Journal articles: 'History, 1985-1991'

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Grier, D. A., and M. Campbell. "A social history of Bitnet and Listserv, 1985-1991." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 22, no. 2 (April 2000): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/85.841135.

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Maosen, Guan, Svetlana Shtumpf, and Lu Xutao. "History of Shaolin kung fu (Wushu) in Russia." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 9-2 (September 1, 2023): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202309statyi42.

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The article considers Shaolin kung fu (Wushu) as part of social and cultural communication, traces the process of evolution of Shaolin kung fu in Russia and the current situation, characteristics and disadvantages of modern Shaolin kung fu are described. Based on the actions to promote Shaolin kung fu in different periods, the author organizes the process of its promotion in Russia into three stages: the formation stage (1985-1991), the initial stage (1991-2006), and the development stage (after 2006).

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АDOBASH, Viktor. "HISTORICAL-LOCAL HISTORY WORK IN SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF USSR IN 1985-1991." History of Science and Biographical Studies, no. 1 (April 11, 2024): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/istnauka202401-10.

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Kramer, Mark. "Official Responses to Ethnic Unrest in the USSR, 1985–1991." Russian History 49, no. 2-4 (April 28, 2023): 289–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340051.

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Abstract The Soviet Union, like the large, multiethnic land empires in Europe that came to an end in the early 20th century (Habsburg, Imperial Russian, Ottoman), consisted of a central government ruling over far-flung regions in which particular ethnic and cultural groups were predominant. For many years, Soviet leaders were able to maintain the internal stability of the multiethnic Soviet state by relying on a mix of extreme coercion and occasional concessions to local demands. Soon after Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, he adopted sweeping political liberalization and democratization, including the first free elections ever held in the USSR. The loosening of political control in a state that had long been known for brutal repression had far-reaching consequences for social stability. The political opportunities that opened for ethnic groups in the Soviet Union to push for far-reaching change, including independence, created great difficulty for Gorbachev’s attempts to hold the Soviet Union together. Although he could have resorted to the use of large-scale violence as previous Soviet leaders had repeatedly done, he was deeply reluctant to cause mass bloodshed. His aversion to the use of mass repression was one of the key factors that precipitated the unraveling of the USSR. This article presents an in-depth analysis of Gorbachev’s responses to ethnic unrest in the Soviet Union from 1986 through 1991.

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Střída, Miroslav. "Bibliography of Geography." Geografie 99, no. 1 (1994): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1994099010039.

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A history of Czech and Slovak geographical bibliography since 1886 is traced. A special attention is devoted to bibliography published in the Journal of Czech Geographical Society from 1895 onwards. In last time (1985 - 1991), geographical bibliography was published as a book.

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Koloskov, Evgenii. "28 June in the Serbian calendar of 1985-1991." A day in the calendar. Celebrations and memorial days as an instrument of national consolidation in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century, no. 1 (2019): 124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0877.2018.1.6.

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The article is devoted to the formation of the contemporary Vidovdan tradition in the Socialist Republic of Serbia in 1985-1991. Beings the key date in modern Serbian national history, 28 June was used to provide commemorative practices by various Serbian forces during the decomposition of centralised power in Yugoslavia in that period. The process of codifying of a new national mythology precipitated by the disintegration processes in the SFRY after the death of Tito, is examined on the background of the political discourse in Serbia. The research uses sources such as the public speeches and writings of leading political figures (above all Slobodan Milosevic), which are openly available, for example the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and which were published in the three most popular newspapers in the Socialist Republic of Serbia: Борба (Struggle), Политика (Politics) and Вечерње новости (Evening News) and the two main newspapers of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo: Rilindja (Revival) and Jeдинство (Unity). The research concludes that it is obvious that the establishing of a tradition of celebrating the anniversary of the Kosovo Battle as an annual public holiday is directly related to the interests of the political forces in SR Serbia.

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Conway, Bradley E., Deborah G. McCullough, and Larry A. Leefers. "Long-term effects of jack pine budworm outbreaks on the growth of jack pine trees in Michigan." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-110.

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Growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees from the Raco Plains area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was examined over an 18-year period (1978-1995) that included two jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman) outbreaks. Specific volume increments were calculated for 84 trees grouped into three classes based on their status in 1996; 36 trees were undamaged, 24 trees had been recently top-killed, and 24 trees had been recently killed. Average growth was converted to proportion of previous years' growth for three periods: before the 1983-1985 outbreak, between the 1983-1985 and 1991-1993 outbreak, and after the onset of the 1991-1993 outbreak. Differences in growth over these periods among undamaged, recently top-killed, and recently killed trees were evaluated. Growth did not differ among the three groups before the 1983-1985 outbreak. From 1983-1990, undamaged and recently top-killed trees grew significantly more than recently killed trees. There was no difference in average growth from 1983 to 1990 between undamaged and recently top-killed trees. Growth of undamaged trees was significantly greater than growth of recently top-killed trees following the onset of defoliation from the 1991-1993 outbreak. Patterns of growth loss suggest that a history of defoliation stress from multiple budworm outbreaks was an important determinant of tree mortality.

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Dmitrieva, Anastasia Romanovna. "Film journalism and film criticism of the USSR during the years of Perestroika on the example of the magazine «Cinema Art»." Век информации (сетевое издание) 4, no. 13 (September 30, 2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33941/age-info.com44(13)2.

