Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Historical Criminology'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Historical Criminology.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 34 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Historical Criminology.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Marsh, Ian. "Conceptualising media representations of crime and justice within historical and contemporary criminology." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2014. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/5100/.
Full textAbstract:
This doctoral thesis is intended to demonstrate that my research, scholarship and publications have made a significant and coherent contribution to the development of criminology as a popular discipline in the higher education sector. My growing interest and research into the relationship between the media and crime and criminal justice is reflected in the structuring of this thesis, with the major substantive sections being examples of my work in this area (chapters 2 to 8). This interest has also been driven by an essentially realist position and belief that crime is a real issue for both people and society. This submission consists of a brief contextualizing introduction to my research, scholarship, writing and publication in relation to my own career in higher education and to the development of the discipline of criminology plus a number of chapters containing specific examples from my publications. The final section continues from the commentary provided in the introduction, reviewing the body of my work in relation to my academic career generally as it moved from sociology to criminology as that discipline emerged and grew within the higher education sector. Here I have attempted to summarise my theoretical stance; this is not a straightforward task as I have been involved in scholarship, research, writing and publishing in sociology and criminology for well over thirty years, as well as teaching and developing courses and programmes at undergraduate and postgraduate levels; and it is difficult to step outside of this work to envisage it as an academic journey. Nevertheless, I feel in recent years that my work has come to represent almost a complete circle, or at the least to have a recognisable path and pattern, which is really the impetus behind this submission. The submission is based around my more recent scholarship and writing on the media, crime and criminal justice; this work is a development and to some extent culmination of my academic career as a researcher, scholar, lecturer and writer. Although I have written quite widely on social theory, sociology and particularly criminology and criminal justice, my more recent research and writing has been to examine and analyse the importance of the media’s representation of crime and justice. In doing this, and in the body of my writing and publishing, there has been what might be termed a theoretical style or thread which I feel indicates a certain coherence and also provides a cogent case for this doctoral submission. Overall, my argument is that my work generally and as evidenced in this submission particularly, has helped to conceptualise how media representations have played a key role in helping develop a greater understanding of crime, criminals and justice. Furthermore, and while adopting an objective and critical approach, how such representations deserve to be accepted as real and therefore legitimate and important areas of examination. I have tried to argue that the academic study of crime and justice, in all its forms, should take account of the importance of the media, both historically and throughout its development, in helping an understanding of the extent and form of, and also the explanations for, crime and the control of it.
2
Bretherick, Diana. "The Devil's Daughters : criminology and the female offender in historical crime fiction." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/415840/.
Full textAbstract:
This PhD thesis consists of two sections, each supported by a bibliography. The critical commentary reflects on the research and writing process I embarked upon for my doctoral novel and how I drew upon criminological theory and research to inform it. Also examined is how contemporary writers of crime fiction might best use the resources offered by criminological research. I chose to write a historical rather than contemporary novel about criminology to explore the influence that historical ideas about crime might have on the way we perceive it today; to examine, challenge and critique dominant nineteenth-century theories about the female offender and their present day legacy, specifically by creating strong female characters including plausible female villains and basing my characterization on the history and theory of criminology; and to look at the beginnings of the modern ‘scientific’ approach to crime, as typified by one of my central real life characters, the ‘father’ of modern criminology, Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909). My intention was to use Lombroso’s second major study, La Donna Deliquente (or Criminal Woman) with a view to considering how criminology can be used in writing crime fiction. Drawing on relevant examples from both criminological literature and fiction, the critical commentary begins by discussing Lombroso’s ideas together with the scientific and cultural context of those ideas and their legacy and their influence on my writing of the novel. Lombroso’s work and that of his contemporaries is then further explored through the representations of the female offender in nineteenth-century fiction and historical crime fiction set in the period that I drew on when researching the novel. The writing of The Devil’s Daughters is then examined, focusing on the roles of its female characters and how criminological theories informed my own creative process. I conclude by discussing examples of criminological theories that have featured in contemporary crime fiction and making suggestions of how they might be drawn on in the future, thus enriching both forms. The Devil’s Daughters, my doctoral novel, set in Turin in 1888, is a historical crime thriller that describes an investigation into a series of murders of young women. I introduce the work of Cesare Lombroso and his assistant Salvatore Ottolenghi (also a character in the novel), and make extensive use of Lombroso’s work in framing the story including quotations at the beginning of each chapter. As well as a young Scottish hero, there are several strong female characters who play dominant roles in the narrative, either as detectives or perpetrators thus challenging late nineteenth century attitudes towards female offenders.
3
de, Pretis Maura. "Women, politics and political violence in Northern Ireland : a study in historical feminist criminology." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368719.
Full text
4
Rollins, Mikael. "Psychopathy and Narcoterrorism| A Comparative Historical Analysis of Pablo Escobar and "El Chapo" Guzman." Thesis, California Baptist University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10286826.
Full textAbstract:
This study analyzes the psychosocial aspects of narcoterrorism reflected by two of the most notorious drug lords in recent Columbian and Mexican history: Pablo Escobar and Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman. It questions whether the psychological factors which influenced and shaped their criminal identities are, in fact, based entirely on psychoanalytic theory (narcissism, borderline personality, etc.) or if they are also products of cultural ideology. This research examines the social and political concept of “narcoculture” as the main premise to view the context in which criminal psychopathy may be fostered and developed. As part of a historical analysis of the narcoculture phenomenon, Escobar and “El Chapo" will be analyzed, diagnosed and compared in order to clarify the psychological and cultural parallels that reflect a distinct psychological profile. By referencing psychological, social, political, and cultural studies, the aim of this project is to reveal specific psychological characteristics as correlates of extreme and violent criminal behavior.
5
Lin, Jonathan. "The historical development of criminological thought and theory as a series of successive periods." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110732.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis I examine the historical development of criminological thought and theory. I argue that criminology's history generally follows the structure of history advanced by Thomas Kuhn in his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. As such, I argue that the history of criminological development is a history of successive periods, punctuated by periods of crisis. Specifically, criminology's historical development is characterized by four successive periods, which are as follows: (1) a pre-paradigm period in which at least three different paradigms exist, in competition for dominance in the field; (2) a paradigm period characterized by the dominance and universal acceptance of positivism by the scientific community of criminologists; (3) a period of crisis in which critical criminology, an alternative paradigm, successfully challenged the positivist paradigm and pushed the discipline into a state of crisis; and (4) a period characterized by, on the one hand, the triumph of the positivist paradigm over its challengers, and on the other hand, by a period in which alternative paradigms, confined to the fringes, nevertheless incessantly challenge the foundations and first principles of the positivism paradigm. My one caveat is that we view the fourth historical period of criminology as a stage rather than what Kuhn terms a paradigm. Stage is a term invoked in order to extend the limits of Kuhn's model and to develop it further.Dans cette thèse, j'examine le développement historique de la pensée et de la théorie criminologique. Je soutiens que l'histoire de la criminologie suit généralement la structure de l'histoire avancée par Thomas Kuhn dans son livre La Structure des Révolutions Scientifiques. Je soutiens que l'histoire du développement criminologique est une histoire de périodes successives, ponctuée par des périodes de crise. Plus précisément, nous pouvons identifier quatre périodes successives le développement historique de la criminologie: (1) une période de pré-paradigme dans lequel au moins trois paradigmes différents sont en concurrence pour la domination dans le domaine; (2) une période de paradigme caractérisé par la domination et l'acceptation universelle du positivisme par la communauté scientifique des criminologues; (3) une période de crise dans laquelle la criminologie critique, en tant que paradigme alternatif, a remis en question le paradigme positiviste et poussé la discipline dans un état de crise, et (4) une période caractérisée par, d'une part, le triomphe du paradigme positiviste sur ses concurrents, et d'autre part, par une période durant laquelle des paradigmes alternatifs, confinés a la périphérie, mais ne cessant néanmoins de remettre en question les fondements et les principes premiers du paradigme du positivisme. La problématique que j'identifie est de dire nous voyons la quatrième période historique de la criminologie comme une étape au lieu de la voir comme ce que Kuhn a appelé un paradigme. Le terme 'étape' est invoqué afin d'étendre les limites du modèle de Kuhn et de le développer davantage.
