Journal articles: 'Historic masonry building'

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Gu, Xiang Lin, Dong Jie Sun, Kai Sun, and Guang Hong Hu. "Development and Application of Reliability Assessment Software for Historic Masonry Structures." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.1271.

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Most of the existing historic buildings are masonry buildings in China. Among them, some of buildings have served for a long time, their mechanical performance deteriorated significantly. They need to be inspected thoroughly and assessed accurately for the purpose of protection. However, there is still no available engineering software designed for the reliability assessment of existing historic masonry structures. Therefore, a Masonry Assessment software Package with three modules of pre-processing, core analyzing, and post-processing was developed based on the characteristics of historic masonry building structures. In this paper, the development technology for the software is introduced, and the suitability of the software is verified through the application of the software in a real historic masonry building.

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Basukala, Shyam Sundar, and Prem Nath Maskey. "Seismic vulnerability of traditional masonry building a case study of Byasi, Bhaktapur." Journal of Science and Engineering 4 (April 3, 2017): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v4i0.22377.

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Historic buildings of Nepal are mainly constructed from masonry structure. Since masonry structures are weak in tension which leads to the failure of structure. So, to avoid possible damage in environment lives and property it is urgent to conduct vulnerability assessments. Seismic vulnerability of historic masonry buildings constructed in Bhaktapur at Byasi area is carried out for the case study. Five load bearing masonry buildings were selected out of 147 buildings considering opening percentage, storey and type of floor for modeling in SAP 2000 V10 Various methods of rapid visual screening (FEMA 154, EMS 98) are used to determine the vulnerability of the selected building. The Selected Building response is carried out by linear time history analysis. The seismic vulnerability of masonry structures is determined in terms of fragility curves which represent the probability of failure or damage due to various levels of strong ground motions for different damage state slight, moderate, extensive and collapse. From the result of Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) and Fragility curves of the buildings it is found that whole, buildings are found vulnerable from future earthquake.

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Karakale, Vail. "Use of Structural Steel Frames for Structural Restoration of URM Historical Buildings in Seismic Areas." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 11, no. 04 (October 2017): 1750012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431117500129.

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Historic buildings and monuments are an important part of our cultural heritage that must be protected and their sustainability ensured, especially when earthquakes occur. In this paper, a technique that uses structural steel frames is proposed as one way of strengthening unreinforced masonry (URM) in historical buildings. The idea underpinning this technique is to reduce the earthquake displacement demand on non-ductile URM walls by attaching steel frames to the building floors from inside. These frames run parallel to the structural system of the building and are fixed at their base to the existing foundation of the building. Furthermore, they are constructed rapidly, do not occupy architectural space, save the building’s historic fabric, and can be easily replaced after an earthquake if some minor damage ensues. The proposed technique was applied to a five-story historical masonry building in Istanbul. The results of seismic performance analysis indicate that even though the building has plan irregularities, the proposed steel frames are able to effectively enhance the building’s seismic performance by reducing inter-story drifts and increasing lateral stiffness and strength.

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G. Maldonado, N. "Seismic Mitigation of a Historic Masonry Building." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 5, no. 1 (October 7, 2011): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801105010061.

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Elmenshawi, Abdelsamie, Mohamed Sorour, Aftab Mufti, Leslie G. Jaeger, and Nigel Shrive. "In-plane seismic behaviour of historic stone masonry." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 3 (March 2010): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-166.

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Since the advent of the latest National building code of Canada, the level of intervention required to meet seismic requirements for the rehabilitation of heritage buildings has increased significantly. An example of this type of project is the rehabilitation of the West Block on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. Eight walls representative of the stone masonry in the West Block building were constructed, some with different rehabilitation schemes, and tested to investigate their in-plane seismic behaviour. The walls were double wythes of sandstone and limestone connected by a rubble core. The walls were 2750 mm high by 2000 mm wide by 540 mm thick. The rehabilitation schemes represented different ways of tying the stone wythes together, since the outer sandstone wythe has separated from the rubble core in some locations in the existing structure. The results reveal that the suggested strengthening schemes neither benefit nor degrade the in-plane seismic behaviour compared to that of a plain wall.

