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Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 July 2024

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Silva, Edgleide de Oliveira Clemente da. "Espaço, Saberes e Tempo escolar nos relatórios da Instrução Pública e Particular da Província de Alagoas, Brasil (1866-1868)." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 8, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.348.

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This study analyzes the context of space, knowledge and school time present in the public and private education reports of the province of Alagoas, written by the physician Thomaz do Bomfim Espindola (1832-1889) in the 19th century. These reports were the result of his role as Inspector General of Studies in the years 1866 to 1868. These writings include themes such as poor teacher qualifications, poor application of learning methods, abandonment of physical education, moral education, and religious education. quantitative figures on the number of private and public primary and secondary schools, teacher hiring, replacement and dismissal, among other subjects. As a member of the Liberal Party of Alagoas, Espindola held the positions of provincial deputy from 1860-1861, 1864-1865 and 1866-1867, deputy general from 1878 to 1881 and from 1881 to 1884, and interim president in the same province in 1867 and 1878. In Education, he worked as a teacher of Geography, Chronology and History at the Alagoas High School, Hygiene at the High School of Arts and Crafts and Philosophy at São Bernardo High School. He was consulted to propose changes in Brazilian education by drafting the opinions of the «Reform of Primary Education and Various Complementary Institutions of Public Education» (1882) and the «Reform of Secondary and Higher Education» (1883) together with Rui Barbosa and Ulysses Vianna. Therefore, the analysis of the theoretical relationships of space, knowledge and school time of public and private education in the province of Alagoas contributes to the understanding of the advances and the limits of the school formation of the Brazilian Empire.

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2

Baker, William. "George Eliot’s and George Henry Lewes’s Copies of Her Work." George Eliot - George Henry Lewes Studies 75, no. 1 (November 2023): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/georelioghlstud.75.1.0058.

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Abstract Lot 529 of the Sotheby’s 27 June 1923, sale of George Eliot’s and George Henry Lewes’s work consisted of: “Eliot (George) Scenes of Clerical Life, 2 vols., Edinb. 1858; Adam Bede, 3 vols., ib. 1859; The Mill on the Floss, 3 vol. ib. 1860; Silas Marner, ib. 1861; Romola, 3 vol. 1863; Felix Holt, 3 vol. Edinb. 1866; The Spanish Gypsy (joint broken), ib. 1868; Middlemarch, 4 vol. 1871–2; Daniel Deronda, 4 vol. ib 1876; ALL FIRST EDITIONS; and Romola, illustrated edition, 1865. G. H. LEWES’S SET OF GEORGE ELIOT’S WORKS, with his signature on the title of Vol. I of the Scenes of Clerical Life, and corrections in the hand of George Eliot (the line referring to Right of Translation cut off some titles, and one marginal note cut into), uniform morocco gilt, g.e. except Spanish Gypsy, which is bound in Russia, g.e. (25).” This article describes these volumes, their history, and assesses their importance.

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3

Fedorko, Kathy. "“Henry's brilliant sister”: The Pivotal Role of Sophia Thoreau in Her Brother's Posthumous Publications." New England Quarterly 89, no. 2 (June 2016): 222–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00529.

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Ever since the publication of Henry Thoreau's four posthumous essay collections, bibliographers and biographers have credited Ralph Waldo Emerson, in the case of Excursions (1863), or William Ellery Channing, in the case of The Maine Woods (1864), Cape Cod (1865), and A Yankee in Canada (1866), with either editing the collections or co-editing them with Sophia Thoreau, Henry's younger sister. This essay provides evidence from letters, books, diaries, and articles, as well as from the essay manuscripts themselves, that Sophia Thoreau alone edited her brother's essay collections for publication after his death from tuberculosis in 1862. She alone also chose the editor for her brother's Journal before her death in 1876.

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4

Zúñiga Crespo, Javier. "Esclavitud, corrupción y poder en Cuba: los casos Navascués y Argüelles (1863-1864)." Anuario de Estudios Americanos 80, no. 2 (January 9, 2024): 687–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/aeamer.2023.2.11.

