Journal articles on the topic 'Historical Criminology'
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1
Churchill, David. "Towards Historical Criminology." Crime, Histoire & Sociétés, Vol. 21, n°2 (December 31, 2017): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chs.2056.
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Yeomans, Henry. "Historical context and the criminological imagination: Towards a three-dimensional criminology." Criminology & Criminal Justice 19, no. 4 (November 11, 2018): 456–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895818812995.
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It is widely claimed that criminologists should exercise a ‘criminological imagination’ by connecting individual experiences of crime to social structures and historical context. Despite such claims, criminology is often guilty of a ‘presentism’ that sees the past neglected, ignored or misunderstood. So why and how should criminological research be contextualized historically? This article identifies and examines the functions and forms of historical research within criminology. The article’s significance rests partly in the formulation of an original matrix of forms and functions and its practical utility as a framework for supporting historical contextualization. Additionally, it is ultimately intended that this framework will help construct a more historically sensitive criminology, as attuned to historical context as it is to individual lives and social structures. The creation of this three-dimensional criminology would entail a fuller realization of the criminological imagination, thus significantly enhancing the analytical and socially transformative properties of criminological research broadly.
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Guzik-Makaruk, Ewa M., and Emil W. Pływaczewski. "Polish Criminology from Historical and Current Perspective." Internal Security 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.8208.
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The article on Polish Criminology from Historical and Current Perspective is divided into four parts. There are: Introduction — historical Perspective, Białystok School of Criminology, National Forum of Young Criminologists, International Centre for Criminological Research and Expertise. In the final part of article the authors stressed, that activities of Białystok School of Criminology have much more broad-spectrum, than described. The International Centre of Criminological Research and Expertise conducts interdisciplinary basic research and development works serving both internal security and justice. The Centre aims at entering into cooperation with the State authorities, private sector entities and NGOs, within the country and abroad, along with preparation of expert opinions at their request. It will also conduct publishing and popularizing activities. The representatives of Białystok School of Criminology are also members of such scientific initiatives like: the Academic Forum — Legal and Medical Aspects of Human Health and the Academic Forum — Podlasie — Warmia and Mazury. As a result of these initiatives, in May 2015 there was the international conference Legal, Criminological and medical aspects of social exclusion attended by over 200 people. The scholars from Białystok School of Criminology are open to cooperation, especially of international character. The broad spectrum of research on issues of science criminology in many institutions, centres and academic institutions is an eloquent proof of the dynamic development of criminology in Poland.
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Zhegalov, Evgeny A. "Moral and Historical School of Criminalistics." Juridical Science and Practice 16, no. 2 (2020): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0410-2020-16-2-82-86.
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The article considers ways to overcome corruption in the investigation and inquiry bodies by improving the course of criminology and establishing and implementing a moral and historical school. Named origins and pioneers of the ethical-historical school of criminology, given their views on the quality of justice investigator from the psychological side: integrity, strong moral convictions, skill in complex conflict situations, to remain master of their feelings and aspirations, to remain faithful to the moral principles of intolerance to evil, the pursuit of justice, ethical behavior in relations with the suspect, accused, witness, excluding physical or mental violence. It is argued that the communication of the investigator with the accused should not be based on deception and immorality; in such a profession necessary moral fortitude, and perseverance of the investigator in an atmosphere of total temptation and corruption, the ability to effectively resist illegal pressure, selfless dedication in any environment, selflessness, and humanism. The abovementioned application of the content of ethical-historical school of criminology, such as: the development and adoption of a code of ethics for CSI, the CSI oath, improvement or adoption of such codes for various categories of employees of law enforcement bodies and subjects of law enforcement; the implementation of the educational process on criminology interactive exploration of film documents on the history of the sections and fields of criminology, political processes, the Nuremberg trials, investigation and conviction of Nazi criminals and their accomplices, the investigation of disasters, terrorist attacks, the death of political and cultural figures, investigation of resonant crimes from different eras and in recent years, return to the detailed development and implementation in the training of lawyers clear criteria of admissibility of tactics; creation of self-regulating communities in state and law enforcement agencies that can be contacted in cases of corruption pressure. Scientific results demonstrate an extremely low knowledge of the recent history of criminology and the Nuremberg trials by law school graduates. The results are new and have not been published before.
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Peter, Emah Saviour. "Historical criminology: the interdisciplinary divergence and convergence." Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal 6, no. 6 (November 28, 2018): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00242.
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Bertrand, Marie-Andrée. "Perspectives traditionnelles et perspectives critiques en criminologie." Théories et recherches 19, no. 1 (August 16, 2005): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017228ar.
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Is critical criminology “passée”? Have its fathers, the British and American sociologists who wrote Critical Criminology in the mid seventies exhaust its potential interest and flavour? It would be too bad because critical criminology never really took place. There never was a serious and rigorous attempt at unfolding the historical, epistemological, socio-political roots of the discipline, a critical look at it that took nothing for granted. Reminding the readers of the very serious and highly publicised debate around Traditional and Critical Theory in the late thirties launched by the sociologists and philosophers of the Frankfurt School, the author shows that, far from being outdated, critical theory is of the utmost practicality in criminology, even more so because its founding fathers have taken, since, a less partisan and doctrinaire view of it. The applications of their intellectual and socio-political orientations to criminology are numerous, calling for a serious socio-historical analysis of the discipline and of its academic origins that should throw light on where it is going and its impotence at developing a paradigm.
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Lawrence, Paul. "Historical criminology and the explanatory power of the past." Criminology & Criminal Justice 19, no. 4 (August 16, 2018): 493–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895818794237.
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To what extent can the past ‘explain’ the present? This deceptively simple question lies at the heart of historical criminology (research which incorporates historical primary sources while addressing present-day debates and practices in the criminal justice field). This article seeks first to categorize the ways in which criminologists have used historical data thus far, arguing that they are most commonly deployed to ‘problematize’ the contemporary rather than to ‘explain’ it. The article then interrogates the reticence of criminologists to attribute explicative power in relation to the present to historical data. Finally, it proposes the adoption of long time-frame historical research methods, outlining three advantages which would accrue from this: the identification and analysis of historical continuities; a more nuanced, shared understanding of micro/macro change over time in relation to criminal justice; and a method for identifying and analysing instances of historical recurrence, particularly in perceptions and discourses around crime and justice.