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Perestroika is considered one of the most interesting periods in Russian history in terms of cultural reforms. The article analyzes the content of the issues of the magazine «Cinema Art» published in the period from 1985 to 1991 in order to identify the characteristic features of film journalism and film criticism of the USSR during the period of Perestroika.

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Sopelniak, Anastasiia. "THE ROLE OF YAROSLAV DASHKEVICH IN STUDYING THE «WHITE SPOT» OF UKRAINIAN HISTORY DURING THE «PERESTROIKA» PERIOD (1985–1991)." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 34 (March 30, 2023): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2023-34-80-85.

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The author concludes about involving historians during the period of restructuring into the process of conscious reorientation of Ukrainian humanitarians. He speaking with publications in periodicals or at scientific conferences violated important aspects of the historical past of Ukraine, which were distorted or ordered in the scientific sense of Soviet time. First of all, these issues were connected with the opening of the myth of the sovereignty of the Ukrainian nation. And here, according to the historian, the return to the sources of Ukrainian historiography and critical analysis of the sources should not be the last role. However, most of the works of the scientist, in the investigated period were scientifically popular. This is due to the fact that only the first steps were taken in the national science to overcome the communist stereotypes and to study the national history. He demonstrated deep knowledge of the subject, which was based on deep study of scientific works of predecessors and source base. He constantly stressed the great importance of historical science for the formation of national consciousness, therefore demanded from scientists to look at the historical process only from the positions of their own people and prospects of its development. In the days of independence of Ukraine, some of the author’s judgments were changed by the social political circumstances, which require a deep scientific analysis of his creative heritage using comparative analysis.

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Dashkovskiy, Petr, and Natalia Dvoryanchikova. "The influence of the new state-confessional policy of the USSR on the situation of religious communities in Western Siberia in 1985–1991." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 10-2 (October 1, 2022): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202210statyi45.

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The article is devoted to the study of the situation of religious communities in Western Siberia during the period of perestroika. On the basis of archival materials, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, and normative legal documents, the main directions of activity of regional authorities in 1985-1991 in the system of state and confessional policy of the USSR are considered. The main trends in the establishment of state-confessional relations in Western Siberia are analyzed, taking into account the changes in the socio-political situation in the last years of the USSR.

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Peng, Yusheng. "Agricultural and Nonagricultural Growth and Intercounty Inequality in China, 1985-1991." Modern China 25, no. 3 (July 1999): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009770049902500301.

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Junusbayeva, A. M. "Religious policy of Kazakhstan in the years of restriction (1985–1991)." Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series 105, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022hph1/64-68.

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The State’s religious policy was part of a policy of restructuring during the period under review. However, the early years of restructuring ideological inertia were still strong, and preserved inductions into the increas- ing atheistic educational work. Authorities considered ideological rival in the religion not an ally. It was due to the inadequate dissemination of democratic processes in the public life of the Republic. Another reason for the stability of the state policy towards religious organizations and believers, especially Muslims, was the for- eign policy factor. The meeting between N. Nazarbaev and representatives of religions was an important event which had a great importance in implementing new approaches. Special emphasis was placed on the need for clergymen to do more to disseminate and observe universal human moral and ethical principles, mercy, charity, protection of motherhood and childhood, and help the disabled and the elderly people. There was adopted the Law of the USSR “On freedom of conscience and religious organizations”. The document changed the situation of religious organizations in the country, proclaiming democratic principles and norms. The new law reflected a new balanced and objective approach to religion and religious organizations. The rights of religious organizations have been considerably expanded and many unjustified restrictions have been removed from their activities in public life. The law enshrines respect for believers and religious organizations. The role of religion and religious organizations in society is being redefined and it grows the significance of confessions in the history and culture of the people. The religious policy of the state during the years of reconstruction served as a basis for the creation of a modern model of interfaith harmony in the country and contributed to the process of religious revival which is connected with the interest to religion as part of culture.

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13

Kincade, William H., and Coit D. Blacker. "Hostage to Revolution: Gorbachev and Soviet Security Policy, 1985-1991." Russian Review 53, no. 3 (July 1994): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131229.

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14

Mironov, Boris N. "Disintegration of the USSR in Historiography: Collapse or Dissolution." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 1 (2021): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.108.

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Over the period of 30 years various scientists representing different fields have been studying disintegration of the USSR with unflagging interest. As of August 1, 2020, more than 300 books, 3000 articles, and 20 dissertations have been written in Russia alone. Generalization and critical analysis of this literature requires a monograph. But this task is so complex that for the time being the case is limited to historiographical articles. The purpose of this article is to identify the most popular points of view expressed by well-known experts on the problem of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The analysis enables to draw the following conclusions. The existing explanations can be divided into two large groups. The first one includes works whose authors consider disintegration as the product of a combination of random circumstances, external causes, and mistakes of party and Soviet leaders, and therefore focus first on the study of the role of subjective and external factors, and, second, on the short period of time, 1985–1991, immediately preceding the disintegration. The second group includes works whose authors consider disintegration as a natural result of long-developed processes, search for its historical background, study trends in the development of the Soviet Union and the Union republics, and look at the disintegration systemically and comprehensively. In other words, the former consider disintegration to be a random phenomenon generated mainly by the events of 1985–1991, while the latter consider it to be a natural phenomenon with deep historical, economic, political, cultural, and social prerequisites and causes.