6
Payne, Tamika L. "Domestic Violence Recidivism: Restorative Justice Intervention Programs for First-Time Domestic Violence Offenders." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3819.
Full textAbstract:
Domestic violence impacts millions of Americans annually and, in spite of the use of rehabilitative programs, recidivism in domestic violence continues to be more likely than in any other offense. To date, batterer intervention programs (BIPs) have not proven to be consistently impactful in reducing recidivism in cases of domestic violence. The purpose of this quasi-experimental, quantitative study was to examine differences in recidivism for first-time male domestic violence offenders who have participated in a BIP and a more recently developed alternative: victim-offender mediation (VOM). The theories of restorative justice and reintegrative shaming frame this study to determine if offenders take accountability for their actions and face the victim in mediation, there can be a reduction in recidivism. Archival data from records of first-time male, domestic violence offenders, between the ages of 18 and 30, who participated in either a VOM or BIP in a county in the Midwest were examined for recidivism 24-months postintervention, and analyzed with an ANCOVA analysis while controlling for age. The findings revealed no significant difference in recidivism for first-time male offenders 24-months post participation in a BIP or a VOM intervention while controlling for age F (1,109) =.081, p = .777. The findings provide support for the notion that restorative justice interventions may be an additional intervention used in cases of domestic violence deemed appropriate for the intervention. The findings from this study can add to the body of research examining interventions to address the high recidivism in cases of domestic violence, which impacts victims, offenders, and communities.
7
Olatunji, Sunday O. "Understanding the Perceptions and Decision-Making Behaviors of First Responders in the Context of Traumatic Events and PTSD." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5924.
Full textAbstract:
Previous researchers have indicated that first responders are in an ever-changing environment, and unfortunately, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among first responders is increasing. This study sought to better understand first responders' perceptions of emergency preparedness protocols and training, as well as the prevalence of PTSD. This study also examined first responders' thoughts, decision making processes, and protective actions information, communications necessary during situations of emergency preparedness for traumatic events, and how PTSD impacted this process. A sample of 16 first responders of various ages was recruited for the purpose of this study. The participants were made up of firefighters, police officers, and emergency medical services. This study drew from protection-motivation theory, the theory of planned behavior, sensemaking theory, and decision making theory. The researcher used a 15-question, semi-structured interview. Interpretive phenomenological analysis was used for qualitative analysis. The following themes emerged: (a) emergency preparedness is perceived as critical; (b) emergency preparedness is perceived as inadequate; (c) first responders are unlikely to seek treatment; (d) the development of psychological disorders is perceived as likely; (e) there can be hesitation or feelings of "freezing" during emergencies; (f) there can be numbness and distraction during emergencies; and (g) first responder training helps to make decision making automatic. Implications, suggestions for future research are discussed, and the need for additional studies in first responder training that consider the location of first-responders as well as the need for first responders' trainings to promote positive social change.
8
Lang, Kenneth. "Valuation of Ex-Offender Motivation for Participation in a Restorative Justice Praxis." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6599.
Full textAbstract:
Restorative justice (RJ) is an emerging concept of justice in the American penal system that seeks equality for all stakeholders involved. While RJ is vastly under researched--especially concerning RJ and violent offenses--current studies have only focused on determining victims' motivations for participating in RJ. Determining and evaluating offender motivations for participating in RJ remains unexplored. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible motivations of criminal offenders and their willingness to participate in RJ. The social construction framework and the narrative policy framework were employed to understand the social context. A mixed-method approach was used that began with a semistructured interview of 12 ex-offenders and concluded with all the participants completing a brief questionnaire capturing their demographical information. Participants were previously convicted criminal offenders (i.e., 7 nonviolent and 5 violent) who were no longer under the authority of the judiciary system. The semistructured interviews were analyzed qualitatively and identified six motivations: (a) concern for their reputation, (b) understanding the impact of their crime, (c) explanation of actions, (d) making the victim whole, (e) apologizing to the victim, and (f) apathy towards the victim. MANOVA analysis revealed no significance difference between the groups, except with Motive 3 (explanation of actions) and whether the participant had siblings. However, observed power for this analysis varied at low intervals where only 12 participants were involved. Regardless, the results of this study could have a significant impact on positive social change in RJ because the data informs practitioners how to facilitate RJ interventions better, bringing about efficacy with offenders.
9
Rocha, Thiago de Oliveira. "A PENA, A EXECUÇÃO PENAL E O SISTEMA CAPITALISTA: UMA APROXIMAÇÃO NECESSÁRIA." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2015. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/3448.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-05T13:17:06Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
THIAGO DE OLIVEIRA ROCHA.pdf: 874826 bytes, checksum: a6977953c6b44feb78cab2c6db92eba6 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T13:17:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THIAGO DE OLIVEIRA ROCHA.pdf: 874826 bytes, checksum: a6977953c6b44feb78cab2c6db92eba6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31
The dissertation talks about the necessity of doing a reflection about the criminal enforcement out of merely dogmatic delimitations, in other words, there is a necessity of doing analysis of the criminal enforcement and its relation with the capitalism, essencially how the production’s relations influence to make decisions in a criminal system enforcement. Such connection has been estudied firmely based on Critical Criminology and developed in three chapters. On Chapter I, there is a demonstration of the punishment by a historical view with theirs transformation’s results. On Chapter II, there is an approach about the historical materialism in the same way of the critical view by Kichheimer and Rusche that examine the prision system related to class conflict and its relation with the capitalist system.At last, the chapter III shows a criticism about the jail as a way to make the prisioner to be reintegrated to the capitalism by the relations between the punitive system and the capitalism system based on Michel Foucault, Melossi and Pavarini reference works. increments
A dissertação versa sobre a necessidade de se refletir a execução penal fora de contornos puramente dogmáticos, ou seja, requer a análise da execução penal e sua relação com o capitalismo, essencialmente sobre como as relações de produção influenciam na tomada de decisões em um sistema de execução penal. Tal relação é explorada com base na Criminologia Crítica e desenvolvida em três capítulos. No capítulo I, há a demonstração da pena sob uma perspectiva histórica com as suas consequentes transformações. No capítulo II, existe a abordagem sobre o materialismo histórico nos termos da abordagem crítica inaugurada em Kichheimer e Rusche que analisam o sistema carcerário no contexto da luta de classes e sua consequente relação com o sistema capitalista. Por último, o capítulo III apresenta uma crítica ao cárcere como meio socialização do preso para o capitalismo por meio das relações entre o sistema punitivo e o sistema capitalista fundamentadas nas obras de Michel Foucault e Melossi e Pavarini.