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Gilsinan, James F. "Public policy and criminology: An historical and philosophical reassessment." Justice Quarterly 8, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418829100091001.
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Stamatel, Janet P. "Incorporating Socio‐Historical Context into Quantitative Cross‐National Criminology." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 30, no. 2 (September 2006): 177–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2006.9678752.
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Maltsev, Oleg. "HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE KILLER PSYCHOMODEL: PRAXEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS." International Humanitarian Journal – Sophia Prima: dialogue of eternal recurrence 2, no. 1(3) (2020): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34170/2707-370x-2020-48-56.
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The problem of the identity of the offender (the one who attacks, robs and\or murders) is one of the most complex in criminology. The individual is a key element of crime in general and of a specific crime in particular, since it has subjective causes which, when they interact with the environment, lead to the commission of the crime. If it comes to killing contract, whether it’s for hire or money, it’s more complicated than that. The purpose of the following scientific exploration is to represent a systematic review of the socio-historical background of so-called killer psychomodel - the phenomenon yet neither revealed, nor scientifically thoroughly researched. One of the innovative approaches to developing this psychomodel is that the killer (or hired assassin) is praxeologically viewed from a professional perspective (i.e., who is killer regarding ‘killer’ as a profession). Ontological analysis of the ‘killer’ phenomenon is provided regarding the philosophical dispositions of such a person, the psychological background of such an individual, his specific living conditions, the special conditions created by the organizers aiming these people to continue their ‘killer’ routine activities throughout their lives. Keywords: psychomodel, prototypology, criminology, memory studies, killer as a profession, killer, psychological portrait.
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Churchill, David. "History, periodization and the character of contemporary crime control." Criminology & Criminal Justice 19, no. 4 (November 11, 2018): 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895818811905.
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In recent decades, several highly influential studies have sought to articulate the changed and changing character of contemporary crime control in its historical context. While the substantive claims of these studies have attracted close scrutiny, there has been remarkably little analysis of the historiographical apparatus underpinning them. As a result, criminology has neglected to develop a valuable, critical vantage point on how crime and justice in our own times are understood. This article advances discussion of contemporary crime control by critically assessing the historiographical foundations of existing studies. Furthermore, it outlines a new approach to analysing the governance of crime through time, which might facilitate a more empirically robust and satisfactory characterization of contemporary crime control. More broadly, the article signals the significance of history and historiography for contemporary criminological scholarship, and reflects upon the advantages of developing a more fully historical criminology.
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Chuklina, Elena. "On the correlation of criminal sociology, criminology and sociology of criminal law." Право и политика, no. 5 (May 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2022.5.34415.
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The author of the article considers the problem of the correlation of such areas of legal science as criminal sociology, criminology and sociology of criminal law. There is still no consensus in the modern doctrine regarding the place in the system of legal science and the subject of these areas. Thus, some scientists identify criminal sociology with criminology, and others - with the sociology of criminal law. With the help of the historical and legal method, the author demonstrates the development of the sociological trend in Western and domestic legal thought, which took shape at the end of the XIX century in criminal sociology (in Western science - criminal sociology), or criminology. Using logical and comparative methods, the author comes to the conclusion that the term "criminal sociology" is synonymous with criminology, which was used in Russian science at the end of the XIX century. The sociology of criminal law became the subject of scientific discussions already in the Soviet legal science in the 1970s and 1980s. The author joins the position of scientists that the sociology of criminal law serves as a section of criminal law, but states the absorption of criminology research issues included in the field of sociology of criminal law. The expediency of distinguishing the subject areas of criminology and sociology of criminal law is noted, leaving behind the latter the social conditionality and effectiveness of criminal norms, the improvement of criminal law and the practice of its application.
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Kuznetsov, Alexander E. "Juvenile crime: the rise and crisis of criminological theory." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 2 (2020): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-2-291-306.
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The mainline in the development of sociological juvenile criminology is that of successive achievement of negative results. Social class, race, gender, gang-membership, culture, failed social control, low self-control, and socially disorganized neighborhood — all have been advanced and rejected as factors of criminalization and victimization of adolescents. This paper attempts to provide a brief historical overview of sociological research on juvenile delinquency with the view to identify tendencies of the theoretical development in the field. I argue that the crisis of juvenile criminology is part of the general crisis in the field of criminological research, which manifests itself in dissolution and trivialization of the sociological explanation of crime. I expound the failure of criminology to explain the peak of criminal activity between the age of 15 and 25 by suggesting an asymmetrical causation hypothesis: the reasons for engaging in criminal activities are different from those for withdrawing from. I argue that criminology and biocriminology share the same error of taking sampling traits for causes — with the result that the question of «Who commits crimes?» is answered instead of «Why do people commit crimes?» As criminology faces the general problem of the nature of social order, biocriminology eschews it by reducing social organization to things biological. I suggest that as criminology fails to assess the role of agents of social and state control, it tends to see crime as breach of social order and fails to see crime as actually being a means to sustain it.
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DiCristina, Bruce. "Criminology and the “Essence” of Crime." International Criminal Justice Review 26, no. 4 (July 28, 2016): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567716660359.
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The first and perhaps most fundamental problem of criminology, when practiced as a science, is the challenge of defining crime, of identifying a stable, empirical “essence” of crime that can guide data collection. In this article, an early stage in the history of this problem—represented by the competing views of Raffaele Garofalo, Émile Durkheim, and Willem Bonger—is examined to illustrate its complexity and its seemingly unavoidable ideological dimension. All three of these scholars embraced inductive scientific research and, to a degree, attempted to construct an empirically grounded definition of crime. Nonetheless, they “discovered” three very different essences of crime. These essences represent contradictory reality claims concerning human/social evolution, imply significantly different images of criminals, and serve as important historical reference points for several ideological currents that continue to flow through the field of criminology.