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15

Hands, D. Wade. "Restabilizing Dynamics: Construction and Constraint in the History of Walrasian Stability Theory." Economics and Philosophy 10, no. 2 (October 1994): 243–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100004740.

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InStabilizing Dynamics(1991) Roy Weintraub provides a history of stability theory from the work of Hicks and Samuelson in the late 1930s to the Gale and Scarf counterexamples in the 1960s. Unlike his earlier work in the history of general equilibrium theory (1979, 1985, 1988) this recent contribution is not an attempt to fit the Walrasian program into the narrow framework of some particular philosophy of natural science (such as Lakatos's methodology of scientific research programs). Rather, the theme inStabilizing Dynamicsis broadly social constructivist. Simply put, the constructivist view of science is “that scientific knowledge itself is constructed socially, in communities of scientists: Knowledge is constructed, not found” (p. 9).

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Lavrut, Olga. "Participation of teachers of schools of the USSR in public life 1985 – 1991 years: in the language of periodics." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-70-81.

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The last period of the USSR's existence was turbulent and ambiguous. The proclaimed "perestroika" was intended to cosmetically adjust the existing system. Its main slogans were democratization, depoliticization and publicity. Teachers joined these processes. For a long time they were a member of various organizations that regulated their activities: the Pedagogical Society "Knowledge", trade unions. The activities of the former were educational and cultural in nature. It organized pedagogical readings, meetings, reading conferences, competitions, studied and disseminated pedagogical experience. Teachers became active members of the Ukrainian Language Society named after T.G. Shevchenko, the Ukrainian Green World Association, the People's Movement, the Ukrainian Cultural Foundation, etc. The intelligentsia became the founders of various organizations, which not only morally but also financially supported the school by providing them with funds, printing textbooks and other literature, established international relations. Teachers remained union members trying to "be on the wave." Their activities were more socio-economic. This was due to low, late payment of wages, high prices, inflation and shortages of consumer goods. The requirements for teachers did not coincide with their real position and status. They were faced with even greater challenges. Instead, the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR resisted democratic transformation in society. On the one hand, she understood that changes were needed, and on the other hand, she did not accept a radical reconstruction of her own foundations. From economic and cultural slogans, teachers moved to political ones. Their activity contributed to the consolidation of Ukrainians and the transition of society to a new period in its history – Independent Ukraine.

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Olexandr, Kryvoruchko. "Danylenko V.M. Ukraine in 1985–1991: the last chapter of Soviet history. - K.: Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2018. - 278 p." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History. 128, no. 29 (2019): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2019-29-119-121.

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Kalenov, Nikolay Е. "Seminar “Information Provision of Science: New Technologies” and the History of Library Automation." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 67, no. 1 (April 22, 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2018-67-1-49-55.

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The first professional standing Seminar “Information Provision of Science: New Technologies” has been held regularly since 1985. It is the platform for the library personnel, information workers and programmers to discuss the questions of development of the modern computer technologies for solution of library-information problems. Collections of materials of all seminars are published in printed form and presented on the website of the Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BEN RAS).The article considers the situation in the field of the development of computer technology, existed in the mid-1980-ies that caused the need to organize the Seminar. There are presented the results of the analysis of Seminar proceedings published in 1985—2017, allowing to trace the development of library automation in the country. There is estimated the frequency of usage in the headings of reports of different terms related to this problem, that characterizes the dynamics of changes of its main priorities. Thus, the term ECM was widely used in 1980-ies, since 1991 ceased to be used; the term “electronic library”, which appeared in the proceedings of Seminar in 1999, reached its peak use in the late 2000-s, and then became quite “usual”; now in the titles of reports it appears much less frequently.

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Stephan, John J., and Gilbert Rozman. "Japan's Response to the Gorbachev Era, 1985-1991: A Rising Superpower Views a Declining One." Monumenta Nipponica 47, no. 3 (1992): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2385118.

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Burt, B. A., M. A. Keels, and K. E. Heller. "Fluorosis Development in Seven Age Cohorts after an 11-month Break in Water Fluoridation." Journal of Dental Research 82, no. 1 (January 2003): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200114.

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This study used an 11-month break in water fluoridation to identify the time when developing incisors are most sensitive to fluorosis development. The study was based in Durham, NC, where an interruption to water fluoridation occurred between September, 1990, and August, 1991. A total of 1896 children was dentally examined. Fluorosis was measured by the TF index, and parents or guardians completed a questionnaire on demographics and fluoride history. Age cohorts ranged from those born 5 years before the break, to those born 1 year after the resumption of fluoridation. Fluorosis prevalence for seven age cohorts whose birth years ranged from 1985–86 to 1991–92 was 57.1, 62.3, 33.0, 32.3, 39.8, 30.2, and 36.8%, respectively. Children aged from birth to 3 years at the break, and those born 1 year after it, had less fluorosis than those aged 4–5 years at the break.

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Hagedorn, Marcus, and Iourii Manovskii. "Job Selection and Wages over the Business Cycle." American Economic Review 103, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 771–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.2.771.

