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1
Roberts, Cynthia. "German and Soviet Military Doctrinal Innovation before World War II." Journal of Cold War Studies 6, no. 4 (October 2004): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1520397042350946.
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In the lead-up to World War II, both Germany and the Soviet Union pursued important changes in military doctrine that proved crucial during the armed confrontation between the two countries in 1941–1945. Using a new book by the military historian Mary Habeck as a point of departure, this essay explains how the German and Soviet armed forces by the late 1930s had developed almost identical doctrines without extensively borrowing from each other. Although the doctrinal innovations that informed the German Blitzkrieg and the Soviet conception of “deep battle” have long attracted attention, Habeck's book is the first detailed comparison of the development of armored warfare in these two countries. Although the book does not provide a comprehensive explanation of the sources of innovation in military doctrine, it sheds a great deal of light on the revolutionary changes in German and Soviet military doctrines during the interwar years.
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Kornev, A. V. "On Some Issues of Source Assessment in the History of Political and Legal Doctrines: Competition of Different Approaches." Lex Russica, no. 6 (July 5, 2021): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.175.6.154-162.
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The paper is devoted to a little-studied problem, namely, source assessment in the history of political and legal doctrines from the perspective of the competition of different approaches. In this paper, sources refer to various forms of theoretical knowledge: views, doctrines, theories, concepts, ideas, schools, trends and approaches. In other words, we consider the types of sources in which thinkers of different eras and trends try to reflect the essence of state legal phenomena, primarily, the state and law, and other closely related institutions, such as power, property, democracy, the rule of law, etc. One of the main ideas of the paper is to justify the fact that the history of doctrines is primarily the evolution of the struggle between them. Moreover, the opposition of ideas is actually observed from the very beginning of political and legal thought. The problem of an objective assessment of the doctrines is highlighted, since there are many factors that prevent this. In this regard, we consider the time (chronological), methodological, ideological, political, scientific, ideological and other circumstances, including individual preferences. The assessment is based on the main form of theoretical political and legal knowledge, i.e. a doctrine and its structure. It is the structural elements of political doctrine that are evaluated by researchers of ideas, who themselves are not always free in their expert activities. This aspect is also reflected in the paper.The author summarizes: since the history of ideas is a history of struggle, competition in their evaluation is inevitable. It is possible to adhere to various philosophical views, but it is impossible to neglect the scientific validity of the teaching that is subject to evaluation. At the same time, this problem does not concern the doctrines that are being evaluated, but the personality of the evaluator of the doctrines, sometimes formed by the greatest thinkers.
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Gavray, Marc-Antoine. "Archytas lu par Simplicius. Un art de la conciliation*." International Journal of the Platonic Tradition 5, no. 1 (2011): 85–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254711x555540.
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AbstractIntent upon harmonizing doctrines of their predecessors, some Neoplatonic commentators are faced with a problem of resolving doctrinal discrepancies so as to restore the συµφωνία in the history of philosophy. This article considers a particular example of this attempt ats harmonization: how Simplicius reconciles Aristotle’s Categories with the Neopythagorean doctrine of the Pseudo-Archytas. The chronological inversion introduced by the counterfeiter produces remarkable effects on the late Platonic doctrine about general terms, to the extent that a commentator such as Simplicius works to reduce the dissonance between Archytas’ and Aristotle’s words.This paper has three aims: to restore the general grid that Simplicius uses for reading and commenting on Archytas through Aristotle; to identify the exegetical strategies aimed at a doctrinal reconciliation; to consider a specific case, provided by the doctrine of weight, which engenders a new physical theory by Simplicius.
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Timmermann, Freddy. "Las macroformas textuales de los Derechos Humanos. Chile, 1973-1980." Literatura y Lingüística, no. 24 (May 18, 2015): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/0717621x.24.100.
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ResumenEl presente artículo analiza la forma en que se proyectan discursivamente los Derechos Humanos en el Régimen Cívico-Militar, entre los años 1973 y 1980. Por medio del Análisis Crítico de Discurso y de proyecciones historiográficas, se vinculan los elementos textuales de sus documentos oficiales más significativos con los diversos contextos de poder por los que se transita en la época en estudio. Conello, se perciben sus coherencias doctrinales y simbólicas, así como el carácter de la“democracia protegida” propuesta y su directa relación con las políticas gremialistas,neoliberales y de la Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional con que se opera.Palabras clave: Derechos Humanos, Régimen Cívico-Militar, Declaración de Principios,Democracia Protegida, gremialismo, neoliberalismoThe textual macrostructures of the human rights. Chile,1973-1980AbstractThis article discusses how Human Rights can be interpreted as elements of discourse in the Civil-Military Regime, between 1973 and 1980. Through both Critica lDiscourse Analysis and history-graphical projections, the contextual elements fromthe most significant documents are linked to the diverse empowerment doctrines enforced at that time. In addition, doctrinal and symbolic coherence are perceived,as well as and the character of the ‘protected democracy’ proposed and its direct relationship to neoliberal labor policies, and the National Security Doctrine within which it operates.Keywords: Human Rights, civic-military regime, declaration of principles, protecteddemocracy, labor union, neoliberal movement
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RUOTSILA, MARKKU. "The Catholic Apostolic Church in British Politics." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 56, no. 1 (January 2005): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046904002155.
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This article looks at a largely neglected aspect of nineteenth- and twentieth-century religio-political activism and public doctrine, the conservative politics of premillennialist Protestantism. It approaches this subject through a case study of the doctrines and activities of the Catholic Apostolic Church, a relatively small premillennialist and Pentecostal faith-community extant from the 1830s through to the mid-twentieth century. The translation of these doctrines into Conservative party politics by Henry Drummond MP and by the seventh and eighth dukes of Northumberland is given especial attention.
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Walker, Paul E., and Farhad Daftary. "The Ismaʿilis: Their History and Doctrines." Journal of the American Oriental Society 112, no. 1 (January 1992): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604600.