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En este trabajo se analizan los expedientes de caso de Pedro de Navascués y José Agustín Argüelles, el primero expulsado de Cuba en 1863 y el segundo condenado a presidio en La Habana en 1864. Ambas causas sucedieron durante el mandato como capitán general de Cuba de Domingo Dulce y Garay (1862-1866) y se basaron en disputas y acusaciones relacionadas con el tráfico ilegal de esclavos. Los dos personajes ostentaban cargos públicos de autoridad, lo que elevó la magnitud del conflicto hasta la esfera internacional, siendo especialmente importante el papel de Estados Unidos en la deportación de Argüelles frente al derecho de asilo.

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5

Veremis, Thanos. "Ottoman diplomatic documents on the ‘Eastern Question’: the Cretan uprising 1866–1869, Part 1, May 1866 to September 1867, Part 2, September 1867 to June 1869." Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 11, no. 1 (March 2011): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2011.555969.

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6

Melton, James Van Horn, and James J. Sheehan. "German History, 1770-1866." American Historical Review 96, no. 5 (December 1991): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165371.

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7

Remak, Joachim, and James J. Sheehan. "German History 1770-1866." German Studies Review 14, no. 2 (May 1991): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1430594.

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8

Mitchell, Otis C. "German History, 1770–1866." History: Reviews of New Books 20, no. 1 (July 1991): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1991.9949469.

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9

WILLIAMS, R. B., and BERNADETTE G. CALLERY. "The states and printing history (1861–1864) of John Henry Gurney's A descriptive catalogue of the raptorial birds in the Norfolk and Norwich Museum." Archives of Natural History 35, no. 2 (October 2008): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0260954108000429.

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The first and only part published of A descriptive catalogue of the raptorial birds in the Norfolk and Norwich Museum by John Henry Gurney (senior) is usually dated 1864. But a copy with a variant title-page dated 1861 exists, raising the question of whether there are two editions or issues. Typographical errors indicate that all copies, whatever dated, constitute a single impression from one type setting. All copies dated 1864 have a cancelled title-leaf. The copy dated 1861 is apparently unique, an accidental survival that escaped the cancellation; its title-page never appeared in commercially available copies. Printing of the whole book, on three batches of paper, was demonstrated by internal evidence to have been protracted over three years from 1861 to 1864. Therefore, there is only one edition, published in 1864, with the title-page in two states. This study demonstrates how differences between batches of printing-paper can facilitate recognition of cancelled conjugate pairs of leaves that would otherwise be undetectable unless a copy without the cancellation were found. Examination of the cloth types, spine titles, endpapers and various printed insertions, indicates that probably two different casings of the whole edition were carried out simultaneously, rather than consecutively, contrary to the usual practice of Victorian publishers. The surviving original manuscript suggests that the protracted printing resulted from indecision about some taxonomic and nomenclatural points; but complications in Gurney's private life probably also contributed. No further parts of the catalogue were published, probably because of Gurney's disastrous business problems between 1866 and 1869. The potential relevance of the book to avian nomenclature is appraised.

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10

Leonhard, J. "British Envoys to Germany, 1816-1866. Vol. I: 1816-1829." English Historical Review 117, no. 470 (February 1, 2002): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.470.208.

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11

Titterton, Rosemary, Robin C. Whatley, and John E. Whittaker. "A review of some key species of mainly Indo-Pacific Ostracoda from the collections of G. S. Brady." Journal of Micropalaeontology 20, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.20.1.31.

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Abstract. Fifteen key species of Recent Ostracoda (all but one from Indo-Pacific waters), selected from the collections of G. S. Brady and deposited in the Hancock Museum, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and The Natural History Museum, London, are reviewed. Holotypes and lectotypes have been formally designated and illustrated (by SEM) in the case of seven of these species: Neonesidea crosskeiana (Brady, 1866), Macrocyprina decora (Brady, 1866), Macrocyprina maculata (Brady, 1866), Pontocypris attenuata (Brady, 1868), Neocyprideis spinulosa (Brady, 1868), Keijia demissa (Brady 1868), Cytherella semitalis (Brady 1868). Other taxa reviewed and re-illustrated are five species erected by Brady in 1880: Neonesidea woodwardiana, Paranesidea globulus, Loxoconcha pumicosa, Kotaracythere inconspicua, Cletocythereis rastromarginata and Cytherelloidea venusta, and one species described by Brady in 1890: Neomonoceratina entomon. Lectotypes of these have been designated previously, elsewhere. The final species, Neocyprideis timorensis which, although found by Brady in 1880, was first formally described by Fyan in 1916.