10
Clarke, Fern H. "Black Male Probationers' Perceptions of Juvenile Probation Officers' Role in Reducing Recidivism." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4207.
Full textAbstract:
The high recidivism rate of Black male juvenile offenders is a problem in the United States that continues to be of great concern. Probation has gained popularity as being a means of addressing and reducing the high recidivism rates of juvenile offenders. However, there is a lack of research regarding Black male juvenile probationers' perceptions of their probation officers' role in reducing their recidivism. This study examined the following: a) the predictive relationships between Black male probationers' perceptions of their probation officers, their perceptions of the probation officers' job, and their recidivism within 3 years of being place on probation; and (b) Black male probationers' perceptions of their probation officers, their perceptions of the probation officers' job, and their ratings of the probation officer's effectiveness in deterring their recidivism. Ecological systems theory was used as the theoretical foundation for guiding this research. Results from a logistic regression analysis showed that Black male probationers' perceptions of their probation officers and the job of their probation officers did not predict their recidivism. The study has implications for social change because the results provide empirical evidence regarding Black male probationer's perceptions of their probation officers and recidivism. Human services professionals, leaders in the criminal justice field, and policy makers could use findings from the study to advocate for the need to develop training programs for probation officers that foster positive relationship building between probationers and probation officers. The positive relationships may subsequently bring social change by reducing recidivism among Black juvenile male offenders.
11
Zevitz, Richard Gary, and Michael Braswell. "Long Road Home : The Trials and Tribulations of a Confederate Soldier." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. http://amzn.com/0828324654.
Full textAbstract:
A disgraced officer and an enlisted man forge an unlikely friendship through the desperate river battles waged along the Mississippi between Union forces and outnumbered Confederate defenders. Following their surrender, the two friends along with the other defeated Rebels are incarcerated in Northern prisoner of war camps where new challenges await them. Only one will survive. Based upon ten years of historical research, Long Road Home explores the trials and travails of George Spears and his friend, Eli Forrest.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1004/thumbnail.jpg
12
Murrey, Sonia. "Alleviating Risks of Parental Incarceration through Mentorship." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1652.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of the present study was on the lack of positive socialization of children affected by parental incarceration. Researchers have indicated the need to broaden the examination of the effects of parental incarceration on children. Mentorship has demonstrated a positive influence for youth who display at-risk behaviors. However, there is little research regarding the effectiveness of mentorship programs for youth who have experienced the negative effects of parental incarceration. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of youth who have completed an individualized mentorship program following parental imprisonment. Flyers were distributed to case managers and program managers of mentorship programs in New Castle County in order to recruit participants ages 18 -24 years who had a parent incarcerated and who had completed a mentorship program. Through individual interviews, 5 participants provided a retrospective account of antisocial behaviors exhibited as the result of parental incarceration, isolation, physical and emotional abuse faced in their youth, and the ways in which mentorship impacted their lives. Interview data were coded based on words that expressed emotion (emotion coding), words that expressed action (action coding), and words that described circumstances (circumstantial coding). This study revealed that, for these 5 participants, mentorship did have a positive impact. Findings further suggested that mentoring be recognized as a more focal strategy to assist youth, researchers, and practitioners in (a) identifying triggers that may lead to adverse responses to parental incarceration and (b) helping youth improve their overall quality of life when exposed to such circumstances.
13
Riggins, Earl. "Career Goals for Joining Law Enforcement and Subsequent Stress." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1861.
Full textAbstract:
Police officers experience stress from operational and organizational demands which are extrinsic in nature. Officers may also experience stress from not being able to attain their personal goals for becoming a police officer, which is referred to as goal negation. The purpose of this mixed model, exploratory study was to examine if stress from goal negation is an intrinsic moderating factor of police officers' overall experience of career-related stress that may be adding to the health risks of the profession. The framework for the study included the concept of goal negation and the theory of operational and organizational or intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. The study was conducted in a Southern state with a sample of 52 acting police officers with 1 to 6 years of field experience. Two online survey questionnaires were modified from McCreary and Thompson's PSQ-Org and PSQ-Op and used to measure organizational and operational stressors. In-depth interviews added to the exploration of the lived experiences of officers in assessing their personal goal attainment. Results from the exploratory multivariate factor analysis of variance (MANOVA) of operational and organizational survey scores indicated that goal negation played a significant role in moderating stress for police officers in their duties.
In addition, the content analysis of the interviews revealed a theme of conflict between police officers' personal goals and the operational role of police in the public context today. The results of this study will contribute to social change by informing police agencies, police training centers, and mental health treatment facilities of possible job sources of stress for new hires and career-oriented police personnel.
14
Heltz, Kimberly K. "Government and Nongovernmental Collaboration to Build Community Resiliency Against Terrorism in Oklahoma City." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5011.
Full textAbstract:
The way communities build resiliency and prepare for acts of terrorism is ambiguous in the United States; best practices remain unclear. Due to mobility and advancements in communication technologies, individuals and organizations share information, incite anger, recruit, and act on ideological grievances with ease. Such grievances are bolstered by the political and social exclusion of disparate groups through poorly designed policies and ineffective government structures. Using a combination of social constructivism and systems thinking theories, this case study explored collaboration efforts between government agencies and nongovernment experts in Oklahoma City, OK, identifying best practices as a result of lessons learned following the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. Data were acquired through public records related to the bombing, combined with a qualitative survey of 31 community leaders. These data were inductively coded and subjected to a thematic analysis procedure. Key findings indicate that while open communication with the community and increased coordination were suggested by participants, reports were kept internal to each agency and not widely shared or implemented effectively across the community. Sharing the identified best practices and acknowledging collaboration opportunities promotes positive social change by involving the broader community and building early resiliency to address ideologic grievances and create more effective community counterterrorism plans.
15
Barclay, Elaine Marie. "Domestic Violence Intervention Program Facilitators' Motivation for Working With Repeat Offenders." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3018.
Full textAbstract:
Domestic violence (DV) rehabilitative program facilitators administer the same treatment programs to males who reoffend. When DV facilitators administer the same unsuccessful treatment programs to repeat offenders, facilitators may lose intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to perform their job. For this study a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology approach was used to explore the phenomenon of DV facilitators' motivation. Self-determination theory was used to frame the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on DV facilitators who administer treatment programs to repeat offending males. A recruitment flyer was placed in the DV organization, data were collected from 7 participants through face-to-face or telephone interviews that were 18 years of age, proficient English speaking, actively facilitating DV treatment programs to repeat offending males, and employed with the DV organization. Data were transcribed and coded using open and axial coding, and analyzed for themes. Findings indicated that accountability, intrinsic motivation, and commitment influenced DV facilitators when administering programs to repeat offenders. Social change implications include awareness of perceived laissez-faire criminal justice policy towards DV male offenders and the lack of community support of challenges and opportunities for enhancing motivation for DV program facilitators.