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Santhakumar, A. R., M. S. Mathews, S. Thirumurugan, and Rao Uma. "Seismic Retrofitting of Historic Masonry Buildings – Case Study." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.991.

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Masonry heritage building built during early part of 19th century have characteristic colonial architecture using masonry walls and jack arch roofing supported on steel beams. They are highly vulnerable to failure during earthquakes. This paper describes a methodology to quantify their vulnerability and then based on this a scheme of structural retrofitting is suggested. The aim of this presentation, through 4 case studies of buildings located in Delhi, India, is to exemplify various aspects of analysis, design and execution methodology of the retrofitting scheme for such important heritage structures. The assessment of vulnerability is based on its location, codes of practice with respect to materials and loading. The main challenge in choosing the appropriate retrofitting scheme lies in retaining the architecture and aesthetics. Also the retrofitting has to be completed in the least possible time causing minimum disturbance to the occupants. This has been achieved through a combination of Ferro-cement bands and FRP sheets. The execution of retrofitting was considered to make use of available local materials and expertise. The building is analysed in detail and the areas where stress concentration takes place is further strengthened.

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Erkal, Aykut, Debra Laefer, Paul Fanning, Eser Durukal, Ufuk Hancilar, and Yavuz Kaya. "Investigation of the Rail-Induced Vibrations on a Masonry Historical Building." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.569.

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Increasingly historic masonry buildings are subjected to higher levels of traffic and rail vibrations due to urbanization and population growth. Deterioration and destabilisation of these buildings may result, especially if they were previously damaged (e.g. earthquakes or settlement problems). To better understand building response, vibration measurements were conducted on the Little Hagia Sophia Mosque, located adjacent to Istanbul’s Sirkeci-Halkali railway line. Transport-induced vibrations were recorded at several points on the ground and building. Attenuation characteristics in the ground and amplification features on the building were examined. Peak particle velocities often exceeded previously established thresholds for human perception and in some cases for structural damage. These are evaluated with respect to the building’s condition.

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Kayan, Brit Anak, Alan M. Forster, and Phillip F. G. Banfill. "Green Maintenance for historic masonry buildings: an option appraisal approach." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 5, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-05-2015-0010.

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Purpose – Sustainability is well understood to encapsulate economic, environmental and societal parameters. The efficiency of maintenance interventions for historic buildings is no exception and also conforms to these broad factors. Recently, environmental considerations for masonry repair have become increasingly important and this work supports this growing area. The purpose of this paper is to give insight on how an option appraisal approach of “Green Maintenance” modelling for historic masonry buildings repair practically determine and ultimately substantiate the decision-making process using a calculation procedures of life cycle assessment, within delineated boundaries. Design/methodology/approach – Calculation procedures of the model enables an assessment of embodied carbon that is expended from different stone masonry wall repair techniques and scenarios for historic masonry buildings during the maintenance phase. Findings – It recognises the importance roles Green Maintenance model can play in reducing carbon emissions and underpins rational decision making for repair selection. Practical implications – It must be emphasised that the calculation procedures presented here, is not confined to historic masonry buildings and can be applied to any repair types and building form. The decisions made as a result of the utilisation of this model practically support environmentally focused conservation decisions. Social implications – The implementation of the model highlights the efficacy of repairs that may be adopted. Originality/value – The paper is a rigorous application and testing of the Green Maintenance model. The model relays the “true” carbon cost of repairs contextualised within the longevity of the materials and its embodied carbon that consequently allows rational appraisal of repair and maintenance options.

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Zucca, Marco, Emanuele Reccia, Nicola Longarini, and Antonio Cazzani. "Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of an Historical Masonry Building Damaged during the 2016 Centro Italia Seismic Event." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 20, 2022): 11789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211789.