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Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali, and Farhad Daftary. "The Isma'ilis. Their History and Doctrines." Studia Islamica, no. 81 (1995): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1596028.
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Hoffman, Valerie J. "Ibāḍism: History, Doctrines, and Recent Scholarship." Religion Compass 9, no. 9 (September 2015): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12164.
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Kornev, A. V. "Basic Methods of the History of Political and Legal Doctrines and the Possible Transformation of the Object of Legal Science." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 4 (June 17, 2023): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2023.104.4.026-040.
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This article shows the importance of the methodology of the history of political and legal doctrines, characterizes the basic (basic) methods, and illustrates their cognitive capabilities. At the same time, the emphasis is placed on the fact that each doctrine has a methodological basis, which to some extent allows us to evaluate the content of the doctrines and the real possibilities of their implementation in the practice of state-legal construction. The importance of the history of political and legal doctrines is shown in the present period, when the ideological confrontation has become especially aggravated, behind which there is a discrepancy between the interests of global political players. Methods make it possible to study reality and not only political and legal. It seems that it is part of a broader phenomenon, which can be conditionally called sociality. At present, such a category as the techno-social sphere (system) has firmly entered the scientific circulation. The synthesis of natural, social, technological systems is an example of the transformation of the subject area of legal science, and as a result, the interdisciplinarity of scientific research.
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Zhuravel, V. A. "SPECIFIC STUDIES IN THE STRUCTURE OF GENERAL CRIMINALISTIC THEORY." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (December 26, 2018): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.02.
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Conceptual approaches to formation and application of certain criminalistic doctrines (theories) as scientific constructions forming the basis of criminalisctic general theory structure and developing the level of theoretical and methodological basis of this science are considered. The author's opinion of Specific Criminalisctic Doctrine (Theory) concept is offered and proposals are made regarding systematization of specific criminalisctic studies, their place in the structure of the criminalistic general theory. It is proposed to allocate two blocks in the structure of the general theory: 1) criminalistic science based essentials including specific criminalistic doctrines (theories) of general scientific level about object, subject, methods, scope of research, system, nature, conceptual apparatus and criminalistic categories (Criminalistic language), its interscientific relations and place in the system of knowledge, development history and the present state; 2) criminalistic theories (doctrines) of a separate scientific level relating to research of patterns that are part of the research subject of criminalistics reveal its essence and specifics. It is emphasized that regularity nature exploring each of specific criminalistic doctrines (theories) determines the order of their ordering in the structure of general theory. Thus between subjects of general criminalistic theory and specific criminalistic doctrines (theories) there are relations of subordination of the whole and part. It is noted that modern system of specific criminalistic doctrines (theories) is dynamic and its improvement is conditioned by the needs of judicial and investigative practice, by the development of related knowledge branches, by the general theory and the most specific criminalistic doctrines, by the relation change and relationships between them. Criteria that should correspond to a specific criminalistic doctrine (theory) are defined. In particular, attention was drawn to the fact that each specific criminalistic doctrine (theory) should have object, subject and research method, reveal its content and nature of relations with other doctrines (theories), define the purpose, tasks, functions and place in criminalistic system, be formed on a certain scientific hypothesis, have necessary empirical basis, as well as the corresponding degree of consolidation determining the possibility of identifying certain regularities expanding and clarifying the subject of criminalistic science in general. Controversial issues regarding this problem are separated; optimizing scientific development ways in this field of knowledge are outlined.
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Korovin, Kirill. "The German History of Concepts and the History of Political and Legal Doctrines: Facets of Interaction." Legal Concept, no. 4 (February 2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2020.4.7.
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the German history of concepts became popular after the translation into Russian of some articles from “The Historical Dictionary of Socio-Political Language in Germany”. This event is remarkable for legal science, since legal concepts are of particular importance for both the legislator and legal scientists when developing legal doctrine. The purpose of the paper is to apply a historical and conceptual approach to the study of state-legal phenomena in the history of political and legal doctrines. Methods: the methodological basis of this study is a systematic approach that allows to structure the constituent elements of the German history of concepts, as well as a structural and functional one, thanks to which the application of specific elements in practice was shown. Results: as a result of the analysis of the German experience of studying concepts, the author made conclusions that reflect the possibility of its use in law. First of all, the classification of concepts used in the dictionary is important. It allows you to structure and systematize the concepts used in the political and legal doctrines. The processes of transformation of concepts described methodologically by the Germans can be analyzed by analogy in Russian historical and legal science. The context of the emergence and evolution of the concepts reflects the fundamental changes in society and the state, so its description is necessary to explain the features of legal concepts. Conclusions: the adaptation of historical concepts with the help of modern legal language to the terminological apparatus of the theory of state and law is possible through the diachronic principle. The linguistic basis of the German dictionary is certainly interesting for lawyers from the point of view that the distinction between terms and concepts contributes to the improvement of legal techniques. Thus, the German history of concepts is largely interrelated with the history of political and legal doctrines, and further development of this issue is required.
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Naumov, Yuri, Irina Chernogor, and Konstantin Faibusovich. "Historical parallels the Russian Food Security Doctrine: comparative analysis." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 3-1 (March 1, 2023): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202303statyi10.
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In this article, the authors consider the possibilities of strategic planning with a focus on the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, as well as a comparison of the doctrines of 2010 and 2020. It should be noted that in case of further improvement of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to provide for changes in the methods of assessingfood security of the Russian Federation.
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Ourghi, Mariella. "Jihad in Islamic History. Doctrines and Practice." Die Welt des Islams 50, no. 2 (2010): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006010x522191.
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Norton, Richard, and Nancy Welsh. "Reconciling Police Power Prerogatives, Public Trust Interests, and Private Property Rights Along Laurentian Great Lakes Shores." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 8.2 (2019): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.8.2.reconciling.