16
Belin, Donna Sue. "Police Perceptions and Decision Making Related to Domestic Minors Trafficked Through Prostitution." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/741.
Full textAbstract:
In spite of a paradigm shift redefining domestic minors trafficked through prostitution as victims instead of criminal offenders, many police officers experience uncertainty in the way they evaluate the nature of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) and assess the culpability status of prostituted minors. This problem often results in revictimizing children and hindering their ability to access needed services. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore police officers' perceptions of minors engaged in prostitution and derive an understanding of the experiences, beliefs, and values that underlie these perceptions. The study also focused on how these factors influence police decision making regarding DMST. Attribution theory provided the framework. Participants included 4 police detectives assigned to a youth sex trafficking unit in a large city in the western region of the United States. Data were derived from individual interviews and significant documents. Coding and category construction were utilized to analyze single cases, and content analysis was used to analyze documents. Through cross-case analysis, data from all cases and sources were examined for common themes and discrepancies. The study's findings indicated all respondents perceived minors involved in prostitution as victims and that police empathy influenced perceptions and police decision making. The results of the study will potentially facilitate positive social change through advancing a deeper awareness of the nature of DMST and informing law enforcement policy and practices.
17
Pigatt, Antoinette. "The Effects of Juvenile Life Sentences on Family Relationships." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4673.
Full textAbstract:
Juveniles serving adult sentences are separated from their families for extensive amounts of time. During incarceration, youths attempt to maintain close relationships with family members, but are faced with challenges. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore adult incarceration of youthful offenders and its effect on family relationships using Bowen's family systems theory as the theoretical foundation. Three Maryland families who have first-hand experience with the phenomenon were selected to share their stories. Through this study, to the family unit was given voice to assist understanding the experience from multiple perspectives. Interviews were conducted with each family member separately using semistructured protocols, triangulated, coded using open coding strategies, and summarized as case descriptions. Study results led to understanding that families experience different individual and collective adverse effects in relation to the experience. Families shared factors which contributed to breakdowns and resiliency of relationships between family members during and after the experience of incarceration of a youthful offender. Findings of this study support positive social change in human services and public policy. Outcomes of this inquiry support the efforts of advocates in promoting awareness and activism to encourage legislation and funding to serve the needs of this unique population. Findings inform policymakers of the need to promote policies and practices in correctional institutions that address concerns about unsafe and nontherapeutic prison environments, and the need to champion policies and practices that support families in maintaining healthy relationships with incarcerated individuals during and after long periods of incarceration.
18
Lawrence, Karen P. "The New Drug War or the New Race War: Incarceration's Impact on Minority Children, Families, and Communities." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/16.
Full textAbstract:
This non-experimental study examines the issues of over-representation of minorities in the criminal justice system due to drug-related incidences, race relations, and the impact such representation has on families, children, and communities. The exploration of the current criminal justice efforts against drugs is presented through a meta-analysis qualitative lens in an effort to disseminate the information on those arrested, sentenced, and subsequently incarcerated for various drug offenses. In an attempt to understand the encyclical racial disparities that promulgate the criminal justice system, the study relies on information from several key theorists to cement the discussions in the research. Qualitative data from scholastic and governmental resources will be presented from which the exploration of how drug sentencing and race may be closely related. By examining various case studies, both historical and current, the goal is to clarify the various processes on which different actions have attempted to transform social relationships and the various constraints these movements faced when trying to implement and adapt these transformations.
The outcomes of this multi-layered study reveal the evolution of race relations and "identity formation" with which America attempts to change through various systematic processes. The study will examine how the implementation of governmental programs on incarceration impacts social classes and increases racial division. Three research strategies will be utilized: (1) qualitative analysis that covers racism from the media's portrayal of minorities, (2) review of the writings of theorists' addressing whether drug-related crimes or racism adds to disparity in the criminal justice system, and (3) examination of multiple case studies dealing with incarcerations' impact on minority children and communities. Data have been gathered from pre-published reports, newspapers, journals, and experiments conducted by social science theorists dealing with the new drug war and racism, and also the practices of restorative justice. This study suggests that racism is a phenomenon in the lives of every American or immigrant. Even with time and evident changes within society, racism still dominates and determines people's lives. Restoration is not inconsequential, and while various movements link social change with the governing of a new and different leader in America, this study will look at how it is possible to revisit race relations, and implement forgiveness through conflict resolution in an effort to enact systematic changes. These enactments have potential to preserve institutions and save future social infrastructure.
19
Costello, Kayla. "The Conceptualization of Genocide in the International Media: A Case Study of Darfur." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/77.
Full text
20
Li, Caihong Rosina. "ASSESSING THE MODEL FIT OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL ITEM RESPONSE THEORY MODELS WITH POLYTOMOUS RESPONSES USING LIMITED-INFORMATION STATISTICS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/edsc_etds/45.
Full textAbstract:
Under item response theory, three types of limited information goodness-of-fit test statistics – M2, Mord, and C2 – have been proposed to assess model-data fit when data are sparse. However, the evaluation of the performance of these GOF statistics under multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models with polytomous data is limited. The current study showed that M2 and C2 were well-calibrated under true model conditions and were powerful under misspecified model conditions. Mord were not well-calibrated when the number of response categories was more than three. RMSEA2 and RMSEAC2 are good tools to evaluate approximate fit.
The second study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Religious Commitment Inventory-10 (RCI-10; Worthington et al., 2003) within the IRT framework and estimate C2 and its RMSEA to assess global model-fit. Results showed that the RCI-10 was best represented by a bifactor model. The scores from the RCI-10 could be scored as unidimensional notwithstanding the presence of multidimensionality. Two-factor correlational solution should not be used. Study two also showed that religious commitment is a risk factor of intimate partner violence, whereas spirituality was a protecting factor from the violence. More alcohol was related with more abusive behaviors. Implications of the two studies were discussed.
21
Boston, Clarinèr Freeman. "An Historical Perspective of Oregon's and Portland's Political and Social Atmosphere in Relation to the Legal Justice System as it Pertained to Minorities: With Specific Reference to State Laws, City Ordinances, and Arrest and Court Records During the Period -- 1840-1895." PDXScholar, 1997. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4992.
Full textAbstract:
Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately represented in Portland, Oregon's criminal justice system. Laws, legal procedures and practices that excessively target minorities are not new phenomena. This study focused on a history of political and social conditions in Oregon, and subsequently, Portland, from the 1840' s to 1895, that created unjust state laws and city ordinances that adversely impacted Native Americans, African Americans, and Chinese Immigrants. Attention was also given to the Jewish population.
