International Law: Challenging Prospects." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 10 (2008): 303–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s152888700000135x.

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The aim of this chapter is to analyse whether the EU order has the potential to exert a beneficial influence on the future development of international law. While the work strongly argues in favour of this aim, it is nevertheless sensitive to the difficulties in the relationship between these two legal orders and examines these issues in some detail. The article accordingly pursues its aim by exploring the history of that relationship, as one that has not always been easy, but, which, in the future, may prove fruitful.
4

Vagts, Detlev F. "International Economic Law and the American Journal of International Law." American Journal of International Law 100, no. 4 (October 2006): 769–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000031882.

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To discuss the history of international economic law since the American Journal of International Law was first published in 1907 requires the author to project categories common to the parlance of 2006 back to times when theywere unknown. So far as it appears, the term did not become current until after World War II. Its scope is controversial. According to one definition, it encompasses “the total range of norms (directly or indirectly based on treaties) of public international law with regard to transnational economic relations.” A wide variety of international law rules have been said to have a financial impact somewhere. For practical purposes, in this essay I define international economic law as the international law regulating transborder transactions in goods, services, currency, investment, and intellectual property. I exclude from the inquiry issues of private international law, as well as of economic warfare.
5

Hepp, John. "James Brown Scott and the Rise of Public International Law." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 7, no. 2 (April 2008): 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400001857.

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James Brown Scott played a key role in the growth of public international law in the United States from the 1890s to the 1940s. While little remembered today, he was well-known among his contemporaries as a leading spokesman for a new and important discipline. Scott rose from obscure middle-class origins to occupy a prominent and influential place as an international lawyer who shared his legal expertise with seven presidents and ten secretaries of state. By examining his life we gain insight into the establishment of public international law as a discipline and on the era when lawyersqualawyers began to help shape American foreign policy.
6

Stumpf, Christoph. "Christian and Islamic Traditions of Public International Law." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international 7, no. 1 (2005): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571805054545127.

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7

Spinu, Oleg. "The history of establishing the principle of nondiscrimination in public international law." Supremacy of Law, no. 1 (December 2023): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/2345-1971.2023.1.17.

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The history of establishing the principle of non-discrimination in international public law is marked by the progressive evolution of international consciousness regarding the necessity of guaranteeing equality and fundamental rights for individuals and states. An important moment in the history of affirming non-discrimination was the adoption of the United Nations Charter in 1945, which states in the preamble that all UN members must promote respect for the fundamental rights of humans without distinction of race, sex, language, or religion. Subsequently, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 consolidated these principles and asserted that all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Another significant moment was the adoption of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination in 1965, representing a major step in addressing discrimination based on race. Later, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1979 and the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 expanded these principles to cover other categories of individuals.
8

Kadelbach, Stefan, and Thomas Kleinlein. "Epochenwandel im Völkerrecht?" Rechtsphilosophie 6, no. 3 (2020): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2364-1355-2020-3-263.

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This article asks whether public international law is facing an epochal change. The first section spots various current trends in international law that suggest a decreasing significance of international law and institutions in today’s international relations. In order to assess whether these observations amount to an overall trend, the second section traces perceptions of instability and change in public international law scholarship of the past, presents a short history of international law since 1945 and discusses the problems of a periodization of the history of international law. The third section adopts a normative perspective to capture tendencies of change in the policy fields of security, economy and governance. The final section discusses responses to these developments in international legal theory, offers a brief practical political philosophy of contemporary international law, or recommendations for foreign policy. It suggests not to abandon the belief in the „co-operation thesis“ but to adhere to constructive multilateralism as a regulative idea.
9

Forder, Caroline. "The Bredius Museum Case: Public Interest and Private International Law." International Journal of Cultural Property 2, no. 1 (January 1993): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739193000128.

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10

Nciko, Arnold. "Hut at Strathmore – TWAIL for a Culturally Appropriate Teaching of Public International Law in African Law Schools." Strathmore Law Review 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 41–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slr.v6i1.163.

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The teaching of Public International Law (PIL) in African law schools is backward. While Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights demands that, for education to be acceptable, it must also be culturally appropriate, the teaching of PIL in our schools is largely only reflective of European westernisation. This study reviews relevant literature in law, sociology, international relations, history and politics, and rely on surveys on PIL syllabi in select leading African law schools to attempt to make this violation more explicit. As a recommendation of a possible way forward, the study provides PIL as taught in the Hut at Strathmore Law School. The Hut is an intellectual movement within Strathmore Law School that has tried to contextualise Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) to Africa.
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'History of International Public Law' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "History of International Public Law":

1

Frei, Gabriela A. "Great Britain, international law, and the evolution of maritime strategic thought, 1856-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:306f9554-9b0a-4d0e-938e-9a5b515d7c6e.

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2

Edelman, Ross David. "Cyberattacks in international relations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e1d71a7a-7680-4f97-b98d-a41a4b484fda.

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New methods of conflict and coercion can prompt tectonic shifts in the international system, reconfiguring power, institutions, and norms of state behavior. Cyberattacks, coercive acts that disrupt or destroy the digital infrastructure on which states increasingly rely, have the potential to be such a tool — but only if put into practice. This study examines which forces in the international system might restrain state use of cyberattacks, even when they are militarily advantageous. To do so I place this novel technology in the context of existing international regimes, employing an analogical approach that identifies the salient aspects of cyberattacks, and compares them to prior weapons and tactics that share those attributes. Specifically, this study considers three possible restraints on state behavior: rationalist deterrence, the jus ad bellum regime governing the resort to force, and incompatibility with the jus in bello canon of law defining just conduct in war. First, I demonstrate that cyberattacks frustrate conventional deterrence models, and invite, instead, a novel form of proto-competition I call ‘structural deterrence.’ Recognizing that states have not yet grounded their sweeping claims about the acceptability of cyberattacks in any formal analysis, I consider evidence from other prohibited uses of force or types of weaponry to defining whether cyberattacks are ‘legal’ in peacetime or ‘usable’ in wartime. Whereas previous studies of cyberattacks have focused primarily on policy guidance for a single state or limited analysis of the letter of international law, this study explicitly relates international law to state decision-making and precedent. It draws together previously disparate literature across strategic studies, international law, and diplomatic history to offer conclusions applicable beyond any single technology, and of increasing importance as states’ dependence on technology grows.
3

Yodlowski, Shane. "Alien Tort Statute: A Discussion and Analysis of the History, Evolution, and Future." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1657.