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The United States has a north coast along its ‘inland seas’—the Laurentian Great Lakes. The country enjoys more than 4,500 miles of Great Lakes coastal shoreline, almost as much as its ocean coastal shorelines combined, excluding Alaska. The Great Lakes states are experiencing continued shorefront development and redevelopment, and there are growing calls to better manage shorelands for enhanced resiliency in the face of global climate change. The problem is that the most pleasant, fragile, and dangerous places are in high demand among coastal property owners, such that coastal development often yields the most tenacious of conflicts between public interests and private property rights. Indeed, those conflicts implicate fundamental debates over the state’s authorities and prerogatives to regulate privately owned shoreland (the police power), the public’s interest in coastal resources (the public trust doctrine), and private property owners’ rights to use and to exclude others from their shorelands (referred to collectively here as the private property doctrine). While not tidal, standing water levels of the Great Lakes fluctuate over time substantially. As a result, the lakes have beaches much like ocean coasts, and the public trust doctrine is aptly applied to them, albeit awkwardly. All of the eight Great Lakes states have long acknowledged the applicability of the public trust doctrine to their Great Lakes bottomlands and shorelands. In doing so, they have accepted the now-conventional understanding that the doctrine originated in ancient Roman law. Even so, recent critiques of the public trust doctrine assert that it has been misinterpreted and that its historical pedigree is not so strong or aptly applied to American coasts, especially along Great Lakes coasts. These critiques do not address the historical pedigree and robustness of the police power doctrine, or, more importantly, the pedigree and robustness of contemporary notions of private property rights. If the public trust doctrine is indeed lacking upon reconsideration, how does it fare in comparison to these other doctrines? This Article lays the foundation for an extended study of the public trust doctrine as it applies to Great Lakes shores. We provide an overview of the public trust doctrines of all eight Great Lakes states, noting for illustration and, where appropriate, particulars for the State of Michigan, which enjoys more than 60% of the combined U.S. Great Lakes coastline. To explain our motivations in undertaking this study, the Article first briefly reviews the importance of the lakes to the State of Michigan and the other Great Lakes states more broadly and then frames shoreland management as one of the resource management imperatives those states face. The Article then reviews the historical origins, the contemporary contours, and the ongoing debates surrounding the police power, public trust, and private property doctrines separately. Building on that foundation, we then analyze how courts and legislatures have reconciled those doctrines through application in coastal settings broadly. First, we find that the public trust doctrines of the Great Lakes states fall well within the boundaries of the origins and application of that doctrine throughout the nation’s history, even though the Lakes are not tidal. Second, we find that the concept of a ‘moveable freehold’ inherent in the public trust doctrine—that the boundary separating state-owned submerged public trust land from privately owned upland along the shore—reflects natural dynamic shoreline processes, not arbitrary governmental rulemaking, and is well established and accepted by all Great Lakes states. Finally, and most importantly for the purposes of this Article, we find that all three doctrines—public trust, police powers, and private property rights—trace their roots to English common law and even ancient Roman law, but all are in fact distinctly American doctrines. All three doctrines were first fully articulated in the context of unique American institutions, values, and conflicts. Each has evolved over time as American institutions, values, and conflicts have similarly evolved. Thus, despite detractors’ assertions to the contrary, the public trust doctrine is no less robust or aptly applied to Great Lakes coasts than is either the police power or private property rights doctrine. In fact, despite case law and commentary rhetoric that can be dogmatically extreme, efforts to understand and reconcile these doctrines in practice generally strike a pragmatic balance between the private rights inherent in shoreland property ownership and the public interest in common access to and use of submerged lands and the foreshore. Following our analysis of these doctrines from a broad perspective, we conclude by providing a brief overview of the several public trust doctrines as adapted by all of the Great Lakes states and finally identifying a number of questions for further study.
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Panahi, Louise Kazemi Shariat. "Historical Comparison of Sovereignty in International Law." Russian Law Journal 9, no. 4 (November 28, 2021): 128–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2021-9-4-128-157.
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The current article aims to study on the concept of sovereignty in international law. To this end, sovereignty is historically examined and compared in different legal doctrines. In fact, there is a verity of legal theories on the formulation and conceptualization of sovereignty. The dominant perspective of the contemporary legal doctrines sees sovereignty as wornout and outdated concept which belongs to classical legal doctrines. This article argues such accounts and shows how the concept of sovereignty survived through historically legal developments and has still been influential in the sphere of international law. Although the main legal events comprising Westphalian truce, world wars, the foundation of United Nation organization and so on have changed the nature and content of sovereignty in the history of international law, it has remained as a fundamental principle of international law. The lack of correct understanding of this concept can reinforce the obstacles for legal modeling and doctrines. So, through such a historical comparison, the research elaborates the reconceptualization process in the concept of sovereignty and elucidates how sovereignty means in the contemporary international law and how this concept defined by the modern legal doctrine influences international law and globally affects the legal order among states. Discussing the different legal doctrines on the concept of sovereignty in different historical periods, the article reveals the present considerations on sovereignty in contemporary international law.
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Gorban, Vladimir Sergeevich, and Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev. "On the Diversity of "Pure" Doctrines of Law." Право и политика, no. 11 (November 2022): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2022.11.39415.
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The subject of the study is one of the epistemological problems in the history of political and legal thought, as well as the modern theory of state and law. We are talking about the attempts of the authors of various historical periods, at least over the past two centuries, to construct a model of the study of law as a "pure" phenomenon, or call for the "purity" of the methods of its cognition. There is a strong opinion in the modern legal literature that the "pure doctrine of law" is the creative result of the Austrian lawyer G. Kelsen. His teaching is often a variant of logical positivism, in which an interpretive model of law was created, in which one subject corresponds to a special and only method – legal, and all the others were declared superfluous. In fact, in the history of legal thought, attempts have been made more than once to write "pure" doctrines about law, and long before G. Kelsen. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis and illumination of new facets of the history of political and legal thought, which previously remained completely unexplored in both domestic and foreign political and legal thought. The article analyzes both well-known and previously virtually unknown scientists and thinkers who have developed original concepts of "pure doctrines of law". In this regard, G. Kelsen's teaching is justifiably considered as one of the many variants of this kind of teaching, the uniqueness of which is connected only with the idea of interpretation as a philosophical paradigm, which allowed him to combine well-known legal concepts and techniques within the framework of the methodological doctrine of law.