The approach was to examine available arrest and court records from Oregon's and Portland's early beginnings to ascertain what qualitative information records could provide regarding the treatment of minorities by the justice system. As an outgrowth of this observation, it was necessary to obtain an understanding of the legal environment related to arrests and dispositions of adjudications. Finally, a review of the political and social atmosphere during the time period provided a look at the framework that shaped public attitudes and civic actions.
Examination of available arrest records and court records recorded during the period were conducted at the City of Portland's Stanley Paar Archives. Observations were limited to the availability of archive records. Oregon's history, relative legislation, Portland's history and applicable ordinances were studied and extrapolated from valid secondary resources. Political and social conditions were reviewed through newspaper accounts during recorded history from that time period.
Research indicated that Native Americans, African Americans and Chinese Immigrants were: not legally afforded equal access to Oregon land provisions; denied equitable treatment under the law in comparison to their white counterparts; were unjustly targeted for criminal activities by the enactment and enforcement of laws based on racist views; and, negatively used as political ploys to the advantage of candidates seeking public office. Much of this research is akin to actions in many political, legal and justice arenas of the 1990' s, that continue to adversely impact racial/ethnic minorities unfairly. Although members of the Jewish community were not negatively affected by law, they suffered social injustices. However, they were members of the legal and political fiber that shaped civic sentiments and legislative action in both positive and negative ways.
22
Palacios, Laval Cristián. ""Vigilar, defender, auxiliar": representaciones y prácticas policiales sobre la cuestión criminal en Chile. Santiago, 1890-1924." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/142628.
Full textAbstract:
Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en HistoriaEl presente trabajo de investigación pretende analizar las representaciones y las prácticas policiales sobre la cuestión criminal durante el periodo de 1890 y 1924. Dicho contexto, como encuadre ideológico, significó la policialización de la seguridad pública al monopolizar la policía el mantenimiento del orden hegemónico. Pensada como una misión policial, la lucha contra el delito implicó un saber práctico sobre la urgencia de lo social, el que involucró un discurso sobre el delincuente, la construcción de un “deber ser” policial y la implementación de tecnológicas de identificación de personas. De esta forma, la policía ejerce directamente el poder ordenador-coercitivo en el espacio social en nombre del Estado, al formular y difundir una eficiente narrativa sobre la inseguridad, convirtiendo al sujeto peligroso en un reducto cognoscitivo policial.
23
Barros, Sazo Verónica Alejandra. "“Enferma de crimen….”: La mujer –criminal en el discurso medico-cientifico, Valparaiso-Santiago, 1890-1950." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/109898.
Full textAbstract:
Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en HistoriaAl plantearme una interrogante para desarrollar algún tema que me interesara y así finalizar una etapa de mi vida, pensé claramente en el tema de la mujer, por el simple hecho que soy una mujer; pero este simple hecho nunca ha sido tan simple: el ser mujer ha llevado por siglos una carga pesada sobre los hombros de las mismas, el ser mujer ha significado estar dispuesta a ser un papel sobre el cual otros escriben acerca de nosotras. El cuerpo femenino ha sido un terreno de constantes luchas de los saberes masculinos, los cuales han gozado del monopolio de la escritura. Estimo que gran parte de lo que encierra en la actualidad el concepto de mujer no es más que una versión masculina de nuestra idiosincrasia. Una representación que, como todas las representaciones, no refleja a los seres reales. Esa es una primera parte del tema. Estudiar a las mujeres desde adentro, desde su subjetividad. Pero ¿en qué período y lugar situaremos a las mujeres que deseamos estudiar? No es fácil situar temporalmente el objeto de nuestro estudio, pues la historiadora, al igual que su objeto de estudio, son hijas de su tiempo, son habitantes de una época. En la actualidad, la prensa, la televisión y los medios de comunicación en general, por no mencionar las conversaciones y polémicas en torno al tema, nos bombardean de información sobre la celebración del Bicentenario. Se ha situado en el discurso público la necesidad de hacer una reverencia a un acto caracterizado como solemne y que tiene más de una mancha y una sombra. Se nos pide celebrar a Chile como un país independiente y moderno, ligado a los avances mundiales y que se adapta a los parámetros internacionales. Socialmente y en términos políticos, se insiste en señalar que las instituciones funcionan. Se habla de un cuerpo social ordenado y confiable, se nos plantea que estamos frente a toda una creación de imagen-país. De acuerdo al discurso oficial, especialmente ahora que una mujer ejerce la función de Presidente, se nos señala que vivimos en un país “paritario”, un país que le da cabida a sus mujeres en todas las áreas en las cuales ellas quieran participar. Y es aquí donde viene mi otra interrogante. ¿Cuál era la imagen-país que se pretendía dar para el Centenario, esa época de manifiesta alegría gubernamental, en que se construyeron los grandes palacios y la ciudad de Santiago se llenó de templos que sacralizaban al Estado?; ¿A qué nuevos parámetros ideológicos se respondía y cuáles eran los nuevos modelos que se presentaban para seguir la ruta mas adecuada para nuestra consolidación en el concierto de naciones?; ¿Sobre que ideología descansaba la conciencia de aquellos que deseaban mantener un país ordenado, al mismo tiempo que arrasaban con la metralla a cientos de huelguistas y excluidos?; ¿Qué pasaba con las mujeres, en general, y sobre todo con aquellas que no se adaptaban a las medidas establecidas por una sociedad fundamentalmente jerárquica y patriarcal?
24
Santos, Bartira Macedo de Miranda. "As ideias de defesa social no sistema penal brasileiro: entre o garantismo e a repressão (de 1890 a 1940)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13235.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Bartira Macedo de Miranda Santos.pdf: 435044 bytes, checksum: 63a71fed71cf98856b24594c5e7d5159 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010-11-10This research seeks to demonstrate the significance of social protection ideas that have shaped the criminal justice system like the Criminal Code and the 1940 s Code of Criminal Procedure. It discusses the ideas of social defense made by the Italian Positive School, as justification of the punitive system. For this school, the social defense is the reason of criminal justice. Given the biological determinism of the born criminal, Lombroso, Ferri and Garofalo are committed to building a criminal science that is able to promote an effective social defense. Appart from the metaphysical approach of the classics and its theorizing abstract regarding the legal concept of crime, the Italian positivists sought to understand the causes of crime within the criminal person, replacing the deductive method by the inductive one. From 1884 the anthropological positivism was widely spread in Brazil. By not having their proposals adopted by the Criminal Code of 1890, the positivists have used this law, the fame of "the worst of all the known codes . Originally from the legal discourse, the social defense shall be incurred, since the first decades of the twentieth century, as a movement of Criminal Policy with a strong influence on the laws of the period, including the Brazilian laws
Esta pesquisa busca demonstrar o significado das idéias de defesa social que modelaram o sistema penal brasileiro, com o Código Penal e do Código de Processo Penal de 1940. Aborda as idéias de defesa social formuladas pela Escola Positiva Italiana, enquanto justificação do sistema punitivo. Para esta escola, a defesa social é a razão da justiça penal. Diante do determinismo biológico do criminoso nato, Lombroso, Ferri e Garofalo se empenharam em construir uma ciência penal que fosse apta a promover uma eficaz defesa social. Afastando-se da abordagem metafísica dos clássicos, com suas teorizações abstratas acerca do conceito jurídico de crime, os positivistas italianos buscaram compreender as causas do crime na pessoa do criminoso, substituindo o método dedutivo pelo indutivo. O positivismo antropológico teve ampla divulgação no Brasil, a partir de 1884. Por não verem as suas propostas adotadas pelo Código Penal de 1890, os positivistas empregaram a este diploma, a fama de o pior de todos os códigos conhecidos . Oriunda do discurso jurídico, a defesa social passa a se constituir, desde as primeiras décadas do século XX, como um movimento de Política Criminal, com forte influência sobre as legislações da época, inclusive a brasileira
25
Ibarra, Rebolledo Carlos Eduardo. ""Criminalidad popular en el Departamento de Lautaro, 1849-1879"." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108648.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabajo se enmarca geográficamente en el mundo fronterizo del Gulumapu
(Araucanía). Entre las apacibles playas y densos bosques que observaron el ocasional
deambular de variados sujetos históricos, frente al lento transcurrir del tiempo en la frontera
centenaria que vio al mapuche enfrascarse en una cruenta lucha que terminó mestizando
la sangre, la piel y nuestra cultura popular, se sitúa lo que observamos como una forma
peculiar de criminalidad. Esa zona será analizada desde diversos puntos de vista, mucho
más complejos, que nos permitan contextualizar los hechos que terminaron plasmados en
las causas criminales que serán estudiadas en la presente tésis.