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We consider a model with on-the-job search where current wages depend only on current aggregate labor market conditions and idiosyncratic match-specific productivities. We show theoretically that the model replicates the findings in Bils (1985) and Beaudry and DiNardo (1991) on the history dependence in wages. We develop a method to measure match qualities in the data and show empirically that various variables summarizing past aggregate labor market conditions have explanatory power for current wages only because they are correlated with match qualities. They lose any predictive power once match qualities are accounted for. (JEL E3, E24, J3)

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Gadamer, Hans-Georg. "Amistad y conocimiento de sí mismo. Sobre el rol de la amistad en la ética griega (1985)." Co-herencia 18, no. 35 (December 1, 2021): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.18.35.1.

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Traducción del texto “Freundschaft und Selbsterkenntnis. Zur Rolle der Freundschaft in der griechischen Ethik”, conferencia impartida en Múnich el 12 de julio de 1983, publicada originalmente en Würzburger Jahrbücher für die Altertumswissenschaft (Beiheft 1, 1985, pp. 25-33) y reeditada con correcciones en el tomo vi de Gesammelte Werke (1991, pp. 396-406). La presente versión castellana se basa en esta última fuente.

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Suri, Jeremi. "Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?" Journal of Cold War Studies 4, no. 4 (October 2002): 60–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203970260209518.

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Despite the many books and articles written about the end of the Cold War, scholars have not produced a truly international history f this seminal event. This article shows how some of the most important monographs on the end of the Cold War can be synthesized to yield a preliminary account. In particular, the article outlines an interpretation that connects the immediate crisis of the early 1980s, long-term ideological and institutional trends, and transformational choices made from 1985 to 1991. N single decision or variable brought the Cold War t an end. Personalities, trends, and institutions interacted to create an outcome that few predicted.

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Carreras-Marín, Anna, and Marc Badia-Miró. "La fiabilidad de la asignación geográfica en las estadísticas de comercio exterior: América Latina y el Caribe (1908–1930)." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 26, no. 3 (2008): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000380.

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AbstractThe statistical accuracy of Historical Foreign Trade Sources has been stated by Federico and Tena (1991) and Tena (1985, 19991 y 1992). This article follows his works in the most suspect field: geographical distribution. We have use Latin American Coal Trade Data among 1908–1930. Most international trade, considering weight, was coal trade; meanwhile it is an ideal product to isolate geographical effects. Statistical disagreements persistence makes us to think this is not a random phenomenon. We have specified an econometric model based on distance. Results show that including geography we can understand statistical disagreements. As a consequence Latin American Sources appear reasonably accurate, considering its geographical pattern.

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Sivov, Anatoly N. "Transformation of Soviet Ideological Attitudes in the Works of A.N. Yakovlev in 1985-1991." RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-2-468-482.

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The present article studies the views of the godfather of Glasnost, CPSU Central Committee Secretary Alexander N. Yakovlev (1923-2005), and how they evolved during the Perestroika period in the second half of the 1980s. The author analyzes Yakovlev's positions on issues of Soviet ideology at the beginning of Perestroika, arguing that at that time his statements on the need for radical improvement of ideological work did not differ from the views of other party leaders. Yakovlev's personal biography shaped his interpretation of important events of twentieth-century Russian history; he had fought in the Great Patriotic war and participated in the work of the 20th Party Congress and in the Commission of the CPSU Central Committee for the rehabilitation of victims of political repression. Yakovlev became the target of critique from the leaders of the newly created Communist party of the RSFSR, as well as from conservative CPSU members, in particular during the XVIII Party Congress in the summer of 1990; they criticized Yakovlev's work in the Central Committee of the CPSU and the extent of his influence on M.S. Gorbachev. The article traces changes in Yakovlev's assessments of the socialist formation, of Marxism, and of the political and legal structure of the CPSU. The author identifies a direct link between the problems of social and political life in the Soviet Union and changes in Yakovlev's public statements. This analysis leads to the conclusion that Yakovlev's influence on the President of the USSR, M.S. Gorbachev, was not as big as sometimes assumed. Since the beginning of 1991, Yakovlev's influence was gradually declining, and on the eve of the August putsch it reached its lowest point. The article is based on Yakovlev's published articles and public speeches as well as on archival materials from his personal fund that is preserved in the State Archive of the Russian Federation.

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Pannuti, Franco, and Stephan Tanneberger. "The Bologna Eubiosia Project: Hospital-at-Home Care for Advanced Cancer Patients." Journal of Palliative Care 8, no. 2 (June 1992): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585979200800203.

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Since 1985 the Associazione Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori Solidi (ANT), an Italian nonprofit anticancer organization, has provided a hospital-at-home care program for advanced and very advanced cancer patients. This program is part of the Eubiosia Project which also includes a number of complementary services. Teams of doctors, nurses, and psychologists work round-the-clock in the region and on hospital wards, assisted by diagnostic and therapeutic facilities applicable at home and by a round-the-clock on-call service seven days a week. The patients who were treated between December 1985 and December 1991 numbered 5603, of whom 2130 received treatment in 1991 alone, with 702 patients on line at the end of the period. The mean duration of home care for the first 2803 deceased patients was 62 days, and the percentage of deaths at home was 70%. We analyzed control of the main symptoms and the residual survival in three groups of patients—stomach, lung, and breast cancer sufferers — and found that acceptable pain control was achieved in 95% of cases. From the retrospective analysis of our data it can be seen that the eligibility criteria for entry to home care should not only depend upon performance status and the presence of symptoms, but should also take into account the factors that are inherent to the natural history of any kind of tumor as well as the social, domestic, and psychological characteristics of the patients.