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Polynov, Matvey. "Implementation of Brezhnev’s and Gorbachev’s Doctrines towards Countries of Eastern Europe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 3 (2022): 772–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.306.
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The article analyzes two concepts of the USSR’s policy towards its allies in Eastern Europe — “Brezhnev doctrine” and “Gorbachev doctrine”. Relying on declassified documents of the Politburo, the author shows that these “doctrines” were direct opposites, and their implementation led to different consequences. The justification of the right to intervene for the sake of saving socialism was substantiated in 1968, but the origin dates to the end of the Second World War. The USSR and other countries of the Warsaw Pact — Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, the GDR — tried to find a compromise solution to overcome the situation in Czechoslovakia and avoided deploying troops, but the Czechoslovak leadership didn’t comply with the accepted joint agreements. Documents demonstrate that the main motive for the intervention was the desire to save socialism and Czechoslovakia as part of the Warsaw Pact. Thus, there was an attempt at prevention of redressing of balance of power in favor of NATO on the European
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Talisse, Robert B. "Toward a Social Epistemic Comprehensive Liberalism." Episteme 5, no. 1 (February 2008): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1742360008000269.
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ABSTRACTFor well over a decade, much of liberal political theory has accepted the founding premise of Rawls's political liberalism, according to which the fact of reasonable pluralism renders comprehensive versions of liberalism incoherent. However, the founding premise presumes that all comprehensive doctrines are moral doctrines. In this essay, the author builds upon recent work by Allen Buchanan and develops a comprehensive version of liberalism based in a partially comprehensive social epistemic doctrine. The author then argues that this version of liberalism is sufficiently accommodating of the fact of reasonable pluralism. The conclusion is that the founding premise of political liberalism admits of a counterexample; there is a version of comprehensive liberalism that is sufficiently pluralistic.
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Wilkerson, T. E. "Natural Kinds." Philosophy 63, no. 243 (January 1988): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100043114.
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What is a natural kind ? As we shall see, the concept of a natural kind has a long history. Many of the interesting doctrines can be detected in Aristotle, were revived by Locke and Leibniz, and have again become fashionable in recent years. Equally there has been agreement about certain paradigm examples: the kinds oak, stickleback and gold are natural kinds, and the kinds table, nation and banknote are not. Sadly agreement does not extend much further. It is impossible to discover a single consistent doctrine in the literature, and different discussions focus on different doctrines without writers or readers being aware of the fact. In this paper I shall attempt to find a defensible distinction between natural and non-natural kinds.
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Kornev, A. V. "Methodological Foundations for the History of Political and Legal Doctrines Study." Lex Russica, no. 5 (May 26, 2022): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2022.186.5.127-136.
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The paper is devoted to the methodological foundations of the study of the history of political and legal thought. Political and legal doctrines play an important role in the life of a state-organized society. The influence of ideas is especially noticeable, but rather their struggle in the modern world. If earlier the public consciousness was somehow fueled by illusions of a certain kind, today it is not. As there are no more illusions. Everything is very clearly marked. Agreement with the influence of ideas on the practice of state legal construction, and more broadly, the entire system of international relations, inevitably raises questions about the methodological foundations of political and legal doctrines and methodological tools that are used in modern legal science. The history of political and legal doctrines occupies a special place in the system of legal disciplines. This feature is related to its methodological functions. The paper focuses on the fact that the history of political and legal doctrines as an integral part of the theoretical and historical legal sciences, on the one hand, uses methods of cognition that are common to various branches of scientific knowledge, and on the other hand, this scientific discipline has its own scientific potential. This is what brings it closer to the general theory of law and the state as its history and at the same time separates it from other legal sciences, primarily branch sciences, which do not have their own methodological tools. The paper states that the history of political and legal doctrines has its own methodological foundations for the study of political and legal thought. In addition to the methodological component, the paper also touches on the problem of the increasing role of the history of political and legal doctrines.
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Garrido Martín, Joaquín. "Garrido Martín, Joaquín, Die historische Rechtsschule in Spanien? Puchtas Begriff des Gewohnheitsrechts und seine Rezeption in der spanischen Rechtswissenschaft." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 136, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 187–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2019-0007.
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Abstract The German Historical School in Spain? Puchta’s concept of customary law and its reception in Spanish Jurisprudence. During the 19th century, German Jurisprudence, through the work of the Historical School of Law and the Pandectist Studies, had a decisive influence on Spanish legal science as well as in other surrounding countries. However, the introduction of the doctrines of the Historical School in Spain has generally been regarded with skepticism by legal historians: the common conclusion is that in Spain there is no reception of the Rechtsschule. After a critical review of this traditional understanding of the reception of the School, I offer an analysis of the mid-century introduction of the concept of customary law developed within the Historical School, based on the doctrine of the Überzeugungstheorie (Puchta). The German doctrine of customary law was well received by the jurists who, from the first codification projects, privileged legal custom as the primary source of law. I maintain that one can speak on the one hand of the ‘projection’ in Spain of a philosophy – the vague legal historicism condensed in the notion of the Volksgeist –, and on the other hand of a clearer ‘reception’ of the doctrinal concept of legal custom elaborated within the Historical School.
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Mulligan, Deirdre K., and Fred B. Schneider. "Doctrine for Cybersecurity." Daedalus 140, no. 4 (October 2011): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00116.
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A succession of doctrines for enhancing cybersecurity has been advocated in the past, including prevention, risk management, and deterrence through accountability. None has proved effective. Proposals that are now being made view cybersecurity as a public good and adopt mechanisms inspired by those used for public health. This essay discusses the failings of previous doctrines and surveys the landscape of cybersecurity through the lens that a new doctrine, public cybersecurity, provides.