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The Alien Tort Statute is a short, thirty-two word section of the United States Code enacted in 1789 as part of the Judiciary Act. The Alien Tort Statute, or ATS, has an uncertain and controversial beginning and remains controversial in current jurisprudence. The ATS reads as follows: “The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States." It is my intent for this thesis to be an academic discussion of the mysterious history, intent, and court cases that have evolved the ATS; and the way in which the evolution took place. Having lain dormant for almost two decades, it is important to understand how the ATS was finally utilized and how this affected the statutes ability to become a tool for human rights persecution abroad; until the decision in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum. Examining the language of two opinions by the District Court of the Second Circuit and the Supreme Court in Kiobel we will be able to understand, but reject, the arguments of both these courts.
B.A.
Bachelors
Legal Studies
Health and Public Affairs
4

Verdebout, Agatha. "Deconstructing 'Indifference': A Critical Analysis of the Traditional Historical Narrative on the Use of Force." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/258576.

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This thesis consists in a critical analysis of international law’s traditional historical narrative about the prohibition of the use of force. Most contemporary textbooks teach that this prohibition was a creation of the twentieth century, and that beforehand States were free to resort to armed force against each other unconstrained. Positive international law, the story goes, was ‘indifferent’ to the use of force – it did not prohibit it but did not authorize it either, which meant that, in practice, States could do as they pleased. ‘Reality’ as it stems from historical sources, however, appears much more complex. In fact, not only did the vast majority of nineteenth century authors claimed war and measures short of war to be strictly ring-fenced by international law, but it also seems that States quasi-systematically felt the urge to justify their actions when they employed force against another nation. Starting from the observation of this discrepancy and using tools of history, sociology, anthropology and social psychology, the present research seeks to understand the roots of the ‘indifference’-narrative and how it became the commonly accepted version of the history of the use of force in international.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
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5

Mingashang, Ivon. "L'actualité de l'affaire de la Caroline en droit international public: la doctrine de la légitime défense préventive en procès." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210494.

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L’actualité de l’affaire de la Caroline en droit international public.

La doctrine de la légitime défense préventive en procès.

La principale préoccupation au centre de cette recherche a consisté à trancher la controverse qui divise les spécialistes au sujet de la légalité de la doctrine de la légitime défense préventive, spécialement du point de vue du système juridique international institué au lendemain de la deuxième Guerre mondiale. La doctrine en cause préconise clairement qu’un gouvernement d’un Etat, qui éprouverait des craintes ou des soupçons d’une menace d’attaque contre son intégrité territoriale, et dans une certaine mesure, ses intérêts éparpillés à travers le monde, serait autorisé à frapper militairement l’Etat dont le territoire est susceptible de constituer le point de départ de telles menaces :soit, parce qu’un tel Etat détient les armes de destruction massive, notamment l’arme nucléaire et les armes chimiques ;ou soit parce qu’il hébergerait des bandes hostiles, en l’occurrence, les groupes terroristes, à l’origine de ses craintes. Les partisans de cette thèse soutiennent qu’il s’agit là d’une norme de nature coutumière élaborée à l’issue du règlement de l’affaire de la Caroline survenue en 1837, entre la Grande Bretagne et les Etats-Unis d’Amérique.

En effet, un petit navire battant pavillon américain, dénommé la Caroline, avait l’habitude d’effectuer des navettes entre les territoires de Buffalo, aux Etats-Unis, et Navy Island, au Canada. Et dans cet ordre d’idées, il entama comme à l’accoutumée, la traversée du fleuve Niagara en embarquant à son bord des passagers, vers le Canada, en date du 29 décembre 1837. Mais il fut, dans ce contexte, accusé de transporter des rebelles qui étaient sur le point d’envahir le territoire canadien. C’est ainsi qu’à l’issue de ses voyages opérés durant la journée du 29 décembre 1837, alors qu’il se trouvait déjà accosté dans un port situé dans les eaux intérieures américaines, une intervention armée, décidée par le gouvernement anglais, avait eu lieu sur le territoire des Etats-Unis durant cette nuit là. Elle s’est soldée par la destruction de nombreux biens américains, dont le navire en question, qui fut au final coulé dans le fleuve Niagara.

Cet incident va du coup provoquer une grande controverse diplomatique entre les deux Etats précités. La Grande-Bretagne prétendit notamment que ce navire était engagé dans des opérations pirates, et que par ailleurs, sa destruction par ses forces armées relevait de l’exercice du droit d’autoconservation et de légitime défense. Mais au termes de nombreux rebondissements, le Secrétaire d’Etat américain, du nom de Daniel Webster, adressa en date du 24 avril 1841, une note diplomatique à l’Ambassadeur britannique basé à Washington, M. Henry Fox, dans laquelle il contestait l’ensemble de motifs avancés par la Grande-Bretagne, mais en insistant spécialement sur le fait que la destruction de la Caroline, aurait été acceptée comme relevant de la légitime défense, si et seulement si, les forces britanniques ayant agi militairement au cours de cette nuit là étaient en présence « d’une situation de nécessité absolue de légitime défense, pressante, écrasante, ne permettant pas le choix des moyens, et ne laissant pas de temps pour délibérer ». Un consensus de principe se serait donc, semble-t-il, formé autour de ce dictum, mais non de son application aux faits d’espèce.

C’est en prenant en compte les considérations historiques qui précèdent que beaucoup d’auteurs, essentiellement anglo-saxons, se permettent d’affirmer que l’affaire de la Caroline est un précédent fondateur de la légitime défense en droit international public. Et dans cette même optique, considérant par ailleurs que la singularité de cette note consiste dans le fait de subordonner la validité de telles actions armées anticipatives, à l’existence d’une menace imminente d’attaque du territoire canadien par des insurgés, la célèbre formule de Webster précitée aurait également consacré de ce fait même, la doctrine de la légitime défense préventive en droit international coutumier.