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The preservation and definition of the correct retrofitting interventions of historic masonry buildings represents a relevant topic nowadays, especially in a country characterized by high seismicity zones. Considering the Italian Cultural Heritage, most of these buildings are constructed in ancient unreinforced masonry (URM) and showed a high level of vulnerability during the recent 2009 (L’Aquila), 2012 (Emilia Romagna) and 2016 (Centro Italia) earthquakes. In this paper, the seismic assessment of an historic masonry building damaged during 2016 Centro Italia seismic event is presented considering different types of retrofitting interventions. Starting from the results obtained by the post-earthquake survey, different finite element models have been implemented to perform linear and non-linear analyses useful to understand the seismic behaviour of the building and to define the appropriate retrofitting interventions. In particular, reinforced plaster layer and cement-based grout injections have been applied in each masonry wall of the building in order to improve their horizontal load-bearing capacity, and an additional wall made with Poroton blocks and M10 cement mortar has been built adjacent to the central stairwell. In addition, in view of the need to replace the roof seriously damaged during the seismic event, a cross-laminated roof solution characterized by a thickness equal to 14 cm (composed by seven layers, each 2 cm thick) has been proposed. The results show that the proposed retrofitting interventions have led to a significant improvement in the seismic behaviour of the building.

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Sejnoha, J., M. Sejnoha, J. Zeman, J. Sykora, and J. Vorel. "Mesoscopic study on historic masonry." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 30, no. 1 (September 10, 2008): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2008.30.1.099.

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Ou, Weibing, Xudong Chen, Andrew Chan, Yingyao Cheng, and Hongfan Wang. "FDEM Simulation on the Failure Behavior of Historic Masonry Heritages Subjected to Differential Settlement." Buildings 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2022): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101592.

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Historic masonry heritages, such as cathedrals, colonnades, and arch bridges, were constructed with individual components (e.g., stones, bricks, other materials) bound together with, e.g., mortar, and they are very vulnerable to foundation settlement, especially differential settlement which occurs frequently in engineering practice. These masonry structures are discontinuous, and therefore, their behavior under differential settlement is highly nonlinear and complex. In this study, the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM) is employed to simulate the failure behavior of historic masonry heritages subjected to support differential settlement. In the FDEM models, structures are discretized into elements where FE formulation is incorporated, resulting in an accurate estimate of structural deformation and interaction forces. In addition, a fracture model is employed for masonry blocks. Numerical examples are given and compared with results from the literature, showing that the FDEM is applicable and reliable in simulating the failure behavior of historic masonry heritages. Further analyses including block fracture reveal that fracturing can decrease the capacity against settlement significantly.

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Haladin, Ivo, Marijan Bogut, and Stjepan Lakušić. "Analysis of Tram Traffic-Induced Vibration Influence on Earthquake Damaged Buildings." Buildings 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2021): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120590.

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The Zagreb 2020 earthquake severely damaged the historic centre of the city. Most of the damage occurred on historic masonry residential buildings, many of which are situated very close to the tram track. Although traffic-induced vibrations generally do not affect surrounding buildings, they can be harmful to buildings damaged by a previous earthquake. Vibrations could contribute to the further propagation of existing cracks. The effect of vibrations depends on many factors, one of the most important being the distance between the track and the building. The vibrations are highest at the source, and the energy loss occurs due to transfer through the soil to the recipients. The impact of tram-induced vibrations on earthquake-damaged buildings in the city of Zagreb is investigated in this paper. The analysis is conducted on a tramway network scale to identify critical locations by performing continuous monitoring on the tramway network and risk analysis based on the distance of buildings from the track, vibration amplitude at source, and building damage. Further investigation is based on the level of buildings to evaluate the influence of vibrations on actual buildings damaged in the Zagreb earthquake. Based on detailed signal analysis, the vibration characterization is performed, and the influence on damaged masonry buildings is evaluated.

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Crevello, Gina, Irene Matteini, and Paul Noyce. "A novel approach to in-depth façade assessments: Improved corrosion test methods for embedded steel framing in historic masonry clad buildings." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928907002.