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12

Yacovone, D. "Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867; series 3; vol. 2; Land and Labor, 1866-1867." Journal of American History 101, no. 1 (May 22, 2014): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jau346.

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13

VÁZQUEZ DE PRADA TIFFE, Mercedes. "La comisión de Cayetano Manrique en defensa de los fueros vascos en 1866 y su memoria a las diputaciones vascas." RVAP 96, no. 96 (August 30, 2013): 341–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.96.2013.09.

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LABURPENA: Euskal foruaren defentsan, Valladolidekoeta Simancaseko chancilleríako artxibategian Cayetano Manrique jaunari agindutako ikerlanari buruzko artikulua da hauxe. Sánchez Silva senatariak berriz ere eraso egingo zuela aurrez ikusita, eta halaxe egin zuen 1867. urtean, Manriqueren ikerlana oinarri ezin hobea izan zen Andaluziako senatariaren diskurtsoan foruarekin lotutako hiru zuzenketak argitaratzeko, eta Historia y Fueros del País Vasco, 1868koa, berriz inprimatzeko, ohar eta guzti. Cayetano Martínezek 1866. irailean euskal aldundien kudeaketari buruz egindako memoriaren transkribapena ere badakar, eta agiri-inbentarioa ere, ohar kritiko eta guzti. RESUMEN: Se trata en este artículo de la comisión de investigación de Cayetano Manrique en los archivos de la Chancillería de Valladolid y Simancas en defensa de la foralidad vasca. En previsión de un nuevo ataque del senador Sánchez Silva que tuvo lugar en junio de 1867 la investigación de Manrique sirvió de base para la publicación de las tres rectificaciones forales al discurso del senador andaluz y para la reimpresión anotada de la Historia y Fueros del País Vasco, de 1868. Se incluye la transcripción de la memoria de Cayetano Manrique de septiembre de 1866 a las diputaciones vascas sobre su gestión y el inventario documental con su comentario crítico. ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the investigatory commission of Cayetano Manrique in the Royal Chancery of Valladolid and Simancas archives in defence of the Basque foral liberties. In view of a new attack by Senator Sánchez Silva that took place in June 1867, Manrique’s investigation was the base for the publication of his foral rectifications to the speech of the andalusian senator and the reprint in 1868 of the History and jurisdiction of the Basque Country. It includes the management report of Cayetano Manrique to the Basque provincial councils in 1866 and the inventory of documentary sources with his critical comment.

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14

Ehrhardt, John D., Don K. Nakayama, and J. Patrick O'Leary. "Carbolic Acid before Joseph Lister: Rail Ties, Sewage, Manure, and the Great Stink." American Surgeon 86, no. 3 (March 2020): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313482008600324.

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Before Joseph Lister's landmark Lancet publications on the use of carbolic acid wound dressings in 1867, surgeons Jules Lemaire in France and Enrico Bottini in Italy had already used carbolic acid on hundreds of patients to control suppurative wounds. After Friedlieb Runge isolated it from coal tar in 1834, a number of scientists recognized the efficacy of carbolic acid in preventing decay and neutralizing the stench of dead animals and human cadavers. Frederick Calvert, Alexander McDougall, and Angus Smith in Manchester promoted a powdered form of carbolic acid as a deodorizing agent to treat municipal sewage across the United Kingdom, most notably during London's famous “Great Stink” of 1858. Edmond Corne in France introduced his formulation, which Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau, Ferdinand LeBeuf, and Lemaire adapted for clinical use in 1859. Lemaire wrote extensively on carbolic acid and its surgical application in three publications from 1860 to 1862. In 1866, Bottini published his experience of 600 cases where it was used. In 1865, Lister began to use carbolic acid in open fractures after Thomas Anderson, his colleague in agricultural chemistry at the University of Glasgow, told him about its use in Carlisle sewage works. This article traces the rich history of carbolic acid from an unknown compound in coal to the cornerstone of Listerism in late-19th–century operating rooms.