Notre hypothèse de travail est simple. En effet, nous partons du point de vue selon lequel, le raisonnement des partisans de la doctrine de la légitime défense préventive, fondée spécialement sur le précédent de la Caroline, soulève de vrais problèmes d’équilibre et de cohérence du système international élaboré après la deuxième Guerre mondiale, dans la mesure où, il aboutit dans ses applications, à cautionner, au sujet de l’interdiction de la force, l’existence d’un ordre juridique ambivalent. Autrement dit, si l’on transpose les enseignements tirés de l’affaire de la Caroline, dans le droit international positif, on aurait immanquablement, d’un côté, un régime conventionnel restrictif de la Charte, qui limite la possibilité de riposter militairement à la seule condition où un Etat a déjà effectivement subi une attaque armée. Tandis que de l’autre côté, on aurait parallèlement un régime coutumier plus permissif, qui laisserait à l’Etat un pouvoir discrétionnaire d’appréciation des circonstances de temps et de lieux, dans lesquelles il peut se permettre de frapper militairement un autre Etat, en invoquant la légitime défense.

Le travail de déconstruction auquel nous avons procédé pendant nos recherches, nous a amené à constater, au bout de cette thèse, que tous les arguments qui sont généralement invoqués par les partisans du précédent de la Caroline présentent des limites et des excès, dans leur prétention à fonder juridiquement, une règle de légitime défense préventive en droit international public, et du coup, ils doivent être relativisés dans leur teneur respective. Pour cette raison, nous soutenons en ce qui nous concerne l’hypothèse selon laquelle, le droit international public en vigueur, ne permet pas encore en son état actuel, l’extension du champ opératoire du concept de légitime défense, tel que stipulé à l’article 51 de la Charte, de manière à justifier l’emploi de la force dans les rapports entre les Etats, en cas d’une simple menace, peu importe son intensité et sa nature, tant qu’il n’y a pas encore eu véritablement une attaque armée de la part de l’Etat envers qui on agit militairement. En conséquence, la tentative doctrinale qui consiste à justifier l’existence d’une règle coutumière, autorisant la légitime défense préventive, en se fondant sur l’autorité de l’affaire de la Caroline, procède en quelque sorte d’un malentendu doublé d’un anachronisme évident.

Bruxelles, le mardi 6 mai 2008

Ivon Mingashang
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

6

Keeler, Rebecca L. "Bridging the Gap with Public Value and Corporate Social Responsibility." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/650.

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7

Tonkin, Hannah Jane. "States' international obligations to control private military & security companies in armed conflict." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1658758a-481a-4f1c-83c0-2ef269a78778.

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Tens of thousands of contractors work for private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflicts around the world, often hired by states to fulfil functions that were once the exclusive domain of the armed forces. In this context, PMSCs have performed a wide range of activities including offensive combat, prisoner interrogation, military advice and training, armed security, intelligence and logistics. The proliferation of PMSCs during the past two decades has challenged conventional conceptions of the state as the primary holder of coercive power in the international arena. Nonetheless, this Thesis argues that the traditional state-centred frameworks of international law remain vitally relevant to the regulation of private security activity in contemporary armed conflict. Three states are in a strong position to influence PMSCs in this context—the state that hires the PMSC, the state in which the company is based or incorporated, and the state in which the company operates—and this capacity for influence enables international law to regulate PMSC activities indirectly using these states as an intermediary. This Thesis critically analyses the pertinent international obligations on these three categories of states and identifies the circumstances in which PMSC misconduct may give rise to state responsibility in each case. It also examines the recent practice of certain key states in order to evaluate their compliance with these obligations. By providing a clear and in-depth analysis of states' international obligations to control PMSCs in armed conflict, this Thesis may not only facilitate the assessment of state responsibility in cases of PMSC misconduct; it may also play an important prospective role in setting standards of conduct for states in relation to the private security industry. This in turn may encourage and assist states to develop their domestic laws and policies in order to improve overall PMSC compliance with international law.
8

Forlen, Antonin. "La dimension historique de la notion d'ordre public (XVIe-XIXe siècles)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA005.

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Cette thèse étudie la dimension historique de la notion d'ordre public. Celle-ci, bien que très usitée en droit positif, est difficile à définir et à déterminer. L'analyse historique de son émergence et de son développement à partir du XVIe siècle permet de comprendre les grandes caractéristiques et problématiques que soulève son utilisation par les juristes. Afin de restreindre le champ d'investigations autrement inépuisable, le cadre d'étude choisi est l'ordre public dans sa dimension étatique. La notion d'ordre public mise en œuvre par l'État suppose la recherche de la stabilité et de la pacification de la société. Elle combine pour ce faire, d'une part des procédés de police administrative visant à prévenir les troubles à l'ordre avant qu'ils ne surviennent ; et d'autre part des outils de droit pénal visant à l'appréhension et à la punition des infractions brisant l'ordre établi. À travers l'histoire, la notion évolue selon deux axes. D'abord, l'ordre public est conçu comme une notion-cadre, permettant de rassembler un ensemble de techniques et d'outils juridique concourant la protection de la société et des personnes, ensemble qui se développe de manière pragmatique sous l'Ancien Régime. Ensuite, l'ordre public est étudié à travers son rôle de vecteur, stimulant l'intervention de l’État et de ses institutions, les amenant à agir sur la société et à la contrôler pour imposer une série de valeurs comme la garantie de la vie humaine, de la propriété, de la cohésion sociale. La dimension historique de la notion révèle la pérennité remarquable d'un modèle né sous l'Ancien Régime, conservé et perfectionné après la Révolution, qui est toujours de droit positif en ce qui concerne ses caractéristiques essentielles
This dissertation deal with the historical dimension of the notion of public order. Public order is often used today but its meaning remains unclear. The study of the birth and evolution of public order, since the 16th century, allows a better understanding of its impacts on modern societies. It shows that public order is a notion used to summarise a vast range of public policies designed to protect society and people. It is also used to control and to drive the society in the way the political power intends.The study argues that the historical model of public order, though created in a pragmatic way in the Ancien Régime, then continued to be valid after the Revolution and is still, up to a point, valid today
9

Keeler, Rebecca L. "Managing Outsourced Administrative Discretion." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/832.

