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Relevant bibliographies by topics / History and Archaeology

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Academic literature on the topic 'History and Archaeology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "History and Archaeology"

1

Brusius, Mirjam. "Hitting two birds with one stone: An afterword on archeology and the history of science." History of Science 55, no. 3 (September 2017): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275317727975.

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This afterword comments on the articles gathered together in this special section of History of Science (“Disassembling Archaeology, Reassembling the Modern World”). Criticizing the consistent lack of institutional infrastructure for histories of archaeology in the history of science, the piece argues that scholars should recognize the commonality of archaeology’s practices with those of the nineteenth and twentieth century field sciences that have received more historical attention. The piece also suggests avenues to help take this approach further, such as combining expertise from historians of the biological sciences and of antiquarianism and archaeology to look at the history of the understanding of human variation and race. Finally, the afterword suggests that scholars should reconsider the idea of archaeology’s reliance on institutionalised practices, thinking about the use and re-use of material culture in more diverse and pragmatic social contexts.

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Features Submission, Haworth Continuing. "History and Archaeology:." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Serials Librarianship 1, no. 3 (November 29, 1990): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j252v01n03_10.

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Bronnikova, M. A., A. V. Panin, V. V. Murasheva, and A. A. Golyeva. "Soil micromorphology in archaeology: history, objectives, possibilities and prospects." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin 86 (December 15, 2016): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2016-86-35-45.

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Klejn, Leo S. "To separate a centaur: on the relationship of archaeology and history in Soviet tradition." Antiquity 67, no. 255 (June 1993): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00045397.

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The relationship between archaeology and history is not just an abstract theoretical question: it is one which determines the practical organization of archaeological activity and the publication of its results. It is a general problem of archaeology in Europe, where the subject has had to differentiate itself from the historical study of a long series of literate cultures; and it is especially acute in the former Soviet bloc, where a Marxist orthodoxy of historical science formerly prevailed. Leo Klejn is Russaian archaeology's most distinguished theoretician. Here he discusses in his own words both the academic sociology of the historical sciences and the role which he sees for archaeology within them.

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Brock, Terry P., Katherine Crawford-Lackey, Matthew B. Reeves, and Mary Furlong Minkoff. "Exploring and Interpreting the History of Slavery at James Madison’s Montpelier." Public Historian 44, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2022.44.4.63.

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Archaeology’s importance to understanding and exploring difficult histories should be considered an essential tool in the public history toolbox. This paper will explore how the Department of Archaeology at The Montpelier Foundation in Orange, Virginia, interprets the lives of over 350 individuals enslaved by James Madison, the nation’s fourth president. To do so, we use the Rubric of best practices, standards established by the National Summit on Teaching Slavery held in 2018 and published by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in a document called Engaging Descendant Communities in the Interpretation of Slavery at Museums and Historic Sites. This paper examines how the Montpelier Archaeology Department has developed a research and interpretive program that puts the Rubric into practice, making the case that public historians and heritage organizations must robustly engage archaeologists and the discipline of archaeology in all aspects of its research and interpretation.

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Schuyler, Robert L. "History of Historical Archaeology." Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 8, no. 2 (November 20, 1998): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bha.08203.

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Lanouette, JoAnne, and Martha Williams. "History Teacher Adopts Archaeology." AnthroNotes : National Museum of Natural History bulletin for teachers 10, no. 1 (September 12, 2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/10088/22283.

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Vout, Caroline. "Antinous, Archaeology and History." Journal of Roman Studies 95 (November 2005): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000005784016342.

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Antinous was the young, male lover of Hadrian. His premature death in A.D. 130 led to an oddly extravagant commemoration. Post-Renaissance he became one of the most collectable portrait types. This article re-examines the corpus of portraits as it is currently configured. Its primary aim is not to exclude or add pieces but to question the criteria on which inclusion and exclusion are based. This questioning cuts to the heart of issues of identification, dating, and authenticity which impact on art-historical classification more generally. It exposes how in some ways the modern Antinous is one of the discipline's making.