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Vermeij, Geerat J., and Lindsey R. Leighton. "Does global diversity mean anything?" Paleobiology 29, no. 1 (2003): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0003:dgdma>2.0.co;2.

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A major goal of paleobiological research since the early 1960s has been the reconstruction in quantitative terms of the history of biological diversity. Spearheaded by Valentine (1969), Raup (1972, 1976a, b), and Sepkoski (1979, 1981, 1984, 1990, 1993), this effort has yielded estimates of global diversity through time, as well as calculations of global rates and magnitudes of extinction and diversification. A consensus emerging in the early 1980s (Sepkoski et al. 1981) indicated that global marine invertebrate diversity rose through the Cambrian and Ordovician periods to a plateau, which with brief extinction-related interruptions was maintained from the mid-Paleozoic to the mid-Mesozoic. Beginning in the Cretaceous, diversity rose again, reaching a peak in the late Neogene. The five mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic, and more or less distinct episodes of diversification, were identified and distinguished from many lesser events (Raup and Sepkoski 1982). Comparable studies, with varying results, were conducted on land vertebrates (Benton 1985, 1989), land plants (Knoll et al. 1979; Niklas et al. 1980, 1983; Tiffney 1981; Knoll 1984), early protistans (Knoll 1994), insects (Labandeira and Sepkoski 1993), and life as a whole (Van Valen 1984, 1985; Van Valen and Maiorana 1985; Signor 1990; Valentine et al. 1991; Benton 1995; Courtillot and Gaudemer 1996; Miller and Foote 1996).

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Nefyodov, D. "Presentation of the Ukrainian SSR working class history of the postwar twenty years (1946–1965) in the Soviet scientific literature of the perestroika period (1985–1991)." Scholarly Works of the Faculty of History, Zaporizhzhia National University 49 (2017): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/swfh-2017-49-044.

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Rettová, Alena. "Translation as destruction: Kezilahabi's adaptation of Heidegger's “Being”." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 81, no. 3 (October 2018): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x18001003.

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AbstractTanzanian novelist and philosopher Euphrase Kezilahabi strives to “dismantle the resemblance of language to the world” (1985: 216) through challenging the fundamental philosophical dichotomy of subject and object. The result of this dismantling will be a new “language whose foundation is Being” (Kezilahabi 1991: 69; lugha ambayo msingi wake ni kuwako). This is an expression of a new relationship between humanity and Being built on a holistic epistemology of experience and embodiment. Through “kuwako”, Kezilahabi expresses in Swahili the Heideggerian concept of Sein (Being). His adherence to Heidegger, however, puts him at risk of compromising the very foundation of his own philosophy: his continued critique of essentialism. This article argues that Kezilahabi salvages his concept of “kuwako” from these essentialist pitfalls precisely through his declared “destructive rather than deconstructive stand vis-à-vis the Western philosophy of value and representation” (Kezilahabi 1985: 4). The destruction is implemented on the thematic level: a phase of “vurumai” (chaos) which destroys previous traditions of philosophy is staged in Nagona. However, translation is an even more powerful device to carry out this destruction: “kuwako” is not an innocent reiteration but a radical reformulation of Heidegger's central philosophical concept, decisively informed by Kezilahabi's lifelong propensity for existentialism.

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Robinson, Neil. "Last of the empires: a history of the Soviet Union 1945–1991 and The war that never was: the fall of the Soviet empire 1985–1991." International Affairs 72, no. 1 (January 1996): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624797.

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MLÍKOVSKÝ, JIŘÍ. "The correct name for the Siberian Black-billed Capercaillie is Tetrao urogalloides (Aves: Tetraonidae)." Zootaxa 3452, no. 1 (September 4, 2012): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3452.1.3.

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The Black-billed Capercaillie is a widespread species of north-eastern Asia, being almost endemic to Russia, but also occurring in northern Mongolia and northernmost China (Potapov 1985, 1987; De Juana 1994; Madge & McGowan 2002; Storch 2007). Two different names are in current use for this species in the scientific literature: Tetrao urogalloides Middendorff, 1853 (e.g. Buturlin 1901: 66, 1935: 185; Kirikov 1952: 103; Hjort 1970: 307; Walters 1980: 34; Potapov 1985: 361, 1987: 186; Haffer 1989; Klaus et al. 1989; Andreev 1991; Grant & Grant 1997: 7773; Klaus & Andreev 2001; Meserve 2005: 77; Klement'ev 2011) and Tetrao parvirostris Bonaparte, 1856 (e.g. Dresser 1903: 697; Hartert 1917: 292, 1921: 1884; Štegman 1926: 229; Peters 1934: 26; Vaurie 1965: 260; Stepanân 1990: 136; Inskipp et al. 1996: 27; Madge & McGowan 2002: 373; Dickinson 2003: 46; Zheng 2005: 47; Koblik et al. 2006: 106; Brazil 2010: 30). This situation is untenable. Thus, I restudied the nomenclatural history of this species to determine which name is correct, with the following results.