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Rubiés, Joan-Pau. "From Idolatry to Religions: the Missionary Discourses on Hinduism and Buddhism and the Invention of Monotheistic Confucianism, 1550-1700." Journal of Early Modern History 24, no. 6 (November 17, 2020): 499–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342667.
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Abstract The emergence of a European discourse to distinguish, analyze, and historicize various non-Biblical religious traditions within Asia involved a significant amplification of the concept of idolatry. The Jesuit experience of Japanese Buddhism in the second half of the sixteenth century posed a particular challenge, because of its overt atheism. The patristic models of Christian apologetics, based on distinguishing elite monotheism from popular religion in ancient paganism, had been useful in India, but in Japan had to be replaced by a system where the elite cultivated an atheistic form of esoteric monism. When focusing their dialectical firepower upon the doctrines of double truth and non-theistic monism, the Jesuits, led by Alessandro Valignano, were in fact responding to the doctrinal distinctiveness of East Asian Buddhism, notably the emphasis on provisional teachings, on the one hand, and Buddha-nature, on the other. When in China Ricci decided to classify the Confucian literati as civil philosophers rather than as a religious elite, he also transferred Valignano’s critique of Buddhist pantheism to specifically Neo-Confucian doctrines, distinct from the supposed monotheism of the original Confucians.
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Korbutowicz, Teresa. "Jerzy Chodorowski — teoretyk ekonomii i historyk myśli ekonomicznej." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 19 (December 28, 2016): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.19.14.
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Jerzy Chodorowski — economics theorist and historian of economic thoughtJerzy Chodorowski was ascientist dealing with the issues of theory of economics, economic doctrines, European economic integration and methodology of economics. He left rich scientific achievements: monographs, numerous articles, translations of economic texts and essays by G.K. Chesterton as well as reviews of the works in the field of economics, history and philosophy, business ethics and the doctrine of the German economy of agreat area. J. Chodorowski featured extraordinary diligence, honesty and scientific inquisitiveness.
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Lindsay, James E. "The Ismāʿīlīs: Their History and Doctrines. Farhad Daftary." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56, no. 3 (July 1997): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468563.
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Doyah, Clement. "Achieving Unity amidst Diversity in Christian Doctrines Beliefs and Practices: An In-Depth Analysis." NIU Journal of Humanities 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.58709/niujhu.v9i1.1830.
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Pursuing unity within the diverse landscape of Christian doctrines, beliefs, and practices is a perpetual challenge that has marked the history of Christianity. This paper delves into the intricate dynamics of fostering unity amidst theological diversity, doctrinal traditions, and varied expressions of faith within the Christian community. By analyzing the theological underpinnings of unity in Christianity, including core doctrines like the divinity of Christ and the authority of Scripture, the paper underscores the foundational principles that bind believers together. Despite these shared tenets, divergent interpretations, emphases, and nuances have given rise to doctrinal variations across Christian denominations. Moreover, the paper delves into the historical evolution of doctrinal discrepancies in Christianity, examining the origins of significant schisms, theological disputes, and doctrinal contentions that have influenced the multifaceted tapestry of Christian beliefs and practices. These historical fractures continue to shape interdenominational relations and interactions among Christians. Practical strategies for promoting unity amid doctrinal diversity are also explored, emphasizing the significance of ecumenical dialogues, interfaith collaborations, and initiatives to foster reconciliation and mutual comprehension. Recognizing and honouring the diverse spectrum of beliefs and practices while seeking common ground is pivotal in nurturing unity within the Christian community. In conclusion, the paper underscores the importance of balancing unity and diversity in Christian traditions, celebrating the richness and complexity that diversity engenders while upholding the shared faith that unites believers across doctrinal boundaries. Through respectful dialogue, humility, and an embrace of the diverse facets of the body of Christ, Christians can endeavour towards a more profound unity that transcends doctrinal discrepancies, fostering a spirit of love and fellowship within the Church. Keywords: Divergent, Christian Doctrines, Beliefs, Practices, Unity, Coherence, Christian, Christian Faith, Implications
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Allen, J. G. "THE OFFICE OF THE CROWN." Cambridge Law Journal 77, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 298–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197318000338.
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AbstractA troubling veil of mystery still shrouds the central institution of the British Constitution – the Crown. In this paper, I examine the modern utility of five historical doctrines: the doctrine of the “King's two bodies”; the doctrine that the Crown is a “corporation sole”; the doctrine that the King can “do no wrong”; the doctrine that (high) public offices are “emanations” of the Crown; and the doctrine that the Crown is “one and indivisible”. Using some insights from social ontology, the history of office in the Western legal tradition, and the sociology of role and status, I argue that the first four of these doctrines can be refashioned into a conception of the Crown as an office. An office is an enduring institutional entity to which individuals bear a relationship from time to time, but which is separate from any individual incumbent and is to be considered in legal analysis as a separate acting subject. Using the logic of office, official personality and official action, I distinguish between the Queen, the Crown, Her Majesty's Government and the Commonwealth and argue that together they provide a serviceable model of the modern British Constitution. The final doctrine, however, must be abandoned – the Crown is plural and divisible and this must be taken into account when using the Crown to reason about the UK's relationship to other constitutional orders.
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Kornev, A. V. "Criticism of “Bourgeois” Political Doctrines: Cognition through Denial." Lex Russica 74, no. 10 (November 12, 2021): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.179.10.125-136.