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Randsborg, Klavs. "KEPHALLÉNIA: Archaeology & History." Acta Archaeologica 73, no. 1 (November 2002): 1–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0065-001x.2002.00731.x.

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Randsborg, Klavs. "KEPHALLÉNIA: Archaeology & History." Acta Archaeologica 73, no. 2 (December 2002): 1–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0065-001x.2002.00732.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "History and Archaeology"

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Hughes-Skallos, Jessica M. "Displaying Archaeology: A Look into the Representation of Archaeology in United States Natural History/History Museums." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1384850209.

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Roberts, Julia. "Towards a cultural history of archaeology : British archaeology between the Wars." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2005. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/towards-a-cultural-history-of-archaeology(689403e4-b24e-4158-ba82-0e1d5f06a114).html.

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DAVIS, THOMAS WILLIAM. "A HISTORY OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY (PALESTINE)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184053.

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This is the study of the rise, dominance, and decline of a particular paradigm in Near Eastern archaeology known as Biblical archaeology. The development of the field is traced chronologically with an emphasis upon field work in Palestine because this was the arena of Biblical archaeology's field research. The first systematic explorations of Palestine were by Edward Robinson. Robinson wanted to recover the historical reality behind the biblical record, thereby making Scripture more accessible. This research for realia became a foundational motivation of Biblical archaeology. After Robinson, societies were founded dedicated to the study of the culture and history of Palestine. Up to World War I, Biblical archaeology remained in the armchair, content to interpret results gathered by professional archaeologists in the field. W. F. Albright brought Biblical archaeology actively into field work. Albright was guided in his archaeological research by the desire to ground biblical studies, in the perceived realia of archaeology. He believed archaeology was an external, objective endeavor that could provide solid support for an historical understanding of the Bible. He systematized the pottery chronology of Palestine and his field methodology became the recognized model for excavation in Palestine. A common misconception of Biblical archaeology is to see the field as a monolithic structure. In reality, the endeavor has been fragmented along theological lines and these various strains are separated and examined. After the war, Albright's successor, G. E. Wright, linked Biblical archaeology to the Biblical Theology Movement. The resulting "classical" Biblical archaeology of Albright and Wright viewed Palestinian archaeology as the field adjunct of biblical studies, limiting the research agenda to questions of biblical interest. When at Shechem, Wright was forced to recognize the subjective nature of archaeological interpretation, the entire system collapsed because Biblical archaeology depended upon the understanding of archaeology as realia. In recognition that data only speak in response to a question, Wright and his students turned to a new paradigm that could provide a wider range of questions. Despite the almost total rejection of Biblical archaeology as a paradigm for research, it has a positive legacy.

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Schuster, Paul David. "Archaeology Goes to School: A Cooperative Approach to Teaching History Through Archaeology." W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626036.

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Wood, Mark Steven. "Bernician narratives : place-names, archaeology and history." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/794.

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This thesis concerns Bernicia and the transition from a Roman-dominated frontier zone at the beginning of the 5th century to an Anglian kingdom by the early 7th century. This is a period of great change and complexity where the current state of knowledge is limited and unsatisfactory. There is considerable scope for new research to contribute towards knowledge and understanding of this difficult area of transition. To achieve this aim, an interdisciplinary approach is adopted here that maximises existing evidential sources but focuses particularly on place-names, something that has not been done before.

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Gauthier, Erin. "Architecture/Archaeology." This title; PDF viewer required Home page for entire collection, 2008. http://archives.udmercy.edu:8080/dspace/handle/10429/9.

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Thesis (M.Arch.)--University of Detroit Mercy, 2008.
"28 April, 2008". P. 17-185 contain a reprint of three appendices from: Tales of Five Points : working-class life in nineteenth-century New York / edited by Rebecca Yamin. Includes bibliographical references (p. 218).

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O'Roark, Douglas Alan. "Archaeology and Oligarchy at Isthmia." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392650062.