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Corrosion of structural steel frames and associated steel assemblies within ‘vintage’ buildings circa 1880s to 1930s pose a health and safety risk to the public in major urban centers. The projecting masonry elements pose a particular concern when the underlying steel assemblies and anchorage begin to corrode. Failed masonry has fallen from buildings, leading to death in worst case scenarios. While some signs of masonry cracking or displacement are usually visible prior to failure, the level of degradation of the embedded steel is not. With the equipment available to test these unforeseen conditions, methodologies need to be shifted to understand unobservable conditions to assist in condition state ratings of embedded steel. In many cities, building owners are being faced with large expenditures to strip and replace terra cotta or stone elements where the underlying steel is in fair condition. This paper will discuss the field-testing programs where a building elevations' masonry clad, steel assemblies (outriggers, anchorage and cross bracing) were evaluated for corrosion. The testing program assessed various steel components which either projected from the structure or were embedded at great depth with a bespoke, in-depth advanced testing program geared towards the development of condition state ratings for the façade elements.

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Garzulino, Andrea. "Energy Efficiency: A Multi-Criteria Evaluation Method for the Intervention on Built Heritage." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 9223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219223.

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The awareness that a historic building is a complex system made up of interdependent parts and endowed with a specific energetic behavior is now widespread. Therefore, the energy improvement of a historic building does not only consist of designing individual construction elements or high-performance materials. On the contrary, it is based on the ability to analyze the buildings and recognize and enhance the specific thermal characteristics of each individual situation. Over the past two decades, the publication of European directives aimed at improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings has led each country to promulgate national guidelines in order to help operators planning and implementing energy improvement actions for historic buildings. The guidelines of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage prescribe a method to evaluate the effectiveness of different energy improvement interventions in historic buildings through a qualitative-quantitative analysis based on static energy simulation. However, the ministerial guidelines do not prescribe any method for the analytical evaluation of other key issues aimed at the success of any energy improvement action for the historic building. Based on the literary and standard review on EEHB 2000–2020, this paper presents a multi-criteria comparative analysis method of energy improvement techniques for historic buildings in order to support operators in choosing the most suitable action for each case study. The method analyses each energy improvement technique according to four parameters: energy efficiency (increase in expected efficiency), compatibility (ability to ensure the protection of the morphological, material, and architectural features of the historic building), durability, and cost effectiveness. The method is based on descriptive and analytic forms for the different parts of the historic building and for the different improvement actions. These have been experimentally verified on a masonry case study, representative of widespread built heritage. The result opens the possibility of implementing the national guidelines and increasing their effectiveness.

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Hamp, Elyse, Rachel Gerber, Bora Pulatsu, Mario Santana Quintero, and Jeffrey Erochko. "Nonlinear Seismic Assessment of a Historic Rubble Masonry Building via Simplified and Advanced Computational Approaches." Buildings 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081130.

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This research presents a comprehensive nonlinear quasi-static seismic assessment of an unreinforced rubble masonry building, Bytown Museum in Ottawa, Canada, using discontinuum-based analyses. In the proposed modeling approach, non-uniform geometrical properties of rubble masonry walls are replicated via a group of rigid polyhedral blocks interacting along their boundaries based on the discrete element method (DEM). Once the adopted modeling strategy is validated, the nonlinear quasi-static analysis of the South and North façades of the Bytown Museum is performed. Special attention is given to the irregular block generation within the discontinuum analysis framework, where discrete element models are generated from high-resolution site recording data, representing the masonry morphology at a high level of detail. Then, the predicted collapse mechanisms from advanced computational models are further utilized to generate pre-defined macro-blocks in kinematic limit analyses, providing a simple alternative solution for seismic assessment. The results reveal the significant effect of openings and the construction technique (morphology) in unreinforced rubble masonry buildings that can play an important role in the structural capacity and behavior. Moreover, it is noted that DEM-based solutions provide lower seismic capacity compared to kinematic limit analyses. Finally, a noticeable sensitivity to the input parameters in the discrete element models is noted; therefore, characterization of material properties is necessary for reliable predictions.