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In the historiography of political and legal doctrines, along with general scientific research methods, traditional methods are used: chronological, problematic, portrait, country studies. The critical approach is applied in all types of research of political ideas. Meanwhile, in historiography, this method is not given the attention it deserves. Criticism always involves an assessment of the empirical and theoretical material contained in various texts (sources). The productivity of this method is obvious. A critical approach makes it possible to assess the scientific content of a particular political doctrine, as well as the practical prospects for its implementation. Criticism implies a deep immersion of the researcher into the problem and maximum objectivity in evaluating the results obtained. This is what is most often lacking. The legal sphere is already political and is an integral part of it. Political doctrines, as well as the law (one of the forms of expression of law), are always connected with the interests of social groups (In the former terminology — classes). In this regard, it is not necessary to expect neutrality in the estimates. This was the case at the time of total administration in the field of social sciences, and it is happening today, when methodological pluralism and ideological diversity are declared. During the Soviet period, “bourgeois” doctrines and their creators were particularly criticized. As time has shown, this criticism was largely justified. History as such consistently confirms a curious pattern: “progressive” thinkers eventually become “reactionary”, as well as vice versa. Moreover, not only in our country. The paper states the dual orientation of criticism. On the one hand, a critical approach allows a more objective assessment of the political and legal doctrine. This shows its cognitive (cognitive) aspect. On the other hand, criticism gives the researcher a chance to convey to the reader the essence of any theory, doctrine, and idea and give him the opportunity to evaluate them himself. In the conditions of actual censorship, criticism remains almost the only genre of characterization of political and legal doctrines.
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Gorban, Vladimir Sergeevich, and Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev. "On the Diversity of "Pure" Doctrines of Law." Политика и Общество, no. 4 (April 2023): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0684.2023.4.43813.
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The subject of this study is one of the largest epistemological problems in the history of political and legal thought, as well as the modern theory of the state and the law. We are talking about the attempts of the authors of various historical periods, at least over the past two centuries, to construct a model of the study of the law as a "pure" phenomenon or call for the "purity" of the methods of its cognition. There is a strong opinion in modern legal literature that the "pure doctrine of law" is the creative result of the Austrian lawyer Hans Kelsen. His teaching is often a variant of logical positivism, in which an interpretive model of the law was created, in which one subject corresponds to a special and only method—legal—and all the others were declared superfluous. In fact, in the history of legal thought, attempts have been made more than once to write "pure" doctrines about law long before Kelsen. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the analysis and illumination of new facets of political and legal thought history that previously remained completely unexplored in both domestic and foreign political and legal thought. This article analyzes well-known and previously unknown scientists and thinkers who have developed original concepts of the "pure doctrine of law." In this regard, Kelsen's teaching is justifiably considered one of the many variants of this kind of thought, the uniqueness of which is connected only with the idea of interpretation as a philosophical paradigm, which allowed him to combine well-known legal concepts and techniques within the framework of the methodological doctrine of the law.
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Kornev, A. V. "Approaches to Periodization of the History of Political and Legal Doctrines: Traditions and Criteria." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 8 (August 30, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.117.8.011-021.
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The paper is devoted to several problems. The author investigates the place and role of the history of political and legal doctrines in the system of legal education and science. The new nomenclature of scientific specialties refers this academic subject to theoretical and historical legal sciences, provided no changes are made to the proposed subject description. The main issue articulated in the paper involves the history of political and legal doctrines. This academic discipline is historical, political, legal and theoretical at the same time. Periodization in this case represents periodization of theoretical forms of reflection over political and legal institutions as one of the main problems for a historical discipline. The paper focuses on the fact that the chronological approach to periodization of the history of political and legal doctrines is the main one. However, this approach does not exclude other approaches that are also described in the paper. Moreover, the paper examines traditions established in the science and the student course. Conventionally, the history of political and legal doctrines is investigated chronologically, in a problematic or portrait ways. Needless to say, the author does not exclude the methodological approach to periodization of theoretical and legal forms of cognition of the State and legal institutions.
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McMichael, Philip, M. P. Cowen, and R. W. Shenton. "Doctrines of Development." Labour / Le Travail 41 (1998): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25144265.
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Drummond, Brian. "Making sense of the ‘Word of God’ and ‘fundamental doctrines’: The questions and Formula in Church of Scotland ordination and setting-apart." Theology in Scotland 26, S (June 5, 2022): S1—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/tis.v26is.2426.
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This article considers references to the ‘Word of God’ and ‘fundamental doctrines’ in the Formula and questions used in ordaining ministers, elders and deacons, and in setting apart readers. History and research suggest that ‘contained in’ has different meanings in two of the questions, and ‘fundamental doctrines’ means some but not all of the Westminster Confession of Faith doctrines, together with some doctrines on which that Confession is silent. A 1935 statement helps clarify what doctrines are ‘fundamental’, as do a 1992 statement, and the first 1926 Article Declaratory. The little-known 1935 statement is included as an Appendix.Note: This paper was not part of the original conference and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Theological Forum.
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Korovin, Kirill. "A doctrine and an ideology as a subject of the history of political and legal doctrines." Electronic Supplement to Russian Juridical Journal, no. 5 (2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34076/2219-6838-2020-5-16-22.
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Kodan, Sergei Vladimirovich. "Historiography within the structure of history of political and legal doctrines: subject field, objectives, tasks, and functions." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 12 (December 2020): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.12.34729.
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The scientific context of studying the historiography of the history of political and legal doctrines is associated with its positioning within the structure of the indicated historical legal science, and represents a challenging problematic that orients the researcher towards understanding the processes of development of this science through the prism of historiography as a reflection of its history. This necessitates to determine the subject field, objectives, tasks, and functions of historiography within the structure of the indicated science, which is the key vector of this research. At the same time, the analysis of these questions leans on universal vision of the development of historiography in the social sciences and humanities. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the historiographical problematic in the history of political and legal doctrines is studied insufficiently; therefore, this article is the first attempt to position historiography as a scientific discipline of historical legal trend, and present an original perspective on the topic. Emphasis is placed on examination of the key characteristics of historiography as part of history of political and legal doctrines: subject matter, objectives, tasks, and functions. At the same time, the author relies on the historiographical developments in social sciences and humanities, namely in the historical science, based on which presents an original perspective on the role of historiography as a part of history of political and legal doctrines is.