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15

Tomasi, Pietro. "The unpublished “History of Philosophy” (1866–1867) by Franz Brentano." Axiomathes 17, no. 1 (February 8, 2007): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10516-006-9006-4.

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16

Myers, Robert C. "Mortality in the Twelfth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, 1861-1866." Michigan Historical Review 20, no. 1 (1994): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20173432.

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17

Mangrum, Robert G., Brooks D. Simpson, Leroy P. Graff, and John Muldowny. "Advice after Appomattox: Letters to Andrew Johnson, 1865-1866." Journal of Southern History 55, no. 4 (November 1989): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2209077.

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18

Holguín Callo, Oswaldo. "románticos peruanos y el Conflicto con España (1864-1866)." Aula Palma, no. 20 (January 2, 2023): 53–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31381/ap.v20i20.4448.

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Los románticos peruanos participaron en forma destacada en la producción literaria de los años 1840 a 1880. A pesar de haberse formado en un ambiente político contrario a España, heredado de las generaciones anteriores y de la Guerra de Independencia, el talento de los románticos hispanos los atrajo y convirtió en sus admiradores y seguidores. Durante la Guerra con España (1864-1866), los románticos peruanos desempeñaron un papel muy importante gracias a su copiosa poesía patriótica y nacionalista, leída y recitada en muchas ocasiones, y difundida por medios diversos. Sus obras recrearon algunas páginas de la Historia del Perú así como censuraron a los españoles de la Conquista y del Virreinato. Palabras claves: Románticos peruanos, escritores españoles, Guerra con España (1864-1866), poesía patriótica, Historia del Perú Abstract Peruvian romantics participated outstandingly in the literary production of the years 1840 to 1880. Despite having been formed in an anti-Spanish political environment, inherited from previous generations and the War of Independence, the talent of the Hispanic romantics attracted them and turned them into their admirers and followers. During the War with Spain (1864-1866), the Peruvian romantics played a very important role thanks to their rich patriotic and nationalist poetry, read and recited on many occasions, and disseminated by diverse means. Their works recreated some pages of the History of Peru as well as censures to the Spaniards of the Conquest and the Viceroyalty. Keywords: Peruvian romantics, Spanish writers, War with Spain (1864-1866), patriotic poetry, History of Peru.

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19

Benedict, Michael Les, Brooks D. Simpson, LeRoy P. Graf, John Muldowny, and Paul H. Bergeron. "Advice after Appomattox: Letters to Andrew Johnson, 1865-1866." Journal of American History 78, no. 3 (December 1991): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078879.

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20

Cimprich, John, and Paul H. Bergeron. "The Papers of Andrew Johnson. Volume XI: August 1866-1867." Journal of Southern History 62, no. 3 (August 1996): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211536.

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21

Davis, J. R. "British Envoys to Germany, 1816-1866. Vol. III: 1848-1850." English Historical Review CXXIII, no. 502 (May 30, 2008): 774–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cen134.

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22

Page, Leroy. "Benjamin F. Mudge, the State Geological Surveys, and Fossil Collecting in Kansas, 1864-1870." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.2.9865g37mp53x506t.

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B. F. Mudge (1817-79), appointed the first Kansas State Geologist in 1864, served for only one year. Inexperienced, and with no chance of fulfilling the requirements of an expansive law, he was succeeded in 1865 by G. C. Swallow (1817-99). Aided by F. Hawn and the other former members of Mudge's survey, Swallow, who received a larger budget and an open-ended appointment with no specified duties, produced a more impressive report, although he was not funded in 1866. Mudge went to Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, where he became the preeminent Kansas geologist during the years 1866-70. Although better known for his fossil vertebrate collections in the Cretaceous of Western Kansas in the 1870's, Mudge made significant invertebrate collections from the Cretaceous. Building on the foundation laid by F. V. Hayden and F. B. Meek, he was able, with considerable input from Meek, to make a major contribution toward elucidating the stratigraphy of the Kansas Cretaceous.

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23

SAUNDERS, ROBERT. "THE POLITICS OF REFORM AND THE MAKING OF THE SECOND REFORM ACT, 1848–1867." Historical Journal 50, no. 3 (August 28, 2007): 571–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006267.