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Shcherbina, Elena Yu. "Training of Party-Soviet Cadres in the USSR: A Review of Soviet Historical-Party and Modern Russian Historiography." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 10 (October 18, 2023): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2023.10.21.

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The article analyzes the Soviet historical-party and modern Russian historiography devoted to the problems of training nomenklatura cadres in the USSR. Eight chronological stages of the development of national historical knowledge about the preparation of party reserves are distinguished: 1) 1918–1927; 2) 1928–1955; 3) 1956–1964; 4) 1965–1985; 5) 1985–1991; 6) 1992–1999; 7) 2000–2013; 8) 2014 – present. It is emphasized that Russian historiography developed from the theoretical generalization of practical issues of the construction of school for training Soviet government and Communist Party workers and communist higher educational institu-tions in the country to large regional investigations of the nomenclature corps of the Soviet period and factual reviews of the history of the development of certain higher party educational institutions of the CPSU. The change in the social image of managers that took place by the end of the Soviet period and the replacement of the mobilization approach to the recruitment of nomenklatura personnel by a competence-based approach led to the curtailment of the CPSU party educational institutions.

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White, Russell D. "Guidelines for the Documentation and Care of Invertebrate Fossil Collections." Paleontological Society Special Publications 10 (2000): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008960.

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COLLECTIONS OF invertebrate fossils are commonly maintained in museums, at universities, and by individual researchers and interested private collectors. Twenty years ago, the Committee on North American Resources in Invertebrate Paleontology (CONARIP) estimated that there more than 550 institutions housed invertebrate paleontological macro- and micro- fossil collections (Glenister, 1977). Historically, collections have been developed, managed and maintained by paleontologists as a resource for their research (e.g., museum curator or university faculty) (Hebda, 1985). Since the early 1970s, the field of collection management has evolved and the increased professionalization of collection manager positions has been instrumental in improving the management and preservation of invertebrate fossils as well as other natural history collections (Cato, 1991; Simmons, 1993; Simmons, 1995).

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Beck, E. J., S. Mandalia, K. Leonard, R. J. Griffith, J. R. W. Harris, and D. L. Miller. "Case-control study of sexually transmitted diseases as cofactors for HIV-1 transmission." International Journal of STD & AIDS 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462961917023.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the association between infection with HIV-1 infection and a history of other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). We were able to match 1295 HIV-1 infected patients who attended St Mary's Hospital between 1985 and 1991 with 1273 seronegative controls on gender, sexual orientation, injecting drug use and age at time of test. The cases were 3 times more likely to have a history of ever having had another STD than the controls: multivariate conditional logistic regression showed that, after controlling for sexual behaviour, for known sexual contact with an HIV infected individual or AIDS patient or with a resident from a high HIV prevalence area, area of residence and for year of test, a history of gonorrhoea, syphilis, hepatitis B, genital herpes or genital warts were all significantly associated with HIV-1 seropositive status. These findings reinforce the need for HIV containment strategies to be promoted in conjunction with containment programmes for other STDs.

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Proença Júnior, Domício, Eugenio Diniz, and Marcus A. Lessa. "A trajetória das divisões pesadas da URSS e Rússia e dos EUA ao início e ao final da Guerra Fria." Revista Tempo e Argumento 13, no. 32 (April 30, 2021): e0106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/2175180313322021e0106.

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Este artigo apresenta e discute o trajeto que levou os desenhos organizacionais das divisões pesadas da URSS e dos EUA ao início e ao final da Guerra Fria. Para tanto, explica as armas combinadas modernas centradas no tanque e o papel central do escalão de comando divisão (10.000-20.000 combatentes) para a disponibilização dos diferentes tipos de tropas necessários para que se possa tê-las quando necessário. Apresenta então os corpos de tanques e mecanizados da URSS, e a divisão blindada dos EUA em 1945, delineando como se chegou às divisões de rifles motorizados e de tanques da URSS e às divisões blindadas e mecanizadas dos EUA tomando c. 1985 como proxy para 1991 em função da turbulência do final da Guerra Fria. A conclusão afirma a continuidade e prevalência do enquadramento de disponibilização de armas combinadas modernas centradas no tanque na divisão como consideração principal no desenho organizacional de forças terrestres até o presente.

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McClarnand, Elaine. "The Politics of History and Historical Revisionism: De-Stalinization and the Search for Identity in Gorbachev's Russia, 1985-1991." History Teacher 31, no. 2 (February 1998): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/494060.

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Lassin, Jacob. "Russian Orthodoxy, Nationalism and the Soviet State during the Gorbachev Years, 1985–1991. By Sophie Kotzer." Journal of Church and State 63, no. 2 (March 19, 2021): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcs/csab012.

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Sertic, Petra. "Who Was Mrs. Benway?" Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0028.

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AbstractFrom 1985 to 1991, the artist Jutta Koether contributed a column titled Mrs. Benway to the pop cultural magazine Spex, for which she developed a form of art criticism that would appeal to a mostly music interested readership. In the process, Koether advanced a form of critique as a practice with the ability to actively determine the conditions for one’s own life, connecting to contemporaneous evaluations of models of critique for their ability to initiate change. Spex not only provided a platform for evaluation and judgment, but functioned as a launch pad where the habit of responding and taking position to current events was routinely exercised in step with the magazine’s monthly publication rhythm and Cologne’s dynamic art calendar.