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Boscato, Giosuè, and Alessandra Dal Cin. "Static Monitoring and Non-Destructive Test of a Historic Damaged Palace." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.334.

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The City Hall of Mirandola was stricken and damaged by Emilia-Romagna earthquake sequence of May 2012. This paper presents the procedure for the structural monitoring control of a masonry historic building that presents a serious damage pattern. Structural monitoring was carried out with transducers installed to control the serious cracks that regards the main volumes of the building. The global structural health monitoring was useful to define the actual condition of the dynamic behavior of the damaged construction that are subjected to different mechanism. Ground penetrating radar allows to detect the depth of the cracks and the condition of the masonry. These researches are useful also for the structural future rehabilitation and to define the possible changes in the structural behavior.

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Soulios, Vasilis, Ernst Jan de Place Hansen, and Ruut Peuhkuri. "Hygrothermal simulation assessment of internal insulation systems for retrofitting a historic Danish building." MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019): 02049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202049.

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The built environment is accountable for 1/3 of the European energy consumption. Thermal insulation is a key factor affecting the energy performance of buildings. Historic buildings typically were made with solid external walls of brick masonry or natural stone, rarely insulated afterwards. Often the buildings have worth-preserving façades making internal insulation the only feasible technique, however significantly modifying the hygrothermal performance of the façade. The research objective of this paper is to simulate the hygrothermal performance of solid masonry walls in an old Danish hospital that will be internally insulated following the Danish requirement (U-value) for external walls (change of use of buildings) and transformed into dwellings, involving different insulation systems. Heat loss and masonry moisture content level after adding internal insulation and the possible effects of hydrophobization on the moisture content is simulated. Simulations show an increased moisture content in the original wall when adding internal insulation implying an increased risk for moisture-related damage (mould growth, frost damage and interstitial condensation). The results also show that hydrophobic impregnation of the internally insulated facades may be vital in avoiding moisture problems and securing a moisture-safe energy renovation of buildings like the one studied.

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Fedorczak-Cisak, Małgorzata, Alicja Kowalska-Koczwara, Krzysztof Nering, Filip Pachla, Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina, Piotr Stecz, Tadeusz Tatara, and Tomasz Jeleński. "Measurement and Diagnosis of Comfort in a Historic Building." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238963.

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Historic buildings constitute a specific group of buildings where the possibilities of improving energy efficiency and comfort are significantly limited because of the existing construction features and heritage values. Each building has a different history so the scope of renovation and/or retrofitting must be determined individually for each building. This article presents the methodology of measurement and diagnosis of features of particular importance for energy performance and comfort improvements, based on the example of a historic masonry building located in southern Poland. The first research question was which of the comfort conditions have been exceeded according to measurements. The second issue concerned the necessary extension of the basic determinants of comfort, beyond measurable qualities. A multi-faceted approach to the comfort assessment is proposed, including qualitative research that applies the additional criterion of aesthetic comfort. During the case study diagnosis, the acceptable level was exceeded in thermal, acoustic and aesthetic comfort. The first two may be addressed by optimized technical measures whilst the latter through a research-through-design that addresses the complex relationship between the perceiver and what the environment affords. The solution reflects the need to meet demands for retrofits that are energy-efficient and aesthetically pleasing while minimizing any negative impacts on the heritage and the environment.

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Choidis, Petros, Guilherme Barreto Arez Coelho, and Dimitrios Kraniotis. "Assessment of frost damage risk in a historic masonry wall due to climate change." Advances in Geosciences 58 (February 14, 2023): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-157-2023.