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ABSTRACTThe second reform act came at the close of a remarkable period of constitutional debate, in which seven different governments had committed themselves to reform. Yet historians have shown little interest in this debate, seeing it as largely irrelevant to the making of the second reform act. This article seeks to reconnect the discussions of the 1850s with the measure of 1867, and to explore some of the issues that shaped the course of legislation. It argues that the failure to achieve reform in the 1850s was the result not of hostility to reform in the abstract, but of an inability to agree on the type of reform that was desirable. Depending on who was enfranchised and where, different reform bills could produce quite different electorates, making consensus elusive. The article shows how the Liberal opposition to the 1866 bill was fuelled by concerns over the nature of Liberal politics after Palmerston, and concludes that the disagreement over the rating franchise concealed a wider disagreement on the whole nature of reform, exerting a powerful influence on the measures of both 1866 and 1867.

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24

Harrington, Joseph F., and Keith Hitchins. "Rumania, 1866-1947." Journal of Military History 61, no. 1 (January 1997): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953936.

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25

Köhler, Piotr. "The role of Franz Herbich (1791–1865) in the organization of research on the natural history of Galicia (Austro-Hungarian Empire)." Archives of Natural History 42, no. 2 (October 2015): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0314.

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From 1825 until his death, the Austrian botanist Franz Herbich lived in Galicia (a province of the Austrian Empire), where he established an effective network of associates. Towards the end of his life, he planned to hand over this network to the future Galician Physiographical Society, which was to continue his research. In 1865, thanks to his initiative, the Academic Society of Kraków established a Physiographical Commission to conduct natural history studies, which were from 1866 funded by the Galician Parliament. Austriacki botanik Franz Herbich od 1825 r. do swej śmierci mieszkał w Galicji (prowincji Cesarstwa Austriackiego). Zorganizował tam dobrze działającą sieć współpracowników. Pod koniec życia planował ją przekazać przyszłemu Galicyjskiemu Towarzystwa Fizjograficznemu, które kontynuowałoby jego badania. W 1865 r. dzięki jego inicjatywie Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie zorganizowało Komisję Fizjograficzną, by prowadzić badania przyrodnicze. Badania te od 1866 r. były finansowane przez parlament galicyjski.

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26

DeArce, Miguel. "The natural history review (1854–1865)." Archives of Natural History 39, no. 2 (October 2012): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2012.0093.

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The natural history review was a quarterly founded in 1854 by Edward Perceval Wright, then an undergraduate student of zoology at Trinity College Dublin. Its first editorial committee (1856–1860) held traditional views of natural history. By 1860 The natural history review had failed, ostensibly for lack of subscribers, and Wright put it in the hands of Thomas Henry Huxley who, together with Joseph Hooker, John Tyndall and others, was then looking for a vehicle to disseminate the agenda of what Huxley later called “scientific naturalism”. Against advice from his friends, Darwin, Lyell and Hooker, Huxley accepted the editorship, preserving the title but giving The natural history review a new direction by replacing the former editorial team with some of his like-minded colleagues. Extant correspondence between several of these comprises dozens of letters in which The natural history review (1861–1865) was discussed. By the end of 1862 Huxley had given up on it, but the periodical survived until July 1865 with Hooker at the head. Throughout this second series, Charles Darwin exercised an unofficial, effective, and to today's eyes, ethically questionable editorial role. The natural history review ceased publication under Hooker in 1865. Competition from other publications, the lack of a clear purpose and the prevalence of ideology over business sense in the editor-in-chief were the likely reasons for its repeated failures.

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27

Schroeder, Paul W., Wolfgang Elz, and W. D. Wrigley. "Die Europaischen Grossmachte und der Kretische Aufstand 1866-1867." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163548.

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28

Brown, David. "Markus Moesslang, Chris Manias and Torsten Riotte, eds, British Envoys to Germany 1816–1866. Vol IV: 1851–1866." European History Quarterly 43, no. 2 (April 2013): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691413478542ae.

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29

Nefedov, Sergey A. "THE MISTAKES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE’S ECONOMIC POLICY (1866–1875)." Ural Historical Journal 79, no. 2 (2023): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-151-159.