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Knepper, Paul, and Sandra Scicluna. "Historical criminology and the imprisonment of women in 19th-century Malta." Theoretical Criminology 14, no. 4 (November 2010): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480610376156.
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Klenova, T. V., and O. A. Adoevskaya. "Review the monography of O.N. Bibik «The crimes caused by features of culture in the Russian and foreign criminal law» - Moscow, Yurlitinform publishing house, 2014. - 296 pages." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18227.
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The review is devoted to O.N. Bibik’s monography in which actual problems of understanding of interaction and interference of culture, criminal law and criminology are investigated and the new interpretations of criminal and legal concepts and institutes based on cultural and historical psychology are presented.
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Бабкин, А. А., О. Б. Голубев, and В. А. Тестов. "Soft modeling and fuzzy mathematics in modern criminology: historical aspects and development trends." Ius Publicum et Privatum, no. 2(17) (June 10, 2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2713-2811.2022.17.2.005.
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В статье исследуются вопросы потенциала мягкого моделирования и нечеткой математики (теория нечетких множеств, нечеткая логика) в современной криминологии при построении криминологических моделей (определение общественной опасности деяния, личности преступника и др.). Выдвигаемые проблемы связаны с природой объектов исследования в криминологии, в том числе их специфическими особенностями в научной картине мира. В рамках вывода к статье авторским коллективом рассматривается решение задачи, состоящей в определении строгости наказания в зависимости от общественной опасности деяния и общественной опасности личности виновного. The scientific article examines issues of capacities of soft modeling and fuzzy mathematics (theory of fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic) in modern criminology in the construction of criminological models (determination of public danger of the act, public danger of the criminal’s personality, etc.). The problems put forward for research by the authors are related to the nature of the objects of research in criminology, including their specific features in the scientific picture of the world. As part of the conclusion to the article, the authors’ team considers solution of the problem of determining the severity of punishment depending on the public danger of the act and the public danger of the perpetrator’s personality
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Mishalov, Volodymyr, Hryhorii Kryvda, Viktor Bachynskyi, and Valerii Voichenko. "History of development and up-to-date tendency." Forensic-medical examination, no. 1 (May 29, 2017): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2707-8728.1.2017.20.
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The article examines the historical information regarding the use of dermatoglyphics during the identification of an unknown person. Outlined by new perspectives of using modern developments in the field of forensic criminology in studying skin patterns and the development of diagnostic algorithms common phenotypic traits of man.
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Sukhodolov, Alexander, and Aleksandr Moskovtsev. "Сriminological Discourse: «Classics», Modernity, Prospects." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(2).181-196.
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The authors use the widespread definition of discourse understood as the aggregate of statements regarding the objects of discourse. Obviously, the key object of discourse in criminology is criminality in all its manifestations and essential characteristics. In the process of discourse, the research topic of crime counteraction is developed, the criminal policy measures are worked out, the organizational forms and methodological support of law enforcement are improved, and various practices of crime counteraction are formed. A.E. Zhalinskiy, one of the pioneers in this sphere, believes that the independent significance of discourse in criminology lies in the fact that it mainly pays attention to the «process of working out judgments about crime». Thus, the main outcome of discourse is to reach some unity of positions on key analyzed problems. If we agree with this approach, such unity in criminology has already been achieved regarding the general concept of crime, which is connected with the Criminal Code and is not an object of discussion. The concept presented in the Code is prior to all discourses included in the criminal discourse. Such condition of scientific knowledge is characterized by the authors as «classical» by analogy with classical political economy. In our opinion, this «bias» for classics in contemporary criminology is the main reason for its lackluster methodological and theoretical works, as well as recommendations that are unproductive for the practice of crime counteraction. Developing their position, the authors use the concept of historic discourse worked out by M. Foucault. The discourse studied in the historical context is the process that forms the very objects of discourse. In the light of history, all objects, structures, general concepts become problematic and need re-defining. The authors believe that historical discourse turns science into an amorphous state characterized by the lack of a generalizing object. In this situation the participants of criminological discourse are not only representatives of the criminological mainstream, but also its outsiders who take an equal part in formulating the relevant discourse agenda. The authors of this article believe that the most important sources of discourse development are history, economic theory, sociology, political science, non-criminal law disciplines, various practices of crime counteraction. They expand the traditional borders of criminology regarding the development of interdisciplinary knowledge on crime, while the criminological classics act as an integrator of this knowledge.
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Bosworth, M. "The Past as a Foreign Country? Some Methodological Implications of Doing Historical Criminology." British Journal of Criminology 41, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/41.3.431.
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Brodeur, Jean-Paul. "La pensée postmoderne et la criminologie." Criminologie 26, no. 1 (September 22, 2005): 73–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017331ar.
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This article is an attempt to investigate the various meanings of the words "postmodernity", "postmodernism" and "postmodern". ft also assesses the significance of these words and of the concepts that they express for criminology. The paper is divided in three parts. The first part tries to dispell important misunderstandings that have sprung in relation to postmodernism. The most significant of these is the belief that there is such a thing as a postmodernist "method" in the social sciences. The second part identifies the origin of the term "postmodern" and discusses various themes which are perceived to be characteristic of postmodern thought. These themes are: the present legitimation crisis, the internal reflexivity of scientific theory, discourse analysis and meta-language, social and cultural fragmentation and historical pessimism. The last part draws the consequences of the preceding analyses for the development of criminology.
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Matthews, Roger. "New Times, New Crimes: Notes on the Depillarization of the Criminal Justice System." Critical Criminology 28, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-020-09489-2.
