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1
Tsyb, S. V., and T. V. Kaigorodova. "Russian Printed Paskhalistic Books of the 18th — Early 20th Centuries." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 3(119) (July 9, 2021): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)3-10.
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The article deals with the process of transformation of the old handwritten tradition of describing Paskhaliya into a printed one. Understanding the calculations of the day of Easter was important for the daily life of the population of Ancient Rus, and therefore Old Russian writers paid attention to describing the rules of Easter calculations. For a long time, these descriptions took the form of handwritten manuscripts. After the reforms of Peter the Great in Russia, works of this genre began to take the form of printed editions. The authors aim to consider the features of the transformation of the handwritten manuscripts into modern books. As part of study, it has been found that the descriptions of Paskhaliya, published in the typographic way first, tried to repeat the handwritten samples, but then began to turn into popular descriptions of the rules for calculating Easter. Moreover, the authors of these writings looked to the development of new ways of calculating the dates of the Easter celebration. It has been linked to the fact that after the authors-priests (18th century), secular writers (journalists, officials, officers, etc.) joined the genre of describing Paskhaliya in the first half of the 19th century. The way of transformation of Paskhalistics into an entertaining genre of popular-science literature became likely, but in the second half of the 19th century the representatives of academic science restored the scientific status of this field of knowledge. At present, the achievements of the science of Paskhaliya have become an important element in the study of the chronology of ancient Russian history. In modern science, studying the history of timekeeping, Paskhalistics became one of the necessary elements for studying the chronology of ancient Russian history. It can be recognized that the printed editions of Paskhaliya played an important role in the development of modern chronological science.
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Parle, Julie, Rebecca Hodes, and Thembisa Waetjen. "Pharmaceuticals and modern statecraft in South Africa: the cases of opium, thalidomide and contraception." Medical Humanities 44, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2018-011478.
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This article provides a history of three pharmaceuticals in the making of modern South Africa. Borrowing and adapting Arthur Daemmrich’s term ‘pharmacopolitics’, we examine how forms of pharmaceutical governance became integral to the creation and institutional practices of this state. Through case studies of three medicaments: opium (late 19th to early 20th century), thalidomide (late 1950s to early 1960s) and contraception (1970s to 2010s), we explore the intertwining of pharmaceutical regulation, provision and consumption. Our focus is on the modernist imperative towards the rationalisation of pharmaceutical oversight, as an extension of the state’s bureaucratic and ideological objectives, and, importantly, as its obligation. We also explore adaptive and illicit uses of medicines, both by purveyors of pharmaceuticals, and among consumers. The historical sweep of our study allows for an analysis of continuities and changes in pharmaceutical governance. The focus on South Africa highlights how the concept of pharmacopolitics can usefully be extended to transnational—as well as local—medical histories. Through the diversity of our sources, and the breadth of their chronology, we aim to historicise modern pharmaceutical practices in South Africa, from the late colonial era to the Post-Apartheid present.
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Sumariuk, Bohdan, Iryna Herasymiuk, and Nataliia Hrynko. "«Psychiatry without shackles»: The formation of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in late 19th – early 20th centuries." History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 53 (June 21, 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2021.53.54-59.
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The article presents transformation of medical care for patients with mental disorders and the establishment of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in the late 19th century. Since the proclamation of Bukovyna as the crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the provision of psychiatric care has changed. A psychiatric service appeared and helped to understand what a mental disorder really is. There was a transition to a scientific interpretation and a scientific approach to providing psychiatric care.The authors research and systematize information from various available sources, various articles, information messages, data from the state archives of Chernivtsi region, etc.It is known that the model of the regional psychiatric hospital in Chernivtsi was developed by the latest requirements for the construction of mental health facilities in Austria and other European countries of the time.At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bukovynian psychiatric hospital was extremely modern, equipped with all necessary equipment and the location of the wards in accordance with the standard of the time. Leading doctors were involved, as well as local ones, who had the opportunity to train at the University of Vienna and psychiatric hospitals. 15 hectares of land were allocated for the territory of the hospital, which was located outside the city on the territory of the former Strazagasse (Storozha) and Maisgasses (Kukurudziana) streets, now Mussorgsky Street.The opening of the regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna took place on May 1, 1902. The structure of the psychiatric hospital included 6 buildings, as well as the administration building and other technical facilities.The purpose of the article was to highlight the main historical moments of assisting persons with mental disorders in Chernivtsi in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Describe the historical chronology from the first psychiatric ward at the city hospital to a separate regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna. The methodology of the article is a synthesis of the historical chronology of psychiatric care as part of health care in Chernivtsi.The history of the emergence of psychiatric services in Chernivtsi has experienced ups and downs that corresponded to challenging conditions of the time. The transformation of mental service changed from the worldview and level of development of contemporary science. We can observe changes from mystification to the formation of psychiatry, as real modern neuroscience with an evidence-based approach and humane treatment of patients. Through the ages, different countries and changes in the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of mental disorders, Chernivtsi remains the centre of mental health in Bukovyna.
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Shmelev, Dmitry. "Female Images of French Comics (Bande Dessinée)." ISTORIYA 14, no. 4 (126) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840020073-9.
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The article analyzes the history of female characters of French comics (bande dessinée). The study covers the period from the beginning of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, from the creation of albums telling about the history of Bécassina to the albums devoted to the adventures of Laureline. Analyzing the history of the development of female characters, the authors noted that the feminization of the French bande dessinée coincides with the chronology of the three stages of development of feminism. This circumstance is reflected in the specifics of female characters of comics, their nature, manner of action and gender relations. Moreover, the stories of female characters in the bande dessinée were a reflection of the social and cultural situation of a certain time, the change in the legal and civil status of a woman, the transformation of her role in society and the desire for real equality. The Bécassina’s character, although it fits into the framework of traditional gender relations and the social role of women in France at the beginning of the 20th century, at the same time reflects the beginning of a “rebellion”, an attempt to go beyond the assigned role, to know the outside world. The image of Lili in this context is more modern and more reflective of the post-war spirit of the “beautiful era” marked by the process of female emancipation. In any case, both characters have a choice to play a social role reserved for them by society, or to go beyond the patriarchal framework. In fact, this is the first bright characters bande dessinée, embarked on the path of emancipation. The second wave of feminism contributes to the evolution of female characters bande dessinée. The heroines of the comic books of the 1960—1970s reflect the results of the sexual emancipation of the post-war decades. This can be seen in the Barbarella way, but also in the behavior and lifestyle of Adèle (despite placing her in a completely different historical context). Unlike Bécassina and Lili, they are no longer constrained by the framework of traditional patriarchal relations, social and cultural conformism, expressing a desire to change the world. Finally, to the period of the third wave of feminism, we can attribute two albums telling about the adventures of Isa and the cosmic adventures of Laureline. As in the case of Adèle, the modern character of Isa, transferred to the context of the 18th century, introduces a modern interpretation of the issues of slavery, sexism and male domination. In the albums of the series “Valerian and Laureline”, the female character Laureline first becomes the central figure of the series, which allows us to speak about the end of the feminization of bande dessinée.
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Balyunov, Igor V. "An Asymmetric Axe from the Collections of the Tobolsk Museum-Reserve." Archaeology and Ethnography 20, no. 5 (2021): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-5-105-115.
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Purpose. Among its collections, the Tobolsk Museum-reserve keep an axe, which was an accidental find. The purpose of this publication is to introduce the presented sample into scientific circulation, as well as to complete the description of the find, establish its functional purpose, chronology and determine its place of production. Upon admission to the museum, it was identified as a combat weapon and tentatively dated to the 17th century. Results. The axe has a wide blade which extends downwards, covered with a notched ornament. An important feature is its asymmetric cross-section, where one of the sides is flat and the other is convex. Similar axes found in Siberia are often defined as battle axes, however this definition is incorrect. Currently, no Tobolsk axe prototypes are known to have been found on the territory of the Moscow state, however asymmetric axes are known to have been used, in particular, in Eastern Europe, since at least the 15th century. According to some authors, asymmetric axes are specialized tools for carpentry and joinery. This definition is most reliably justified in the publication of Polish researcher M. Glosek. This point of view is convincingly confirmed by the catalogues of Eastern European metalworking plants of the first half of the 20th century. The definition of long-bladed asymmetric axes as a combat weapon is based, as a rule, on random finds with unknown dating. More proof can be found by their absence in the materials of archaeological excavations. Conclusion. It can be assumed that asymmetric axes were imported to Russia between the Modern Period up to ethnographic modernity. One of the most likely producers is the Transcarpathian plant in the village of Kobyletskaya Polyana, which specialized in the manufacture of tools for the forest industry and had a fairly wide market. The widest possible period when Transcarpathian axes could be imported into Russia is no earlier than the end of the 18th century, and not later than the middle of the 20th century.