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An entire body of administrative law exists to guide the administrative discretion of public administrators. Although an increasing share of public services is being outsourced to the private sector, much of administrative law is not applicable to governments’ contracted agents. Alternatively, contracting agencies use the contract instrument to guide and constrain contractors’ exercise of delegated administrative discretion. This essay reports on a study of selected Florida local governments’ contracts for residential trash collection services. Although minimal discretion was placed in contractors’ hands, it still presented opportunities for abuse. The local governments used a variety of ways to manage the administrative discretion, including the imposition of public service ethics and transparency requirements. Upon analysis of contractual grants of and constraints upon administrative discretion, some suggestions are offered for enhancing contractual management of delegated administrative discretion.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "A Career of Research in Public Administration." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/652.

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Books on the topic "History of International Public Law":

1

Bernstorff, Jochen von. The public international law theory of Hans Kelsen: Believing in universal law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Bernstorff, Jochen von. The public international law theory of Hans Kelsen: Believing in universal law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Wharton, Francis. Commentaries on law: Embracing chapters on the nature, the source, and the history of law, on international law, public and private, and on constitutional and statutory law. Holmes Beach, Fla: Gaunt, Inc., 2001.

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Lingens, Karl-Heinz. Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und Jus Publicum Europaeum, 1648-1794. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1988.

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Oraizi, M. A. La culpabilité américaine: Assaut contre l'empire du droit international public. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2006.

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Oraizi, M. A. La culpabilité américaine: Assaut contre l'empire du droit international public. Paris: Harmattan, 2005.

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Lingens, Karl-Heinz. Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und Jus Publicum Europaeum, 1648-1794. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1988.

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Kolb, Robert. Esquisse de droit international public des anciennes cultures extra-européennes: Amérique précolombienne, îles polynésiennes, Afrique noire, sous-continent indien, Chine et ses régions limitrophes. Paris: Éditions A. Pedone, 2010.

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Alejandro, Carrillo Castro, ed. Administración pública: Marco internacional, 1967-1987. México: M.A. Porrúa, 1988.

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Bernard, Mathieu A. Manuel de droit international public et privé: Ouvrage basé sur le droit international de Charles Calvo et contenant les dispositions du code civil de la province de Québec et des statuts impériaux et fédéraux applicables à la matière. Montréal: C. Théoret, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "History of International Public Law":

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Hauck, Sué González. "History of International Law." In Public International Law, 3–22. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003451327-2.

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Kaczorowska-Ireland, Alina. "History and nature of international law." In Public International Law, 1–22. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003186977-1.

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Amin, George Forji. "Public Law Arrangements." In International Law and the History of Resource Extraction in Africa, 218–64. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003265740-6.

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Dati, Monica. "BlogRoll e risorse digitali per la Public History." In La Public History tra scuola, università e territorio, 123–36. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-616-2.13.

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This paper proposes a brief review of digital resources useful for historians, scholars, professionals and students who want to approach Public History and which can offer opportunities for exploration and participation at several levels. The analysis has been divided into four parts, each starting from an exploration of the Italian context and then moving on to international resources: 1. Web spaces of national and international associations, 2. Oral History and Digital History, 3. Public History Journals , 4. Apps and Databases.
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Kunz, Raffaela. "International Law and Domestic Law." In Public International Law, 143–53. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003451327-7.

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Kaczorowska-Ireland, Alina. "International law and municipal law." In Public International Law, 124–60. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003186977-4.

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Mikos-Skuza, Elżbieta. "Public International Law." In International Humanitarian Action, 123–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14454-2_7.

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Bobbitt, Philip. "Public International Law." In A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory, 103–18. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320114.ch5.

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Heidemann, Frauke. "Public International Law." In An International Law Perspective on Harry Potter, 9–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57571-6_2.

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Kansra, Deepa. "Space Law." In Public International Law, 517–29. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003451327-23.

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Conference papers on the topic "History of International Public Law":

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Liu, Kaiyue. "Local Practice of Women Law Education -- The History of Women's Law and Politics Seminar of Sichuan Public School of Law and Politics." In Proceedings of the 2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education (ICSSHE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsshe-18.2018.166.

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Sharkey, Nolan, and Tetiana Muzyka. "Foundation Atrocities and Public History: The Role of Lawyers in Finding Truth." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.16.

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History provides the basis for nations’ existence. Yet, history is capable of telling different stories in relation to the same events. It is also open to manipulation and distortion. More so than ever, this is the case with the easy availability and cross border reach of many forms of media. In addition, the concept of public history recognises that representations of history are not made solely by professional historians. The conclusion that must be reached from this is that history is open to contesting and it is not necessarily a fair contest favouring accuracy. This paper argues that law and legal scholars can play a role in settling significant historical disputes by applying the rigour of legal dispute settlement institutions. Consideration of evidence and narrowing arguments to relevant issues are of significant worth. These possibilities are illustrated through the debates surrounding two significant atrocities of history, the Great Irish Famine and the Ukrainian Holodomor. Both events have a critical place in the nation-building of the Irish and the Ukrainians, yet the debate rages on as to whether they may or may not be genocide. We review the historical issues and the genocide issue and suggest that legal scholars rather than historians may assist in settling rather than perpetuating the disputes.
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Sallai, János, and Johanna Farkas. "21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.4.21.p24.

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It is impossible to separate the public police organization from the modern state. King Louis XIV was the founder of the first centrally organized and uniform police force in 1667. A book related to the work of the police was first published in 1705 under the title "Traité de la police". It outlines the three main activities of the police, which are economic regulation, measures of the public order, and general rules of hygiene. The first head of Police and his 44 police commissioners' work was assisted by police inspectors beginning in 1709. The police also appeared on German territory, and the works of Lorenz von Stein, Otto Mayer, and Robert von Mohl are still dominant in Europe nowadays. This study examines books, journals, and legal documents to present the development of the law enforcement and the modern challenges of policing in Hungary. Our country celebrated the establishment of the central police last year. In the 20th century there was a development in modern policing and literature, as well as the emergence of modern police officer training. After World War II, a Soviet law enforcement model was imitated in which there was state security, secrecy, and Soviet police character. Although research of historical and theoretical studies of policing was forbidden, after the Revolution of 1989, the research of law enforcement theory was completed. Globalisation has created new sources of danger (e.g. terrorism, cybercrime), driven by a lack of borders and the expansion of international relations (Farkas, 2016). We can only meet the new challenges with the deepening of international law enforcement cooperation. Keywords: law enforcement, globalisation, data-transmission revolution, security
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Wardani, Endah Kusuma, Nurul Eko Widiyastuti, Lutvia Dwi Rofika, and Wahyu Adri Wirawati. "Factors Affecting Stunting among Children Under Five Years of Age in Banyuwangi, East Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.80.