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Abstract A great deal has been written about the changing nature and direction of criminology over the past two decades, including claims that we are moving into a “new penology.” Many of these claims are suggestive rather than authoritative. In contrast to most commentaries on the subject, this article provides longer historical overview and attempts to sketch out how the central structures or “pillars” of the criminal justice system have become weakened and eroded over the last 200 years and how the emergence of body of “new crimes” and their regulation is challenging what might be called the “old criminology.” The emergence of new relations between victims and offenders, criminal justice and social justice, as well as the development of innovative modes of regulation are, it is argued, changing the social and criminological landscape. This raises issues of theory and practice that challenge traditional conceptualisations of crime and punishment.
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Cunneen, Chris, and Simone Rowe. "Changing Narratives: Colonised Peoples, Criminology and Social Work." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 3, no. 1 (April 2, 2014): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i1.138.
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There is growing recognition in criminology and social work of the importance of Indigenous knowledges and methodologies. Yet to date there have been limited attempts (particularly in criminology and criminal justice social work) to consider the theoretical and practice implications of Indigenous understandings and approaches to these disciplines. Both disciplines have also been slow to recognise the importance of understanding the way in which colonial effects are perpetuated through knowledge control, particularly in the operation of criminal justice systems. Our paper thus begins by examining the historical and institutional factors that have contributed to the continuing subjugation of Indigenous knowledges and methodologies. A discussion of the connections between the hegemony of Western science, the construction of race, and the colonial project follows. While herein Western and Indigenous approaches are conceptualised broadly, the dangers of over-simplifying these categories is also acknowledged. The paper proceeds by examining the distinctive character of each approach through a consideration of their ontological, epistemological, axiological, and methodological differences. Whilst acknowledging the considerable challenges which arise in any attempt to develop connections between these differing worldviews, a pathway forward for understanding both theoretically and methodologically the relationship between Western and Indigenous approaches is proposed.
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Parcel, Toby L., and John P. Hoffmann. "Families and Crime." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 11 (July 10, 2018): 1455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218787023.
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This volume highlights the theoretical and empirical connections between family sociology and criminology. We review the historical interconnections between these two fields. We argue for greater intellectual conversation across the two areas, and then we identify several elements they hold in common. These include their use of social theory, their attention to human development, and their use and appreciation of longitudinal research. We conclude with brief overviews of the six articles that make up this special issue.
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Guiney, Thomas. "Excavating the archive: Reflections on a historical criminology of government, penal policy and criminal justice change." Criminology & Criminal Justice 20, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895818810333.
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This article makes the case for greater use of systematic archival research as a methodological tool of criminology. Drawing upon insights from the author’s 2018 historical study of ‘early release’ in England and Wales, it reviews the legal framework underpinning the current ‘right of access’ to official records and demonstrates how greater engagement with this underused public resource can reveal a richer understanding of penal policy making and the continuities and dislocations within contemporary criminal justice. It goes on to consider the methodological challenges of gaining access to historical sources in criminological settings and concludes with a number of reflections upon the evolution of the discipline at a time of digital abundance and significant changes in government record keeping.
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Oxley da Rocha, Álvaro Filipe, and Tiago Lorenzini Cunha. "REPENSANDO A IMAGINAÇÃO CRIMINOLÓGICA E OS MECANISMOS DE LUZ E SOMBRA DOS ESTADOS SOBERANOS NA MODERNIDADE." Revista de Direitos e Garantias Fundamentais 21, no. 3 (December 7, 2020): 75–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.18759/rdgf.v21i3.1657.
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Durante os últimos dois séculos, os Estados-nação foram capazes de reunir diversos mecanismos técnico-científicos de luz e sombra a fim de reproduzir o antigo (e ainda contemporâneo) modelo humanístico e iluminista de proteção da ordem social, por meio do Leviatã hobbesiano. Além disso, criaram – ao mesmo tempo que reforçam – uma determinada imaginação criminológica de guerra, invisível tanto à intelectualidade acadêmica (juristas, criminólogos, etc.) quanto à hegemonia histórica, voltada para a ideologia dos vencedores. Por esse motivo, este estudo repensa essa imaginação de guerra e de morte utilizada pelos Estados soberanos em face do projeto moderno, no sentido de trazer à tona a problemática que envolve os crimes praticados pelas agências de controle oficial, isto é, os Estados-nação e os Mercados Globais. Paralelamente, também se objetiva contestar a passividade da Criminologia contemporânea, de forma a colocá-la em tensão com sua própria disciplina, questionando, assim, seu logos; os crimes que deixou de estudar; os limites dessa disciplina; entre outras responsabilizações políticas e práticas. Palavras-chave: Estados-nação; Luz e sombra; Criminologia; Leviatã. AbstractDuring the past two centuries, nation-states were able to bring together various technical-scientific mechanisms of light and shadow in order to reproduce the old (and still contemporary) humanistic and illuminist model of protection of the social order through the Hobbesian Leviathan. In addition, they created – at the same time reinforce – a certain criminological imagination of war, invisible both to the academic intelligentsia (jurists, criminologists, etc.) and to historical hegemony, focused on the ideology of the victors. For this reason, this work seeks to rethink the imagination of war and death used by sovereign states in relation to the modern project, in order to shed light on the worst crimes committed by the official control agencies, that is, the genocides that were omitted by both the nation-states and the Global Markets. At the same time, we also want to challenge the passivity of contemporary criminology, so as to place it against the wall of its own discipline, questioning its logos, the crimes it purposely left to study, and the limits of that discipline, among other political and practical responsibilities. Keywords: Nation-states; Light and shadow; Criminology; Leviathan.
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Hryhorenko, Andrii, Oleh Musiienko, Viktoriia Boiko-Dzhumelia, Andrii Sakovskyi, and Anna Myrovska. "Reconstruction as a method of crime investigation." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 45 (October 29, 2021): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.45.09.12.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the method of reconstruction as one of the general scientific methods of criminology used in the investigation of crimes. The subject of research is the method of reconstruction in forensic science. The research methodology includes the use of general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition: dialectical, historical and legal, formal and logical, comparative and legal, logical, system and structural methods, method of generalization. Research results. General scientific methods of criminology and their significance for crime investigation are considered. Reconstruction as a type of modeling method and its place in the system of forensic methods is defined. The signs of reconstruction and its features distinguishing from modeling are analyzed. The variants of reconstruction and their features are given. Practical meaning. The concept of reconstruction as an independent method of crime investigation and its implementation in the system of investigative (search) actions are proposed. Value / originality. Emphasis is placed on the need for further study of reconstruction as a special method of investigating crimes.