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Makarova, Anna A. "Names of Pogosts and the Origins of the Term Pogost in the Oikonymy of the Russian North: Chronology and Evolution." Вопросы Ономастики 20, no. 2 (2023): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2023.20.2.018.
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The article considers the composite oikonyms of the Russian North that include the term pogost, as well as the naming patterns used for the settlements defined as “pogosts” in the registers of the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The author provides a brief overview of the history of the word pogost in the Russian language and examples of its first attestations in Old Russian texts. The analysed data were retrieved from the settlement registers of the Olonets (for 1873 and 1905), Arkhangelsk (1859), Vologda (1859) and Novgorod (1911–1912) provinces, as well as, for later times, from the collection of field materials of the Ural University Toponymic expedition (1960s–2010s). As additional sources, the author used data from the Karelian Toponyms Card Index (Institute of Language, Literature and History of the KarSC of the RAS) and historical maps. The study found that, despite the disappearance of the corresponding administrative unit, the term pogost is still used in the oikonymy of the Russian North (in modern field data collections, there are records of about 150 settlement names that include this term). However, the spread of the word pogost in the oikonymy of the Russian North turns out to be uneven: most of the names are attested in the west of this territory that was formerly part of the Olonets and Novgorod provinces, and largely reflects the distribution that developed in the mid-19th century, which indicates to the stability of the oikonymic system. The article also discusses the naming patterns for the settlements defined as “pogosts” in the settlement registers of the late 19th — early 20th centuries. It is noted that the Vologda and Novgorod provinces were characterized by a two-component pattern, in which one word referred to a local toponym (most often to a river name or an oikonym), and the other to the name of the local church: Raslovsky-Voskresensky pogost (near the Raslavka river), Spaso-Nuromsky pogost (near the Nurma river) and many others. In the Olonets and Arkhangelsk provinces, a one-component pattern was more frequent; interestingly, in the Olonets province, the name of the pogost often coincided with the name of the corresponding parish or the rural community: Megorsky pogost, Undozersky pogost, etc. The author analyses the process of displacement of the term pogost from the settlement names, many of which were gradually replaced with toponyms Popovka, Popovskoe, Popovskaya with the general meaning of ‘related to clergy’. On the territory of the Vologda and Novgorod provinces, this process can already be seen from the settlement registers of the mid-19th century.
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Mogarichev, Yuriy, and Alena Ergina. "The Temple of the “Three Horsemen” (Eski-Kermen, South-West Crimea): On Issues of Chronology and Interpretation of Paintings." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 6 (December 2022): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.6.3.
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Introduction. The Church of the “Three Horsemen” is located on the southeast edge of Eski-Kermen hill fort (Southwest Crimea). Its name comes from the fresco with the images of three saints riding on the horses. Methods. Historians of the end of the 18th – beginning of the 20th centuries rarely mentioned this site. Modern scholars have discussed two issues: 1) whether the church with fresco was the original one or it was preceded by an earlier (early medieval) cave religious building; 2) the image depicts only St. George, presented in three scenes; St. Demetrius, St. Theodore, and St. George; or this image amplified with figures of local historical persons. Analysis. Nikolay Repnikov proved the chronological identity of fresco and the church. As regards the differences in the quality of handling walls, the author concludes that this is the result of the preparation of the rock base on plaster application and later paintings. The inscription under the picture of saints confirms this statement. All the translation variants confirm the simultaneity of paintings and cutting. Therefore, the fresco and the church were definitely created at the same time, probably in the second part of the 13th century. The analysis of paintings on the fresco shows that we have an image of St. Demetrius, St. Theodore (Stratelates or Tiron), and St. George. The images of these three saints, in contrast to “triple St. George” are common on the other sites of Crimea. Results. All the attempts to “find” in the Three Horsemen martyrium the “earlier church” are baseless. The church was carved and painted in the second part of the 13th century. The fresco depicts St. Demetrius, St. Theodore (Stratelates or Tiron), and St. George. Authors’ contribution. Yuriy Mogarichev prepared sections on historiography and features of the considered monument. Alena Ergina investigated art history aspects.
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Lazariev, Denys. "Alien mammals in ecosystems of eastern Ukraine: a history of research and appearance of species." Theriologia Ukrainica 2022, no. 24 (December 30, 2022): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tu2418.
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The paper presents a review of the history of investigations and formation of the adventive component of the mammal fauna in eastern Ukraine, mainly in the territory of the left bank of the Siversky Donets, within the area of the eastern part of Ukraine (Donetsk, Luhansk, and Kharkiv oblasts). Most of these territories are part of the steppe zone of Ukraine. They are characterised by such edge effects as depletion of the steppe fauna and emergence of azonal species. Throughout almost 170 years of mammal studies in the region, the research directions and the processes of fauna formation have changed. The goal of this paper is to review the history of research and the available data on the appearance and expansion of new for this region species. We distinguish several periods in the history of the formation of the adventitious component of the mammal fauna and in its research. First, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a gradual accumulation of knowledge about the fauna of those regions. At that time, the territories underwent essential transformations. The active usage of lands for agriculture started, and, as a result, the steppe was split into local, isolated ecosystems with insignificant virgin areas. In the middle of the 20th century, the study of ecology and economic importance of mammals gained the attention of researchers. During this period, the intensity and character of distribution of the species increased: from a moderate spread of micromammals as a result of agricultural development to a more intensive distribution of game species as a result of intentional introduction of animals or their escape from culture. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the question of alien species become more prominent. This issue drew the attention of many researchers, and adventive traits were described for various mammals. As a result of our study, we could outline the chronology of the appearance of alien species in eastern Ukraine, as well as the main patterns of their distribution. Historical data allows for concluding that a notable part of the local fauna was formed as a result of invasions and expansion, and these processes are still relevant in the modern period of fauna development. It was established that the changes in the local fauna is closely related to land transformations and shifts in human economic activity.
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Anikeeva, Tatiana A. "About Manuscripts, Lithographs and Early Printed Books of the Karakalpak Institute of Humanities." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016226-5.
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In the course of work in the manuscript collection of the Karakalpak Institute of Humanities (Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan), a collection of manuscripts, lithographs and old-printed books was identified. It consists mainly of new arrivals (the so-called “Chimbay collection” at the place of origin of most of the manuscripts, from the city of Chimbay, formerly Shakhtemir, now in the Republic of Karakalpakstan). According to the information of the Institute's employees, Uzak Rakhmatullayev (born in 1920 in the territory of the modern Chimbay district of Karakalpakstan) collected more than 300 manuscripts and printed publications in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages and subsequently transferred the collection to the Institute. We started its scientific description. A preliminary list of manuscripts, lithographs, and old-printed books was compiled, and they were distributed by language, chronology and subject. Among these manuscripts are works on Muslim dogmatics, Korans, poetic works (poems by Ajiniyaz, Berdakh, Suleyman Bakyrghani, Ahmad Yasavi, various destans, etc.), treatises on the grammar of the Arabic language (“Tarkib al-Awamil”), historical works, samples of calligraphy on separate folios, etc., in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages (Chagatai, Tatar, Karakalpak). Together, they represent the area of reading of a Muslim of that era (19-first half of the 20th century) and are one of the illustrations of the close literary and cultural ties between the Aral Sea region (then the Khanate of Khiva), the Volga region, and the Ottoman Empire (where a number of manuscripts were copied).
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Kirillov, A. K. "Chain of lawsuits in the Russian volost court of the early 20th century: the case of a Siberian peasant woman Alexandra Borozdina, who obtained property from her husband, but not money." Northern Archives and Expeditions 4, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2020-4-4-37-51.