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Isayev, Elena. "Inside ancient Lucania : Dialogues in history & archaeology /." London : Inst. of Classical Studies, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015512325&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Hood, David James, and n/a. "A social history of archaeology in New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 1996. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070530.152806.

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Consideration of the degree to which social factors have influenced the development of archaeology has become a recent focus of interest among archaeologists; however little work has been done on determining the relationship of social factors to archaeology in new Zealand. The aim of this thesis is to consider whether archaeologists were influenced by the surrounding New Zealand society between the years 1840 and 1954 and if so, in what manner were they influenced. In particular, consideration is given to how the social background of New Zealand archaeology compared with the social influences of British archaeology compared with the social influence of British archaeology of the time. For the purposes of the study the term archaeologist applies to all those who investigated or recovered in situ archaeological material. Lists of archaeologists of the day were compiled from journals, newspaper articles, and unpublished sources. From these lists the social background of those engaging in archaeology was reconstructed. Developments in archaeology theory and methodology were also examined, not only to determine the manner in which they effected the practise of archaeology, but also to determine the source of those developments, and the reasons for their adoption. The wider social context was also examined to determine the degree to which archaeology reflected certain factors in New Zealand society, not simply in the manner in which archaeology was carried out, but also in the reasons for which research was conducted. This study demonstrates that though the discipline, and in particular the power, was concentrated among urban professionals, the social spread of those engaging in archaeology was wide. This was particularly the case between the turn of the century and the Second World War, when archaeologists with a tertiary background were in a minority. Archaeologists were influenced both from inside and outside the field, the degree of influence being determined by individual factors. As archaeologists were a part of society, so too was society part of archaeological practice. In the manner in which archaeology was conducted the influence of societal attitudes towards women and Maori can be seen.

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Symington, Dorit Annelore. "Kizzuwatna / Cilicia : aspects of the history and archaeology." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411993.

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Books on the topic "History and Archaeology"

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Kentleton, John. History including archaeology. Cambridge: Career Research & Advisory Centre, 1986.

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History and archaeology. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2011.

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Archaeology and Ancient History. London: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2004.

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Elizabeth, Romer, ed. The history of archaeology. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001.

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Brather-Walter, Susanne, ed. Archaeology, history and biosciences. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110616651.

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1925-, Vos Howard Frederic, ed. Archaeology and Bible history. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1992.

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The history of archaeology. [New York?]: Prospero Books, 2001.

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L, Christenson Andrew, and Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Center for Archaeological Investigations., eds. Tracing archaeology's past: The historiography of archaeology. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989.

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Bora, D. K. History and archaeology of Itanagar. Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh, 1996.

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Vogel, Susana. The Mayas: History, art, archaeology. México, D.F: Monclem Ediciones, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "History and Archaeology"

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Claus, Peter, and John Marriott. "Archaeology." In History, 347–65. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2017]: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315684673-19.

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Mark, Hassall. "Archaeology." In Handbook for History Teachers, 999–1001. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032163840-172.

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Bryant, Margaret. "Archaeology." In Handbook for History Teachers, 431–34. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032163840-53.

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Kehoe, Alice Beck, and Andrew J. Petto. "Human History through Archaeology." In Humans, 102–21. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003226819-7.

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Fagan, Brian. "Big History and archaeology." In The Routledge Companion to Big History, 156–69. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429299322-7.

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Spagnoli, F., R. Shirazi, Z. Shirazi, S. Saeidi Ghavi Andam, and M. Djamali. "Archaeology, history and symbolism." In The pomegranate: botany, production and uses, 1–14. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789240764.0001.

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Brather-Walter, Susanne. "Archaeology, History and Biosciences." In Archaeology, history and biosciences, edited by Susanne Brather-Walter, 1–6. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110616651-001.

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Spagnoli, F., and A. Yavari. "History, archaeology and culture." In The fig: botany, production and uses, 1–8. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242881.0001.