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Schlembach, Christopher. "Crime and Justice in an Age of Global Insecurity: Notes on the British Society of Criminology Annual Conference 2007." German Law Journal 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220000626x.
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This year the Karl Mannheim Centre for Criminology at The London School of Economics hosted the 2007 annual conference of the British Society of Criminology between the 18th and 20th of September. Some 280 papers, two plenary sessions and a number of “author meets critics” sessions gave insight into the diverse fields of criminological research in the UK and abroad. The conference's theme was programmatic: “Crime and Justice in an Age of Global Insecurity”. The notion of insecurity, expressing a globalized experience and an ontological status of the human being in late modernity, termed a historical period of time. It fits to a conjuncture of theorizing the uncanniness of contemporary social life. In this way, the theme of the conference is partly to write the history of the present in terms of crime and justice. Such conferences are both a witness of the social processes surrounding the issues of crime and criminal justice, and an agent of change by providing directives for the future, thereby shaping the way in which criminologists look at the social world.
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YEOMANS, HENRY, DAVID CHURCHILL, and IAIN CHANNING. "Conversations in a Crowded Room: An Assessment of the Contribution of Historical Research to Criminology." Howard Journal of Crime and Justice 59, no. 3 (September 2020): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12376.
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Skuratovskaya, Marina, Nadezda Manohina, Larisa Kobrina, Mihail Yanovsky, and Sergei Dzura. "GDV as a method of rapid diagnostics and monitoring of the psychophysiological state of schoolchildren." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 18042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021018042.
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The article reveals the essence of the gas-discharge visualization method. It shows the historical path of development of research in this area over the time period of the XIX-XXI centuries. The article presents a range of modern research areas that justify the possibility of using the method of gas-discharge visualization (Bioelectrography) in medicine, sports, agriculture, criminology, psychology and pedagogy. The results of the study are presented in the process of using the method of gas-discharge visualization (Bioelectrography) in speech therapy, as well as in monitoring speech correction and statokinetic functions.
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Katz, Jack. "Hot Potato Criminology: Ethnographers and the Shame of Poor People's Crimes." Annual Review of Criminology 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 21–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024507.
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When ethnographers study street crime, they anticipate that readers might shame them for shaming the poor. One common response is to compromise the quality of ethnographic data. Another is to pass righteous indignation away from the poor by arguing the causal significance of deindustrialization, class inequalities, racial prejudice, policing, colonialism, or hostility toward immigrants. Almost always, such arguments are gratuitous: The evidence for the structural and historical causes offered by ethnographers does not vary with the situational and biographical variations in behavior that make for high-quality ethnographic data. Nevertheless, if we read around the rhetorical practices that contemporary ethnographers of crime use to shift shame away from their subjects and themselves, we learn how street crime is produced through small criminogenic social circles. Considered as a set, recent ethnographies have significantly advanced knowledge about the social psychology of criminality, and they provide promising leads for improving the understanding of variations in crime patterns over time and across metropolitan spaces.
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Gatewood, Britany J., and Adele N. Norris. "Silencing Prisoner Protests: Criminology, Black Women and State-sanctioned Violence." Decolonization of Criminology and Justice 1, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 52–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/dcj.v1i1.8.
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Protests and resistance from those locked away in jails, prisons and detention centers occur but receive limited, if any, mainstream attention. In the United States and Canada, 61 instances of prisoner unrest occurred in 2018 alone. In August of the same year, incarcerated men and women in the United States planned nineteen days of peaceful protest to improve prison conditions. Complex links of institutionalized power, white supremacy and Black resistance is receiving renewed attention; however, state-condoned violence against women in correctional institutions (e.g., physical, sexual and emotional abuse, and medical neglect by prison staff) is understudied. This qualitative case study examines 10 top-tier Criminology journals from 2008-2018 for the presence of prisoner unrest/protest. Findings reveal a paucity of attention devoted to prisoner unrest or state-sanctioned violence. This paper argues that the invisibility of prisoner unrest conceals the breadth and depth of state-inflicted violence against prisoners, especially marginalized peoples. This paper concludes with a discussion of the historical legacy and contemporary invisibility of Black women’s resistance against state-inflicted violence. This paper argues that in order to make sense of and tackle state-condoned violence we must turn to incarcerated individuals, activists, and Black and Indigenous thinkers and grassroots actors.
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Krasheninnikova, Nina, and Elena Trikoz. "Institute of Punishment in the Indian Penal Code of 1860: the Penological Theories." Russian Journal of Criminology 12, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(3).431-443.
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The historical experience of India in search of its own concept of punishment is unique. It was greatly influenced by the countrys colonial past and the Anglo-Saxon legal culture as well as the philosophical, religious, ethno-linguistic, caste, tribal and other factors. The Indian Penal Code of 1860 uses an original penological construct and a system of punishments. It was influenced by the historical and theoretical factors described in this article, by criminal policy in British India and by its post-colonial development. The countrys penological discourse, influenced by the criminal law doctrine of the metropolitan state, has two distinct features. Firstly, it is the diversity of types of punishment and judges discretion in choosing them to individualize liability. Secondly, the humanitarian orientation of the institute of punishment and the reduction in the number of crimes punishable by death penalty. English lawyer Th.B. Macaulay, the creator of the Indian Penal Code of 1860, considered general prevention, or deterrence, to be the main goal of punishment, while specific prevention through the physical isolation of the criminal and his correction was viewed as a complimentary goal. It was important for the colonial criminal policy to obtain tangible results from the penological theory and the practices of punishment in order to suppress the local ritual crimes (cult «thuggism») and traditional ritual sacrifices (sati ritual). After a large-scale sepoy rebellion and the spread of dacoity crimes, the repressive functions of punishment began to prevail over other penological theories. The so-called «white terror» was commonly used against political opponents fighting for religious freedoms and independence of colonial India. Modern India is a good example of the controversial experience of the search for the effective criminal-penological theories that is a considerable addition to the classic (westernized) criminology. The special historical concepts and practices of punishment in the countries of the «global south», including India, are now studied by the new field of «Southern Criminology». The Indian government is promoting a complex criminal-penological approach to counteracting domestic crimes and transnational threats.