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For the first time in the history of the study of volost courts in pre-revolutionary Russia, a rare phenomenon is taken for study – a chain of interconnected claims considered by one court during the year. The use of a chain of claims makes it possible to solve the problem of excessive conciseness of the protocols of the volost courts, which arises during the transition from their mass processing to the study by the method of case study. Six investigated lawsuits, filed in 1914 in the Tulinsky volost court of the Tomsk province, were related to the departure of the peasant woman A. E. Borozdina, who complained about her husband’s abuse. The judges supported one part of her claims and ruled that the husband should give her the woman’s property and return the money for the cow he sold after his wife left. Another part of the claims related to the payment of money “for food” was rejected. As a result of studying these materials, it has been proved that Aleksandra Borozdina perceived the lawsuit as a tool in a multi-step game; each time adjusting the content of the claim to the needs of this struggle, taking into account rapidly changing circumstances. For their part, the volost court judges were pragmatic about the claims being filed, building the queue of their consideration not according to the chronology of filing, but according to the degree of their importance for the restoration of violated justice. In general, the above facts and the conclusions drawn work to reject the perception of the volost court of the early XX century as a relic of the past, which tried to put modern life in the mainstream of patriarchal customs. The peasants who came into contact with the volost court treated it in a businesslike manner, creatively using the opportunities given to them by law to fight for their interests (as long as we are talking about the plaintiffs) or (if we mean volost court judges) for adopting the correct (from their point of view) solutions.
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Лосева, М. А. "The History of the Formation of the Russian Numismatic Collection of the State Historical Museum (1883–1917)." Nasledie Vekov, no. 2(30) (June 30, 2022): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36343/sb.2022.30.2.007.
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В статье определены основные характеристики коллекции русских монет отдела нумизматики Государственного исторического музея (ГИМ) в Москве и выделены особенности процесса формирования этой коллекции в досоветский период истории музея. Опираясь на учетную документацию музея и изданную справочную литературу по коллекции ГИМ, автор определил круг поступлений (от древнерусских монет до современных денег); выявил их основные источники: дары (пожертвования) частных лиц, передача из научных обществ, государственных учреждений. Характерными чертами коллекции и процесса ее формирования являлись: широта хронологии представленных памятников нумизматики, хаотичный характер фондообразования, происходившего без четких принципов, преобладание даров (пожертвований) как основной формы комплектования фондов, достаточно разнообразный состав дарителей, развитие профессиональных связей сотрудников музея с отдельными учеными-нумизматами и нумизматическими научными обществами. The study is aimed at determining the main characteristics of the collection of Russian coins of the Numismatics Department of the State Historical Museum in Moscow and highlighting the features of the formation of this collection at the stage of the development of the museum in 1883–1917. The main sources of the study are the museum’s accounting documentation (the Main Inventory Book, the Registration Book of the Numismatics Department, acts of acceptance and transfer for permanent use), as well as indexes, catalogs, and the report of the Historical Museum for 1883–1908. In the study, methods of historical research (descriptive, diachronic, historical comparative and historical typological) were used. The author identifies and analyzes the totality of the first numismatic accessions to the museum’s funds; establishes the main sources of these accessions; and assesses the possibility of having certain principles of forming the collection. The author learns that the numismatic collection has been an integral part of the museum collection since the founding of the State Historical Museum, and was formed in the 1880s–1890s due to numerous gifts. Scientific societies of that time (the Imperial Moscow Archaeological Commission and the Moscow Numismatic Society) were important sources of accessions. In 1895, the museum began to receive copies of modern money of each denomination from the Mint. At the beginning of the 20th century, the museum began to receive collections from individuals’ wills. Various non-scientific institutions assisted the museum in the formation of the collection. The forming of the collection at the initial stage of the State Historical Museum’s development was characterized by a certain chaotic nature, the absence of clear principles for the acquisition of funds. The author concludes that the main characteristics of the collection itself and its formation were: (1) a wide chronology of the presented numismatic monuments (from ancient Russian coins to modern money), (2) the prevalence of gifts as the main form of collecting funds against the background of the relative rarity of purchases, (3) a fairly wide range of donors (individuals, public organizations, officials and government agencies), (4) development of professional ties between museum staff and individual numismatists and numismatic scientific societies.
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Zhurkova, D. A., and V. D. Evallyo. "Round Table “Aesthetics of Soviet Film Comedy”. Eccentric, Author’s Principle, Official Context." Art & Culture Studies, no. 2 (June 2022): 280–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.51678/2226-0072-2022-2-280-307.
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In the modern period the aesthetics of comedy in cinema was on the periphery of the attention of the science of art. Not least, this was due to the fact that the analysis of the comic was relegated to the background by the study of the playful relativity characteristic of postmodern trends in the screen arts of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Meanwhile, Soviet film comedy remains one of the pinnacles in the development of this genre in the cinema of the 20th century. And the decline of comedy in modern Russian cinema prompts a return to the experience of the masterpieces of the Soviet era. The relevance of the topic is connected with this: the contexts of the comic and laughter in Soviet comedies, their functions of a social, communicative, aesthetic nature were not studied in detail and comprehensively in their time. The novelty of approaches today is associated with the possibility of free from ideological pressure and the most detailed consideration, and in part are vision of the formal and substantive features of the film comedy of the Soviet period. This scientific process combines the methods of art history, cultural studies, folklore and anthropology. This text reviews the reports at the Round Table “Aesthetics of Soviet Film Comedy”, organized by the Mass Media Arts Department of the State Institute for Art Studies and which brought together scientists of different generations from VGIK, the Union of Cinematographers of the Russian Federation, the Russian State University for the Humanities, the Higher School of Economics, the Academy of the Media Industry, the Free University and other institutions. The purpose of the round table was to identify the main phases of the evolution of comedy in the Soviet cinema, and therefore the order of the reports took into account the historical chronology of the appearance of certain films and genre varieties of comedy. Since the formation of film comedy in the 1920s – 1940s, a change in philosophical paradigms, the transformation of an eccentric principle, the formation of new artistic images and motives have been recorded. The attention of researchers to the problems of the relationship between society and the state, concepts and theories of the comedy principle in the context of government orders was also obvious. Particular attention of researchers was directed to the polymorphic nature of comedy, capable of combining lyricism and farcicalness, serious and frivolous, openly conditional and life-like. A number of speakers addressed to the individual elements of the comedy film poetics, the relationship between visual and sound, transformations of characters’ images, inclusions of theatrical forms, grotesque, and absurdity. Aspects of the film language of Sergei Gerasimov, Ivan Pyryev, Stanislav Barei, Edmond Keosanyan, Georgy Danelia, Leonid Gaidai were analyzed.
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Svitlenko, Serhii I. "Revival and preservation of historical memory in the creative heritage of Professor M. P. Kovalskyi." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190102.
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The purpose of the article is to reveal the concept of the revival and preservation of historical memory in the creative heritage of Professor M. P. Kovalskyi. Research methods: historical-genetic, historical-system and historical-biographical; complex and personalistic approaches. Sources: a series of archival documents of personal origin, published sources of epistolary and memoir character, the latest historiography. The main results. In the analytical article the regularities of the choice of young scientists in the field of scientific research are highlighted. The peculiarities of the study of the scientist-historian of the source-related problems of the period of transition from the late Middle Ages to the early Modern (ХVІ – the first half of the ХVІІ century) are studied in an atmosphere of the Soviet reality of the 70ʼs and 80ʼs of the 20th century; is accentuated on the great heuristic activity of the scientist; shows his specific contribution to the study of this historical epoch. It is argued that one can speak about the complexity of M. Kovalskyiʼs approach to the development of a source base as a documentary basis for the revival of historical memory. It was proved that the part of the process of renaissance and preservation of historical memory by Professor M. P. Kovalskyi was his work in the development of Ukrainian archeography. The afore mentioned process was traced in the creative heritage of the professor not only in the national, but also in the regional and historical lore contexts. It is highlighted that in the process of revival and preservation of historical memory M. P. Kovalskyi significantly expanded the subject field of research, boldly engaging in the innovative scientific themes of his students. The attention was also paid to the methodical aspect of the revival and preservation of historical memory by Professor M. P. Kovalskyi, which was very broad, including the study of historical chronology, museology, historiography, source studies, historical heuristics, and historical bibliography. Conclusions. Professor M. P. Kovalskyi was made a great contribution to the revival and preservation of the historical memory of Ukrainians about the Cossack period of Ukrainian history, actively involving young scientists, postgraduates and students in this process, which resulted in the formation and formation of a scientific school on source study the history of Ukraine in the ХVІ–ХVІІІ centuries. Practical meaning. The material of this article may be interesting in the process of preparing students and postgraduates, preparing theses. Scientific novelty. The research has actualized a variety of primary sources, insufficiently researched the perspective of the creative activity of Professor M. P. Kovalskyi.