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Frolova, Elizaveta A., and Vyatscheslav N. Zhukov. "HISTORY OF POLITICAL AND LEGAL DOCTRINES AS A SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE (REVIEW OF A SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE)." Ser-11_2023 64, no. 4, 2023 (November 8, 2023): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0113-11-64-4-14.
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The review gives the main theses on the history of political and legal doctrines. It is mainly noted that this discipline is one of the oldest in classical legal education. Against the backdrop of widespread cuts in hours for fundamental legal disciplines, it is necessary to rmly defend our positions in the educational process of the theory of state and law and the history of political and legal doctrines.
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Bederman, David J. "The 1871 London Declaration, Rebus Sic Stantibus and A Primitivist View of the Law of Nations." American Journal of International Law 82, no. 1 (January 1988): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202874.
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International law is the most rarefied of social sciences. Even so, it has scarcely any sense of its intellectual history. International law is finely articulated, oblique in its analysis, and respectful of its position as an arbiter of national competition and conflict. But aside from the casual citation to an ancient arbitration or the consultation of a famous publicist for an essential principle, little credence has been given to its historical development as either a collection of doctrines or a learned study. This article offers both an intellectual history of an international law doctrine and a tour d’horizon of the nature of discourse in our discipline.
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Mailat, Damaris. "Cultura în Perioada Husită." Hiperboreea A2, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.2.3.0014.
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Abstract Jan Huss is usually considered one Luther's precusors. Some points of his doctrine are almost the same with others doctrines sustained by the protestants: the importance of the Bible, the predication of God's Word and a limited power for the priests. An important part of the society affected by the Hussite movement was the culture of the period and the most important parts of it: the educational system, literature, music, painting and the plastic arts.
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Thomas, David. "The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. By Farhad Daftary." Heythrop Journal 52, no. 3 (April 7, 2011): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2011.00663_29.x.
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Afsaruddin, Asma. "Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice. Michael Bonner." Speculum 83, no. 2 (April 2008): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400013439.
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Farhah, Farhah, and Hidia Tarauni. "Polygamy in Mormonism: History, Conflicting Doctrines, and Contemporary Perspectives." Journal of Comparative Study of Religions 4, no. 01 (May 19, 2024): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21111/jcsr.v4i01.10951.
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Polygamy is considered the most sacred and crucial doctrine in Mormon belief, revealed to the founding prophet of Mormonism for dissemination to humanity on Earth. In practice, polygamy has reached remarkably high levels, sparking controversy since the 18th century and engendering conflicts between the Mormon Church and the governments of the regions where they reside, causing disadvantages for Mormon followers settled in those areas. This article provides a detailed examination of the practice of polygamy within the Mormon Christian doctrine, deemed the most sacred tenet in their faith. Employing a qualitative approach, the research analyzes literature using a historical method to explore the history of polygamy in Mormon teachings. Additionally, an in-depth analysis is conducted to comprehend the definition, legal basis, conditions, and purposes of polygamous practices within the Mormon community. The research findings indicate a high population level of polygamous practices in the early 18th century, where one man could have dozens of wives. Despite being prohibited in the 19th century, Mormon adherents vehemently maintain this practice. Based on analyses from various sources, this research discovers that polygamy within the Mormon community is regarded as the highest form of marriage. This is due to the overarching goal of Mormon beliefs: to establish the Kingdom of God on Earth. The more polygamous practices, the more individuals born, seen as a contribution to fulfilling the Kingdom of God. The primary principle for engaging in polygamy is to have as many wives as possible, with the aim of liberating unborn spirits.
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Urbańczyk, Michał. "Vivere est cogitare. Szkic o dorobku naukowym prof. Marii Zmierczak." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 38, no. 4 (September 8, 2017): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.38.4.2.
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VIVERE EST COGITARE. SKETCH ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF PROFESSOR MARIA ZMIERCZAK The aim of the paper is presentation of the most significant scientific interests of a full professor and post-doctorate degree Maria Zmierczak, reputed and prominent scholar of history of political and legal doctrines, for many years head of the Chair of Political and Legal Doctrines and Philosophy on the Faculty of Law and Administration at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.The scientific interests of Professor Maria Zmierczak include the classical political doctrines of 19th and 20th century and chosen legal doctrines of 20th century. Among the first ones the most compelling is the research on history and the evolution of liberalism and the study on totalitarianism and fascism. The other issues analyzed by Professor Maria Zmierczak consist of the research on the Renaissance of the natural law after the Second World War and the study on the rule of law.
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Lim, Julian. "Immigration, Plenary Powers, and Sovereignty Talk: Then and Now." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781419000641.
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AbstractThis essay surveys the changes and continuities in U.S. immigration law and policy between the Gilded Age and the 1990s–2010s. It points to how the administration of immigration law today is rooted in doctrines established in late nineteenth-century immigration cases. In particular, the essay connects current anxieties over immigration, borders, and national sovereignty to the “plenary power” doctrine that came out of the Supreme Court's decision in Chae Chan Ping v. United States (1889). Examining recent federal actions to “secure” the border and enforce immigration law, this essay begins to address the ways in which current policy continues to reflect Gilded Age anxieties about territory, sovereignty, migration, and diverse populations during an era of constantly shifting borders.
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Malyugin, S. V. "Theoretical Problematic Methodological Approach in the History of Political and Legal Doctrines." Lex Russica 75, no. 9 (September 23, 2022): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2022.190.9.141-156.