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Leo, R. A. "The Justice Gap and the Promise of Criminological Research. Russian Journal of Economics and Law." Russian Journal of Economics and Law 16, no. 3 (September 10, 2022): 625–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21202/2782-2923.2022.3.625-665.
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Objective: to summarize and study the law-application errors during preliminary interrogation, court investigation, and conviction in the American criminal justice system.Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological.Results: the work describes in detail and considers four main causes of law-application errors occurring during preliminary interrogation, court investigation, and conviction in the American criminal justice system. These include: false confessions, eyewitness misidentification, forensic error, and perjured jailhouse informant testimony. Hence, it is not accidental that the main task of empirical research of criminologists and other researchers in the past two decades has been a call for greater transparency in the evidence-gathering process and the development and implementation of best practices based on social science research. Developing conceptual knowledge is important not only for creating a more systematic, generalizable and respectable criminology of wrongful conviction, but also to better inform policy-makers’ understandings that people’s lives may be at stake, as well as trade-offs of wrongful convictions.Scientific novelty: the work considers the current problems in the American criminal justice system, that occur during preliminary interrogation, court investigation, and conviction. Among them are the problems of police interrogations, false confessions and court errors, leading to wrongful convictions.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the minimization of errors occurring at the stages of preliminary interrogation, court investigation, and conviction in the American criminal justice system.The article was first published in English language by Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. For more information please contact: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org. For original publication: Leo, R. A. (2014). The Justice Gap and the Promise of Criminological Research, Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 15 (3), 1–37. Publication URL: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/419-the-justice-gap-and-the-promise-of-criminological-research
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DiPietro, Stephanie M., and Robert J. Bursik. "Studies of the New Immigration." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211431687.
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After a prolonged period during which studies of immigration and crime virtually disappeared from the literature, the topic has reemerged as a central theme of contemporary criminology. However, unlike the classic immigration studies that appeared in the first half of the twentieth century, most modern studies combine the various countries of origin into broad pan-ethnic groupings (such as Hispanic/Latino or Asian) that implicitly assume that criminological dynamics are relatively homogeneous within these aggregations despite the important social, cultural, and historical differences that are subsumed. This article utilizes data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study to illustrate the systematic within-category variation that such approaches can mask.
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Kovalev, Andrei Andreevich. "History of security as a new field of Western historical science." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 12 (December 2021): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.12.34867.
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The goal of this research lies in consideration of the history of security as a relatively new field of Western historical science. It can be achieved by solving the three interrelated tasks: 1) review of the concept of “security” as the subject of research of Western historical science; 2) analysis of the recent changes in the concepts of security that exist in modern historical science of Western countries; 3) examination of boundaries set by a particular historical era for implementation of the concept of security. Currently, even within the framework of Western historical sciences, which has systematically examined the phenomenon of security, it is difficult to speak of the existence of special history of security, although the works of the leading Western historians covered in this article, significantly contribute to examination of the security issues. Such issues are viewed through the prism of the events of world history. Analysis is conducted on the achievements of Western historical science in studying the phenomenon of security, as well as conceptual changes that have taken place within this problematic over the recent years. Any historical era establishes certain boundaries for the study and implementation of security. Western historical science has achieved considerable results in determination of the concept of “security” as the subject of historical research. Multiple humanities and social sciences explore the sphere of security; and the complex of historical disciplines examines security as an interdisciplinary concept that remains relevant throughout history of mankind. Security is a general concept, which is commonly used in historical research on the one hand; however, does not exists as an independent historical discipline. If political science, criminology, sociology, and jurisprudence, namely international relations, imply a consistent and broad field of research on security, history is yet to develop a corresponding subject category.
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Ruddell, Rick, and Scott Decker. "Train Robbery." Criminal Justice Review 42, no. 4 (May 9, 2017): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016817702192.
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There has been recent interest in applying contemporary criminological theories to better understand historical criminal behavior and events. Retrospective studies—much like case studies—can be a useful methodology to help us understand the justice system responses to crime and in particular what strategies “worked” or were ineffective. This study examined 241 train robberies that occurred between 1866 and 1930 and found that routine activities theory can explain the origins, growth, and eradication of this violent and often costly crime. Reducing offender motivation and target attractiveness as well as increasing capable guardianship of shipments of attractive goods explains the eradication of this form of crime. Implications for a criminology of public transportation are discussed.
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Beirne, Piers. "Raw, roast or half-baked? Hogarth’s beef in Calais Gate." Theoretical Criminology 22, no. 3 (August 2018): 426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480618787174.
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Scholars of human–animal studies, literary criticism and art history have paid considerable attention of late to how the visual representation of nonhuman animals has often and sometimes to great effect been used in the imagining of national identity. It is from the scrutinies of these several disciplines that the broad backcloth of this article is woven. Its focus is the neglected coupling of patriotism and carnism, instantiated here by its deployment in William Hogarth’s painting Calais Gate (1749). A pro-animal reading is offered of the English artist’s exhortation that it is in the nature of ‘true-born Britons’ to consume a daily dish of roast beef served with lashings of francophobia and anti-popery. The article suggests that alert contemporary viewers of Calais Gate would nevertheless have noticed that Hogarth’s painterly triumphalism ironically rekindles the repressed memory of English military defeat and territorial loss. Because the political and religious borders between England and France were so easily defaced and refaced, the accompanying air of uncertainty over national identity would also have infiltrated the perceived authenticity of English roast beef. The article draws on animal rights theory, on nonspeciesist green criminology and on green visual criminology in order to oppose the historical dominance of human interests over those of other animal species in discourses of abuse, cruelty and harm.