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Burganova, Maria A. "LETTER FROM THE EDITOR." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-1-6-9.
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Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 1. 2022, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The issue opens with the article "Al Noor Island - a Place Where Art and Culture Meet Nature" by J. Smolenkova. It is devoted to modern architecture and touches upon the philosophy of architecture ecology as a new concept of contemporary construction. On the example of a unique project implemented on the island of Al Noor in the UAE, the author considers examples of pavilions and sculptural installations, united by the theme of new aesthetics and humanistic mutual influence of nature and architecture as new realities of modern society. In her article "Glasstress: a Transparent Border Between Mimicry and Mimesis", M. Burganova analyses the modern artistic process that began in the middle of the 20th century as part of the craft + art concept using the example of "Glasstress. Window to the Future” exhibition, held in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. The Stalinist Empire style, a unique phenomenon in the architecture of the Soviet period, is analysed by V. Slepukhin in the article "Soviet Architecture of the 1930-1950s". The author determines its place among such architectural styles and trends as Art Nouveau, Rationalism and Constructivism and gives a detailed description. In the article “Palladian Architecture of Denmark in the 17th-18th Centuries”, O. Tsvetkova considers the evolution of architecture in Denmark in the 17th-18th centuries, explores the influence of French classicism and Dutch Palladianism on national manifestations of style. On the example of specific buildings, the chronology of the classical architectural tradition development is traced. The creative continuity of architectural dynasties is studied in the context of the pan-European architectural trends of the time; the history of the Danish architecture development is traced. I. Pavlova continues the theme of dialogues in art in the article “The Role of the ‘English’ Theme in One of the Episodes of L. Tolstoy’s Novel, Anna Karenina". The author expresses the opinion that the development of the "English" theme in the episodes of the races and preparations for them serves to dispell false values, the ephemeral virtues of Tolstoy's contemporary society, pride and arrogance. The author believes that the main role of the "English" theme lies in the development and implementation of the moralistic setting of the novel, the expansion of the content space of the work and depiction of the dramatic image of the era. In the article "V. Borovikovsky’s Sketch ‘God the Father Contemplating Dead Christ’ As a Synthesis of Western European and Orthodox Traditions”, V. Makhonina considers iconographic interpretations of the plot and conducts a stylistic analysis of the work. The article "The Concept - Text - Interpretation Triad in Piano Music of the Second Half of the 20th - 21st Centuries" by O. Krasnogorova is devoted to the problems of the performing arts of modern times in the context of the general system of humanitarian thinking. The concept of interpretation from the standpoint of conceptual metaphors and research in the field of musical semiology are considered by the author. In the article, the broad interpretation of a musical text goes beyond the actual musical text into the area of ??signs, metaphors and metonyms. In the article "Instrumental Performance on Wind and Percussion Instruments in the Context of Traditional Rituals Accompanying Work in China", Huang Shuai analyses traditional Chinese wind and percussion instruments; he considers such issues as instrumental combinations and musicians. The author applies the historical research method, source study and musicological analysis of audio and video materials. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.
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Vimba, Edgars. "History of mycobiota research of Latvia: Chronology till the middle of the 20th century." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 63, no. 6 (January 1, 2009): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-010-0005-x.
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History of mycobiota research of Latvia: Chronology till the middle of the 20th century The paper is mainly devoted to mycological studies in Latvia. Since historically there was a strong link between mycological and phytopathological investigations, the paper includes also information on phytopathological studies in Latvia.
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Timenchik, Roman. "О летописи поэтовой: Например, Ахматова [How to Tell a Poet’s Life Story: Akhmatova’s Case]." Slavica Revalensia 8 (2021): 178–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.22601/sr.2021.08.07.
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This article is an attempt to expand the chronology of a poet’s life and works as a genre. It offers not to limit a poet’s biography to poem publication dates, lists of reviews, friendships, or crucial historic events, but to include such marginal texts as rumors, and even dreams—all contributing to the existence of a poet’s name in the semiosphere. KEYWORDS: 20th-Century Russian Literature, Anna Akhmatova (1889—1966), Chronology, History of Literature.
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li, Min. "Research on Relationship between Modern History of Northeast China and East Asia." Philosophy and Social Science 1, no. 1 (January 2024): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.62381/p243114.
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Since modern times, with the changes in the territory of Northeast China, the relationship between Northeast China and East Asia has undergone significant changes, especially from the late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. The relationship between Northeast China, East Asia, and even the world's major powers directly affects the social development of the entire Northeast Chinaand East Asia. Therefore, this paper analyzes the correlation between the modern history of Northeast China and East Asia from the late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century based on the modern history of Northeast China.
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Brock, Fiona, Nicholas Eastaugh, Thierry Ford, and Joyce H. Townsend. "Bomb-pulse Radiocarbon Dating of Modern Paintings on Canvas." Radiocarbon 61, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.55.
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ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) dating has previously been applied to modern paintings on canvas from the 20th century to identify potential modern forgeries, and dates indicate a time lag of several years between the harvesting of plant fibers for making canvas, and completion of a painting. This study investigated both the length of this time lag and the potential of 14C dating to inform about an individual artist’s mode of working (for example long-term storage or reuse of canvases, or extended reworking on a single canvas) and/or to establish a chronology for a corpus of work. Two pre-bomb and 16 post-bomb artworks by 17 mid-20th-century Scandinavian artists were 14C dated. The majority of post-bomb samples indicated a time lag of 2–5 years between the harvesting of the plants and completion of a painting, but some samples recorded lags of up to 10 years, and others produced much earlier results, potentially indicating the use of much older canvases or challenges removing contamination prior to dating. The importance of thorough pre-screening of canvas samples for both synthetic fibers and contaminants prior to dating, and selection of the most suitable calibration curve, are highlighted.
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Green, Nile. "Locating Afghan History." International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 1 (February 2013): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812001316.
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Afghanistan's 20th century has long been seen through an analytical dichotomy. One concentration of historical scholarship has sought to explain the fraught progress of Afghan nation-building in the 1910s and 1920s. A second has sought to explain the unraveling of the Afghan nation after 1979. Weighted toward the decades at either end of the century, this dichotomized field has been problematic in both chronological (and thereby processual) and methodological terms. On the level of chronology, the missing long mid-section (indeed, half) of the century between the framing coups of 1929 and 1979 has made it difficult to convincingly join together the two bodies of scholarship. Not only has the missing middle further cemented the division of scholarly labor but it also has made it more difficult to connect the history of the last quarter of the century to that of the first quarter (except as a story of parallels), rendering them discrete narratives of development, one ending and the other beginning with a coup. The problems are deeper than this, though, extending from questions of chronology and process to matters of method. For if in its focus on nationalism and nation-building the first-quarter scholarship is framed within the neat boundaries of national spaces and actors, then in its focus on the unraveling of the nation and its peoples through the consequences of Soviet intervention, the last-quarter scholarship elevates nonnational actors as the key agents of historical process.
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Fryxell, Allegra R. P. "Psychopathologies of time: Defining mental illness in early 20th-century psychiatry." History of the Human Sciences 32, no. 2 (April 2019): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119843727.
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This article examines the role of time as a methodological tool and pathological focus of clinical psychiatry and psychology in the first half of the 20th century. Contextualizing ‘psychopathologies of time’ developed by practitioners in Europe and North America with reference to the temporal theories implicit in Freudian psychoanalysis and Henri Bergson’s philosophy of durée, it illuminates how depression, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders such as obsessive-compulsive behaviours and aphasia were understood to be symptomatic of an altered or disturbed ‘time-sense’. Drawing upon a model of temporal synthesis whereby in healthy individuals, a subjective temporal sense ( Ichzeit, durée, or personal lifetime) was perceived and understood in relation to objective time frameworks ( Weltzeit, clock-time, or quantitative time models like historical chronology), clinicians argued that mentally ill patients were unable to synthesize Ichzeit and Weltzeit, using variations in this disturbance to define specific pathological conditions.
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Evarts, Edvīns. "Latvijas 20. gs. vēstures hronoloģija: problēmas, iespējas un risinājumi." Sabiedrība un kultūra: rakstu krājums = Society and Culture: conference proceedings, no. XXIII (August 16, 2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sk.2021.23.034.
