Journal articles on the topic 'History europe england general'
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1
Tvedt, Terje. "Why England and not China and India? Water systems and the history of the Industrial Revolution." Journal of Global History 5, no. 1 (February 25, 2010): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022809990325.
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AbstractGlobal history has centred for a long time on the comparative economic successes and failures of different parts of the world, most often European versus Asian regions. There is general agreement that the balance changed definitively in the latter part of the eighteenth century, when in continental Europe and England a transformation began that revolutionized the power relations of the world and brought an end to the dominance of agrarian civilization. However, there is still widespread debate over why Europe and England industrialized first, rather than Asia. This article will propose an explanation that will shed new light on Europe’s and England’s triumph, by showing that the ‘water system’ factor is a crucial piece missing in existing historical accounts of the Industrial Revolution. It is argued that this great transformation was not only about modernizing elites, investment capital, technological innovation, and unequal trade relations, but that a balanced, inclusive explanation also needs to consider similarities and differences in how countries and regions related to their particular water systems, and in how they could exploit them for transport and the production of power for machines.
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McWebb, Christine. "University of Alberta." Florilegium 20, no. 1 (January 2003): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.20.015.
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Apart from numerous survey courses such as the Histories of Medicine, of Technology, of Art, and the Literature of the European Tradition—all of which span several centuries including the Middle Ages, and are offered by various departments of the Faculty of Arts, there is a fairly strong contingent of special topics courses in medieval studies at the University of Alberta. For example, Martin Tweedale of the Department of Philosophy offers an undergraduate course on early medieval philosophy. There are currently three medievalists in the Department of History and Classics. Andrew Gow regularly teaches courses on late medieval and early modern Europe. John Kitchen is a specialist in medieval religion, medieval intellectual history, the history of Christian holy women and medieval Latin literature. Kitchen currently teaches an undergraduate course on early medieval Europe. Thirdly, J.L. Langdon, a specialist in British Medieval history, teaches a course on the formation of England in which he covers the political, social, economic and religious developments of England from the fifth to the twelfth century.
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Guoyi, Qin. "COLLECTING CHINA ART OBJECTS IN ENGLAND IN THE 19TH CENTURY." Articult, no. 3 (2022): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2227-6165-2022-3-18-24.
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In the article, in the form of a brief overview, the Chinese influence on European art, in particular on English art, in the 19th century is described. The history of the emergence of Chinese art in Britain is summarized, the main stages of collecting and their prominent representatives are described. The article describes such areas of art as porcelain, engravings, painting, architecture, shows a description of their influence on European art, gives the reasons for the appearance of Chinese art in Europe. This article corrects the current picture of the development of collecting, based mainly on English-language material. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the relationship of the studied cultures, the influence of Chinese culture on English is considered in the prism of social and political factors. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the influence of Chinese art on the art of Europe depended on their position in the respective hierarchies: the higher the status of art in China, the less influence it had in Europe; and the higher the status of art in Europe, the less susceptible it was to Chinese influence.
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Mayhew, Nick, and Katherine Ball. "Debasement and demography in England and France in the Later Middle Ages." Continuity and Change 37, no. 2 (August 2022): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416022000194.
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AbstractEngland recovered slowly after the Black Death, but countries which debased more saw rising prices and earlier population growth and economic recovery. We examine debasement in England, France, Flanders, and Scotland, emphasising the importance of nominal prices and governments’ role in determining and enforcing monetary policy. Money, as well as demography, strongly influenced the behaviour of prices in later medieval Europe, and price changes had profound economic effects. Population levels depend on mortality and fertility. It is not clear that mortality in England was more severe than elsewhere, but the English economic recession could have affected fertility and nuptiality.
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BRIGGS, CHRIS. "Introduction: law courts, contracts and rural society in Europe, 1200–1600." Continuity and Change 29, no. 1 (May 2014): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841601400006x.
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AbstractPrivate contracts of many different kinds were at the heart of the rural economy in medieval and early modern Europe. This article considers some of the key issues involved in the study of those contracts, and of the institutions that facilitated their registration and enforcement. Drawing on examples from medieval England as well as the articles in this special issue of the journal, it is argued that complex and effective ‘public-order’ structures for contract registration and enforcement – principally various kinds of law court – were ubiquitous in European villages and small towns in this era.
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D'Aronco, Maria Amalia. "The botanical lexicon of the Old EnglishHerbarium." Anglo-Saxon England 17 (December 1988): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100003999.
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Recent research has established beyond question that, in the study of medicine at least, Anglo-Saxon England was far from being ‘a backwater in which superstition flourished until the mainstream of more rational and advanced Salernitan practices flowed into the country in late medieval times’. On the contrary, Anglo-Saxon medicine was at least at the same level as that of contemporary European schools. In ninth-century England the medical works inherited by ‘post-classical Latin medical literature (which included translations and epitomes of Greek and Byzantine medical authorities)’ were not only well known, but served as the basis for original reworking and compilation, as the example of theLæcebocshows. More important, it was in pre-Conquest England that, for the first time in Europe, medical treatises were either compiled in or translated into a vernacular language rather than being composed in Latin or Greek. Ancient medicine made substantial use of drugs obtained from plants; and therefore, since the sources of Anglo-Saxon medical lore were in Latin (or in Greek: but invariably known through the medium of Latin), it is not surprising that most medicinal herbs used in the preparation of Old English prescriptions were not indigenous to England or even to continental Germany. And since such medicinal herbs were not indigenous to northern Europe, it is evident that, in using them, speakers of vernacular languages were obliged to create a vocabulary appropriate to denote them.
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Suleymanov, Nizami. "Trade and economic relations of the Azerbaijani state of the Safavids with the states of Western Europe in the second half of the 16th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 11-2 (November 1, 2022): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202211statyi44.
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The article examines the trade and economic relations of the Azerbaijani state of the Safavids with some states of Western Europe - Portugal, Venice and England in the second half of the 16th century. The author of the article paid special attention to the economic interests of these Western European states, which have established trade relations with the Safavid state for the sake of establishing direct trade relations with the countries of the East.
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BOWAN, KATE. "Reconstructing a ‘Special Relationship’ from Scattered Archives: America, Britain, Europe and the ISCM, 1922–45." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 147, no. 2 (November 2022): 616–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rma.2022.29.
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In an account of the early history of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) for a 1946 BBC broadcast, president of the ISCM Edward Dent recounted the ‘two main reasons’ why London was proposed as the society’s initial headquarters at that first meeting in 1922 in Salzburg. Firstly, he maintained, ‘it stood apart from all the quarrels and jealousies of the Continent’, and secondly, and most importantly for the purposes of this article, he outlined a triangulated relationship: ‘[London] was regarded as a link between Europe and America.’ ‘American music’, he continued, ‘really needed that link in those days; and the general feeling of the European musicians was that they would provide the music and England the money to pay for it.’ But then (again using ‘the Continent’ and ‘Europe’ interchangeably) he signalled a profound shift: ‘Today the situation has changed. It is Europe now which needs the link with America, for America has become a great music-producing country, while it will take the Continent some little time to recover its creative energy.’262 Tantalizing though Dent’s references to ‘links’ may be, obtaining clarity on what these transatlantic connections were and how they operated has proved elusive. The telling of an international and transnational history by way of searches of nationally bounded archival collections has raised certain methodological challenges.263 Rising to meet them, however, has uncovered some interesting threads which in turn offer an alternative dimension to a story that is often told from a Eurocentric perspective; one, as already noted by the editors of this round table, which places the Austro-Germanic modernist tradition at its centre.264 Moreover, Dent’s framework of a transatlantic musical internationalism that triangulated England, Europe and America as three distinct entities with a set of different and fluid musical relationships and roles has obvious resonances today as Britain, the USA and Europe are once again struggling to rearticulate their positions in respect of each other in a rapidly shifting world order.
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Young, B. W. "The Anglican Origins of Newman's Celibacy." Church History 65, no. 1 (March 1996): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170494.