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Abstract. Historic masonry buildings are an integral part of human cultural heritage, and they need to be preserved for future generations. Brick is susceptible to frost damage which is common in regions with cold and humid climates. The frost damage on the masonry walls is accumulated over the years becoming more and more critical for the integrity of the historic buildings and it is also affected by climate change (CC). In the current research, the focus was placed on a coastal region in southern Norway with a significant number of historic masonry buildings. The frost damage risk of the masonry walls was assessed by using data from a climate reanalysis for the present conditions and from a climate model under past, present, and future conditions. Two climate-based (CB) indices accounting for the air temperature and one material response-based (MRB) index considering the temperature and moisture content inside a simulated masonry wall were used for the frost damage risk assessment. The inputs for the MRB index were calculated by heat, air, and moisture (HAM) transfer simulations. Within the HAM simulations, the indoor climate was in one case representative of an unconditioned building with air leakages and many openings, while in the second case it was representative of a small, conditioned room. The overall impact of CC was a decrease in the frost damage risk of the masonry walls. However, an increased frost damage risk was observed from the present to the future conditions according to the MRB index for the walls of small, conditioned rooms with higher driving rain load and lower solar radiation gains. The (i) number of freeze-thaw events, (ii) periods during which freeze-thaw events occur, and (iii) CC-related trends varied based on the considered index with the most explicit risk assessment being the MRB one. Moreover, the freeze-thaw events experienced by the masonry walls of unconditioned, leaky buildings were 20 times more than the ones for the small, conditioned rooms. Significant differences were observed between the results from the climate model and the climate reanalysis which were mainly linked to the underestimation of the air temperature and the overestimation of the precipitation by the climate model. The outputs of the MRB index were translated into certain damage categories while suggestions on improving the limitations of the current research were made.

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Šarančić-Logo, Amra, Marko Ćećez, and Merima Šahinagić-Isović. "Assessment of masonry structure “Radnički dom” in Mostar." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1208, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1208/1/012044.

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Abstract The paper presents the assessment of the building “Radnički dom” (Workers’ Home) in Mostar, which was built in the Austro-Hungarian period, and represents one of the buildings of cultural and historical significance, located in the area of the historic urban core of the city. The paper explains the steps in assessing the condition of the existing structure, which include the collection of existing documentation, structural inspections, tests and calculations, and the assessment and decision on further action. The paper presents the drafts and gives descriptions of the performed visual inspection and the performed static calculation of the existing structure. At the end of the paper, recommendations are given for the rehabilitation and consolidation of the walls of the building: classical methods (injection and grouting) as well as modern methods (carbon strips). The paper points out the complexity of the procedure for the restoration of cultural and historical heritage buildings, the need for valid expertise of the condition and causes of building degradation, the importance of designing details of new structural elements and their corresponding and adequate connections with the original structure of the object.

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Suchorab, Zbigniew, Stanisław Fic, and Danuta Barnat-Hunek. "Valuation of the capillary uptake phenomenon in the wall of the historic building using the surface TDR probe." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 4 (December 11, 2013): 083–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1964.

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Article discusses measuring potential of the TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) technique for terrain measurement of moisture in the masonries of the historical buildings. For the measurements it was applied modified TDR probe which enables noninvasive moisture detection in building materials, thus enables its application for in-situ measurements, especially in old, historical objects. Terrain measurements were realized on the external masonry made of red ceramic brick, being the part of the historical hospital located on the area of the “Wojewódzki Samodzielny Psychiatryczny Zespół Publicznych Zakładów Opieki Zdrowotnej im. prof. dr Jana Mazurkiewicza” in Pruszków. The masonry is stricken with capillary rise phenomenon by the water coming from the ground, which is also visible by visual observation. Conducted measurement enabled quantitative estimation of the phenomenon which threatens to the discussed object. Within the research, reflectometric measurements were conducted using the prototype surface TDR probes. Measurements were repeated to verify moisture changes in time. First series of measurement was conducted in summertime, in July 2010. The second one was conducted in November of the same year. Then, with the obtained data there were drawn moisture maps of the masonry, which indicated horizontal and vertical variations of moisture and interpretation of the obtained results enabled to confirm capillary uptake process in the examined masonry.