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The article is devoted to clarifying the reasons for Russia’s economic lag in 1825–1875. In this context, the analysis of economic policy in 1866–1875 is important. During this period, it was carried out under the predominant influence of the Minister of Finance M. Reutern. It included a program for the accelerated construction of railways on a concession basis. The initial motivation for the adoption of the program was the need to stabilize the ruble exchange rate through large-scale stimulation of exports. Another motive was the military threat from the Western powers during the Polish crisis of 1863–1865. The author shows that the main disadvantage of the program was excessive haste in its implementation. This haste led to a focus on the import of railway equipment and the gates were opened to free trade. While in the West the railways construction was a powerful incentive for industrial development, Russian industry was virtually deprived of this incentive. Reutern’s mistake was the assumption that concessionaires would eventually begin to replenish the railway fund, from which loans for the construction of roads were issued. Ultimately, a lack of funds for imports forced the finance minister to change course, and after 1875 vigorous measures were taken to replace imports by placing orders with Russian factories. However, time was lost, and Russia’s lag behind the Western countries increased.

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30

Bailey, Anne J., Charles Dana Gibson, and E. Kay Gibson. "Assault and Logistics: Union Army Coastal and River Operations, 1861-1866." Journal of Southern History 62, no. 4 (November 1996): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211167.

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31

Revels, Tracy J., Emmala Reed, and Robert T. Oliver. "A Faithful Heart: The Journals of Emmala Reed, 1865 and 1866." Journal of Southern History 71, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27648943.

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32

Thorp, Daniel B., C. Daniel Crews, and Lisa D. Bailey. "Records of the Moravians in North Carolina. Volume XII: 1856-1866." Journal of Southern History 68, no. 3 (August 2002): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3070197.

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33

Cimprich, John, and Paul N. Bergeron et al. "The Papers of Andrew Johnson. Volume 9: September 1865-January 1866." Journal of Southern History 59, no. 3 (August 1993): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2210055.

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34

BARNES, P., and R. J. FIRMAN. "Difficulties in establishing a limited liability company in Great Britain during the 1860s and the role of financial information: a case history." Financial History Review 8, no. 2 (October 2001): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565001000233.

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As a result of legislation in 1855, 1856 and 1862 that effectively enabled limited liability companies to be formed with minimum difficulty for the first time, there was an explosion of new companies. However, after the collapse of Overend, Gurney Ltd in 1866 they became unpopular. This paper examines the case of a business which failed to raise the necessary funding because of suspicion of exaggerated claims made in public prospectuses and the ways in which it attempted to survive. This gypsum industry case history also illustrates the problems facing the new class of ‘pure’ investors and directors who had little understanding of the industry in which their company was operating and the nature and reliability of the financial information available to them required for their decision-making.

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35

Nover, Lutz. "125 years of experimental heat shock research: historical roots of a discipline." Genome 31, no. 2 (January 15, 1989): 668–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-122.

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The history of experimental heat shock research over the last 125 years is briefly outlined. Starting with reports on the upper temperature limits of plant survival (1864) and on the spontaneous regression of skin cancer after a severe local inflammation (1866), studies on the heat shock response today are a major field of modern cell biology and include all types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.Key words: history, heat shock research.

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36

Ortiz García, Carmen. "Las colecciones de restos humanos de la expedición del Pacífico y los museos españoles." Asclepio 71, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2019.16.

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La conocida como Expedición del Pacífico (1862-1866) fue la última de las grandes expediciones transoceánicas organizadas por España en el siglo XIX y está bien documentada gracias a los estudios de varios historiadores. Menos se ha trabajado sobre las vicisitudes posteriores a su llegada a España de los restos humanos y las colecciones etnográficas recopiladas durante el viaje. Además de otros restos óseos, fundamentalmente cráneos, se trajeron a España una serie de momias que fueron extraídas, junto con sus ajuares mortuorios, del sitio arqueológico de Chiu-Chiu (Bolivia, hoy Chile) por Manuel Almagro en 1864. El artículo se dedica a reconstruir en lo posible la historia de estas colecciones por distintos museos y los estudios que se llevaron a cabo a partir de ellas.