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In his historical defense of the doctrines of the Church of England, published in 1826, Robert Southey assumed that “the question concerning the celibacy of the clergy had been set at rest throughout Protestant Europe.” The conclusion that Anglicanism necessarily entailed the rejection of celibacy was, in early-nineteenth-century England, decidedly premature, and the ambiguity over celibacy in the Church of England is starkly and exceptionally exposed in the life and work of John Henry Newman. Recent assessments of Newman's peculiar standing in Victorian society have often emphasized the sexual—or rather, the seemingly sexless—dimension of his image, as if to concur with Sydney Smith's celebrated witticism: “Don't you know, as the French say, there are three sexes—men, women, and clergymen?” The nature of specifically clerical celibacy, however, and its influence on the young Newman, have tended to be overlooked in favor of a general psychosexual understanding of his own unwillingness to marry. As an antidote to such readings, this essay will explore the distinctively Anglican and firmly intellectual tradition behind Newman's decision, and will thereby argue that his celibacy was not as “perverse”—a word which, in Victorian England, connoted conversion to Catholicism as well as sexual peculiarity—as it has sometimes been made to seem.
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Bohomolets-Barash, Oleksandr. "PECULIARITIES OF VERBALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT EUROPE IN HRYHORII SKOVORODA’S LANGUAGE MODEL OF THE WORLD." Studia Linguistica, no. 18 (2021): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2021.18.39-54.
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The article considers the verbal ways of realization of the concept of EUROPE in Hryhorii Skovoroda’s language model of the world. Various lexical samples of the examined concept were discovered in the works of the outstanding Ukrainian philosopher: e.g. Europe, European, European; numerous names of European countries, cities, their inhabitants; names to denote other geographical phenomena of Europe. Most of these lexical units are found in the author’s philosophical dialogues. During the discussion, their participants show the awareness of realities of Europe at that time, peculiarities of its state system, local customs; history, geography, natural sciences. These fragments of knowledge constitute Hryhorii Skovoroda’s conceptual view of the world and more broadly – educated Ukrainians of the XVIII century. Such marked words instantiate the structural components of the concept of EUROPE: its notional, imaginary, valuative, symbolic, national-cultural and ideal components. Often these lexical units form integral part of comparisons – such as the large group of nouns in the locative case: e.g. in Europe, in England, in Hungary, in Norway, in France, in Rome, in Venice, in Paris, in Florence. Using mentioned words, on the one hand, Ukrainians demonstrate their knowledge about Europe, and on the other hand, compare life “here” and “there” (the paradigm is still relevant nowadays).
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Brent, Jonathan. "Constance and the Holy Land in the Cronicles of Nicholas Trevet." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 45, no. 1 (2023): 171–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sac.2023.a913915.
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Abstract: Nicholas Trevet's version of the Constance story, most often read in excerpt against its poetic adaptations ( The Man of Law's Tale and Gower's "Tale of Constance"), falls at the middle of Trevet's Anglo-Norman Cronicles (c. 1334), a history of the world from Creation to the 1320s. This article suggests that Trevet's Constance story gains political and historical meaning as a part of this longer world history. The Cronicles uses the "Old Testament" as a frame for the Anglo-British past, positing a certain affinity between Israel and England. That the biblical Maccabees—who had been cast in Latin Europe as prototypical crusaders—play a major role in this project points to Trevet's interest in holy war. The Maccabees help to demonstrate that righteous actors oppose idolatry; the Constance story represents an epochal moment in which "idolatry" is reformulated as Islam. The Constance story further suggests the nation's special place in the history of crusade, yoking Christian England to Islam at their respective points of origin. Later episodes, such as that of the Third Crusade, pick up where the Constance story leaves off, with Plantagenet kings continuing the work of their Maccabean forebears. Like the Maccabees, however, England's righteous kings are threatened by the treachery of their co-religionists. That Trevet highlights such fissures within "Christendom" points to the rhetorical environment of 1330s geopolitics, a time when religious authority facilitated English nation-building and the prospect of an Anglo-French crusade was intractably connected to more local projects of regnal expansion.
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Davidson, Jonathan RT. "The Wesselhoefts: A medical dynasty from the age of Goethe to the era of nuclear medicine." Journal of Medical Biography 25, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772015619304.
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For six generations, members of the Wesselhoeft family have practiced medicine in Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, Canada and/or the USA. In the early decades of the 19th century, two Wesselhoeft brothers left Europe to eventually settle in New England, where they and their progeny gave rise to a regional medical dynasty. The Wesselhoeft doctors became well-known practitioners of homeopathy, hydropathy, conventional medicine and surgery, in academic and general clinical settings. An additional connection was established to the literary worlds of Germany and the USA, either through friendships or as personal physicians.
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Savchuk, H. N. "MILITARY MEDICINE IN THE MEDIEVAL EASTERN EUROPE." Likarska sprava, no. 3-4 (June 30, 2020): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31640/jvd.3-4.2020(10).
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The article considers some evidences about military medicine in the Eastern Europe, especially on the modern Ukrainian territory, in 11th–13th centuries. Analogies from the West-European history are represented. The information from contemporary chronicles illuminates medieval medical thoughts in the practice of Rus’ physicians. Some facts are leaded out the logical way. Connections between contemporary conditions and the next development of medicine in late-medieval Ukraine are followed. Research Methodology. As the main method, a logical analysis is used that allows supplementing missing information by comparison with analogous situations in other regions, investigating the text in order to find additional data, in some cases, to suggest the most likely option. A chronological method for supplying the material was also used. Results. It is concluded that military medicine in Kievan Rus’ of the 11th–13th centuries was not inferior to Western European analogues. Some differences are associated with the earlier and strong influence of Byzantine and local traditions. Military medicine at that time was not so clearly separated from the civilian. Some lagging behind Western Europe is noticeable in the theoretical part - in Russia medical schools have not been formed, unlike the universities of Italy, France, England and Spain. Some monks and priests collected Byzantine medical treatises, sometimes supplementing them with descriptions of local traditions, but no more. Secular doctors had good practice, as evidenced by the description of the anamnesis of illnesses and wounds in the annals, but their knowledge was passed only to their own children. This is one of the reasons that in the subsequent there was a backlog from Western Europe. Novelty. Separate articles of the Old Russian chronicles are presented as a source of not only political and cultural, but also medical information. For the first time, a fairly profound knowledge of the ancient Russian chroniclers in this field has been demonstrated. A similar theme is quite common in foreign historiography, but still remains little studied in the domestic. The practical significance. The material of the article can be used to prepare general works from the history of medicine or for further scientific work in this direction.
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Pearson, M. N. "The Thin End of the Wedge Medical Relativities as a Paradigm of Early Modern Indian–European Relations." Modern Asian Studies 29, no. 1 (February 1995): 141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00012658.
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The Rise of the West, the creation of the Third World, the beginnings of disparity between Asia and Europe, or whatever other phrase is used, is obviously the great event of world history; hence the attempts to explain and date it, going back to the time when the Rise was actually beginning in the later eighteenth century. The literature is vast, complex and mostly of high quality. Some of it is concerned with causation—how did ‘the West’ get ahead, why did ‘Asia’ fall back or perhaps just stay the same? Others are interested in trying to date the beginnings of inequality—when can we see the beginnings of dominance, where did this occur and in which sectors of human life was this first to be seen? The first matter is, of course, the more important for an historian. It has been argued that, in the most general way, the fundamental cause of the beginnings of inequality is the series of changes in western Europe, and at first in England, known collectively as the Industrial Revolution. I will use this term as a shorthand for these collective changes, which Marshall Hodgson called the ‘Great Western Transmutation.’ Put most crudely, western Europe advanced and changed in a paradigmatic way, while Asia did not. At the most, Asia kept doing what it had been doing for centuries; Europe changed basically.
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Ferrari, Giada, Judith Neukamm, Helle T. Baalsrud, Abagail M. Breidenstein, Mark Ravinet, Carina Phillips, Frank Rühli, Abigail Bouwman, and Verena J. Schuenemann. "Variola virus genome sequenced from an eighteenth-century museum specimen supports the recent origin of smallpox." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1812 (October 5, 2020): 20190572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0572.