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ABSTRACT Background: Stunting, chronic malnutrition, results from the exposure of the fetus and young child to nutritional deficiency and infectious disease. In Indonesia, 30.8% of children were stunted, in which 26.2% was in East Java and 8.1% Banyuwangi Regency. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting stunting among children under five years of age in Banyuwangi, East Java. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Klatak and Wonosobo Community Health Centers, Central Java. a sample of 60 children under five years of age was selected for this study. The study variables were child’s gender, maternal age at pregnancy, maternal education, maternal work status, iron intake, history of chronic energy deficiency, exclusive breastfeeding, supplementary feeding, and history of infectious disease. The frequency distribution data were reported descriptively. Results: The majority of stunted children under study were male (53.3%). Most of the women were at age 20 to 34 years during pregnancy (58.3%). As many as 73.3% mothers were low educated. Most of the mothers were housewives (85%). 78.3% of women took iron supplement during pregnancy. Most of the children did not have the history of chronic energy deficiency (60%). Most of the children received exclusive breastfeeding (61.7%) and supplementary feeding (65%). Only a few children had the history of infectious disease (6.7%). Conclusion: The characteristics of subjects under study vary with maternal age at pregnancy, maternal education, maternal work status, iron intake, history of chronic energy deficiency, exclusive breastfeeding, supplementary feeding, and history of infectious disease. Keywords: stunting, children under five years of age, factors Correspondence: Endah Kusuma Wardani. Midwifery Program, School of Health Sciences Banyuwangi. Jl. Letkol Istiqlah No. 109, Banyuwangi, East Java, 68422. Email: qsuma89@yahoo.com. Mobile: +6282257193736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.80
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Gita, Anggi Putri Aria, Isna Qadrijati, and Bhisma Murti. "Biopsychosocial Determinants of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Evidence from Surakarta, Central Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.46.

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ABSTRACT Background: Stress has been shown to have major effects on metabolic activity. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that results from an alteration of the secretion or action of insulin. This study aimed to investigate biopsychosocial determinants of diabetes mellitus type 2 Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted in Surakarta, Centra Java, Indonesia, from November 2019 to January 2020. A sample of 200 patients with type 2 DM was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was type 2 DM. The independent variables were family history of DM, dietary pattern, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), central obesity, stress, hypertension, and smoking. The data were collected by medical record and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression run on Stata 13. Results: The risk of type 2 DM increased with family history of tipe 2 DM (OR= 12.88; 95% CI= 5.18 to 32.04; p<0.001), poor dietary pattern (OR= 2.92; 95% CI= 1.16 to 7.36; p= 0.023), and low physical activity (OR= 3.15; 95% CI= 1.22 to 8.18; p= 0.018), central obesity (OR= 4.55; 95% CI= 1.55 to 13.41; p= 0.006), stress (OR= 3.07; 95% CI= 1.21 to 7.79; p= 0.018), history of hypertension (OR= 3.83; 95% CI= 1.49 to 9.79; p= 0.005), and smoking behavior (OR= 3.86; 95% CI= 1.29 to 11.57; p= 0.016). The risk of type 2 DM decreased with normal BMI (OR= 0.37; 95% CI= 0.13 to 1.01; p= 0.053). Conclusion: The risk of type 2 DM increases with family history of tipe 2 DM, poor dietary pattern, and low physical activity, central obesity, stress, history of hypertension, and smoking behavior. The risk of type 2 DM decreases with normal BMI. Keywords: Determinan biopsikososial, DM tipe 2. Correspondence: Anggi Putri Aria Gita. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: anggipag@gmail.com. Mobile: +628975406464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.46
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Dmitriyev, Alexey. "The Welfare of Each and Everyone in Russian Legal Theory." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-24.

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The prerequisite for the study was the spread of views in the academic literature that the category of public welfare, without accounting for concretising factors, was a void abstraction, and that in Russia, public welfare was seen as the dominant principle over the individual. The main purpose of the study is to analyse the content of the term ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ in Russian legal theory. The author uses the methods of conceptual history and intellectual history to analyse the concept of ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ in the works of pre-revolutionary authors and the relationship between the concepts of ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ and ‘the common good’. The author determined that: ‘public welfare’ can be classified as fiction, purpose, method, interest and balance, depending on the context of use and semantic scope. The term ‘the welfare of each and every one’ became theoretically meaningful (as an objective, method, and interest), and was enshrined in law in Russian Empire in the XVIII -early XX centuries. The term was understood as achieving the common good, preserving the good of everyone and the reduction of public harm. Twentyfirst century Russian legal theory uses the related notion of ‘public welfare’, understood as a fiction, a goal, a method, an interest, a balance. The main findings of the study suggest that today the ‘public welfare’ is reduced to bringing benefits to anyone and everyone (D. I. Dedov), which is close to the historical understanding of ‘the welfare of each and every one’. The public welfare theory incorporates progressive elements such as the veil of ignorance, the win-win principle, and shapes institutions, resources, practices and formulates the issue of the emergence of a new generation of human rights.
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Karmany, Putu Anggi Widia, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, and Bhisma Murti. "Effect of Low Birth Weight on the Risk of Pneumonia in Children Under Five: Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.61.

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ackground: Pneumonia remains the foremost cause of death from infectious diseases in children under five. Previous studies reported the association between low birth weight and pneumonia in children under five. The purpose of this meta-analysis study was to assess the effect of low birth weight on the risk of pneumonia in children under five. Subjects and Method: This was meta-analysis and systematic review. The study collected published articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Springer Link databases. Keywords used “birth weight” AND “pneumonia children under 5” OR “pneumonia” AND “case control”. The inclusion criteria were full text, using English language, and using case control study design. The study subject was children under five. Intervention was low birthweight with comparison normal birthweight. The study outcome was pneumonia. The data were analyzed using RevMan 5.3 program. Results: 6 studies from Nepal, Ethiopia, India, Tanzania, Brazil, and Egypt. This study reported that children with history of low birthweight had the risk of pneumonia 1.96 times than those with normal birthweight (aOR = 1.96; 95% CI= 0.99 to 3.86; p= 0.050). Conclusion: Low birthweight increases the risk of pneumonia in children under five. Keywords: pneumonia, low birth weight, children under five Correspondence: Putu Anggi Widia Karmany. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: putuanggiwidiakarmany@-gmail.com. Mobile: 087864306006
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Larrañaga Méndez, Ana Elena. "Transformación de los espacios públicos de la ciudad patrimonial: el zócalo de la ciudad de Oaxaca." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Mexicali: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7663.