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Pazderka, Jiří, Eva Hájková, and Martin Jiránek. "UNDERGROUND AIR DUCT TO CONTROL RISING MOISTURE IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS: IMPROVED DESIGN AND ITS DRYING EFFICIENCY." Acta Polytechnica 57, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2017.57.0331.

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The underground air ducts along peripheral walls of a building are a remediation method, which principle is to enable an air flow along the moist building structure’s surface to allow a sufficient evaporation of moisture from the structure. This measure reduces the water transport (rising moisture) into the higher parts of the wall where the high water content in masonry is undesirable. Presently, underground air ducts are designed as masonry structures, which durability in contact with ground moisture is limited. The article describes a new design of an underground air duct, which is based on specially shaped concrete blocks (without wet processes, because the blocks are completely precast). The air duct from concrete blocks is situated completely below the ground surface (exterior) or below the floor (interior). Thanks to this, the system is invisible and does not disturb the authentic look of rehabilitated historic buildings. The efficiency of the air duct technical solution was verified by the results of tests (based on the measured moisture values) conducted on a laboratory model. The experimental study showed that the moisture in the masonry equipped with the presented underground air duct had decreased considerably compared to the reference sample, namely by 43 % on average. The experimental study was numerically validated through numerical simulations performed with the program WUFI 2D.

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Marazzani, Jacopo, Nicola Cavalagli, and Vittorio Gusella. "Elastic Properties Estimation of Masonry Walls through the Propagation of Elastic Waves: An Experimental Investigation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 9091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199091.

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Structural identification is one of the most important steps when dealing with historic buildings. Knowledge of the parameters, which define the mechanical properties of these kinds of structures, is fundamental in preparing interventions aimed at their restoration and strengthening, especially if they have suffered damage due to strong events. In particular, by using non-destructive techniques it is possible to estimate the mechanical characteristics of load-bearing structures without compromising the artistic value of the monumental buildings. In this paper, after recalling the main theoretical aspects, the use of elastic waves propagation through impact tests for the characterization of the masonry walls of a monumental building is described. The impact test allowed us to estimate the elastic characteristics of the homogeneous solid equivalent to masonry material. This confirms the great potential of the non-destructive diagnostics suitable for analyzing important structural parameters without affecting the preservation of historical masonry structures.

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D'Altri, Antonio Maria, Gabriele Milani, Stefano de Miranda, Giovanni Castellazzi, and Vasilis Sarhosis. "Stability analysis of leaning historic masonry structures." Automation in Construction 92 (August 2018): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.04.003.

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Freimanis, Ritvars, Rasa Vaiskunaite, Tereza Bezrucko, and Andra Blumberga. "In-Situ Moisture Assessment in External Walls of Historic Building using Non-Destructive Methods." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0009.

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Abstract In-situ measurements of a case study building located in Riga old town near the river Daugava has been carried out in this work. Performed measurements are moisture level of historic masonry, and interstitial monitoring of temperature and relative humidity between the layers of internal insulation and external wall. Obtained results are compared with outdoor weather data. Results show that during the cold months of the year no rising damp problem. No interstitial condensation under the internal insulation, and no risk of mold growth occur. However, the façade of the building tends to be highly influenced by the outdoor weather, and the moisture of the masonry increases during the rain load events.

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Dizhur, Dmytro, Marta Giaretton, and Jason Ingham. "Performance of early masonry, cob and concrete buildings in the 14 November 2016 Kaikoura earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 50, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.2.194-205.

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The performance of historic buildings during the 14 November 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand earthquake is reported, focusing on early stone and clay brick masonry buildings, vintage concrete structures, cob cottages, and the non-structural masonry chimneys and veneers of buildings located in the upper part of the South Island (Marlborough and North Canterbury regions). To better document structural response, the intensity of horizontal and vertical ground motion from the nearest recording station is graphically placed alongside the assessed level of damage. In response to numerous strong earthquakes that have previously occurred in the area a large number of highly vulnerable buildings or non-structural building components were previously either seismically retrofitted or demolished, thereby reducing the level of damage and loss of life during the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake. Seismically retrofitted stone and clay brick masonry buildings and cob cottages exhibited good performance, while some vintage concrete structures and partially strengthened cob cottages suffered moderate to extensive levels of damage. A large stock of URM chimneys in Picton, Seddon and Rotherham were previously removed while in other locations chimneys presented a variety of responses. Rural masonry veneer dwellings located in Seddon and Waiau experienced high damage levels, typically resulting in out-of-plane collapse of the masonry veneer.