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Smallpox, caused by the variola virus (VARV), was a highly virulent disease with high mortality rates causing a major threat for global human health until its successful eradication in 1980. Despite previously published historic and modern VARV genomes, its past dissemination and diversity remain debated. To understand the evolutionary history of VARV with respect to historic and modern VARV genetic variation in Europe, we sequenced a VARV genome from a well-described eighteenth-century case from England (specimen P328). In our phylogenetic analysis, the new genome falls between the modern strains and another historic strain from Lithuania, supporting previous claims of larger diversity in early modern Europe compared to the twentieth century. Our analyses also resolve a previous controversy regarding the common ancestor between modern and historic strains by confirming a later date around the seventeenth century. Overall, our results point to the benefit of historic genomes for better resolution of past VARV diversity and highlight the value of such historic genomes from around the world to further understand the evolutionary history of smallpox as well as related diseases. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules’.
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Selihar, Karla. "Contributions to the history of Serbian reading rooms: Reading rooms in the villages and small towns of Vojvodina." Kultura, no. 176 (2022): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/kultura2276181s.
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Under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment, just in time after the French Revolution, educated bourgeois class that formed in many countries felt the immense need for books and reading. Due to the social changes that had affected Europe, the attitude towards books and libraries was also changing. In Europe, social processes took place that enabled the development of education, literacy, and thus the creation of a new readership, as well as new ways of reading, which led to the establishment and formation of various clubs and societies whose main purpose was to enable the access to the newspapers and magazines. The first such societies appeared in France, England and Germany during the 17th and 18th century, and other European countries followed this trend. Serbs in Vojvodina opened their first reading room in Irig in 1842. Until the revolution of 1848/49, Serbian reading rooms were established in Sombor, Kikinda and Novi Sad. The reading movement experienced its expansion in the second half of the 19th century, when the majority of reading rooms in Vojvodina towns and villages were founded. The paper includes a brief overview of the origin and development of Serbian reading rooms in the villages and smaller towns of Vojvodina, with a reference to their role in educational and cultural development, as well as development of the national identity.
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Powell, Timothy E. "The ‘Three Orders’ of society in Anglo-Saxon England." Anglo-Saxon England 23 (December 1994): 103–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004506.
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The first recorded use of the idea of the ‘Three Orders’ of society in an English context, and indeed it has been said, the first use of the idea in medieval Europe, is in King Alfred's ‘translation’ of Boethius'sDe consolatione Philosophiae. It contains a digression on the responsibilities of kingship in which Alfred, speaking as ‘Mind’ in a dialogue with ‘Wisdom’ reflects.I wished for tools and resources for the task that I was commanded to accomplish, which was that I should virtuously and worthily guide and direct the authority which was entrusted to me. You know of course that no-one can make known any skill, nor direct and guide any enterprise, without tools and resources; a man cannot work on any enterprise without resources. In the case of the king, the resources and tools with which to rule are that he have his land fully manned; he must have praying men, fighting men and working men. You know also that without these tools no king may make his ability known. Another aspect of his resources is that he must have the means of support for his tools, the three classes of men.
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Filho, Marcílio Toscano Franca. "Westphalia: a Paradigm? A Dialogue between Law, Art and Philosophy of Science." German Law Journal 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 955–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200006118.
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On 23rd June 2007, after three years of uncertainty, European Union leaders agreed on relaunching the old idea of a Magna Charta for Europe (now called “the Reform Treaty”), a normative structure based on the old ideas of deference to national identities, sovereignty and equality. To many authors, the first time that juridical equality between states was solemnly stated was in the aftermath of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), in the Westphalia Peace Treaties, representing the beginning of modern international society established in a system of states, and at the same time, “the plain affirmation of the statement of absolute independence of the different state orders.” In fact, under an Eurocentric conception of political ideas (which envisages England as an isolated island and Iberia as Maghreb, north of Africa), the modern state emerges with the Westphalia Peace Treaties. However, under a broader conception, the modern nation-state (under the form of absolute monarchy) emerged long before the Westphalia Peace Treaties, in Iberia and England. Nevertheless, it is in these documents which lies the “birth certificate” of the modern sovereignty nation-state, base of the present democratic state, and “founding moment” of the international political system. Far beyond this merely formal aspect, the importance of the Westphalia Peace Treaties is so great to the understanding of the notion of state that Roland Mousnier, in describing the 16th and 17th centuries in the General History of the Civilizations, organized by Maurice Crouzet, asserts that those treaties symbolized a real “constitution of the new Europe,” a multifarious Europe, plural and very distant from the religious unit of Christianity, from the political unit of the Holy Roman Empire, and from the economical unit of the feudal system. Constitutions are especially important because they establish the rules for the political authority, they determine who governs and how they govern: “[I]n codifying and legitimating the principle of sovereign statehood, the Westphalian constitution gave birth to the modern states-system.”
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Hanawalt, Barbara A., and Ben R. McRee. "The guilds of homo prudens in late medieval England." Continuity and Change 7, no. 2 (August 1992): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000001557.
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Les corporations de jeunes et les corporations carnavalesques, c'est a dire de l'homo ludens, ainsi que les corporations des métiers ou de marchands ont bénéficié d'une recherche historique abondante, alors que les corporations tant socio-religieuses que celles des paroisses n'ont retenu l'attention que depuis peu de temps. Ces derniéres sont pourtant devenues de plus en plus importantes en Europe au bas Moyen Age. Alors que ces associations bénévoles jouaient une quantité de r^les pour leurs membres ou leurs communautés cet article recherche le rôle qu'elles jouent dans le changement politique et religieux lors d'une période de crise. La période qui suit la peste noire voit des changements radicaux de la structure sociale aussi bien dans les zones rurales que dans les villes. Les corporations sont manifestement des institutions qui doivent jouer un rôle lors d'une révolution (la révolte des paysans en 1381) ou en période d'hérésie (les Lollards); elles peuvent également être des forces de stabilité et de médiation dans leurs communautés. En évaluant leur rôle politique et religieux, cet article étudie l'hypothése de Gabriel Le Bras qui déclare que les associations apportent la bonne entente dans les communautés lorsqu'elles sont accessibles à tous les résidents, elles appliquent leurs statuts et elles autorisent la participation du curé de la paroisse. Si, d'autre part, les corporations créent une oligarchie, elles peuvent contrôler la communauté à leurs propres fins. Nous avons recherché la composition de la liste des membres et les activités des corporations en matiére de religion et de politique. Notre conclusion est la suivante: les guildes rurales ont tendance à rester ouvertes quant aux membres et à être apolitiques et religieusement conservatrices. Dans les villes marchandes toutes les corporations sont religieusement conservatrices, mais dans certaines de ces villes une ou même plusieurs corporations sont formées et elles dominent l'administration de la ville. Ces corporations au nombre limité de membres ne sont pas nécessairement à l'origine des dissidences dans la communauté, comme prédit dans l'hypothése de Le Bras. A cause de la forte accentuation des régles de comportement entre membres, les villes hantées par la discorde s'addressent à la guilde d'élite pour régler les bagarres entre membres à l'intérieur même des structures de la corporation plutôt que dans le contexte de la politique de la ville.
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Paviot, Jacques. "England and the Mongols (c. 1260–1330)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 10, no. 3 (November 2000): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618630001292x.
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As regards the Mongols, our knowledge of their history, of their customs, of their way of life, our relations with them, England presents an interesting case. We do not know the extent of the material lost on the Continent, but, in this (for the Mongols) remote corner of Europe, (in places safe from their devastation) documentation is to be found. A monk of Saint Albans, the chronicler Matthew Paris who died in 1259, is an important source. He was the only person to preserve Ivo of Narbonne's confession (which reveals that an Englishman was one of the first envoys of the Mongols to King Bela of Hungary), the report of Bishop Peter of Russia given at the council of Lyons in 1245 and information about André of Longjumeau's mission after the council. Incidently, twice at the end of hisChronica Majora, in an entry for the year 1257, Matthew Paris refers to a manuscript concerning ‘Tartarorum immunditias, vitam (spurcissimam) et mores (…) necnon et Assessinorum furorem et superstitionem’. It is the same work which is mentioned by John of Oxnead, in his Chronka under the year 1258, as a written command (mandatum scriptum) sent to Simon de Montfort, containing letters the length of a Psalter, and entitledDe vita et moribus Tartarorum(…)et de eorum fortitudine etguerra, et de adquisitionibuswhich was to be found in the book of Additions. Unfortunately this work has not survived. (Nevertheless it is tempting to see here a mention of William of Rubruck's report of his journey, which has the form of a letter and which was written in 1257, but which has little information about the Assassins. Later another Englishman, the Franciscan friar Roger Bacon († 1294) met William of Rubruck and became interested in the Mongols.)