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El Centro Histórico de la Ciudad Patrimonial, nos habla de cómo ha sido la historia del sitio y la de sus habitantes. Es un espacio complejo y heredado, en donde toda la población es dueña de alguna parte o forma del espacio. En el Centro Histórico se realizan actividades y funciones contradictorias, pero en la actualidad los espacios públicos que lo conforman se han transformado de acuerdo a las necesidades de la comunidad, a los planes y manejos de políticas públicas, por mencionar algunos factores. Los espacios públicos de los Centros Históricos se han transformado con el paso del tiempo debido a las necesidades y a la problemática a la que se ha enfrentado. Particularmente los Centros Históricos que son considerados Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad desafían a intereses y problemas específicos, ya que la transformación a la que están sujetos está vinculada a la oferta turística y comercial, olvidando la importancia que significa para la ciudad y los habitantes. La denominación de Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad a los Centros Históricos, ha generado en los espacios públicos problemas como: la fragmentación espacial, falsificación espacial, nuevas relaciones socio-espaciales, exclusión a ciertos grupos sociales. Este documento expone algunos conceptos, estudios y análisis de diferentes investigaciones realizadas a espacios públicos de Centros Históricos Patrimoniales, teniendo como objetivo reflexionar sobre el tema para sacar conclusiones que pueden generarnos líneas de investigación o de seguimiento. Ejemplificando y aterrizando lo mencionado anteriormente y llevando el tema a un entorno más cercano, se puede mencionar el zócalo del Centro Histórico de la ciudad de Oaxaca. El zócalo del Centro Histórico de la ciudad de Oaxaca, fue parte clave en la concepción de la ciudad y continúa siendo parte de la vida y expresiones oaxaqueñas. Este espació publico en la actualidad sigue siendo un sitio emblemático de la ciudad, su imagen a sido utilizada en propaganda turística, generando un punto atractivo para los visitantes, también continua siendo un espacio de la sociedad. El zócalo ha ido evolucionado con el paso del tiempo y aún así sigue formando parte de la identidad de los habitantes. The Historic Centre of the city talks about how the site's history and its habitants. Is a complex space, where the population in certain way owns some part of space. In the historic center you can find different and contradictories functions, but now the public spaces have been transformed according to the needs of the community, different plans and manage of public policies, just to name a few factors. The public spaces of the Historic Centre have been transformed over time due the needs and problems to which it has faced. Particularly Historical Centre who are considered World Heritage challenge specific interests and problems, most of the times the transformation is linked to the tourism and commerce, forgetting the importance that mean for the city and its habitants. The designation of World Heritage to the Historic Centre has created problems in public spaces such as spatial fragmentation, fake space, new socio-spatial relations and exclusion of certain social groups. This document presents some concepts, studies and analysis of different public spaces in Historic Centre, aiming to reflect on the subject to draw conclusions that can generate topics of research or monitoring. Exemplifying and quoting the public spaces in a Historic Centre to a close environment, this paper mentions the zócalo of the Historic Center of Oaxaca City. This public space has been an important element in the Historic Center of Oaxaca City, it was a key part in the conception of the city and continues to be a part of the residents life and expressions of Oaxaca. Today, this public space is still a feature of the town site, its image has been used in promotion of tourism, generating an attractive location for visitors, also remains an important area of society. The zócalo has evolved over time and still remains part of the identity of the habitants.
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SOLIHAH, II, and Amelia Arnis. "The Effect of Health Education on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Towards Knowledge and Attitudes of Overweight Adolescents." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.20.

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Background: At present, the world’s leading burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is in low and middle-income countries including Indonesia. However, little is known about the cardiovascular health in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine effect of health education on prevention of cardiovascular disease risk factors towards knowledge and attitudes of overweight adolescents in Senior high school in Jakarta. Subjects and Method: This was a quasi-experiment with case control study was conducted in Senior high school in Jakarta. A sample of 30 was selected by randomly. The inclusion criteria were BMI with the category of obesity, blood pressure, smoking habits, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and stroke. The data was analyzed by t-test. Results: This study showed an increase in the results of measuring knowledge and attitudes before intervention (Mean = 11.2; SD = 9.04) and after intervention (Mean = 14; SD = -10.15), and it was statistically significant (p <0.001) Conclusion: Education influences changes in knowledge and lifestyle attitudes of adolescents with nutritional status Keywords: health education, knowledge, attitudes, youth Correspondence: Ii Solihah. School of Health Polytechnics, Ministry of Health Jakarta I. Jl. Wijayakusuma Raya Cilandak, South Jakarta. Email: Ii_125@yahoo.co.id DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.20
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Tomassoni, Rosella, Stefania Liburdi, and Annalisa Marsella. "THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE HISTORY OF ROMAN RELIGION: FROM VESTALE TO MADONNA." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/fs06.07.