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37

Frucht, Richard, and Keith Hitchins. "Rumania 1866-1947." American Historical Review 101, no. 1 (February 1996): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169318.

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Mommsen, Th. "Theodor Mommsen, Digesta Iustiniani Augusti, Praefationes minores von 1866 und 1868." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung 126, no. 1 (August 1, 2009): 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgra.2009.126.1.461.

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39

Hanger, Kimberly S., and Annie Heloise Abel. "The American Indian and the End of the Confederacy, 1836-1866." Ethnohistory 42, no. 3 (1995): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/483228.

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Manfra, Jo Ann, and Thomas H. O'Connor. "Fitzpatrick's Boston, 1846-1866: John Bernard Fitzpatrick, Third Bishop of Boston." Journal of American History 72, no. 1 (June 1985): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1903775.

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41

Benedict, Michael Les, Paul H. Bergeron, Patricia J. Anthony, LeRoy P. Graf, Richard B. McCaslin, R. B. Rosenburg, Mario O. Smith, Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein, Marion O. Smith, and Lisa L. Williams. "The Papers of Andrew Johnson. Vol. 9: September 1865-January 1866." Journal of American History 80, no. 3 (December 1993): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080492.

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42

Prŷs-Jones, Robert P. "Allan Octavian Hume (1829–1912): his development as an ornithologist until his departure from Etawah district, India, in 1867." Archives of Natural History 49, no. 2 (October 2022): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2022.0799.

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The ornithological studies of Allan Octavian Hume (1829–1912), and the enormous bird collection he amassed, have been of exceptional importance to the development of knowledge of the south Asian avifauna. However, the paucity of his surviving personal correspondence and private papers has made it difficult to trace the development of his own ornithological interest. Nine field diaries of Hume’s are held by the Natural History Museum, London. This paper draws on the first three of these, each covering periods of from one to a few months between late 1859 and late 1866, in combination with information from Hume’s bird collection, also now largely held by the Natural History Museum. Together they shed light on the evolution of his ornithological knowledge and interest during his career in India up to the time of his departure from Etawah district, North-Western Provinces, where he had been Officiating Magistrate and Collector for eleven years from early 1856 to early 1867.

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Welsh, Michael, and Jane F. Lancaster. "Removal Aftershock: The Seminoles' Struggles to Survive in the West, 1836- 1866." Journal of Southern History 62, no. 1 (February 1996): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211223.

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Foster, Morris W., and Jane F. Lancaster. "Removal Aftershock: The Seminoles' Struggles to Survive in the West, 1836-1866." Western Historical Quarterly 27, no. 1 (1996): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969934.

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Mommsen, Wolfgang J. "German History, 1770-1866. James J. Sheehan." Journal of Modern History 66, no. 2 (June 1994): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/244872.

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46

Kwan, Jonathan. "Austro-German Liberalism and the Coming of the 1867 Compromise: “Politics Again in Flux”." Austrian History Yearbook 44 (April 2013): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237813000076.

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On 7 October 1866, Adolf Pratobevera—a prominent liberal politician and former Justice Minister—wrote in his diary that “politics [is] again in flux, whether this is a blessing? God knows.” Pratobevera was writing just three months after the battle of Königgrätz/Hradec Králové in a period of immense instability and uncertainty for the Habsburg monarchy. Following Austria's military defeat at Königgrätz, the traditional supports of the system—the emperor, the army, and the bureaucracy—were in a weakened state and this dramatically opened the range of possibilities in politics. Indeed, the defeat threw the whole political system into question, a situation that sharply exposed the fault lines and internal political workings of the monarchy. In the period from Königgrätz on 3 July 1866 to the ministerial meeting on 1 February 1867 (when the emperor definitively decided on the dualist structure), all political parties and movements had the opportunity to define their program, to seek possible allies, and to argue their particular vision of the monarchy's political structure.

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Walczak, Krzysztof, and Ewa Obała. "Sprawozdanie ze stanu szkolnictwa w Kaliszu za rok szkolny 1866/67. Nieznane świadectwo dziejów polskiej oświaty." Polonia Maior Orientalis 4 (2017): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.17.013.16285.