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Unger, Richard W. "Beer and Taxes." TSEG - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 19, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52024/tseg.11492.
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Beer taxes were long a significant source of government revenue in northern Europe. In Holland the income from beer taxes went into long-term decline from 1650 onward. In England the take remained more stable. In both, beer produced a falling share of total revenue as expenses increased in an era of frequent and increasingly costly wars. The fiscal policies pursued in reaction to beer contributing a declining share of total government income led, by 1800, to policies that made the tax burden more broadly shared in the Netherlands than it was in Great Britain. The failure of beer to support the states, as the drink had previously, was less important to fiscal health than more general developments in population and in the economies of the two.
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Milne, Maurice. "Archibald Alison: Conservative Controversialist." Albion 27, no. 3 (1995): 419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051736.
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Archibald Alison is perhaps more widely remembered from a brief-and disguised—reference in Coningsby than from any direct usage of his own voluminous writings: “Finally, Mr. Rigby impressed on Coningsby to read the Quarterly Review with great attention; and to make himself master of Mr. Wordy's History of the late War, in twenty volumes, a capital work, which proves that Providence was on the side of the Tories.” The dubbing of Alison as “Mr. Wordy” was one of Disraeli's most unerring shafts. Alison's History of Europe, covering the period 1789-1815, would have earned him that sobriquet on its own, to say nothing of the other books, pamphlets, and articles that flowed from his inexhaustible pen. The various editions of his History, most commonly in sets of twelve volumes, made Alison a quite celebrated historian in his own day. Long neglected in the twentieth century, the History has recently received some critical attention. Without seeking unduly to resurrect a departed reputation, Hedva Ben-Israel does at least acknowledge the History's earlier success: “It was by far the best-selling history of the French Revolution in England and America almost to the end of the century, and was translated into most European and several oriental languages.” Some fruitful comparisons between Alison's work and the more enduring classic by Thomas Carlyle have been drawn by Clare Simmons.
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Beslac, Milan. "The scope of foreign direct investment in South Eastern Europe and the economy of SCG." Ekonomski anali 51, no. 168 (2006): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0668095b.
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Foreign direct investments have had a long tradition in the modern Serbian history. The influence of the foreign capital on the Serbian economy was particularly expressed in the period between the two World Wars, when France England, Belgium, Germany and even Russia invested into Serbia. After World War II, until the end of the sixth decade, foreign direct investments were not stipulated in the legal regulations. In the last decade of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the twenty-first, the inflow of foreign direct investments has been provided for through the economy transformation and privatization process. In the last three years, privatization has been oriented only to sale and inflow of foreign capital, while the reverse process, i.e. investment into foreign countries (outflow), has been totally neglected. Therefore, orientation only to the FDI inflow constitutes both an opportunity and an obstacle to intensive economic development. Along with that, the following laws have not been passed yet: Law on Denationalization Law on Investment Funds and Law on Takeover of Joint-Stock Companies. Such laws will ensure completion of the privatization process and create an ambience for intensive economic development.
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Wong, Jane Yeang Chui. "Ideologies of Diplomacy." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10829636-8626064.
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The publication in 2008 of John Watkins’s special issue for the Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, “Toward a New Diplomatic History of Medieval and Early Modern Europe,” opened up the formal aspects of the ambassador’s office and official channels of diplomatic negotiation to a complex sociocultural landscape underlying the processes of diplomacy-in-the-making. The field of New Diplomatic History has since burgeoned. This current special issue hews closely to the cross-disciplinary nature of newer diplomatic history, and it responds to critical challenges that have recently emerged in scholarship, particularly the need to balance both breadth and depth of historical and cultural analysis. This volume considers how English institutional and sociocultural networks informed diplomatic practice in Elizabethan and Jacobean England, and how diplomatic thought, representation, and the forging of international relations were interpreted within various English communities. The collection takes special interest in how “ideologies of diplomacy” were formed, negotiated, and articulated within and beyond formal diplomatic spheres. Drawing on various elements of international relations theory, the essays address the ambiguous and contradictory elements of diplomatic reciprocity, explicating the tensions between diplomatic ambition and local governance.
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Francmanis, John. "The ‘Folk-Song’ Competition: An Aspect of the Search for an English National Music." Rural History 11, no. 2 (October 2000): 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300002090.
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On 10th April 1902 a sometime landscape artist and self-educated musical antiquarian took his seat in the Drill Hall at Kendal in Westmorland. Frank Kidson, an acknowledged authority on the subject, had been invited there to judge the first ever Folk-Song Competition. In introducing his guest the general adjudicator ‘could only say Mr Kidson was a walking encyclopoedia on these things’.The perceived need for a characteristically English art music bestowed considerable significance on folk-song, for both theory and practice in continental Europe suggested that such material comprised the essential ingredient of any such national music. To contextualise the importance of Kidson's task this article begins by briefly examining the condition of music in England in the late nineteenth century before considering the requirements to be made of this as yet largely untapped national resource.
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Miller, Benjamin T., and Don K. Nakayama. "In Close Combat: Vice-Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson's Injuries in the Napoleonic Wars." American Surgeon 85, no. 11 (November 2019): 1304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481908501141.
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Born in Norfolk, England, on September 29, 1758, Horatio Nelson was the sixth of eleven children in a working-class family. With the help of his uncle, Maurice Suckling, a captain in the Royal Navy, Nelson began his naval career as a 13-year-old midshipman on the British battleship Raisonnable. His courage and leadership in the battle marked him for promotion, and he rose quickly from midshipman to admiral, serving in the West Indies, East Indies, North America, Europe, and even the Arctic. As his rank ascended, Nelson's consistent strategy was close engagement, an approach that led to success in combat but placed him in direct danger. Thus, Britain's greatest warrior was also her most famous patient: Nelson suffered more injuries and underwent more operations than any other flag officer in Royal Navy history. His career reached a climax off Cape Trafalgar, where he not only led the Royal Navy to victory over the combined French and Spanish fleets but also met his own death.
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Jelsbak, Torben. "Skandinaviske studier og geopolitik: IASS og den kolde krig." Scandinavistica Vilnensis 17, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/scandinavisticavilnensis.2023.2.
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The foundation stone for the creation of IASS was laid at the First International Conference on Scandinavian Studies which took place at the University of Cambridge, England, in July 1956. Few months later, the world woke up to the news of the Soviet invasion in Budapest on November 4th, a defining moment in the history of the Cold War, which sent political shock waves and a flow of nearly a quarter-million Hungarian refugees to Western Europe. But how did this tense political situation affect the emerging field of international Scandinavian studies? Drawing on the vast literature of published proceedings from IASS conferences and personal interviews with members of the organization, this article examines how the Cold War geopolitical conflict between the communist East and the capitalist West left its imprint on the activities of IASS in the period from 1956 until the Fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989/1991.
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Cinelli, Noemi. "“RESTRAINED BRIGHTNESS AND ARCHAIC PURITY”. FASCINATION FROM THE ANTIQUITY IN THE AGE OF ENLIGHTMENT." ERAS | European Review of Artistic Studies 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37334/eras.v4i3.136.
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The find in 1777 of the frescoes adorning Villa Peretti Montalto-Negroni in Rome was a unique opportunity to foster the renewed interest in ancient painting that Enlightenment Europe was feeding.Protagonists of the excavations in the surroundings of present Termini railway station were the Aragones diplomat Jose Nicolas de Azara (promoter) and his Bohemian intimate friend Anton Raphael Mengs (drawer), the artist who went down in history as the painter philosopher. The frescoes that Mengs could admire and copy, along with his writings on art theory, influenced the European taste, especially in the parietal decoration of private houses in England, as well as in distant Russia where Czarina Catherine II decided to entirely decorate the Silver Cabinet in the style of the recently found frescoes. This paper presents four unreleased and illuminated engravings, which are stored in the locals of the Archaeological Museum of Seville, but until now had escaped all inventories.
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Jurasinski, Stefan. "Making or Declaring Law? Legislative Intent and Privileged Speech in Anglo-Saxon England." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 545–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10829636-10689659.