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The subject of the research is the processes of cognition of the doctrines of politics, state and law from the perspective of applying a special cognitive tool of the modern science of the history of political and legal doctrines, i.e. theoretical problematic methodological approach. The purpose of the study is to substantiate and actualize the problem: theoretical methodological approach in the Russian science of the history of the teachings of the state and law. The paper examines the main historical stages of the formation of this approach in the historiography of the history of political and legal doctrines. The author proves that the theoretical problematic methodological approach is a worldview policy that is based on the achievements of theoretical legal science. This expresses the orientation of research on political and legal doctrines of the past as an integral part of the most urgent tasks aimed at generalizing nature of modernity, used for the purpose of incrementing, and enriching knowledge about legal concepts. The author considers the structure of this approach at the philosophical level of methodology. It consists of the general idea of the construction of the past, the principles of historicism and constructivism, the modern conceptual apparatus of theoretical jurisprudence, as well as value foundations. The technology of application the theoretical problematic methodological approach is determined by the chronological description, synchronous and diachronic research plans, biographical direction (portrait method) in close relationship with the structural elements of political and legal doctrines. The paper highlights and reveals the following functions of the theoretical problematic methodological approach: transformative, explanatory, heuristic and ordering. The purpose of the approach is determined by the totality of the designated functions and consists in the development and increment of fundamental theoretical knowledge obtained from the teachings of the past, in the transformation and development of political and legal views on politics, the state and law. The main conclusions of the study are discussed.
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Assimacopoulou, Fotini. "Arthur de Gobineau commenté par Alexis de Tocqueville." Tocqueville Review 22, no. 2 (January 2001): 197–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.22.2.197.
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J'agirai autrement que la plupart des gens, je commencerai avec vous par les critiques. Elles portent sur l'idée-mère elle-même. Je vous avouerai franchement que vous ne m'avez pas convaincu. Toutes mes objections subsistent. [...] Votre doctrine est plutôt en effet une sorte de fatalisme, de prédestination si vous voulez. (...) Or, je vous confesse qu 'après vous avoir lu aussi bien qu avant, je reste placé à l'extrémité opposée de ces doctrines.
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Kornev, A. V. "Competition between Methodological Approaches in the History of Political and Legal Doctrines." Lex Russica 75, no. 9 (September 23, 2022): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2022.190.9.130-140.
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The paper is devoted to various approaches to the study of political and legal doctrines. Each of them in its structure contains a methodological basis. It is the methodology of political and legal ideas that largely determines their scientific validity and practical feasibility. In this regard, methodological techniques are of great importance. The peculiarity of the history of political and legal doctrines as a scientific and educational discipline is that it not only uses certain methods of scientific cognition, like any other science, but also has a powerful methodological potential itself. Currently, we are witnessing an uncompromising war of ideologies having certain values and interests behind them. In this context, the paper reveals methodological approaches used in the cognition of the political and legal reality reflected in the ideas of thinkers of past eras and modernity. The paper does not consider general, particular and special methods of cognition. The emphasis is given to certain cognitive approaches and actions in order to analyze the content of political and legal doctrines. In this regard, the author attempts to consider history, for example, not as a science, but as a scientific method. The same applies to philosophy and sociology. This is somewhat at odds with certain «standards» regarding methodology as a set of methods and techniques for obtaining scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, in relation to the history of political and legal doctrines, such an approach is justified by virtue of the object and subject of the study. Competition between these approaches means only freedom of choice of research techniques and their ability to complement each other.
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Condorelli, Orazio. "Condorelli, Orazio, I foedera pacis e il principio pacta sunt servanda. Note di ricerca nel pensiero dei giuristi dei secoli XII–XV." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 105, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 55–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgk-2019-0003.
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Abstract The foedera pacis and the principle pacta sunt servanda. Researches on the doctrines of medieval jurists (12th–15th c.). The foedera pacis (peace accords) belong to the core of the fundamental themes of the ius gentium. Some passages of Isidore from Seville and Augustine, handed down in Gratian's Decretum, and some fragments contained in Justinian's Digest (Gaius, Hermogenianus, Ulpianus) were the main sources on which the medieval jurists elaborated their doctrines concerning the foundations of the foedera pacis (pactum and fides) and the effects arising from these premises. The doctrines of medieval jurists on the foedera pacis represent one of the roots that nourished the reflections of the Fathers of modern international law (Grotius' thought is here examined).
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Krotkova, Natalya V. "All-Russian Conference with international participation “History of political and legal doctrines as a scientific and educational discipline”." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 8 (2023): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520027271-9.
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Review of the All-Russian Conference with international participation “History of political and legal doctrines as a scientific and educational discipline”, held on April 20, 2023 at the Faculty of Law at Lomonosov Moscow State University, offers a wide range of positions on the history of political and legal doctrines. The participants, who are somehow connected with this discipline, express their opinion about its role and place in the modern educational process, its history and content, its significance for the training of lawyers, its general cultural function in the socializa-tion of personality and the formation of an ideological position. The speakers agreed that the post-Soviet period is characterized by a steady decline in the share of theoretical and historical disciplines in our legal education. The general conclusion is made that a disdainful attitude to fundamental legal science, including the history of political and legal doctrines, is fraught with a decrease not only in the level of professional training of lawyers, but also their general cultural level.
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Swiggers, Pierre. "Alcuin et les doctrines grammaticales." Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l’Ouest, no. 111-3 (September 20, 2004): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/abpo.1231.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Disciplines, Doctrines, and Deviant Science." International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2020.1831258.
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Chanyshev, Rustem Narimovich, and Olga Robertovna Fayzullina. "The formation of post-war us foreign policy." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-A (December 14, 2020): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-a569p.123-128.
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George Frost Kennan (1904-2005) is a famous American diplomat and historian, the author of the “Long telegram” and the doctrine of “containment”. He is an active participant in the formulation of the Truman Doctrine and the development of the Marshall Plan. He was one of the originators of political “realism”, a dominant school of thought in international relations theory. George Kennan is one of the key figures in the history of the Cold War and Soviet-American geopolitical rivalry. The conceptual, theoretically justified “containment” offered by Kennan has become a US postwar foreign policy solid foundation for decades. The study of George Kennan’s legacy, his political views, theoretical concepts and practical experience is very important for specialists in international relations and US history, and for government officials to understand the decision-making process concerning foreign policy issues, the formation of doctrines and US foreign policy in general.