Para facilitar la comprensión de esta contextualización, se ha optado por dividir esta
introducción en dos partes. La primera se aboca a la descripción del marco geográfico,
demográfico y económico del Departamento de Lautaro para el período en estudio (1849 –
1879), matizado ello con algunos antecedentes históricos de algunas villas. En la segunda
parte, se presenta el marco teórico utilizado, se formulan los objetivos de la tesis, las
hipótesis de trabajo y, finalmente, la metodología utilizada para el desarrollo de la presente
tésis.
26
Kaul, Maya. "Deconstructing “Deviance” and “Disorder” as Systems of Domination: Chicago Public Schools as a Case Study of the Effects of Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies on Educational Outcomes in US Schools." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/184.
Full textAbstract:
The rise of “zero tolerance” discipline practices in US primary and secondary schools has become increasingly well documented by the media and empirical studies. Despite the extensive scholarship that has emerged from these conversations, many of these analyses are limited in their scope and do not connect the phenomena of zero tolerance in schools to the diverse, shifting forces at play within American politics and policy today. As such, the goal of this work is to synthesize ideas about zero tolerance across disciplines by integrating historical thought, philosophical frameworks of punishment, shifting policy goals within the US education system, the sociological constructions of “deviance” and “disorder” in the context of the US criminal justice system, and empirical data directly from a school district to develop particular policy recommendations accordingly. The primary research question of this analysis is: What are the effects of zero tolerance discipline policies on educational outcomes? To answer this question, Chicago Public Schools will be employed as a case study from which lessons for the nation at large will be drawn. Ultimately, this analysis ends up revealing the ways in which zero tolerance policies stem from much deeper forces at play between dominant and marginal groups, and what comes to be defined as “deviance” in relation to a socially constructed system of “order.”
27
Zanella, Ana Paula. "O papel do Estado frente ? "deliq??ncia" de menores em Porto Alegre (1927-1933)." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2008. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/2249.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:46:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
400284.pdf: 540310 bytes, checksum: f937b1d9d80700e7a9ab0bcace2f8e3a (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2008-03-25Os delitos praticados por menores no in?cio do s?culo XX suscitam interesse na medida em que tais pr?ticas hoje geram grandes preocupa??es tanto por parte do Estado quanto pela sociedade em geral. Embora os crimes praticados atualmente relacionem-se a problemas n?o identificados no in?cio do s?culo XX, como ? o caso das drogas, buscou-se compreender como esse problema social foi visto pelo Estado. Este trabalho analisou as senten?as dos processos-crime do Cart?rio de J?ri, de Porto Alegre, originados entre os anos de 1927 a 1933, localizados no Arquivo P?blico do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (APERS), a fim de verificar o conte?do e identificar como era percebida, pelos magistrados, a pr?tica de delitos por menores. Verificou-se o processo de transforma??o das rela??es entre o Estado e o indiv?duo a partir da Modernidade, e como estas acabaram interferindo tamb?m sobre a organiza??o da fam?lia e das pr?ticas sobre a inf?ncia. Analisaram-se as mudan?as ocorridas nas vis?es acerca da inf?ncia, principalmente aquelas surgidas na Modernidade, bem como o processo que desencadeou o reconhecimento da inf?ncia como uma etapa do desenvolvimento humano; e, por fim, as pr?ticas adotadas pelo Estado para o controle das fam?lias e das crian?as. ? apresentado um panorama dos crimes cometidos por menores na capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, o que ? feito por meio da an?lise quantitativa e qualitativa dos processos-crime do Cart?rio do J?ri referentes ? tem?tica. Por fim, se analisou os dados contidos nos processos referentes aos delitos mais cometidos les?es corporais, furto e roubo e defloramento, com base nas senten?as proferidas pelos magistrados, bem como o tratamento dispensado pelos ju?zes a esses delitos. Essa disserta??o integra a ?rea de concentra??o Sociedade Ci?ncia e Arte, cuja linha de pesquisa chama-se As fronteiras entre Tradi??o e Modernidade na constru??o do Estado Brasileiro.
28
von, der Heiden Gregor. "Gespräche in einer Krise : Analyse von Telefonaten mit einem RAF-Mitglied während der Okkupation der westdeutschen Botschaft in Stockholm 1975." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-26771.
Full textAbstract:
When crises develop, people are confronted with difficulties beyond those experienced in normal everyday activities. Due to the perceived threats inherent to such situations, familiar behaviors may prove ineffective, and such attempts can pose dangerous and unpredictable risks. Crises are extreme situations, occurring at the very edges of human experience. Oral communication in such situations cannot be casual; the seriousness of the situation demands exceptional communicative performance on the part of the participants. Therefore, certainties about everyday communication conventions are called into question. The following work examines conversations during which the participants were involved in an extreme situation. In this particular crisis, a politically motivated kidnapping, the personal involvement of the interlocutors is substantial. A clear and present fear of the situation escalating and the possibility of a failure to anticipate the resulting reactions from the other party(ies) characterize the communicative acts of those involved. Recorded telephone calls during the occupation of the West German Embassy in Stockholm by members of the Red Army Faction (RAF) on April 24, 1975 comprise the basis for this analysis. One of the occupiers speaks with various interlocutors located in an adjacent embassy building. These interlocutors are relatives of the hostages, the Swedish Minister of Justice, and a German official charged with leading the negotiations. In this study, the communicative processes of the crisis are reconstructed. In order to show how the interlocutors attempt to reach their goals in this tense situation with the resources available to them, as well as what they in fact achieve, ethnographic methods of analysis have been employed. This study shows how, despite strong conflicting interests and motives, a shared reality is built through the actions of the interlocutors. The interaction between two key figures in the early stages of the crisis can even be characterized as a form of coalition building. An explanation as to why this collaboration is not retained in the subsequent course of the events, however, leading to an escalation of the situation, is also presented. Furthermore, the following work sets forth qualities needed to interactively build a coalition in a precarious crisis situation, which has arisen between parties characterized by diametrically opposed aims.