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Celebrated by a generation of literature scholars, lamented by E. D. Hirsch, the disappearance of the author and authorial intentions as means of interpretation has a history with branches in the study of pre-Conquest England. Long before the twentieth century, Anglo-Saxon legislators were disappearing from their laws, as discussion of their intentions in establishing them was viewed by historians with increasing disfavor. Even today, commentary on early English royal legislation seldom acknowledges that these texts enjoyed (or were intended to enjoy) the force of law in any meaningful sense. Only in the past decade have cracks emerged in the consensus that such legislation was meant for anything beyond symbolic purposes, a view backed by a much older consensus that pre-Conquest law could do no more than “declare” what had always been custom, thus revealing little about the purposes of kings and their counselors. This essay traces commentators’ reticence about acknowledging the legislative purposes behind early English legislation to disputes over codification that agitated German-speaking parts of Europe in the early nineteenth century. Yet the earliest editors and commentators prized these materials specifically because they exhibited the lawmaking powers of kings and their councils. The article examines neglected evidence afforded by early English legislation itself, finding that this earlier tradition was by no means exhausted when abandoned.
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Humphries, Jane. "Modern Europe - A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538–1840. By Ann Kussmaul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. xiv, 216. $39.50." Journal of Economic History 51, no. 2 (June 1991): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070003919x.
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Ray, Moitreya. "HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AEROPLANES IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT IN PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, no. 8 (August 30, 2022): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i8.2022.4727.
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Winning the blue sky became possible with the invention of the motor operated aero plane by Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright—the Wright Brothers in 1903. Shortly after their invention, aeronautic companies established in America and Europe started manufacturing aero planes. The year 1911 marked the beginning of the Civil Aviation in India when the Humber-Sommer biplane manufactured in England by Humber took 10-kilometre (approx.) flight in 15 minutes carrying about 6,500 mails. Since then, a continuous technological advancement in aero plane manufacturing had been noticed that not only contributed significantly to the military aviation during the two World Wars but also flourished the Civil Aviation sector for fastest communication worldwide. Prior to the Independence of India, a good number of aero plane models manufactured by different companies occupied the Aviation Sector. It is a matter of proud that India was among the privileged countries where aviation started within a decade of its invention. More than a century old Indian Civil Aviation at present is one of the fastest developing aviation markets in the world according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA). In this present paper an attempt has been taken to document the various aero planes flew in the sky of the Indian Subcontinent to understand the history of the Indian Civil Aviation in the pre-Independence period in the light of its demand and popularity that led India in achieving scientific temperament and technological advancement.
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Kopperman, Paul E., and Jeanne Abrams. "Cotton Mather's medicine, with particular reference to measles." Journal of Medical Biography 27, no. 1 (September 15, 2016): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772016662166.
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While the vocation of Cotton Mather (1663–1728) was his ministry in Boston, he made important contributions to medicine, most famously in helping to introduce variolation to New England in 1721–22 and in writing The Angel of Bethesda (1724), the first medical treatise produced in Colonial North America. This article, however, focuses on an earlier initiative, Mather’s efforts to quell the epidemic of measles that struck Boston in 1713, killing among many others his wife and three children. Historians have devoted little attention to this episode or to measles in general, even though the disease was highly mortal during the colonial period. To help victims, Mather published a ‘letter’ on treating measles. Such a specific discussion of treatment would have been rare in Europe and it was unprecedented in America. The therapy that Mather proposed not only reflected popular medicine but also incorporated newer practices, notably those associated with Thomas Sydenham. In contrast to heroic therapies for measles, which were often dangerous but became more popular across the eighteenth century, Mather’s recommendations were moderate.
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Sawyer, Roy T. "History of the Leech Trade in Ireland, 1750–1915: Microcosm of a Global Commodity." Medical History 57, no. 3 (May 30, 2013): 420–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2013.21.
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AbstractIn the nineteenth century the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis evolved into a lucrative commodity in great demand throughout the western world. In less than a century its trade became big business by any measure, involving tens of millions of animals shipped to every inhabited continent. In this context Ireland is particularly instructive in that it was the first country in Europe to exhaust its supply of native leeches. Concomitantly, it was also the first country to import leeches from abroad, as early as 1750. Being an island with manageable border controls, and a clearly definable medical market, Ireland serves superbly as a microcosm of the leech as a worldwide commodity. Being a relative small country it is possible for the first time to gain a balanced perspective of various economic factors underlying this trade, including supply and demand, exploitation of natural resources, and an evolving network of competitive traders.This paper addresses these and other aspects of the leech trade in Ireland. The principal, and unexpected, finding of this paper is that leeches were unequivocally very expensive in Ireland and became a significant drain on hospital budgets. As such, they found little use amongst the Irish poor. An estimate of several million leeches were imported into Ireland in the nineteenth century, a practice which continued into the twentieth. They were imported initially from Wales and then from France following the defeat of Napoleon, but the bulk came ultimately from Hamburg, via importers in England.
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Daragan, Tetiana, and Oksana Vlasyuk. "THE ROLE OF EUROPEAN PRACTICES OF THE YOUTH POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FORMATION OF YOUNG POLITICAL ELITE IN UKRAINE." Educational Analytics of Ukraine, no. 3 (2022): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32987/2617-8532-2022-3-119-127.
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The article is devoted to the study of the organization of student self-government in two European countries, such as France and England. The relevance of the study is due to the need to analyze and thus introduce the best experience of leading universities in Western Europe on the functioning of student unions. Student activity in European HEIs is aimed not only at obtaining high-quality higher education but also at active social and public activities. As a result, in various unions, students acquire primary skills in organizing election companies and acquire the basics of management and political experience. The article reveals that the activities of student self-government in France are mainly reflected in the work of the various student unions. Students should be elected and work in councils of students and, therefore, gain experience in electoral campaigns. Student unions are politically oriented, and their members have certain political preferences, but they do not openly support any political party. Student union activity in England is characterized by excessive politicization, which is a consequence of the history of its establishment. Hence, all forms of political life in England are reflected in the activities of student unions. Through their activities, student unions seek to involve more young people in public life. For this, seminars and conferences are held, various manuals are printed and different projects are implemented. Financial support for the work of student councils not only creates good conditions for their activities but also requires justification for the use of funds and is constantly monitored. Thus, students acquire the skills of correct and balanced use of finance and timely reporting on expenditures. According to the results of the study, the authors found that the experience of student government in France and England is essential for the development of student democracy in Ukraine, as well as for determining the form of youth involvement in social and political life (both within their community and within the state). Prospects for further research include an analysis of the impact of the activities of student self-government bodies of Ukrainian HEIs on the formation of the civic position of youth, as well as the development of a new political elite of the country.
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ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "MILITARY GEOLOGY: AN AMERICAN TERM OF WORLD WAR I RE-DEFINED FOR THE BRITISH ARMY AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II." Earth Sciences History 42, no. 2 (July 1, 2023): 291–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.2.291.
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ABSTRACT The term ‘military geology’, translated from German after earlier use in French and Spanish publications, entered the English language via American publications from 1917 onwards, initially after the USA entered World War I. It was widely used in the USA and, in direct or indirect translation, in several European countries additional to Germany and Austria thereafter, but not in the United Kingdom—although military applications of geology had been perceived and utilized by the British Army for much of the previous century. However, the term was used and its scope defined on the basis of operational experience at a meeting in Brussels on 28 February to 1 March 1945 as World War II drew to an end, a meeting seemingly unique for the War in that it comprised five ‘British’ geologist officers of field rank: the South African Major Gordon Lyall Paver, English Major Frederick William Shotton, Australian-born but Canadian-educated English Major John Leonard Farrington, English Squadron Leader John Francis Kirkaldy, and Welsh Major David Ronald Arthur Ponsford. Their purpose was to review wartime use of ‘military geology’ in the British Army, and to make recommendations for a more efficient British military geological service in the future, especially in the Far East after the war in Europe entered its final phase. The meeting generated a four-page closely-typed unpublished ‘Memorandum: Military geology in the British services’ (now preserved in England in the Lapworth Museum at the University of Birmingham and in The National Archives, Kew, near London). This included a very brief summary of the British Army’s deployment of geologists within western Europe, East Africa, the Middle East, North Africa and the Mediterranean region, and India. Those present brought together long experience from all these campaign areas except India (and the Far East in general). That deficiency was made good later in the year, on 7 December 1945, when Eric J. Bradshaw, Superintending Geologist of the Strategic Branch of the Geological Survey of India, completed an 81-page typed unpublished ‘Military geology: Memorandum of post-war policy’ (accessible in England at Birmingham, at Kew, and at the British Geological Survey, Keyworth). This with its 23 pages of appendices records details of wartime work in India and discussions held by the author there and in the United Kingdom following the end of hostilities in Europe on 8 May 1945. It re-defines the scope of ‘military geology’ for British armed forces in terms of water (resources, floods and drainage), stone and miscellaneous mineral resources, soils, engineering projects (reconnaissance, stability and excavations), terrain, ‘photo-geology’ and several miscellaneous applications. The memorandum proposed a grandiose organization of 151 geologist officers plus ancillary staff for British military geology postwar. That organizational scheme was not adopted—but by 1945 the term ‘military geology’ had clearly extended from American to significant British use.