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Minocher, Xerxes, and Caelyn Randall. "Predictable policing: New technology, old bias, and future resistance in big data surveillance." Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 26, no. 5-6 (June 30, 2020): 1108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856520933838.
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Within this article, we explore the rise of predictive policing in the United States as a form of big data surveillance. Bringing together literature from communication, criminology, and science and technology studies, we use a case study of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA to outline that predictive policing, rather than being a novel development, is in fact part of a much larger, historical network of power and control. By examining the mechanics of these policing practices: the data inputs, behavioral outputs, as well as the key controllers of these systems, and the individuals who influenced their adoption, we show that predictive policing as a form of big data surveillance is a sociotechnical system that is wholly human-constructed, biases and all. Identifying these elements of the surveillance network then allows us to turn our attention to the resistive practices of communities who historically and presently live under surveillance – pointing to the types of actions and imaginaries required to combat the myth and allure that swirls around the rhetoric of big data surveillance today.
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Park, Cheong Sun. ""A historical review on the formation of criminology, police science and criminal justice : in view of US cases"." Journal of Public Policy Studies 35, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33471/ila.35.2.8.
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Jalil, Hafiz Hanzla, and Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal. "Urbanisation and Crime: A Case Study of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 741–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.741-755.
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Crime is an activity which is against the law and the fact that the linkage between criminal activities and the socio-economic development of the society is undeniable. Moreover, the relationship between crime and evolution of mankind may also be considered a historical one as Cain (first son of Adam and Eve) committed first crime when he murdered his brother Able because of jealousy. Due to the complex nature of the subject of crime, for example, regarding its causes and consequences, various academic disciplines such as criminology, sociology, geography, psychology and demography study it from their own perspective. A relatively new emerging field, however, is the economics of crime which tries to identify the socio-economic causes and consequences of criminal activities in a society.
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Pemberton, Antony, Eva Mulder, and Pauline G. M. Aarten. "Stories of injustice: Towards a narrative victimology." European Journal of Criminology 16, no. 4 (May 3, 2018): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370818770843.
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Narrative has become a popular approach in a number of disciplines, including, recently, that of criminology. In this paper, we contend that the study of crime and harm would benefit from a complementary yet distinct perspective of narrative victimology. We discuss key characteristics that illuminate victimological experiences as inherently moral, and hence best addressed through a narrative approach. These include the attribution of intent, the experience of having harm done to oneself, and the narrative implications of being victimized, culminating in the root metaphor of victimization as a historical event. We argue why the narrative approach is particularly suited to the study victimization and its aftermath, including the interaction with justice processes and social surroundings. Suggestions for future research are included.
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Sheremeteva, Natalya Vladimirovna. "The specifics of attribution of paintings: the Morelli method." Культура и искусство, no. 12 (December 2022): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2022.12.37449.
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Attribution and the study of painting pose two important questions to researchers: the choice of methodology and terminology used in describing and highlighting the characteristics of a work of art. "Visual research" as an integrated approach to the problems of reception and creativity forms a system of stable principles of analysis of the monument, focused on the study of the vision and complex extraverbal aspects of the existence of the subject in the historical and cultural space. The analysis of painting involves an integrated approach based on the study of technique and material, the features of shaping and means of artistic expression, iconography and semantics, the creative method of the master and the consumer's reaction, the role in the context of everyday culture and the principles of reception in a synchronous and diachronic cut.In the 19th century, the Italian art critic Giovanni Morelli made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of painting by outstanding masters of the Renaissance. Methods based on deep knowledge in the field of human anatomy and the analysis of the artist's professional skills have influenced not only the history of art, but also the development of criminology, criminology, psychoanalytic theory and psychotherapeutic practice. This article analyzes the method of Giovanni Morelli, which is adapted not only to the needs of attribution, but is also applicable to forensic tasks requiring the analysis of human skills and habits, as well as the identification or attribution of works of art.
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Osipenko, I. P., and M. S. Yushchenko. "Criminal knowledge and prerequisites for their occurrence." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (February 20, 2022): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.03.41.
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The scientific article is devoted to the study of forensic knowledge, examples of their historical application in practice and the preconditions for their emergence. Despite the fact that in our time the achievements of forensic science are widely used in practice, there is a need to get acquainted with forensic knowledge and the prerequisites for their emergence, as the history of development and formation of criminology is closely linked with the latter. Forensic knowledge existed long before forensic science received the status of an independent science. That is why they constitute the content of modern criminology and need further research within the possibilities provided by historical sources.
It has been established that in any period people committed crimes, violated established customs, traditions, rules of conduct, laws and norms. As a result, there has been and continues to be a societal need for conflict resolution, crime detection, identification and punishment. It is for this purpose that special (forensic) knowledge begins to be used and disseminated.
A comparison of different scientific definitions of forensic knowledge is made, as well as the development of human need for the accumulation and use of knowledge, the separation of special knowledge from certain areas for their further application.
It was determined that the emergence and development of forensic knowledge was associated with the need to identify the person who committed the crime and to find out the true circumstances of the crime. Thus, the disclosure of crimes began to involve knowledgeable people who had some knowledge to conduct research on certain processes, phenomena, events using special tools and methods.
In addition, this article discusses some of the provisions of some ancient codes of law, which contain guidelines for the collection, investigation, evaluation of evidence, stages of criminal investigation, and so on. Occasionally, there are examples of historical cases that confirm the conduct and development of medical, chemical, psychiatric examinations, research into the authenticity of coins and documents. The existence of separate institutions is established, which were gradually endowed with expert powers, and later the creation of the first expert institution.
The results of the article emphasize the precedence of forensic knowledge in forensic science, methods and practical areas of use of relevant knowledge, the prerequisites for their emergence.
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Kritsak, I. V. "Military criminology in historical retrospect and its further development from the position of the realities of the present day." Juris Europensis Scientia, no. 4 (2022): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/chern.v4.2022.15.