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The 20th century history of Latvia is complex and sometimes difficult to understand for a non–professional. In the 1900’s, in Latvia various powers changed several times and events unfolded rapidly and with many turning points. Tracing all of them is a challenge even for a professional historian. The chronology is the first serious attempt to provide an answer to this challenge and make the history of Lat-via more understandable not only for history enthusiasts, but also for people interested in history – both in Latvia and elsewhere. The group of historians who developed this chronology also faced various problems – from the development of the most important criteria for the selection of facts to the problems of the exact data of events. Although a complete reflection of chronology cannot be expected in a chronology of this nature, which, in the author’s opinion, is only an ideal goal – it is undoubtedly a significant step towards the fur-ther formation of chronology and creation of deeper understanding of history of Latvia.
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Radinovic, Sanja. "Vasiljevic’s collections of folk melodies: A Serbian musical treasure." Muzikologija, no. 20 (2016): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz1620171r.
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Miodrag A. Vasiljevic (1903-1963) was given a unique opportunity to span two great developmental stages in the history of Serbian ethnomusicology, occurring in the middle of the 20th century. The first of them was between the two World Wars, the stage in which Serbian musical folklore became Vasiljevic?s life passion and in which he accomplished his early professional achievements. In the next stage, which started after World War II, he reached the zenith of his creation in slightly less than twenty years, setting new standards of the discipline, and providing fundamental directions for his successors, thereby immeasurably enlarging the corpus of collected material. Due all of these revolutionary innovations from the post-war period, Vasiljevic is rightly considered to be not only the founder of modern Serbian ethnomusicology, but also the first person in Serbia worthy of being called an ethnomusicologist in the full sense of the word. Of the numerous results by which Vasiljevic permanently indebted his people, the most pronounced does not belong to the category of pioneering endeavours, but is manifested in his melographic opus - an achievement which even today has not been surpassed in Serbia in terms of its span, scope and value. Such great productivity in recording resulted from the fact that Vasiljevic had been devoted to melography from his childhood, and most intensely from 1932 to the end of his life. The exact number of examples which Vasiljevic transcribed directly in the field before 1951 and those which he recorded on a tape-recorder after that time is still unknown, since many of them are still unavailable to the public, but it can be assumed that there are several thousand melodies in total. Among them are 3,198 which have already been published. That precious corpus of Vasiljevic?s available material is contained in twelve collections (the largest number ever regarding any collector in Serbia so far), issued from 1950 to 2009. The first four collections offer comprehensive material from Kosmet, Sandzak, Macedonia and the region of Leskovac, and they were edited by Vasiljevic himself during the last ten years of his life or so. Posthumous publications were devoted to Montenegro, Vojvodina, Resava and various parts of central Serbia, as well as to the repertoires of the famous singer Hamdija Sahinpasic (1914/16-2003) from Sandzak, and gypsy female singer Malika Jeminovic Kostana (1872?-1945) from the vicinity of Vranje. Until now there have still not been any comprehensive studies on Vasiljevic?s ethnomusicological activity, although there are valuable articles. In these, Vasiljevic?s melographic contribution is usually emphasised much more than his scientific one, which is much more modest in its scope. Since the existing writings mostly deal with collections published during his life, this paper results from the intention to give a complete picture of the material, so all Vasiljevic?s collections were critically considered according to the chronology of their publication. Each of the publications emerged to witness to both Vasiljevic as a field worker and to some of the important stages of his own ethnomusicological development. The last part of the text focuses on the fact that a decline in production of ethnomusicological collection publications has been evident in Serbia over the last few decades. Nowadays, this negative trend is conditioned by two key reasons. One is the perfected and easily available technology of digital audio recording and the copying of sound recordings. The second is reflected in the general developmental orientation of the discipline.
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Nikolaevich Korenevskij, Sergey. "The Maikop culture in the Northern Caucasus." Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja, no. 41 (January 6, 2022): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/godisnjak.cbi.anubih-41.1.
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The Maikop culture represents one of the most significant occurrences in the context of pre-urban agricultural and livestock communities of the Middle East and Caucasus. It covers the borderline area between south-west Asia and Eastern Europe, pre-Caucasian steppe and north Caucasus, where the cultural influences of southern peoples confront with tradition ofEuropean population for ages. (Image 1) The study of Maikop culture began by the end of 19th century after the discovery of exceptionally rich tombs in Maikop (1897) and two stone tombs in Carska, present-day Novosvobodna (1898). The most extensive research was done in the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. After the seventies, in the20th century, several monographs and journals dealing with the Maikop culture were published, including general research by R.N. Munčaev, S.N. Korenevki and A.D. Rezepkin. The issue of Maikop culture is undoubtedly very interesting outside the Russian federation, but it mostly involves the review of the results from modern-day Russian research. This tendency isclearly visible in the works by A. Häusler, B. Govedarica, B. Lionne, F. Kohl, D. Anthony and others. The most important archaeological monuments of the Maikop culture are settlements and necropoles. Nowadays, we have information about several dozens of Maikop settlements and according to the material published, the most famous are Dolinsk, Ust-Džegutinsk,Galjugaevsk 1, Sereginsk, Psekupsk i Boljšetegensk. The settlements investigated are mostly situated in the river valleys, at lower grounds close to the river banks. In the Caucasus foothills, the settlements are located on the plains at hill slopes. They are mostly open settlements, while cave habitats are very rare. Burying was done in tumuli – kurgans. In thenorthern Caucasus, this tradition originates from the Chalcolithic, during fifth millennium BC. This phenomenon was further developed by the representatives of Maikop culture through the building of great multi-layered kurgans which apart from burial also had the role of sanctuary. Mounds are made of earth or of stone. In the case of earth kurgans, moundsare occasionally made only of a layer of humus, but they are most frequently mounds of mixed earth. Stone kurgans are made by placing stones over the tomb which was later covered with a layer of earth. Besides, in Maikop kurgans, frequently there are circular stone walls – kromlexes – which can be single or multiple depending on the phase of the burial and rituals performed through. The most frequent are individual kurgans meaning that there were not subsequent burials of Maikop people in the mounds above primary grave. Kurgans with several Maikop burials are scarcely represented. In the research history of the sites from the framework of Maikop culture and Maikop culture area, two phases, crucial for the actual cultural and historical interpretation of this phenomenon can be outlined. The first phase is related to the discovery of monumental stone monuments along with numerous bronze and gold objects which, according to then known analogies, are interpreted as direct reflection of the progress achieved in Middle East cultures during 3rd millennium BC. In the opinion of the majority of the former researchers, at the beginning the representatives of Maikop culture took over the cultural achievements of the Middle East which were further perfected afterwards. The second opinion about the interpretation of this phenomenon is formed in recent period as a result of multiple radiocarbon dates what caused significant corrections of absolute chronology of Maikopculture dating it to the 4th millennium BC. This imposed new cultural relations to the Middle East, but this time not to the dynastic period but to previous, pre-urban cultures of Ubaid and Uruk. All this indicates a higher level of authenticity of Maikop culture, especially in the domain of metallurgy. Anyway, the Maikop culture, during its existences gained hightechnological development and in metal processing it does not fall behind Middle East cultures. A significant breakthrough in the process of determining absolute chronology of Maikop culture was made through implementation of radiocarbondating. So far, within this framework, more than 70 dates were collected, which are mostly concentrated in three successive periods. The early period covers the time span from 40th to 37th century BC. Those dates are very scarce and they are related to the sites of Maikop (Galjugaevsko-Sereginsk) and Psekupsk variants in the area of Terek and Kuban, as well asin Kuma–Manych periphery. The dates of the middle period cover the time period from 37/35th to 34/33rd century BC and they are related to the finds of all variants of Maikop culture. The most significant Maikop settlements belonging to this period are Ust- Džegutin, Galjugaevsk, Novosvobodna and Dolinsk, necropoles in Klada or the grave 70 from Kurgan 1 in Zamankul which according to the finds is the closest to the Maikop kurgan. The dates of the late period cover the time span from 34th to 30/29th century BC and mostly belong to the group of Novosvobodna and the Dolinsk and Psekupsk variant. The cultural and social development of the Maikop culture reached the so-called chieftain level which can be compared to the late period of Sumerian pre-dynas tic period. Maikop warrior’s weapons do not fall behind after Sumerian armies, but further development in this respect was not attained by Maikop culture. It vanishes with oncoming climate warming during second phase of Subboreal and its disappearance is most likely induced by internal social changes as well. There is no clear standpoint in science, regardingthe issue of ethnical character of representatives of the Maikop culture, mostly having in mind the language groups of different nations (Indo-Europeans, Semites, Hattam, Adygei, Kabardini, Turks). The analysis of the archaeological material shows that Maikop culture consisted of four components, out of which every single one had its own path of origin. Among the variants there were close connections, particularly in general religious displays, funeral rituals, syncretism emergence and adaptation. Having this in mind, the Maikop culture cannot be considered as a product of a single ethnic group, nor it can be related to a single nation. However, it was definitely a local culture, coming from north pre-Caucasian area, strongly influencedby northern Mesopotamia, eastern Anatolia and southern Caucasus through Kurin flatlands. The tradition related to spiritual customs of Maikop population shows both, the elements of the local Chalcolithic with familiar funeral ceremonies of buryingin kurgans, but also the contacts with eastern European cultures which could contribute to the creation of Maikop warrior elite. Archaeological sources also indicate that all foreign influences were more or less adapted to the features of Maikop culture, assimilating in quite specific pre-Caucasian features.