29
Garman, James Curtis. ""Detention castles of stone and steel": An historical archaeology of the first Rhode Island State Prison, 1838--1878." 1999. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9950155.
Full textAbstract:
Punishment and the proper means of rehabilitating and reforming criminals stand at the forefront of public concern in American society. This dissertation examines the historical precedents of the modern debate over imprisonment by considering power, work, and the manner in which they were negotiated within the world of the nineteenth-century reform institution. The primary case study derives from historical archaeological investigations of Rhode Island's first State Prison in Providence. Constructed in 1838, the prison was enlarged and rebuilt in several phases before its abandonment in 1877 and its demolition in 1893. Other case studies include the Smithfield (Rhode Island) Town Farm and Asylum (1834–1870), established to meet the local need for poor relief, and the various orphanages, asylums, and juvenile reform structures at the State Farm in Howard, Rhode Island. Archaeological and architectural analyses of these complexes address different aspects of the questions raised in this dissertation about the relationship between landscape, labor, and power in the milieu of industrial capitalism.
30
Taylor, Ashley Lauren. "From Dennis-the-Menace to Billy-the-Kid: The Evolving Social Construction of Juvenile Offenders in the United States From 1899-2007." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/2420.
Full textAbstract:
Few studies have historically assessed the surges and troughs of public perception regarding juvenile offenders across over a century of legislative and social change. Furthermore, a minority of juvenile crime investigations have holistically examined the interplay between changing demographic conditions (notably, economic stability, racial composition and crime rates) with its accompanying ideological shifts. Through a theoretical emphasis on social constructionism and moral panic theory, this dissertation illuminates the cyclical nature of juvenile justice reform and illustrates that panics regarding juvenile offenders are more closely related to fears regarding the maintenance of power and the insecurity that comes with historical change than with an authentic threat of juvenile crime. Over 9,000 records in The New York Times, Congressional record, and Supreme Court decisions were coded and analyzed to reveal three chronological partitions of the social construction of youthful offenders: (1) the 1890s-1930s during which the most destabilizing force to those in positions of power revolved squarely around urbanization, industrialization, and the waves of immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe; (2) the 1930s-1970s during which faith in juvenile offender rehabilitation was replaced with punitive policies stressing deterrence and an increased focus on the "problem" of racial minorities; (3) the 1970s-present which demonstrates the declining discussion of race in print media and legislative debates even as its effects in sentencing and prosecution grow in strength. This dissertation illuminates the ways in which insecurity and panic breed violence and expounds upon that notion to specify that how the violence manifests itself, whether through punitive policies or interpersonal crime, depends on the resources available and the historically-situated social norms. Over time, however, the explicit racial hostility in rhetoric and policy has been replaced with an evasion the recognition that race undoubtedly affects both juvenile justice policies as well as their implementation. In order to combat the inevitable instability that accompanies historical change, a resurgence of dialogue acknowledging the connection between race and juvenile justice is urged.
Dissertation
31
Dower, HGI. "Contesting the legacy of separate treatment : prisoner health during and after the Pentonville Prison experiment, 1842–9." Thesis, 2022. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/47494/1/Dower_whole_thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The Pentonville Prison Experiment took place from 1842–9, when over 2,500 prisoners sentenced to transportation passed through an innovative prison disciplinary practice known as “separate treatment”. Analogous to twenty-first century solitary confinement, separate treatment required prisoners to be confined, alone and in enforced silence, for 22 hours a day. In Pentonville, where sentence lengths averaged 18–20 months, prisoners were taught trades to better their chances in the Australian colonies, and received pastoral care from the prison chaplains, who wanted to help prisoners reform and remake themselves into useful members of society. A motivating factor of the Pentonville Prison Experiment was a desire to address the perennial problems of recidivism, criminality, and prison disease. Pentonville was a modern, experimental institution that promised the Victorians an inoculation against these issues.
However, distinguishing between the allegedly reformative qualities of separate treatment and the punishment of solitary confinement was difficult, and in both Britain and Australia the two were often confused in public debates. Muddying the topic were claims of prisoner madness, which emerged just months into the Experiment. Despite official refutation, these charges proved resilient, and eventually the sentence lengths at Pentonville were shortened in 1848, and again in 1853. This drove home the view that Pentonville was a misguided and short-lived experiment in penal reform.
The idea that separate treatment drove prisoners mad has an enduring legacy, one that persists in the Pentonville Prison historiography. Yet, no studies have undertaken a forensic examination of this institution to determine the veracity of these claims; and no studies have considered the transnational link between Britain and specifically Van Diemen’s Land (now Tasmania), the southernmost Australian colony that received the bulk of Pentonville prisoners between 1842 and 1849. As every prisoner sent to Pentonville was bound for Australia to complete their sentence, this is a significant historiographical oversight.
This thesis examines the nature of ill-health during the Pentonville Prison Experiment. My central question is not whether prisoners became sick during their confinement under separate treatment, but the degree of their illness, and whether separate treatment had an extended effect on their mental and physical health. In taking a long-term view of the impact of separate treatment, this thesis challenges the prevailing historiographical perspective that separate treatment made prisoners insane, and in doing so, calls for a more nuanced, fine-grained consideration of historical health in institutions.
This thesis is comprised of five chapters that range from Britain to Van Diemen’s Land. Existing studies on Pentonville Prison have been primarily qualitative. However, a strictly qualitative approach risks reinscribing the contemporary debates on separate treatment without considering the more complex reality of institutional living. To counter this view, and to review existing historiographical claims, this thesis employs a mixed methods approach that draws down in the final chapter into a quantitative examination of prisoner outcomes in Van Diemen’s Land, in order to demonstrate measurable insight into the impact of separate treatment on transported prisoners.
Undertaking a mixed methods approach called for a body of archival material that was significant in scope. This largely included transcribing sources that have previously been used superficially in other studies, such as the Pentonville Prisoners’ Register (1842–8); the Pentonville Chaplain’s Journal (1848–51); Pentonville Minute Books (1843–8); and Surgeon-Superintendent Ship Journals (1844–9). Official records like the Reports of the Commissioners for the Government of Pentonville Prison (1843–50) were also used. Rounding off this selection of material are the transcriptions of 150 convict conduct records of the first transported Pentonville prisoners to Van Diemen’s Land in 1844. Additional sources, such as British and colonial census and BDM records, assisted in verifying or expanding prisoner biographies for the purpose of microhistorical case studies.
This thesis contrasts existing work on Pentonville by challenging the blanket assumption that all prisoners under separate treatment became mad as a result of their confinement. Significantly, the mixed methods approach of this thesis raises fresh questions on separate treatment and sheds light on the impact of this discipline on the minds and bodies of those exposed to it. This thesis finds that instead of passive bodies who became ill, prisoners were far more resilient than has been previously thought.