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Artykuł przynosi nieznany materiał archiwalny w postaci sprawozdania ze stanu szkolnictwa w Kaliszu w roku szkolnym 1866/67, odnotowanego na łamach rzadko wykorzystywanego jako źródło historyczne czasopisma urzędowego „Kališskija Gubernskija Vedomosti, ukazującego się w latach 1867-1914 i wydawanego przez Rząd Gubernialny guberni kaliskiej. Sprawozdanie, stanowiące opis uroczystości zakończenia roku szkolnego w dwóch istniejących w tym czasie szkołach kaliskich – Męskim Gimnazjum Klasycznym oraz Gimnazjum Żeńskim, stanowi interesujące i nieznane dotąd świadectwo skomplikowanych dziejów polskiej oświaty; sytuacji polskiej szkoły narażonej po klęsce powstania styczniowego na coraz bardziej agresywną formę działań rusyfikatorskich. THE REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 1866/67. SCHOOL YEAR IN KALISZ THE UNKNOWN TESTIMONY OF THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN THE HISTORY. The article shows the unknown archive material in the form of the report on the state of the educational system 1866/67 school year in Kalisz. It was reported in the official journal called „Kališskija Gubernskija Vedomosti. The journal was used as a source of historical knowledge. The journal appeared in years 1867-1914 and was issued by the Government of the Guberniya in Kalisz. The report gives the description of the ceremony end of the school year which took place in two schools existed in that time in Kalisz. The schools were called Men’s college and Women’s college. The description of the ceremony presents interesting and so far unknown testimony of the complicated history of polish educational system. It was also about the situation of the polish school vulnerable to more and more aggressive purposeful effect of russification after the defeat of January Uprising.

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Bryliński, Wit. "Ksiądz Maksymilian Ostrzycki (1838-1902) – wieloletni proboszcz parafii Tuliszków, budowniczy, społecznik, syn ziemi kaliskiej." Polonia Maior Orientalis 4 (2017): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.17.015.16287.

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W badaniach nad dziejami każdej wspólnoty parafialnej wiele uwagi poświęca się kapłanom, których działalność miała ogromny wpływ na życie duszpasterskie i społeczne parafii. Jedną z najwybitniejszych osób w dziejach Tuliszkowa (powiat turecki) był ks. Maksymilian Ostrzycki. Urodził się on w 1838 r. w Długiej Wsi Kaliskiej. Był absolwentem Wyższej Szkoły Realnej w Kaliszu. W wieku 18 lat wstąpił do Seminarium Duchownego we Włocławku. Po otrzymaniu święceń kapłańskich w 1861 r. posługiwał jako wikariusz w Choczu. Od 1866 r. był proboszczem w Tuliszkowie. Zapisał się w historii miasta jak odnowiciel życia moralnego, budowniczy kościoła, historyk i społecznik. Zmarł 1 sierpnia 1902 r. Został pochowany na cmentarzu parafialnym w Tuliszkowie. PRIEST MAKSYMILIAN OSTRZYCKI (1838-1902) – LONGTIME PARISH PRIEST IN TULISZKÓW, BUILDER, SOCIAL ACTIVIST, THE SON OF KALISZ LAND In the study of the history of each parish community a lot of attention is paid to priests whose activity had a great impact on the pastoral and social life of the parish. One of the outstanding people in the history of Tuliszków (in Turek County) was a priest Maksymilian Ostrzycki. He was born in 1838 in Długa Wieś Kaliska. He was graduated from Wyższa Szkoła Realna in Kalisz. At the age of 18 he joined a seminary in Włocławek. After being ordained in 1861 he worked as the curate in Chocz. In 1866 he became a parish priest in Tuliszków. He enrolled in history of the town as the restorer of the moral life, the builder of the church, a historian and social activist. He died on 1st August 1902 and then he was buried in the parish cemetery in Tuliszków.

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Spaulding, Jay. "The Value of Virginity on Echo Island, 1860-1866." International Journal of African Historical Studies 25, no. 1 (1992): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220145.

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Bronder, Saul E., and Thomas H. O'Connor. "Fitzpatrick's Boston, 1846-1866: John Bernard Fitzpatrick, Third Bishop of Boston." American Historical Review 92, no. 3 (June 1987): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1870059.

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