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Abstract This chapter discusses: (1) the etymology of the fig; (2) the domestication, dispersal and archaeological evidence of the fig; (3) fig in ancient Egypt; (4) the fig in Neolithic Levant and East Mediterranean; (5) figs in Greece and West Mediterranean in the Iron Age; (6) the fig in Roman culture; and (7) the fig tree in the Holy Books.

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Ponce, Juan Federico, and Marilén Fernández. "Archaeology." In Climatic and Environmental History of Isla de los Estados, Argentina, 117–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4363-2_10.

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Dalgliesh, Bregham. "Archaeology and Knowledge." In Critique as Critical History, 101–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61009-2_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "History and Archaeology"

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Trueman, M. R. G. "Electricity and archaeology." In 29th Annual Weekend Meeting History of Electrical Engineering. IEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20010163.

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Kumar, Panda Sushanta. "EFFECTIVE TEACHING-LEARNING TRANSACTION THROUGH ARCHAEOLOGY." In International Conference on Archaeology, History and Heritage. The International Institute of Knowledge Management - TIIKM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/26510243.2019.1105.

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Chernykh, Daria, and Nikolai Kurganov. "History of the concept of «bronze disease» in archaeological collections." In Actual Archaeology 5. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-04-0-2020-126-129.

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Sefer, Emre, and Carl Kingsford. "Diffusion Archaeology for Diffusion Progression History Reconstruction." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2014.135.

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Pilkina, Anna. "The history of the formation and development of archaeological collections of the Tyumen State University." In Actual Archaeology 5. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-04-0-2020-117-119.

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Nekrash, Alina. "The history researches of the odinovskaya culture in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia." In Actual Archaeology 5. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-04-0-2020-233-235.

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Mallik, Swetabja. "HISTORY AND HERITAGE: EXAMINING THEIR INTERPLAY IN INDIA." In International Conference on Archaeology, History and Heritage. The International Institute of Knowledge Management - TIIKM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/26510243.2019.1101.

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Shlomo, David Ben, and Yosef Garfinkel. "PROTO HISTORIC SITES IN THE JORDAN VALLEY: A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE HERITAGE ASPECTS." In International Conference on Archaeology, History and Heritage. The International Institute of Knowledge Management - TIIKM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/26510243.2019.1102.

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Sinha, Ishani. "KESARIYA STUPA: RECENTLY EXCAVATED ARCHITECTURAL MARVEL." In International Conference on Archaeology, History and Heritage. The International Institute of Knowledge Management - TIIKM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/26510243.2019.1103.

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Tucunan, K. P., and D. Rahmawati. "ACCULTURATION OF THE ISLAMIC URBAN ARTIFACTS IN JAVA." In International Conference on Archaeology, History and Heritage. The International Institute of Knowledge Management - TIIKM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/26510243.2019.1104.

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Reports on the topic "History and Archaeology"

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Holtkamp, David Michael, and Hannah Van Vlack. Fire on the Mountain: History, Archaeology, and Wildfire in the Jemez Region. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1482917.

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Lebo, Susan A., and C. R. Ferring. Archaeology and History of the Ray Roberts Lake Area of Northcentral Texas, 1850-1950. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada286843.

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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.

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Ruiz Zapatero, Gonzalo. Fagan, Brian y Durrani, Nadia (2020). Bigger than History. Why Archaeology Matters. Thames & Hudson. Londres. 128 págs. + 15 figs. y 16 láms. (21 × 14 cm). ISBN 978-0-500-295083. Edicions i Publicacions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/rap.2020.18.

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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.

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Ferring, C. R., Susan A. Lebo, Carin E. Horn, Bob Skiles, and Bonnie Yates. Historic Archaeology of the Johnson (41DN248) and Jones (41DN250) Farmsteads in the Ray Roberts Lake Area: 1850-1950. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada286927.

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Shaw, R. D. The archaeology of the Manokinak site: a study of the cultural transition between late Norton tradition and historic Eskimo. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/1164.

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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.

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Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.

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