32
Hofmann, David C. "A historical case study analysis of the establishment of charismatic leadership in a Protestant Reformation cultic group and its role in the recourse to violence." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5896.
Full textAbstract:
La recherche sur les questions touchant aux leaders de groupes sectaires et à la violence sectaire a mené à l’étude du rôle joué par l’autorité charismatique, tel que défini par Weber (1922) et repris par Dawson (2010). À ce sujet, d’éminents spécialistes des études sur les sectes sont d’avis qu’un vide important dans la recherche sur l’autorité charismatique dans le contexte de groupes sectaires et de nouveaux mouvements religieux reste à combler (ajouter les références ‘d’éminents spécialistes’). Ce mémoire vise à contribuer à l’étude cet aspect négligé, le rôle de l’autorité charismatique dans le recours è la violence dans les groupes sectaires, par une étude de cas historique d’un groupe de la Réformation protestante du XVIe siècle, le Royaume anabaptiste de Münster (AKA), sous l’influence d’un leader charismatique, Jan van Leiden. Cette recherche s’intéresse plus spécifiquement aux divers moyens utilisés par Jan van Leiden, pour asseoir son autorité charismatique et à ceux qui ont exercé une influence sur le recours à des actes de violence. L’étude de cas est basé sur le matériel provenant de deux comptes-rendus des faits relatés par des participants aux événements qui se sont déroulés à pendant le règne de Leiden à la tête du AKA. L’analyse du matériel recueilli a été réalisé à la lumière de trois concepts théoriques actuels concernant le comportement cultuel et le recours à la violence.. L’application de ces concepts théoriques a mené à l’identification de quatre principales stratégies utilisées par Jan van Leiden pour établir son autorité charismatique auprès de ses disciples, soit : 1) la menace du millénarisme, 2) l’exploitation d’une relation bilatérale parasitique avec ses disciples, 3) l’utilisation de l’extase religieuse et de la prophétie, 4) l’utilisation du désir de voir survenir des changements sociaux et religieux. En plus de ces quatre stratégies, trois autres dimensions ont été retenues comme signes que le recours à la violence dans le Royaume anabaptiste de Münster résultait de l’établissement de l’autorité charismatique de son leader, soit : 1) la violence liée au millénarisme, 2) la notion d’identité et de violence partagée, 3) des facteurs systémiques, physiques et culturels menant à la violence.Research surrounding questions regarding cultic behaviors, leadership and issues of sectarian violence has lead to the study of charismatic leadership. Prominent cultic scholars have identified that there remains a rather large void in research when analyzing charismatic leadership within the context of sectarian groups and new religious movements. This thesis will attempt to bridge that gap through a historical case study analysis of a 16th century protestant reformation group, the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster (AKM), under the influence of a charismatic leader, Jan van Leiden. More specifically, this research will focus on the various means utilized by the group’s leader, to establish charismatic leadership and how this affected the group’s recourse to acts of violence. The case material was obtained through two primary source accounts from participants in the events that unfolded in Münster during Leiden’s reign. The analysis of this material was made using three current theoretical concepts on cultic behavior and violence, that is Casoni (2000), Robbins (2002) and Dawson (2010). It appears that four major strategies were utilized by Jan van Leiden to establish his charismatic leadership over his followers: (1) the threat of millenarianism, (2) the exploitation of a bilateral parasitic relationship with his followers, (3) the use of religious ecstasy and prophecy, and (4) the use of their desire for social and religious change. By contrasting the results of the analyses undertaken in chapters three and four, three factors that have played a crucial role in Leiden’s charismatic leadership, as it relates to the recourse to violence in the AKM, will be identified. These are: (1) millennial violence, (2) shared identity, and (3) macro-level dimensions.
33
Tagodoé, Noutépé. "Les victimisations et les conséquences de la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique selon les Afro-descendants." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6254.
Full textAbstract:
La traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique n’ont jamais été étudiés d’un point de vue criminologique. En fait, à part l’histoire, peu de disciplines des sciences sociales et humaines se sont intéressées aux évènements qui constituent la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Toutefois, de récentes recherches commencent à se pencher sur les séquelles résultant des multiples victimisations (agressions physiques et psychologiques) subies par les Noirs durant la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Nous postulons que la criminologie peut également contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de ces évènements. Ainsi, cette étude vise à sonder les perceptions des Afro-descendants sur les victimisations et les conséquences de la traite et de l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. L’analyse des entretiens réalisés démontrent clairement que la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique n’appartiennent pas seulement au passé. Au contraire, la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique restent présents dans les esprits et les cœurs. Ils sont surtout perçus comme une source de victimisations actuelles touchant la communauté africaine et antillaise tels que la faible confiance en soi, la faible estime de soi, la hiérarchie de la couleur, le racisme interne…Aussi, tous les répondants plaident pour au moins une forme de réparation (pécuniaire et monétaire, éthique ou politique, historique, éducative, psychologique, diplomatique) des conséquences de la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Les entrevues mettent également en évidence une division dans les représentations basées sur la version (fonctionnaliste ou intentionnaliste) de cette histoire, ainsi que des différences de représentations selon le groupe ethnique d’appartenance (Africain ou Antillais).The transatlantic slave trade has never been studied in a criminology way. In fact, with the exception to history, few disciplines in the social sciences and human studies have made interest to study the surrounding events of the slave trade. However, recent studies have begun to seize the multiple victimizations (physical and psychological attacks) undergone by Blacks during the transatlantic slave trade. We postulate that criminology can also contribute to a better understanding of the transatlantic slave trade, therefore, this study aims to evaluate Afro-descendants perceptions of the transatlantic slave trade victimizations and effects. The qualitative interview data clearly illustrates that the slave trade does not belong to the past. It is quite the contrary, the slave trade is still vivid on the spirits and the hearts. The atlantic slave trade effects hit the Afro-descendants in their daily life by means of low self esteem, low self confidence, skin color hierarchy, internal racism and self hatred. Consequently, all respondents argue for, at least, a form of reparation (monetary, ethical or political, historical, educational, pscychological, diplomatic) for the atlantic slave trade and its consequences. The data, moreover, shows that there is a division in the representations of the atlantic slave trade between those who believe the functionalist approach and those who believe the intentionalist approach, and also differences of representations according to the ethnic group (African or Carraibean).
34
Maldonado, Zúñiga Carlos Felipe. "El género como factor criminogénico en Chile." Tesis, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/152656.
Full textAbstract:
Licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y socialesAl observar los datos recabados por instituciones estatales referidos a la comisión de delitos en Chile, tales como los publicados por Gendarmería o Carabineros de Chile, es posible observar una estrecha relación entre el fenómeno criminal y el género en Chile. Este trabajo analiza el concepto de género y sus usos, en orden a revisar la construcción del género en Chile desde una perspectiva histórica, antropológica y normativa. A continuación, se enmarca el género como un factor en el crimen, situándolo como un factor macrosocial dentro del paradigma etiológico multivectorial del profesor González Berendique. Desde ese enfoque, se analiza cómo el género opera como factor etiológico en determinados tipos de crímenes en Chile.