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Chambat, Pierre. "Rolf Torstendahl, Bureaucratisation in Northwestern Europe, 1880-1985. Domination and Governance, Londres- New York, Routledge, 1991, 339 p." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 47, no. 6 (December 1992): 1216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900079002.

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Stuart, Robert C., and William Moskoff. "Hard Times: Impoverishment and Protest in the Perestroika Years. The Soviet Union 1985-1991." Russian Review 54, no. 1 (January 1995): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130809.

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Reisinger, William M., Geoffrey Hosking, Jonathan Aves, and Peter J. S. Duncan. "The Road to Post-Communism: Independent Political Movements in the Soviet Union, 1985-1991." Russian Review 54, no. 1 (January 1995): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130814.

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Miknienė, Giedrė, and Birutė Railienė. "Baltic Conferences on History of Science: Documenting the History of Science of the Baltic Countries in 1958–2019." Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum 10, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2022.1.01.

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The first attempt to bring together the historians of science from the Baltic States took place in Riga in 1958. Prof. Pauls Stradiņš (1896–1958) initiated and organised a joint meeting for historians of science from Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania under the supervision of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. A program for future joint activities was developed, and the tradition of joint conferences—the Baltic Conference on History of Science (BCHS)—in each country followed. In 1991, the Baltic Association of the History and Philosophy of Science (BAHPS), uniting historians and philosophers of science of independent Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, took over organising the BCHS. The article aims to present an overview of the published results of the conference, which is partly based on the annotated bibliography (1958–1985) of the conference. The authors analyse the subject, dissemination and tradition of the BCHS, and discuss the role of academic institutions in organising the events. Since the overview was inspired by a decision to gather a complete set of books of conference abstracts, it also resulted in recommendations for conference organisers. Between 1958 and 2019, twenty-nine conferences were organised and 2,880 papers were presented. The next conference will take place in Finland in 2022. The main ideas of the article were presented at the 26th International Congress on History and Philosophy of Science in Prague in 2021.

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Tchernychov, André. "La réflexion mythologique en Union soviétique, 1985-1991 : la perestroïka comme « travail sur le mythe »." Revue des études slaves 65, no. 4 (1993): 691–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/slave.1993.6137.

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Cornwell, C. J., J. B. Messenger, and R. T. Hanlon. "Chromatophores and Body Patterning in the Squid Alloteuthis Subulata." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77, no. 4 (November 1997): 1243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400038789.

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The chromatophore system of the small loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) is very simple and the repertoire of body patterns limited. There are red and yellow chromatophores only. On the dorsal mantle there are more yellows than reds; on the ventral mantle and there are more reds than yellows. The dorsal reds are larger than the yellows and bear more radial muscles. The significance of these findings is discussed.Alloteuthis subulata Lamarck is a small loliginid, common in shallow water near Plymouth (Holme, 1974; Lipinski, 1985; Rodhouse et al., 1988). Little is known of its natural history and behaviour and chromatophores and body patterns of adults have never been described, although the skin of this species has been used in physiological studies of colour change (Messenger, 1991; Messenger et al., 1991; Cornwell & Messenger, 1995).Over 100 adult animals of both sexes, caught by trawl at depths of 10–60 m, were examined; their mantle lengths ranged from 70 to 130 mm. Living animals were observed in large aquaria with circulating sea-water. Counts and measurements of chromatophores were made on colour photographs (taken through a Nikon dissecting microscope) of pieces of fresh skin (20×20 mm) dissected from animals killed by decapitation or after MgCl2 anaesthesia (Messenger et al., 1985). Chromatophores were counted first when fully retracted (by 1×10−3 M 5-HT) and then when fully expanded (with 1×10−3 M L-glutamate: Cornwell & Messenger, 1995). All measurements were made in the same area of the body: the central and anterior part of the mantle, dorsally and ventrally (Figure 2).

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Zafer, Zeynep. "The Establishing of the First Bulgarian Language аnd Literature Academic Department in Turkey." Balkanistic Forum 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 196–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i2.11.

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Russian Language and Literature is among the first foreign philologies established in the officially opened in 1935 Faculty of Languages, History and Geography in Ankara. In 1962 Bulgarian language began to be taught at the Language School of the Land Forces in Istanbul. The forced change of the names of the Turks in Bulgaria in 1984-1985, which caused a deterioration in bilateral relations, delayed the establishment of the planned bachelor's program in Bulgarian language and literature in the early 1980s. Thus, Polish Language and Literature (1987/1988) overtook Bulgarian studies and became the second philological specialty of the Slavic languages, opened at the University of Ankara. 1991 is the birth date of the academic department university specialty Bulgarian language and literature in Turkey, when the first group of students was admitted. For 32 years, it went through various stages of development or stagnation, but retained its status as a specialty. This article aims to present her previously unexplored and unknown history.

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Molina García, Sergio. "Michel Rocard y el debate agrícola de la adhesión de España a la CEE, 1983-1985." Historia y Política: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales, no. 45 (June 11, 2021): 295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.18042/hp.45.11.