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Paz, D. G. "Anti-Catholicism, Anti-Irish Stereotyping, and Anti-Celtic Racism in Mid-Victorian Working-Class Periodicals." Albion 18, no. 4 (1986): 601–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050132.
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The rapid increase in Irish immigration, it is often argued, was the chief cause for the growth of anti-Catholicism in mid-nineteenth century England. Patrick Joyce and Neville Kirk both believe that ethnic tension and violence in southeast Lancashire and northeast Cheshire increased during and after the late 1840s, that that increase “followed the pattern of the arrival and dispersal” of Irish immigrants, and that the controversy over the creation of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in 1850 intensified the conflict.L.P. Curtis, Jr., agrees that the mid-century is important, for it was then, he argues, that the stereotype, based on scientific racism, of the Irish as inferior, was “finally assembled and reproduced for a mass reading public which was by then ready to believe almost anything of a derogatory nature about the Irish people.” The English image of the Irish was bound up with the idea of race or with that amalgam of ostensibly scientific doctrines, subjective data, and ethnocentric prejudices which was steadily gaining respectability among educated men in Western Europe during the first half of the century. In England the idea of race as the determinant of human history and human behavior held an unassailable position in the minds of most Anglo-Saxonists. …Curtis admits that the Victorians used the word “race” very loosely, and that working-class anti-Irish “prejudice” had class and religious, as well as racist, bases. But he fails to explore these non-racist elements; his argument rests on the evidence of Victorian anthropological writings; he clearly believes that racism bears explanatory primacy.
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Mader, Detlef, and Georgi Čatalov. "Comparative palaeoenvironmental modelling of Buntsandstein braided river evolution in Bulgaria and Middle Europe." Geologica Balcanica 22, no. 6 (December 30, 1992): 21–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.22.6.21.
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The Buntsandstein in Europe was deposited in various independent basins which are situated up to several thousands of km apart. The basins of the German facies are located in Middle Europe, Spain, and Bulgaria, whereas the Buntsandstein areas in Hungary, Austria and neighbouring countries belong to the Alpine facies, and the Tatra Mountains in Poland represent the Carpathian facies. While the Mid-European Triassic Basin has a very large extension, Bulgaria is characterized by comparatively smaller basins. The Buntsandstein columns in the Triassic basins in Bulgaria exhibit a pronounced similarity of the evolution of fluvial style to that in the Mid-European Buntsandstein. Characteristic lithogenetical elements such as blue-violet calcrete palaeosols, aeolian dune sands and Brӧckelbank carbonate breccias allow a palaeoenvironmental correlation of the Buntsandstein in Bulgaria with that in Middle Europe. The megacycles of the evolution of fluvial style thus permit a large scale lithostratigraphic connection of the Buntsandstein in both areas. The most important Buntsandstein basins in Bulgaria are Teteven Anticlinorium, Iskar Valley, Vitoša Mountains, Belogradčik area, Petrohan Pass, Sviti Ilija Heights and Trojan Pass. The Buntsandstein profiles in these basis are in parts of the sections quite comparable to those in Eifel-Pfalz-Saar area and Upper Franconia/Oberpfalz (Germany FRG), Holy Cross Mountains (Poland), Sudetes (Poland and Czechoslovakia. Mecsek Mountains (Hungary) and South Devon (England) in the Mid-European Triassic Basin and adjoining areas. Significant examples of the comparability of the evolution of fluvial style and palaeoenvironmental history of the Buntsandstein over long distances between Bulgaria and Middle Europe include Iskar Valley (Bulgaria) and Eifel Saar area (Germany, FRG), with various parts of the Eifel thus being the closest comparable examples to most of the Bundsandstein successions in Bulgaria. The Buntsandstein in Bulgaria can in most areas be stratigraphically divided into lower conglomerates, Middle Sandstones, Upper Sandstones and Mudstones, and terminal Mudstones. The boundary between Middle Sandstones and Upper Sandstones and Mudstones can be correlated with the boundary Middle Upper Buntsandstein in the German Basin.
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Sainchin, Oleksandr. "Theory and History Development of Criminal Investigations abroad." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-2-235-241.
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In the conditions of formation and development of new socio-economic relations, reformation of legislative state structures, executive and judicial power, the task of creating a legal basis for law strengthening and the law enforcement activity improving arises. The legal sciences should develop and form the statehood and lawfulness legal basis of law-enforcement activity, aimed to reliable protection of constitutional rights and legitimate interests of citizens, public formations and state structures of Ukraine. Criminalistics equips law enforcement officers with effective methods and means of detecting and investigating crimes, which promotes the principle of the inevitability of punishment, the objective use of criminal law and preventive influence. Recently, Ukraine has been paying special attention to the law enforcement agencies activities improving and strengthening the scientific and technical base for combating crime in general, and organized in particular. The current level of criminalistics science and the scientific and technical potential of the natural and technical sciences, allowing prosecutors, internal affairs, security and court authorities to prevent, suspend and investigate very complex crimes, thereby contributing to the solution of one of the main tasks – strengthening law and order in Ukraine . Criminalistics science is a legal science that has emerged in the criminal process depths in the last century as a set of technical means and tactical techniques, as well as ways of using them for disclosure and investigation. The article further investigates the problems of criminalistics theory and history in some countries of Europe, USA, and England. The overall purpose of this analysis is to investigate how the development of criminalistics outside our country, their problems, and most importantly, to reach a conclusion about the need for restructuring (or sufficiency) of criminalistics methods and expert research system. The study deals exclusively with the theory and history of scientific knowledge development in criminalistics outside our country, to identify the positive features of its modern development and extrap-olation to the conditions of our science, which serves as a specific tool in investigating crimes and identi-fying the perpetrators. In the next study, it is planned to offer a discussion among scholars and practitioners involved in crime investigations about the contemporary achievements possible implementation of our criminalistics colleagues abroad.
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Richards, Eric. "How Did Poor People Emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the Nineteenth Century?" Journal of British Studies 32, no. 3 (July 1993): 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386032.
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One of the great themes of modern history is the movement of poor people across the face of the earth. For individuals and families the economic and psychological costs of these transoceanic migrations were severe. But they did not prevent millions of agriculturalists and proletarians from Europe reaching the new worlds in both the Atlantic and the Pacific basins in the nineteenth century. These people, in their myriad voyages, shifted the demographic balance of the continents and created new economies and societies wherever they went. The means by which these emigrations were achieved are little explored.Most emigrants directed themselves to the cheapest destinations. The Irish, for instance, migrated primarily to England, Scotland, and North America. The general account of British and European emigration in the nineteenth century demonstrates that the poor were not well placed to raise the costs of emigration or to insert themselves into the elaborate arrangements required for intercontinental migration. Usually the poor came last in the sequence of emigration.The passage to Australasia was the longest and the most expensive of these migrations. From its foundation as a penal colony in 1788, New South Wales depended almost entirely on convict labor during its first four decades. Unambiguous government sanction for free immigration emerged only at the end of the 1820s, when new plans were devised to encourage certain categories of emigrants from the British population. As each of the new Australian colonies was developed so the dependence on convict labor diminished.
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Eddy, J. A., J. D. North, S. Debarbat, H. Eelsalu, O. Pedersen, and Xi Ze-Zong. "41. History of Astronomy (Histoire De L’astronomie)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 20, no. 01 (1988): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00007380.