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Introduction: Within the concept of women in the archaic Roman era, the present paper will attempt a believable reconstruction of the passage of the vestal woman figure, subjected to the male �potestas� of the �pontfex maximus� in which Eros was sacrificed to the Civitas due to the blackmail of equal rights, to the recovery of the woman as an object of Christian contemplation. Objective and Method: The aim of this article, through the analysis of recognized sources, is to study the axiom according to which the Roman woman was considered equal to the man in society (for roles, reputation, legal capacity, and public image), only playing the religious role of vestal, which denied her femininity.Throughout history, male domination was revealed in all fields, still in the religious field, until the advent of Christianity which re-evaluated the woman through the figure of the Madonna, attributing to her the role of mother of the creator. Topic: The figure and role of women in ancient Rome did not disregard religion. In that period, the various female personalities could be identified in the figures of: matrons, prostitutes, commoners, vestals, all of which were characterized by enslavement to the particular patriarchal figure (pater, husband or pontifex). Only the vestal priestesses would seem to be excluded from the list of figures subject to male protagonists. The woman, considered tender and soft (�mollis, �mulier�, the most fragile) was completely excluded from important roles in Roman society.The juridical position of the Roman woman is obtained in the law of the XII tables (451-450 BC): "Feminas, etsi perfectae aetatis sint, in tutela esse, exceptis virginibus Vestalibus" - "The women are all to be under protection, although they are adults, except the Vestal virgins". Vestal women could juridically act like a man only if subjected to the temple of the goddess Vesta; in a psychoanalytic analysis, therefore, the counterpart was the renunciation of femininity, which was imposed by the thirty-year chastity they had to abide by. Throughout history, male domination was revealed in all fields, still in the religious field, until the advent of Christianity which re-evaluated the woman through the figure of the Madonna, attributing to her the role of mother of the creator. Conclusion: In conclusion, with this article, we will analyse how the Roman religions (polytheistic and monotheistic) have contributed, throughout history, to subjecting women to male domination and to attributing a negative and sinful image to them, until the advent of Christianity. The psychologist feels the need to address a question: what of this primordial essence of the feminine scares the man of every age?

Reports on the topic "History of International Public Law":

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Jones, Nicole S. 2018 Impression, Pattern and Trace Evidence Symposium. RTI Press, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.cp.0006.1805.

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From January 22 to 25, 2018, RTI International, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Forensic Technology Center of Excellence (FTCoE) held the 2018 Impression, Pattern and Trace Evidence Symposium (IPTES) in Arlington, VA, to promote collaboration, enhance knowledge transfer, and share best practices and policies for the impression, pattern, and trace evidence forensic science communities. NIJ and FTCoE are committed to improving the practice of forensic science and strengthening its impact through support of research and development, rigorous technology evaluation and adoption, effective knowledge transfer and education, and comprehensive dissemination of best practices and guidelines to agencies dedicated to combating crime. The future of forensic sciences and its contribution to the public and criminal justice community is a motivating topic to gather expertise in a forum to discuss, learn, and share ideas. It’s about becoming part of an essential and historic movement as the forensic sciences continue to advance. The IPTES was specifically designed to bring together practitioners and researchers to enhance information-sharing and promote collaboration among the impression, pattern, and trace evidence analysts, law enforcement, and legal communities. The IPTES was designed to bring together practitioners and researchers to enhance information sharing and promote collaboration among impression, pattern, and trace evidence analysts, law enforcement, and legal communities. This set of proceedings comprises abstracts from workshops, general sessions, breakout sessions, and poster presentations.
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Devereux, Stephen. Policy Pollination: A Brief History of Social Protection’s Brief History in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2020.004.

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The relatively recent emergence and sustained rise of social protection as a policy agenda in Africa can be understood as either a nationally owned or ‘donor-driven’ process. While elements of both can be seen in different countries at different times, this paper focuses on the pivotal role of transnational actors, specifically international development agencies, as ‘policy pollinators’ for social protection. These agencies deployed a range of tactics to induce African governments to implement cash transfer programmes and establish social protection systems, including: (1) building the empirical evidence base that cash transfers have positive impacts, for advocacy purposes; (2) financing social protection programmes until governments take over this responsibility; (3) strengthening state capacity to deliver social protection, through technical assistance and training workshops; (4) commissioning and co-authoring national social protection policies; (5) encouraging the domestication of international social protection law into national legislation. Despite these pressures and inducements, some governments have resisted or implemented social protection only partially and reluctantly, either because they are not convinced or because their political interests are not best served by allocating scarce resources to cash transfer programmes. This raises questions about the extent to which the agendas of development agencies are aligned or in conflict with national priorities, and whether social protection programmes and systems would flourish or wither if international support was withdrawn.
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Atuesta, Laura, and Juan Manuel Puerta. IDB-9: Competitive Regional and Global International Integration. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010513.

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Trade and regional integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been constant goals of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB, or Bank) since its inception. While the Bank has historically had a very active role in policy discussions with and technical assistance to countries on these issues, it has not had a substantial regional lending program in this area. Indeed, the trade and integration portfolio is divided between the nonlending part, mostly led by the Trade and Integration Sector, and the infrastructure integration part (where the bulk of the lending is concentrated), led by the infrastructure sector. However, this lending portfolio is composed almost exclusively of national projects with typically no proven regional benefits beyond the purely national ones. The main reason for the paucity of projects with regional benefits is that working regionally is associated with higher transaction costs for both the Bank and the countries, and the Bank still lacks a concessional lending instrument. Under the IDB-9 Agreement, the Bank reiterated regional integration as one of the priorities, attaching a specific lending target to it. Management was required to produce a new regional integration strategy and an action plan to guide the actions of the Bank. The new Integration Strategy has a thorough understanding of the nature of the challenges to regional integration and contains a complete and sound diagnosis of trade issues in LAC. Although the diagnosis of infrastructure integration and regional public goods is weaker, the Strategy remains relevant to identify the main challenges and the recent evolution of trade and integration in LAC. The Strategy and Action Plan provide little guidance, however, beyond outlining the main ideas. Although a first draft identified the need for concessional instruments, the final version proposed only a "smart mix" of existing instruments. The Strategy does not clearly define and build on the Bank¿s comparative advantage or record of past experience. The definition and classification of "regional integration projects" are confused; depending on the source chosen, regional integration projects represent between 0.6% and 25% of Bank lending in 2011. The baseline for lending in the IDB-9 Agreement (10%) is unrealistic given the Bank's historic performance, and projects without any connection with either regional integration or the Integration Strategy are being labeled as regional. The Strategy and the Action Plan mostly describe what the Bank currently does rather than provide strategic leadership or direction. The Bank is now at a crossroads. Different options are available depending on the risk appetite of Governors and the willingness of the LAC Region to advance toward regional integration. Instead of pursuing the current low-risk and low-payoff strategy, Governors may wish to tackle the problems that have precluded lending for regional integration, including providing preferential access to resources for regional integration projects with clear eligibility guidelines. In any case Management should revisit its classification system for regional lending and provide a more transparent and more accurate picture of actual Bank work in this area.
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Vaskivskyj, Yurij. Branding in journalism: prospects for operation. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11395.