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Shaituro, O. P. "Forensic tactics: a review of the formation history and current trends." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 95, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2021.4.24.
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A review of domestic and foreign scholars’ research on the formation and development history of forensic tactics has been made: from ancient times to the latest trends of the XXI century. The existing in the scientific literature approaches to the periodization of the development of forensic tactics are given, the most important works of researchers are noted, the publication of which is associated with new stages of forensic tactics development.
It is noted that forensic tactics in the modern interpretation is considered as part of criminology, as a system of scientific provisions and recommendations for the organization and planning of pre-trial and judicial investigation, which are developed on the basis of determining the optimal course of action examination of evidence and establishment of circumstances that contributed to the commission of the crime. However, such views of scientists on the essence of forensic tactics have not always existed. As an integral part of criminology, tactics have passed the historical path of its formation and development, which is divided into two periods in the literature. The first (so-called "pre-scientific") begins with the emergence of the first forensic knowledge and lasts until the end of the nineteenth century. Within this period there are two successive stages: 1) the emergence of elements of tactical and forensic knowledge (up to the 30s of the XIX century.); 2) formation of preconditions for the transformation of knowledge into the forensic industry (30s of the XIX century - the end of the XIX century).
The development of criminology from the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century went in two main directions: 1) the study of technical support for the investigation of crimes; 2) development of criminology as a system of knowledge, covering forensic techniques, tactics and methods.
In the period from 1918 to 1936, criminal tactics outlined the peculiarities of professional criminals, secret ways of communicating, ways of committing crimes, information about the behavior of criminals before and after the crime, methods of detecting crimes, finding and detaining criminals, and recommendations for some investigative actions (inspection of the scene and establishment of traces, search, interrogation of defendants and witnesses, comparison of handwriting and more). Although until 1929 the tactics included some elements of forensic methodology, including recommendations for the investigation of theft, fraud, murder.
At the present stage of development of forensic tactics, scientists are emphasizing the expansion of its branches. It is noted that it is expedient to study the tactics of all participants in criminal proceedings such as judges, courts, investigators, detectives, prosecutors, employees of operational units, etc. Therefore, it is proposed to divide forensic tactics into the following sub-branches: investigative, judicial, prosecutorial tactics, tactics of investigative activities, professional protection and criminal activities. It is proposed to develop tactics of private detective activity.
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Finamore, Adrianna. "Geeking and Freaking." California History 99, no. 2 (2022): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.2.59.
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This article explores the intersection of race, class, and gender to demonstrate how inner-city, crack-addicted black women, in particular mothers, were seen by the American public as the antithesis of the “traditional conservative family values” that emerged politically in the 1980s. Black women addicted to crack cocaine in the 1980s and 1990s were objects of public contempt, largely due to negative media portrayals and the political agenda of the religious New Right. As a result, they faced harsh criticism and systemic mistreatment. Through an examination of a variety of media outlets, legislation, and political agendas, as well as scholarship from fields such as public health, sociology, and criminology, this work orients the mistreatment of crack-addicted women within the greater historical context of both the backlash against women’s rights and the desire to cling to conservative family values established in postwar America.
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Kruger, Erin Alaine. "Covert Positivism in Forensic Domains." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i2.1120.
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Variable conceptions of positivism exist, although at the heart of the notion is the assumption of the scientific ideal of ‘objectivity’ as it pertains to the individual and society. Despite much debate and criticism of positivism in criminology, contemporary modes of positivism continue to inform criminological research. However, this more recent positivism is not necessarily the crude, overt positivism associated with the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century modes, but a more sophisticated and insidious brand - ‘covert positivism’. Most recently, in the domains of forensic genetics, objective research and empirical methods are being used subtly to make claims about the nature of criminal individuals and populations. These forensic domains utilise modern-day biological and psychological scientific procedures to assess, predict and make conclusions relating to ‘criminals, deviants, and pathologicals’ at genetic and neuronal levels. Critiques of these approaches are presented, as these scientific interventions are paralleled with historical modes of positivism.
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LECK, RALPH. "ANTI-ESSENTIALIST FEMINISM VERSUS MISOGYNIST SEXOLOGY INFIN DE SIECLEVIENNA." Modern Intellectual History 9, no. 1 (March 13, 2012): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147924431100045x.
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As the foundational contributions of thefin de sièclesexual science movement to research on sexuality continue to be fleshed out, new avenues of understanding this important movement will continue to emerge. This essay uncovers the explosive intersection of early sexual science and strains of first-wave feminism in Vienna and charts the emergence of anti-essentialist feminism from this intersection. The first section offers an interpretation of how the discipline of sexual science emerged from medical criminology and how these origins contributed to the misogynist inflection of early sexology. The essay then chronicles the intersection of first-wave feminism and this misogynist sexual science. The central argument is that feminists’ encounters with sexual science dialectically produced an anti-essentialist variant of feminism. This microscopic interpretation of historical context, it will be argued, provides a new vista from which to view the larger tableau of modern European, especially Austrian, intellectual history.
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Tupman, Bill. "What does the way crime was organised yesterday tell us about the way crime is organised today and will be tomorrow?" Journal of Money Laundering Control 18, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-10-2014-0036.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess what an overview of theoretical literature and case study material can tell us about the different ways crime has been organised in the past in different cultures and whether this has any impact on the ways in which crime may be organised in the present and the future. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on an examination of Mcintyre’s work on how crime is organised and later political, economic and civil society views of criminality. Brief discussion of case studies involving the UK, The Netherlands, the Arab world, Ethiopia and Russia is used to see how crime was organised there in the past. Findings – There is a greater variety of variables in the way crime was organised historically than McIntyre suggests, and an examination of civil society might pay greater dividends than even looking at politics or economic aspects of organised crime. Research limitations/implications – The study is preliminary. More historical case study material needs to be accessed. Originality/value – There are many research case studies, particularly at PhD level and in subjects other than criminology, such as history, language studies and cultural studies generally, which have not been brought together to present an overall picture. This paper is a first step in that direction.