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Valenti, Micheal. "Restoring a Piece of History." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 04 (April 1, 1999): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-apr-5.
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This article discusses that the French have traditionally maintained the appearance of their historic buildings by using the same materials and techniques used by the artisans who originally constructed them. While this strategy guaranteed the architectural integrity of the structures, it also limited the use of the buildings after their restoration, because historic materials are often unable to withstand the stresses of 20th century use and cannot meet modern building codes. Monuments Historiques reasoned that using modern materials would speed up restoration, adapt a building to modern uses, and still preserve its historic appearance. They demonstrated the feasibility of this marriage of 20th-century materials and 17th-century building styles with the restoration of the Brittany Parliament in Rennes after it had been gutted by fire. Investigators assessing the damage said that 50 percent of the soft stone would have to be replaced, as well as 70 percent of the stone in the building’s southeast pavilion.
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SHEVCHENKO, LARYSA. "MODERN DIRECTIONS OF CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS: FUNCTIONAL CONTEXT." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice 35 (2017): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2017.35.7-18.
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The article is devoted to the analysis and differentiation of the concepts «modern linguistics» and «neolinguistics» in philology. It is stated that the defined notions are unclearly represented in modern science and require additional argumentation by the chronology and content of new ideas, concepts and theories. The thesis about special social, cognitive and civilizational status of the neolinguistic directions of knowledge, their prospects in a person’s intellectual activity is being argued. The author’s attention is focused on the integral nature of the modern directions of linguistics, which corresponds to the development tendencies of science and its social functions. The overview of separate structural subdivisions, specialties and specializations, tendencies of development of new directions of linguistic science in the leading universities of the world is offered. Information on the establishment of the medialinguistic commission of the International Committee of Slavists, an authoritative international organization of modern researchers in the humanities, is provided. It is postulated that the idea of changing the structural-functional paradigm of the 20th century on the cognitive-communicative paradigm of the 21st century requires additional argumentation.
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Berezin, Fedor Mixajlovič. "Mikołaj Kruszewski and 20th-century linguistics." History of Linguistics in Poland 25, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1998): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.1-2.06ber.
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Summary The article deals with important issues in general linguistic theory discussed by Mikołaj Habdank Kruszewski alias Nikolaj Vjačeslavovič Kruševskij (1851–1887), in the author’s view an unjustly forgotten linguist of genius of the late 19th century, who could be seen as standing at the roots of the 20th-century structuralism, long before the appearance of F. de Saussure’s lectures on general linguistics. In his major book O čerk nauki o jazyke (An outline of the science of language) of 1883, Kruszewski conceived of language as a system of signs, laying stress on the semiotic function of language. His understanding of sound alternation is in many ways close to modern principles of phonology and morphonology. His hypothesis of the universal character of the sound laws too anticipated the discovery of language universals. As a result, the author agrees with Radwańska-Williams’ (1993) characterization of Kruszewski’s theory as ‘a lost paradigm’ in the history of linguistics. Well-known linguists of the 20th century such as Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) , and others rightly argued that Kruszewski was one of the founders of modern linguistic theory.
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Parkhitko, Nickolay. "History of bitcoin-blockchain tandem technology." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 8-2 (August 1, 2022): 146–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202208statyi45.
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The rapid development of technology during the last decade of the 20th century and the first two decades of the 21st century, predetermined qualitative changes in the economic life of the global community. The author deliberately highlights the last decade of the 20th century because in 1990-1991 the concept of the World Wide Web has found material embodiment, becoming generally available to the mass user. As the technological foundation of the modern digital economy, author analyzes the digital currency bitcoin and blockchain algorithms through the prism of economic, technological, legal and social practice. The key trends for the modern digital economy are identified and, on their basis, a mid-term forecast of its development is given. Despite the economic subject of scientific analysis, the methods of historical science are used in the work: historical analytics, historical-comparative method, historical-systematical method and retrospective methods.
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Bueno Chahin, Samira. "A Brazilian Response to 20th Century School Infrastructure Planning." Encounters in Theory and History of Education 23 (December 19, 2022): 48–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/encounters.v23i0.15661.
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Taking school spaces as an interdisciplinary issue encompassing the fields of education, architecture, and urbanism/urban planning, this article gathers theoretical and technical references from among these disciplines throughout the first half of the 20th century in order to locate possible exchanges carried out by Anísio Teixeira while shaping his Park-school, Class-schools program. The argument rests on the reading of documents taken from a variety of circumstances in his career as an educational administrator, even though not necessarily produced by him. The aim is to encourage a debate regarding a Brazilian response to the international challenge of providing a spatial infrastructure consistent with a modern school program. Keywords: school space, modern architecture, urban planning, historiography, circulation of ideas, Anísio Teixeira
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Goswami, Kartika, Mahadev Rawat, Manoj K. Jaiswal, and Vishwas S. Kale. "Luminescence chronology of late-Holocene palaeofloods in the upper Kaveri basin, India: An insight into the climate–flood relationship." Holocene 29, no. 6 (March 5, 2019): 1094–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619831436.
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Instrumental/historic records have helped to understand the extreme flood–climate relationship in the modern environment; however, few studies are available to understand their long-term relation (102–103 years) due to the poor preservation and lack of dating techniques. It remains uncertain whether extreme flooding is linked with long-term wet phases of climate or a random event caused by an unusual downpour irrespective of climate. Luminescence analysis of quartz grains from river/floodplain sediments in the Kaveri basin, southern India, showed heterogeneous bleaching. We demonstrated the successful application of various statistical age models in estimating ages of heterogeneously bleached young sediments. This study shows distinct flood clusters occurred during the times of major shifts in the monsoon climate, from fluvial dormancy to sudden outburst of monsoons (~2 ka), from warmer to colder (onset of ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) ~ 14th century), from colder to warmer (end of LIA ~ 19th century) and ~20th century, indicating that climatic pattern can be associated with more frequent occurrences of extreme flood events. The study also shows that the two major flood events of the 20th century reported from the upper Kaveri were produced by high intensity short duration storms, suggesting that not all wet phases are associated with major floods and all dry phases with low floods/droughts. The excellent match of the chronology with the historical data, instrumental data and published literature based on proxy data on the Indian summer monsoon validates the chronology and the potential of sedimentary archives for future palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the study area.
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Goldbloom, David S. "The Early Canadian History of Anorexia Nervosa." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 2 (March 1997): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200206.
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Objective: To examine several early Canadian descriptions of anorexia nervosa (AN) in light of modern understanding of the disorder. Method: Two clinical reports of AN from the late 19th century and early 20th century in Canada are cited and summarized. These original case descriptions are then compared with late 20th century knowledge of the disorder. Results: Both of these early descriptions contain many astute and prescient observations on the etiology and sequelae of AN and reveal a compassionate approach to patient care. Conclusions: Canadian contributions to the medical literature on AN prior to 1970 merit both careful scrutiny and appreciation in the world literature on this disorder.
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Akimkanova, Kunduz. "HISTORY OF SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETION." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.233.02.
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This article provides a brief overview of the history of simultaneous interpretation, a method of instant interpretation of oral speech from one language to another in real- time. Since its inception at the beginning of the 20th century, associated with the need for international communication at events such as conferences and trials, the abstract outlines the evolution of this translation method in the context of technology development and international relations. It is noted that with the development of computer technology at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, simultaneous translation has become more accurate and efficient with the use of specialized programs and equipment. The influence and significance of this method in the modern world are analyzed, emphasizing its key role in ensuring successful intercultural communication.