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The article analyzes the branding process in the context of the development of individual units of journalism. After all, in the current conditions of competition in the Ukrainian information space, it is important to apply and master new technologies for the development and promotion of media resources in the media market. The history of branding is presented and it is noted that branding is the key to the success of each media brand in using the necessary tools and technologies, which involves the branding process. It is necessary to know and understand not only the basic laws of branding, but also its possibilities as the main tool of Internet marketing and offline or digital marketing. It is emphasized that the personal brand should be considered as a tool that builds a reputation and a positive image in the information space, as well as allows you to get a variety of resources only using professional skills and knowledge. It is important not only to form your own audience, but also to meet its needs. The GORDON online publication is analyzed, because this media resource is a consequence of the influence of personal brand on the audience and rapid development in the context of promoting a particular media resource, and the main ideologue and co-founder of this publication is an example of how personal brand can affect audiences. and promote the development of a specific business project. It is noted that the reputation of Dmitry Gordon and his odious figure became the basis for the success of this online publication, and attitudes toward him may be different and often ambiguous, but his person is known to everyone in the post-Soviet space. Modern information space needs scandalous and odious personalities, because they are able to arrange a show, give people emotions. The author points out that branding is an extremely promising technology not only in the context of promoting and promoting a particular media resource or personal brand, but also promotes the comprehensive development of journalists as public opinion experts and potential speakers at international conferences not only in journalism, but also internet marketing.
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Lewis, Dustin, ed. A Compilation of Materials Apparently Reflective of States’ Views on International Legal Issues pertaining to the Use of Algorithmic and Data-reliant Socio-technical Systems in Armed Conflict. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/cawz3627.

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This document is a compilation of materials that at least appear to be reflective of one or more states’ views on international legal issues pertaining to the actual or possible use of algorithmic and data-reliant socio-technical systems in armed conflict. In September of 2018, the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC) commenced a project titled “International Legal and Policy Dimensions of War Algorithms: Enduring and Emerging Concerns.”[1] The project builds on the program’s earlier research and policy initiative on war-algorithm accountability. A goal of the current project is to help strengthen international debate and inform policymaking on the ways that artificial intelligence and complex computer algorithms are transforming war, as well as how international legal and policy frameworks already govern, and might further regulate, the design, development, and use of those technologies. The project is financially supported by the Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Fund. In creating this compilation, HLS PILAC seeks in part to provide a resource through which the positions of states with divergent positions on certain matters potentially of international public concern can be identified. Legal aspects of war technologies are more complex than some governments, scholars, and advocates allow. In the view of HLS PILAC, knowledge of the legal issues requires awareness of the multiple standpoints from which these arguments are fashioned. An assumption underlying how we approach these inquiries is that an assessment concerning international law in this area ought to take into account the perspectives of as many states (in addition to other relevant actors) as possible.
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Judith, Meyer, and David Keller. H - Requirement No. 1. OceanNETs, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d10.1.

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The purpose of this deliverable is to provide detailed information on the informed consent procedures that will be implemented for the participation of humans, including the information about the management of informed consent forms. This pertains to work conducted in WP 2 Governance, policy, and international law, WP 3 Public perception, WP 6 Ocean alkalinization case studies, and WP 7 Stakeholder Dialogue and the Provision of Knowledge, which involves the collection of information from laypersons and stakeholders.
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Carty, Anthony, and Jing Gu. Theory and Practice in China’s Approaches to Multilateralism and Critical Reflections on the Western ‘Rules-Based International Order’. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.057.

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China is the subject of Western criticism for its supposed disregard of the rules-based international order. Such a charge implies that China is unilateralist. The aim in this study is to explain how China does in fact have a multilateral approach to international relations. China’s core idea of a community of shared future of humanity shows that it is aware of the need for a universal foundation for world order. The Research Report focuses on explaining the Chinese approach to multilateralism from its own internal perspective, with Chinese philosophy and history shaping its view of the nature of rules, rights, law, and of institutions which should shape relationships. A number of case studies show how the Chinese perspectives are implemented, such as with regards to development finance, infrastructure projects (especially the Belt and Road Initiative), shaping new international organisations (such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), climate change, cyber-regulation and Chinese participation in the United Nations in the field of human rights and peacekeeping. Looking at critical Western opinion of this activity, we find speculation around Chinese motives. This is why a major emphasis is placed on a hermeneutic approach to China which explains how it sees its intentions. The heart of the Research Report is an exploration of the underlying Chinese philosophy of rulemaking, undertaken in a comparative perspective to show how far it resembles or differs from the Western philosophy of rulemaking.
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Bolton, Laura. Criminal Activity and Deforestation in Latin America. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.003.

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This review examines evidence on criminal deforestation activity in Latin America (particularly, but not exclusively the Amazon) and draws from the literature on the lessons learned in combatting criminal deforestation activity. This review focuses on Brazil as representative of the overwhelming majority of literature on criminal activity in relation to deforestation in the Amazon. The literature notes that Illegal deforestation occurs largely through criminal networks as they have the capacity for coordination, processing, selling, and the deployment of armed men to protect operations. Bribery, corruption, and fraud are deeply ingrained in deforestation. Networks may bribe geoprocessing experts, police, and public officials. Members of the criminal groups may become council members, mayors, and state representatives. Land titles are fabricated and trading documentation fraudulent. The literature also notes some interventions to combat this criminal deforestation activity: monitoring and law enforcement; national systems for registry and monitoring; legal enforcement for compliance of environmental law; International agreements and action; and Involving indigenous communities in combatting deforestation.
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.

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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.
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Iffat, Idris. Anti-corruption Measures in Post-conflict Reconstruction. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.082.

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Corruption risks in post-conflict reconstruction are high, notably due to the typically large influx of international aid coupled with weak/illegitimate governments and low state capacity. Combatting corruption in post-conflict settings is vital in the short- and medium-term to promote development and growth, and in the long-term to prevent renewed conflict. Anti-corruption efforts can focus on strengthening the rule of law; public financial management; civil service reform to promote meritocratic hiring, proper training and proper remuneration; promoting transparency and accountability – on the part of both donors as well as recipient governments; and promoting external accountability mechanisms of the media and civil society.

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