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Michel Rocard ha sido uno de los políticos socialistas franceses más conocidos de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Gran parte de la opinión pública lo recuerda como primer ministro (1988-‍1991) y como ideólogo de la segunda izquierda. Sin embargo, sus labores como ministro de Agricultura (1983-‍1985) apenas son recordadas, pese a que contribuyó al desarrollo del sector agrario francés y europeo. Por una parte, logró desbloquear la PAC y, por otra, contribuyó a la integración española en la CEE. En este artículo, a partir de fuentes primarias e inéditas, se analizará el papel que desempeñó Michel Rocard en las negociaciones para la adhesión española al Mercado Común. Esta investigación permitirá comprender la complejidad de las negociaciones comunitarias y el gran número de factores que intervinieron en la entrada de España a la CEE.

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Keightley, David N. "Neolithic and Shang Periods." Journal of Asian Studies 54, no. 1 (February 1995): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911800021604.

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The common occurrence of cults of the dead in Neolithic and early Bronze Age societies around the world raises at least one major question about early Chinese religion: what factors account for the elaboration of ancestor worship in China and for the degree to which—compared to its role in other cultures—it endured? The study of Chinese religion in the Neolithic and Shang periods (ca. 4000–1050 B.C.E.) can contribute to our understanding of such matters, but the bulk of recent scholarship is inevitably and properly focused on technical analyses of sites, artifacts, rituals, and spiritual Powers. Many studies address problems of definition, such as the nature of Ti, the high god of the Shang, and his cult (Akatsuka 1977:471–537; Ikeda 1981:25–39; Eno 1990); images of T'ien (Heaven, Sky) (Hayashi 1989a); the nature of the Earth Power and its associated altar of the soil (Tai Chia-hsiang 1986); the role of sun, bird, and other totems in Neolithic and Shang belief (Hu Hou-hsüan 1977; Allan 1981; Tu Chin-p'eng 1992; Wu Hung 1985; Paper 1986; Ch'ien Chihch'iang 1988; Juyü 1991; Wang Chi-huai 1992; Xiong Chuanxin 1992; Chang Teshui 1993; Chang Wen 1994; Wang Lu-ch'ang 1994); methods and objects of sacrifice (Ikeda 1980; Ch'iu Hsi-kuei 1985; Childs-Johnson 1987; Lien Shao-ming 1989; Itō 1990; Hao Pen-hsing 1992); the religious dimensions of illness (Takashima 1980) and of settlement building (Akatsuka 1977:494–99).

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Miškařík, Pavel. "The Narrative Construction of Identity among the Namibian Czechs." Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne 19 (July 18, 2019): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/seia.2019.19.09.

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The main goal of this paper is to explain how the group of so-called Namibian Czechs identifies itself and how it expresses the feeling of belonging to a specific identity in its narrative. The paper is based on the analysis of biographical narrative, which was obtained by the method of oral history, and it also contains information from archival sources and participant observation. The respondents are members of a group of fifty-six children war refugees, who were educated and accommodated in Czechoslovakia between 1985 and 1991. It was a part of internationalsolidarity aid, provided to liberation movements with communist orientation. The analysis of the biographical narrative of the respondents provides us with information about the specific individual reflection on processes of self-identification and a multiplicity of certain identities.

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Marín Colorado, Paula Andrea. "narrativa de Gabriel García Márquez vista por Ángel Rama y la recepción de su crítica en Colombia." Estudios de Literatura Colombiana, no. 30 (September 10, 2012): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.elc.12982.

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Las dos primeras partes de este artículo tienen como objetivo presentar el trabajo crítico de Ángel Rama sobre la obra narrativa de Gabriel García Márquez: García Márquez: edificación de un arte nacional y popular. Este trabajo, en principio, correspondió a un curso ofrecido por Rama en la Universidad Veracruzana en 1972; el curso fue transcrito y publicado póstumamente en la revista Texto Crítico en 1985, y luego fue publicado por la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Universidad de la República (Montevideo) en 1987. En Colombia, este texto empieza a conocerse, sobre todo, a partir de 1991, fecha en la que se publica en Cuadernos de la Gaceta, del Instituto Colombiano de Cultura. Por esta razón, la tercera parte de este artículo tomará la fecha de 1991 como referencia para la realización de un trabajo de revisión y seguimiento (en libros y revistas) de la influencia de la crítica de Rama en la recepción y estudio de la obra de García Márquez en Colombia.

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Connor, Walter D. "Soviet Society, Public Attitudes, and the Perils of Gorbachev's Reforms: The Social Context of the End of the USSR." Journal of Cold War Studies 5, no. 4 (September 2003): 43–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703322483756.

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Soviet society underwent profound changes during the seven-and-a-half decades of Soviet rule. By the late 1970s and 1980s, adverse economic and demographic trends had led to widespread public cynicism, especially among younger people. Mikhail Gorbachev was aware of the discontent within Soviet society when he came to office in 1985, and he pursued a reform program that was intended to remedy the country's ills and rejuvenate the society. In the end he failed. Although Soviet society did not “revolt” en masse against Gorbachev's reforms and the hardships that ensued, the crucial thing by 1991 was that the society as a whole no longer had much of a stake in the survival of the USSR—a stake that might have induced people to mobilize in favor of preserving a union.

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Journal articles on the topic 'History, 1985-1991'

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