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Safavi-Abbasi, Sam, Timothy B. Mapstone, Jacob B. Archer, Christopher Wilson, Nicholas Theodore, Robert F. Spetzler, and Mark C. Preul. "History of the current understanding and management of tethered spinal cord." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 25, no. 1 (July 2016): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.11.spine15406.
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An understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome (TCS) and modern management strategies have only developed within the past few decades. Current understanding of this entity first began with the understanding and management of spina bifida; this later led to the gradual recognition of spina bifida occulta and the symptoms associated with tethering of the filum terminale. In the 17th century, Dutch anatomists provided the first descriptions and initiated surgical management efforts for spina bifida. In the 19th century, the term “spina bifida occulta” was coined and various presentations of spinal dysraphism were appreciated. The association of urinary, cutaneous, and skeletal abnormalities with spinal dysraphism was recognized in the 20th century. Early in the 20th century, some physicians began to suspect that traction on the conus medullaris caused myelodysplasia-related symptoms and that prophylactic surgical management could prevent the occurrence of clinical manifestations. It was not, however, until later in the 20th century that the term “tethered spinal cord” and the modern management of TCS were introduced. This gradual advancement in understanding at a time before the development of modern imaging modalities illustrates how, over the centuries, anatomists, pathologists, neurologists, and surgeons used clinical examination, a high level of suspicion, and interest in the subtle and overt clinical appearances of spinal dysraphism and TCS to advance understanding of pathophysiology, clinical appearance, and treatment of this entity. With the availability of modern imaging, spinal dysraphism can now be diagnosed and treated as early as the intrauterine stage.
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KICHAEV, P. А., and O. V. TSYBAKOVA. "THE HISTORY OF THE POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE USSR AND JAPAN OVER THE OWNERSHIP OF THE SOUTHERN KURILES IN THE 20th CENTURY." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 11, no. 2 (2022): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2022-11-2-136-143.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the problem of territorial and political demarcation between Russia and Japan, as well as to consider the chronology of the diplomatic struggle over the ownership of the Southern Kuriles during the second half of the 20th century. Much attention is given to the reasons and prerequisites for the evolution of the positions taken by the parties on the implementation of various options for resolving the issue of sovereignty over the Kuril Islands. General scientific and special research methods such as historical, systemic and comparative legal analysis are used. As a result, the author draws conclusions that Japanese demands for transfering the southern part of the Kuril Islands should be recognized as one of the first attempts to revise the results of the Second World War in the 20th century.
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Johnston, Denis. "CyberShaw: A 19th-Century Mandate Meets 20th-century Technology." Canadian Theatre Review 81 (December 1994): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.81.007.
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The Shaw Festival is unique among Canadian theatres, and virtually unique among world theatres as well. It is one of only five major repertory theatres in the English-speaking world: the others are the Stratford Festival, the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, and the twin flagships of British classical theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National. In addition, the Shaw Festival is the only one of these companies to have chosen a specific period of history as its mandate: it produces only plays written during the lifetime of Bernard Shaw. The company describes this mandate as “plays by Bernard Shaw and his contemporaries (1856-1950) – plays about the beginning of the modern world”.
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Doležalová, Eva, Marie Šedivá Koldinská, Martin Sekera, Jana Mezerová, and Marek Junek. "History." Muzeum: Muzejní a vlastivedná práce 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmvp-2017-0033.
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Abstract The exposition named History will present the development of the Czech lands from the 9th century till the present. The exposition will be divided into two separate spaces – the Historical Building of the National Museum will house the history of the 9th–19th centuries and the New Building of the National Museum will house the history from the 20th century. Despite reflecting to a certain extent the traditional division of the Middle Ages, Early Modern Period, the “long” 19th century, and the 20th century, the narrative will be continuous without any artificial historical disruptions. We will debunk some historical myths and stereotypes. Emphasis will be laid on the presentation of items from the collections of the National Museum. A certain update will also be important, i.e. the presentation of ideas and symbols, that we refer to today. Parallel narratives will be nonetheless important, as they will show that history is not unambiguous and that certain events can be viewed from several different perspectives (e.g. the winner and the loser, nobleman and subject). Last but not least, we will address the issues of individual freedom and its limits.
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Hai-Nyzhnyk, Pavlo. "UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION AND STATE FORMATION: ON ISSUE OF THE PERIODIZATION AND CHRONOLOGY OF NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLE OF THE EARLY 20th CENTURY." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2018): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.1.412.
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The controversial issue of periodization of the political history of Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century, including the period of the National liberation struggle and Ukrainian State entities during 1917–1922 is considered. Scientists and experts have not yet reached a consensus not only on determining the place, role and character of the Hetmanate in 1918 in the latest Ukrainian past, but also about the periodization of the Ukrainian political history of the 20th century, defi nition of the term and chronological boundaries of the Ukrainian Revolution and Ukrainian statehood, etc. The issute of the periodization of the National liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people from the beginning of the 20th century, the aspiration and purpose of which was to gain and assert its own statehood, had several main schemes, models and periodizations in the national historiography. However, disputes over defi nitions not only of the chronological framework of this historical path, but also of the interpretations and characteristics of its individual days, periods, and stages are still ongoing in the scientifi c community. It is up to me, that the times from 1917 to 1922 should be defi ned as one of the days of the Ukrainian political history of the 20th century, namely: The Day “National Liberation Struggle and Ukrainian State Formation (1917–1922 biennium)”. This title was due to historical processes and components, that took place in the specifi ed chronological period, the logic of interrelated events, factors and circumstances, objective signs of fl uidity, similarity and diversity of periods, the identity of the causal eff ects of both internal and external circumstances and infl uences, interconnectedness of cultural, social, ideological and political, and state-evolutionary factors of nation-wide signifi cance, the regularity of the beginning and end of the national-political breakdown, holding otvorchyh eff orts and organized struggle for their own rights to self-determination of Nation-Ukrainian people. It is the author’s conception of the periodization of this era, that would be discussed in this essay
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Boeck, Brian J. "Perils of Compilation and Problematic Chronology." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 57, no. 1-2 (April 13, 2023): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/22102396-05701016.
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Abstract This article argues that the Piskarev Chronicle provides glimpses of lost sources devoted to the legacy of tsar Ivan the Terrible. This complex and contradictory compilation preserves examples of efforts to revive chronicle-writing after Ivan’s death and it also provides evidence of a continuing crisis in traditional annalistic recording of the past. Various glitches reveal its complexity as a compilation and collectively expose the cultural gulf between the early seventeenth-century compiler and his sources. This study also analyzes the working methods of an early modern Russian compiler who was keen to transmit memories of tragic events that had officially been consigned to oblivion.
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Petrov, Vladislav O. "Synthetic Ideas of Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini in the 20th Century: to the History and Theory of Performance." Observatory of Culture, no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2015-0-5-66-71.
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The article demonstrates relevance of the synthetic ideas of the Italian architect, sculptor and artist Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) in the modern performance art, which has become a landmark in the 20th century in terms of the Actionism manifestation. The chosen subjects (the absurdist situation and the actual event), as well as the methods for their dramatic composition and the applied means of their expression, characterize the performance of the 20th century, which gives us a reason to examine the position of Bernini and the position of one of the most actual genres in the modern world more closely.
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Kail, Maksim. "Secular and ecclesiastical power: the Caesarepapist conflict in Russia in 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 12-2 (December 1, 2023): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202312statyi36.
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The article examines the experience of research in the current historiography of the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical authorities. Their clash in the modern history of Russia (in the events of the revolution of the early 20th century) is described as a Caesarepapist conflict that came at the stage of active modernization and revolutionization of public consciousness. The change of the state system entailed the rejection of a number of traditional public institutions, including the ''dominant Orthodoxy''. Historiographical interpretations of this conflict, which is significant for national history and self-consciousness, influence modern research discourses and self-identification of governmental and confessional institutions, the practice of their appeal to historical experience, defining the modern narrative of state-church relations in Russia of the 20th century.
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Paterson, Ross. "Housing Finance in Early 20th Century Suburban Toronto." Articles 20, no. 2 (November 6, 2013): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019255ar.
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This study examines the financing of housing production and consumption in five early twentieth-century Toronto suburbs. The study areas range in status from upper-middle class to working class. Research findings include the persistence of a traditional pattern of finance characterized by high levels of cash transactions and private financing. Institutional lenders, while influential in financing high-status housing played a relatively minor role in the overall provision of mortgage funding. The study adds to our understanding of the role of housing finance during this formative period when the major element of modern suburbanization, including the emergence of a corporate land development industry, were being established.