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Commission 41 has been involved in one colloquium and one symposium since the last report:IAU Colloquium 91 on “The History of Oriental Astronomy” was held in New Delhi, November 13-16, 1985, preceding the XlXth General Assembly. Members of the scientific organizing committee were S.M.R. Ansari, E.S. Kennedy, D. King, R. Mercier, O. Pedersen, D. Pingree, G. Saliba, Xi Ze-Zong and K. Yabuuti. The colloquium was co-sponsored by the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science, and by a number of organizations in India: the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore, the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, and the University Grants Commission, New Delhi. The local organizing committee, chaired by G. Swarup, made possible a number of local excursions, including a conducted tour of the great stone open air observatory, built in the city by the enlightened Maharadjah Jai Singh in the 18th century. The colloquium brought 84 participants from 19 countries. 46 papers were presented of which 10 were invited, covering aspects of astronomy in the far east and middle east since the earliest civilizations. Papers from Colloquium 91 have now been published in book form: History of Oriental Astronomy, G. Swarup, A.K. Bag, and K.S. Shukla, editors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1987. Contributions are divided into three broad categories: ancient astronomy and its characteristics, ancient elements and planetary models, and medieval astronomy. Within these are papers on the characteristics and achievements of early astronomy in the eastern half of the world, including inter-regional development and mutual influences, ancient data relating to eclipses, supernovae and comets, medieval astronomical developments, instruments and early observatories, and the interplay between observational and theoretical astronomy. A short introductory paper by the revered historian E.S. Kennedy opens the book, as it set the stage for the colloquium in New Delhi: “We find (astronomy) originating a few centuries before the Christian era in two disparate cultures, Mesopotamia and the Hellenistic world. From the Mediterranean it passed to India, there to flourish. Thence the centroid of activity moved westward, residing in the lands of Islam during medieval times, more recently in Europe. Now astronomical research is carried out throughout the entire world.”
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BRUCE MCMILLAN, R. "ALBERT KOCH’S HYDRARCHOS: A HOAX OR A BONA FIDE COLLECTION OF BONES." Earth Sciences History 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.84.
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ABSTRACT This is the second essay of a two-part series on the life and collecting activities of Albert Koch. After Koch traveled to England where he sold his Missourium to the British Museum, the American mastodon that now stands in the Natural History Museum of London, he then went to his homeland in Germany. Koch left his family in Dresden, when he again departed for the United States to pursue some additional paleontological adventures. Following several weeks of travel, he arrived in Alabama where he excavated the remains of a large, archaeocete whale, that he named the Hydrarchos. Koch displayed the skeleton in New York, and several other eastern cities before taking it to Europe. When in Berlin, Koch was able to sell the skeleton to King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia who placed it in the Royal Museum. Soon thereafter, Koch returned to the United States and Alabama to discover a second whale skeleton. He took this skeleton to Europe where it was exhibited in several cities but, having received no offers, Koch returned with his second Hydrarchos to the United States where it was initially displayed in New Orleans, then St. Louis, and eventually Chicago. In his later years, Koch turned his attention to the Academy of Science of St. Louis where he became an active member and curator, as well as a prospector for minerals. This essay examines the final chapters of Koch’s life and his entrepreneurial showmanship tendencies versus contributions he may have made to science. This narrative is a sequel to an article published in Volume 41 Number 2 of Earth Sciences History that focused on Albert Koch’s Missourium. Together, the two essays capture the life and career of Albert C. Koch.
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Khruleva, Irina Yur'evna. "The Theological Polemics of Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield: Differences in Their Understanding of the "Great Awakening" of the 1740s in New England." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 1 (January 2020): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.30503.
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The first "Great Awakening" took hold of all British colonies in North America in the 1730s-1750s and developed contemporaneously with the Enlightenment movement, which had a significant impact on all aspects of life in the colonies, influencing religion, politics and ideology. The inhabitants of the colonies, professing different religious views, for the first time experienced a general spiritual upsurge. The colonies had never seen anything like the Great Awakening in scale and degree of influence on society. This was the first movement in American history that was truly intercolonial in nature, contributing to the formation of a single religious and partially ideological space in British America. The beginning of the Great Awakening in British America was instigated by both the colonial traditions of religious renewal (the so-called "revivals") and new ideas coming from Europe, hence this religious movement cannot be understood without considering its European roots nor not taking into account its transatlantic nature. The development of pietism in Holland and Germany and the unfolding of Methodism on the British Isles greatly influenced Protestant theology on both sides of the Atlantic. This article explores the differences in understanding the nature of the Great Awakening by its two leaders - J. Edwards and J. Whitefield.
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Gilman, Todd S. "Augustan Criticism and Changing Conceptions of English Opera." Theatre Survey 36, no. 2 (November 1995): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400001186.
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The love-hate nature of the relations between England and Italy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is well known. Ever since Henry VIII broke with Rome after Pope Clement VII refused to allow his divorce, things Italian were a popular object of satire and general disdain. An ever-increasing British nationalism founded on political, religious, and aesthetic principles during the seventeenth century fanned the flames of anti-Italian sentiment. This nationalism, newly consolidated in the seventeenth century by the ambitions of the Stuart monarchs to destroy Parliament, was intimately connected with English Protestantism. As Samuel Kliger has argued, the triumph of the Goths—Protestant Englishmen's Germanic ancestors—over Roman tyranny in antiquity became for seventeenth-century England a symbol of democratic success. Moreover, observes Kliger, an influential theory rooted in the Reformation, the “translatio imperii ad Teutonicos,” emphasized traditional German racial qualities—youth, vigor, manliness, and moral purity—over those of Latin culture—torpor, decadence, effeminacy, and immorality—and contributed to the modern constitution of the supreme role of the Goths in history. The German translatio implied an analogy between the conquest of the Roman Empire by the Goths (under Charlemagne) and the rallying of the humanist-reformers of northern Europe (e.g., Luther) for religious freedom, understood as liberation from Roman priestcraft; that is, “the translatio crystallized the idea that humanity was twice ransomed from Roman tyranny and depravity—in antiquity by the Goths, in modern times by their descendants, the German reformers…the epithet ‘Gothic’ became not only a polar term in political discussion, a trope for the ‘free,’ but also in religious discussion a trope for all those spiritual, moral, and cultural values contained for the eighteenth century in the single word ‘enlightenment.’”
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TYLECOTE, ANDREW. "Institutions matter: but which institutions? And how and why do they change?" Journal of Institutional Economics 12, no. 3 (December 2, 2015): 721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137415000478.
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AbstractBoth political and economic institutions matter for economic growth and development, and are indissolubly connected: sustained economic growth requires far-reaching opening up of the economy and polity to wide participation. This review essay draws on three books which share this view of institutions, to develop an argument on which institutions matter most, and how and why they change. Like them, it uses history as laboratory. Northet al.(2009) inViolence and Social Ordersfocus on Britain, France and the United States, in which change was generally progressive, to study such change from the medieval to the modern period. Jan van Zanden inThe Long Road to the Industrial Revolutionlooks at Europe, 1000–1800, in particular the Netherlands and England, finding regressive as well as progressive change. Acemoglu and Robinson also examine both directions of change, inWhy Nations Fail:they range widely in space, but little before the 16th century. All three offer powerful tools of analysis. All have implications for policy-makers in advanced societies who wish to promote the development of ‘inclusive’ institutions elsewhere. Two striking surprises emerge, and oneprime mover– an institution with particular power to change others – the medieval Catholic church.
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Spārītis, Ojārs. "Three Sources of Michael Johann von der Borch’s Poem “The Sentimental Park of Varakļāni Palace”." Baltic Journal of Art History 20 (December 27, 2020): 109–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/bjah.2020.20.04.
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History permits us to trace so-called Polish Inflanty, in the territoryof the former Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, to the contemporaryRepublic of Latvia. In this case we are particularly interested in theestate of Warkland (Warklany, Varakļāni). The ensemble of manorand park is typical for large estates in Eastern Europe, including avillage and its infrastructure and a separate manor and park as aspatial, architectural, botanical and social entity.Originating from Baltic-German nobility, ‘Polonised’ countMichael Johann von der Borch-Lubeschitz und Borchhoff (1753–1810) was the son of a Chancellor of Poland and Lithuania. He wasa member of several academies of science, in Siena, Dijon and Lion,and penfriend of Voltaire and academicians in Russia and France.After researching the mineralogy of Italy, Sicily, France, Germany,England, the Netherlands and Switzerland M. J. von der Borch leftfor his estate in Varakļāni, the Polonised part of eastern Livonia,called Polish Inflanty. At this time he also composed literary worksand poems, among which is one remarkable piece of didactic andemblematic content “The Sentimental Park of Varakļāni Palace” (Jardinsentimental du château de Warkland dans le Comté de Borch en RussieBlanche, 1795). This poem illustrates in a passionate and classicalway an emblematic approach to contemporary political structures,and the goals of education in general. In Jardin sentimental, whichis a theoretical and didactic manual, Borsch describes, through themetaphor of the estate park of Warkland, the route of an imaginativehero, full of expectation and temptation.The main subject of the report is an analysis of the text of thepoem contextualised by history and contrasted with evidence fromcontemporary Warkland.
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SCHÜRER, K. "Introduction: Household and family in past time further explored." Continuity and Change 18, no. 1 (May 2003): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416003004491.
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The articles in this special issue of Continuity and Change arose from a workshop held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, between 9 and 11 September 1999, hosted by the Universitat de les Illes Balears. The workshop was called to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of another conference, that held in Cambridge at the Faculty of History and at Trinity College in September 1969. It was this conference in 1969 that resulted in the publication of Household and family in past time: comparative studies in the size and structure of the domestic group over the last three centuries in England, France, Serbia, Japan and colonial North America, with further material from Western Europe, which itself has just celebrated its thirtieth anniversary. Household and family in past time (hereafter abbreviated to HFPT), in part largely due to the ‘analytic introduction on the history of the family’ contributed by Peter Laslett, subsequently became a seminal work in the field. It not only mapped out the methodological groundwork for the quantitative study of the historical co-resident domestic group, but perhaps unwittingly helped define a research agenda into comparative familial and social structural history that was followed for many years by Laslett, his colleagues at the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, and researchers from around the world. It became in a sense a manifesto, and one with which Peter Laslett personally was inexorably linked. Thus, with the sad death of Peter on 8 November 2001, this special issue of Continuity and Change took on a new double purpose: not only to mark the path-breaking 1969 conference and the subsequent publication of HFPT, but also to pay tribute to the remarkable life and work of Peter Laslett.
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M R, Sripriya, and Ramakrishnan T. "EXCAVATION OF THINGS PAST: A HISTORICAL PROBE INTO KAZUO ISHIGURO’S THE REMAINS OF THE DAY." ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 3, no. 2SE (January 9, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v3.i2se.2022.240.
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The paper aims to explore the historical aspects of the novel The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro. The novel deals with six days motoring trip in the life of the protagonist Mr. Stevens, an English butler from Darlington Hall, England to Cornwall for business purposes in 1956. The study traces how the physical journey leads him to recognize his past issues through a mental journey of a loyal butler. This helps him to identify his true self. The remembrance of his personal history, loss, historical events, places, historical figures, and political situation in Europe shape his existence. The novel & historical background is First World War and Second World War, which play a major role in this novel. The paper explains the problem statements as how Kazuo Ishiguro mentions the intermixing of Steven’s personal and historical incidents in the novel. It analyses how strong emotion of suppression, suffering, regrets, and pain leads the protagonist to the emotionless condition in his life. The aim of the paper is to bring out the historical traces of the Nazi party, the Treaty of Versailles, the Hayes Society - an elite society of butlers in the 1920s and 1930s and the Suez Canal crisis in the novel. The paper also suggests ideas and the scope of further research.
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Cook, Harold J. "Good Advice and Little Medicine: The Professional Authority of Early Modern English Physicians." Journal of British Studies 33, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386042.
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Henry:Then you perceive the body of our kingdom, How foul it is;What rank diseases grow, and with what danger, near the heart of it.Warwick:It is but body, yet distempered, Which to his formerStrength may be restored with good advise and little medicine.[Shakespeare,Henry IV]Shakespeare's words remind us that in the learned traditions of Renaissance Europe, good advice remained more important than potent medicines for restoring both physical and political states to their previous strengths. As the lord advised the king, so a physician advised his patient, or lawyer his client, or minister his flock: preventing troubles was worth far more than cure, and the best remedy even when matters went wrong was good advice on how to return to a state of harmony. Still, plenty of quacks in politics and medicine, law and church, advocated strong measures, not helping people to live in accordance with their world but attempting to alter the conditions under which they lived. Bad advice and powerful remedies seemed to be everywhere, trampling good council and temperate behavior. The connections between learning and authority that lay behind claims to authority in general are especially well illuminated by the ways in which the physicians argued for possessing, maintaining, and extending their professional privileges.Among all the number and variety of medical practitioners in early modern England, one small group self-consciously considered itself to be professional: the physicians. As one of the three learned professions surviving from the Middle Ages, the “medical profession” has been a crucial test case for various definitions of what a profession is or was.
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Cull, Nicholas J. "Overture to an Alliance: British Propaganda at the New York World's Fair, 1939–1940." Journal of British Studies 36, no. 3 (July 1997): 325–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386139.
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On April 30, 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed the New York World's Fair open. Moments later a flood of eager humanity surged onto the one-and-a-quarter thousand acre former municipal dump in Flushing Meadow, Queens, now home to what the New York Herald Tribune termed “the mightiest exposition ever conceived and built by man.” While Europe shivered on the brink of a war, the United States focused its attention on the distinctive silhouette of a seven hundred foot spire and a globe two hundred feet wide: the “Trilon” and the “Perisphere,” centerpieces and emblems of the New York World's Fair. The fair stretched around their base in a teeming sprawl of concrete and electric lights. Its precincts embraced all manner of amusements, including a vast funfair with such thematic attractions as a Cuban village, an African jungle, and a Merrie England area. While most of the visitors seemed intent on enjoying themselves, the fair was intended by its organizers to serve a serious educative purpose. Its theme was “building the world of tomorrow,” with two-thirds of the fair ground given over to exhibitions by corporations, U.S. federal agencies, and foreign governments. The fair's corporate exhibitors vied with each other for the most spectacular vision of what this world might be. General Motors offered the “Futurama” exhibit designed by Norman Bel Geddes, in which 28,000 visitors a day traveled on a conveyor belt ride through a projection of the American landscape forward twenty-five years, to a Utopia liberated by the automobile. In a similar vein, inside the Perisphere visitors could view a diorama of a future metropolis, “Democracity.” But popular acclaim lay elsewhere.
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Giaro, Tomasz. "Medieval Canon Lawyers and European Legal Tradition. A Brief Overview." Review of European and Comparative Law 47, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.12727.
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The Roman Church was a leading public institution of the Middle Ages and its law, canon law, belonged to most powerful factors of European legal history. Today’s lawyers have hardly any awareness of the canonist origins of several current legal institutions. Together with Roman law, canon law constituted the system of “both laws” (utrumque ius) which were the only laws acknowledged as “learned” and, consequently, taught at medieval universities. The dualism of secular (imperium) and spiritual power (sacerdotium), symbolized by so-called two swords doctrine, conferred to the Western legal tradition its balance and stability. We analyze the most important institutional achievements of the medieval canon lawyers: acquisitive prescription, the Roman-canonical procedure, the theory of just war, marriage and family law, freedom of contract, the inheritance under will, juristic personality, some institutions of constitutional law, in particular those based on the concept of representation, and finally commercial law. Last not least, the applicability of canon law defined the territorial extension of medieval and early modern Christian civilization which exceeded by far the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, where Roman law was effective as the law of the ruler. Hence, the first scholar to associate Roman law with (continental) Europe as a relatively homogeneous legal area, Paul Koschaker, committed in his monograph Europa und das römische Recht, published in 1947, the error of taking a part for the whole. In fact, Western legal tradition was based, in its entirety, not on Roman, but rather on canon law; embracing the common law of England, it represented – to cite Harold Joseph Berman – the first great “transnational legal culture”. At the end, some structural features of canon law are discussed, such as the frequent use of soft-law instruments and the respect for tradition, clearly visible in the approach to the problem of codification.