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Auseichyk, Uladzimir. "From the History of Studies on Old Believers in Northwestern Belarus: Literature Review (Second Half of the 18th Century–1980)." Slavistica Vilnensis 67, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2022.67(2).101.
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The article examines the historiography and the current state of research on the Old Believers in Northwestern Belarus. Four basic stages are distinguished in the history of studies on Old Believers in the region: second half of the 18th century – beginning of the 20th century; the interwar period (1920–1930 years); the Soviet period (1950–1980 years); the modern period (1990–2000 years). The characteristic of these stages is given, the methodology of conducted research is analyzed, the value of published works in this direction is revealed. The article analyzes research conducted from the second half of the 18th century to the last two decades of the 20th century. The main attention is given to the analysis of the works published during the second half of the of 19th century and the early 20th century.
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Samokhin, Konstantin. "Methodological peculiarities of modernization concept: the case of the spiritual modernization of Russian socium in the early 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 9-1 (September 1, 2022): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202209statyi17.
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Methodological importance of modernization concept for explanation of Russian state’s development processes in the 19th - first half of the 20th century is defined in the paper. Peculiarities of Russian variety of modernization (the case of spiritual transition of Russian socium from traditional society to modern one) are highlighted. Impact of the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War on the processes of transformation of Russian peasantry’s mentality in the early 20th century is analyzed.
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Nikpour, Golnar. "From Fallen Women to Citizen Mothers: Gendered Carcerality in Pahlavi Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (February 2022): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743822000083.
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Modern carcerality in Iran, with its attendant systems of surveillance, policing, and mass imprisonment, was a gendered project from the outset. In turn, the new modern prisons of the Pahlavi era (1925–79) provoked gendered anxieties about seemingly rising rates of female and child criminality, the deteriorating family unit, and the inherent sin and vice of life in a modern city. In general, it is difficult to overstate the wholesale changes that the modern carceral system has brought to Iran. The establishment of modern prisons, an effort begun in the first decades of the 20th century, has led to an enduring transformation in social worlds for Iranians of all genders. For much of Iran's pre-20th-century history, forced confinement of any kind was a relative rarity, legal practices and norms were diffuse and diverse, and long periods of incarceration were virtually nonexistent. The conceit of prisoner reform central to the modern penitentiary model—wherein centralized modern governments imagine prisons as rehabilitative spaces in which socially undesirable “criminals” can be reformed into good “citizens”— is nowhere found in the archive of Iran's pre-20th-century punishments.
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Ranheim, Ingar. "Frå pardans og laus til tur og orden." Musikk og Tradisjon 34 (December 31, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52145/mot.v34i.1920.
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This article discusses the history of hallingdans, by tracing it back to three periods: The couple dance halling in the 18th century, the individual lausdans in the 19th century and the modern version taught by Sevat Tveito (Hallingdal) and Gullik Kirkevoll (Valdres) in the 20th century. Previous research has described the 19th century dance as a totally unorganized dance. However, by studying details in video tapes of dancers in the 20th century, this article finds remnants of a structure. This structure is being referred to as linkedans, and describes a fundamental step which is possible to variate in many ways, enabling dancers to combine different elements of the dance. Furthermore, by systematically going through turane (the standardised motifs) in the dance in the 20th century, parallels are found to the couple dance halling in the 18th century. The upright dance style with lifted arms and well-planned acrobatics, which are typical of modern dance, are argued to be a feature introduced by Tveito and Kirkevoll.
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Núñez Valdés, Juan, Fernando de Pablos Pons, and Antonio Ramos Carrillo. "Pioneering Black African American Women Chemists and Pharmacists." Foundations 2, no. 3 (August 2, 2022): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations2030043.
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Dufoix, Stéphane. "A larger grain of sense. Making early non-Western sociological thought visible." Sociedade e Estado 37, no. 3 (September 2022): 861–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-202237030005.
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Abstract There are different ways to read sociological theory “against the grain”, as Walter Benjamin put it in 1940. The issue of invisibility - or invisibilization - is certainly the most important one. The mainstream and canonical narrative of the history of sociology and of sociological ideas and theories hardly leaves any room to non-Western appropriations and indigenizations from the late 19th century onwards. The article wants to offer another disciplinary history and another chronology by relying on instances from the late 19th century and early 20th century especially in Latin America and Asia (Japan and China). The circulation of different authors, books and theories, as well as their different reception according to the different countries and their different intellectual, social and political environments makes it possible to design a new chronology of sociological theory and of the institutionalization of the discipline. Despite the epistemic hegemony that was already established in the second half of the 19th century with the diffusion of sociological thought from France and Great-Britain (with Comte and Spencer), this circulation was no mere transplantation but rather a complex and selective appropriation that makes it possible for very different visions of the meaning of “sociology” as a movement of thought and also as an academic discipline.
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N.N., Elkey, and Sadykov T.S. "Movement figure Alash Khairetdin Bolganbaev: the role of personality in history." Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series 110, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023hph2/111-118.
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The study of the problems of the history of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century is one of the most urgent, most complex issues of modern domestic historiography. The beginning of the 20th century occupies a special place in the history of our country. A broad consideration of the issues of the socio-political history of the Kazakh people is closely connected with the intelligentsia, which was formed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and represents the interests of the Kazakh people. In this regard, the relevance of the article is due to the fact that at the present stage, the Republic of Kazakhstan often refers to the beginning of the 20th century, when the intelligentsia fought for independence, for the modernization of the consciousness of the traditional society, so the study of this experience will allow us to respond to many challenges of our time. If you look closely at the history of the twentieth century, then the Kazakh intelligentsia gave rise to many outstanding bright personalities, and one of them is Khairetdin Bolganbaev. The purpose of the article is to identify the participation and contribution of Kh. Bolganbaev in the reorganization and development of the Kazakh society at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, Susanne. "In Search of a Master Narrative for 20th-Century Chinese History." China Quarterly 188 (December 2006): 1070–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000555.
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Since the Yan'an Rectification Campaign the Communist Party of China has dominated the interpretation of modern Chinese history. With its 1981 resolution it renewed its claim, but a close look at official and unofficial publications on 20th-century Chinese history reveals its loss of control. There is no longer a CCP-designed master narrative of modern Chinese history. This article uses the case of the Cultural Revolution to show how much post-1949 history is contested in mainland China today. It argues that the CCP is unable to impose its interpretation of the “ten years of chaos” on society. Instead many divergent and highly fragmentized views circulate in society, and there is no overwhelmingly acceptable view on this period of post-1949 history. While this is a positive sign of diversification, it leaves unsatisfied both inside and outside observers who hope that the Chinese people might eventually come to terms with their own troublesome history.
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Kušeliauskaitė, Irma, and Aistis Žalnora. "The museum of the History of Medicine of Vilnius University." Papers on Anthropology 30, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2021.30.1.04.
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The museum of medicine of Vilnius university is one of the unique museums devoted to the issues of medicine in Lithuania. It was created out of the clinical practice by Vilnius university physicians. Early museum served as a curiosity cabinet as well as a teaching museum. After the closure of Vilnius university in the mid of 19th century the museum was destroyed by Tsar’s government. In the early 20th century museum was reestablished by the Polish government. The modern collections were added with craniological and osteological specimens as well as pathology exhibition. The contemporary museum was created in the last decade of 20th century. In the last period museum servers both academic and public interest. Museum includes interwar, soviet exhibits and collection of medical books.
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Kazak, Rinata, and Svitlana Hotsuliak. "Features of Sanitary Legislation in Ukraine in the Mid-20th Century: Historical Overview." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p257.
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The paper deals with the determination of main features of sanitary legislation in Ukraine. The designated chronology of research is the latter half of the 20th century as an era of changes in this legal sphere as an answer to the technical and social changes of that time. There were outlined such features as: dynamic, interdisciplinary and preventive character of sanitary legislation with elements of international awareness. It was outlined the extended usage of statistic data and periodicals as specific sources of this sphere. The impact of scientific progress in 60-70th was indicated as one of the affecting features of that time changes in sanitary legislation. It was carried out an extensive analysis of the legislation of Ukraine of the abovementioned period.
Keywords: Sanitary law, legal history, legislation, Ukraine