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Ashurst, Nicola. "The cleaning of historic masonry: the current situation." Structural Survey 11, no. 4 (April 1993): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809310026758.

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Uroš, Mario, Marija Demšić, Maja Baniček, and Ante Pilipović. "Seismic Retrofitting of Dual Structural Systems—A Case Study of an Educational Building in Croatia." Buildings 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020292.

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On 29 December 2020, a devastating Mw6.4 earthquake struck near the town of Petrinja, Croatia. The main earthquake was preceded by a Mw4.9 foreshock the day before. The earthquakes caused extensive damage to buildings, especially historic buildings made of unreinforced masonry but also to buildings of other typologies and to critical infrastructure. Today, recovery efforts in Croatia focus primarily on reconstruction and seismic retrofitting. Family homes and public, cultural, educational, and other facilities are top priorities. In this paper, a comprehensive study of existing building in the educational sector is presented as a case study. The seismic performance of the building is evaluated using numerical methods, first for the as-built condition and then for the retrofitted building. For each condition, the collapse mechanisms of the building were determined and critical structural elements were identified. The presented retrofit strategy of the dual structural system consisting of RC frame system and masonry walls aims to reduce the displacements of the RC frame system to a level sufficient to prevent the early brittle failure of the concrete. Additionally, the discrepancies when using different modelling approaches are discussed.

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Wethyavivorn, Benjapon, Siradech Surit, Chanachat Apichatyakul, and Nattiya Lerdsivanon. "Model Verification of Thai Historic Masonry Monuments." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 30, no. 1 (February 2016): 04014188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000697.

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Berto, Luisa, Diego Alejandro Talledo, Greta Bruschi, Isabella Zamboni, Enrico Lazzarini, Chiara Zofrea, Paolo Faccio, and Anna Saetta. "A Multidisciplinary Approach for the Vulnerability Assessment of a Venetian Historic Palace: High Water Phenomena and Climate Change Effects." Buildings 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040431.

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This paper illustrates a multidisciplinary approach aimed at the vulnerability assessment of historic masonry heritage in Venice, focusing on questions of method and practice, which specifically involve the disciplines of restoration, building archaeology and structural engineering. Taking into account the existing standards for the management and assessment of cultural heritage, an integrated methodology is proposed for analyzing and interpreting historic constructions. Particular reference is made to Venetian scenery and its relationship with water, from the worldwide known high tide phenomena to the new perspectives offered by MOSE (i.e., Experimental Electromechanical Module, a system of a series of retractable mobile gates) and the new challenges due to climate change. Within such an approach, the different disciplines, including the building archeology, contribute to obtaining an interpretative model for historic buildings subjected to the high tide phenomena, with the aim of performing a vulnerability assessment and to design possible restoration interventions. The proposed methodology is applied to the case study of a Venetian historic palace facing the Grand Canal. For this palace, all the steps of the knowledge path have been carried out, from historical study to geometrical, Material-Constructive Survey, Crack Pattern and Degradation Analysis to stratigraphic analysis. The interpretative model obtained at the end of this path is enriched with the results of preliminary numerical analyses that investigate, in greater depth, the effects of high water phenomena on the rising damp front in masonry walls. Some previsions on the effects of MOSE activation and of climatic change, in particular in terms of sea-level rise, are presented.

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Dilena, Michele, Marta Fedele Dell’Oste, Alessandra Gubana, Antonino Morassi, and Eric Puntel. "Dynamic Testing in Support of the Seismic Assessment of a Century Old Masonry Building Complex." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2022): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060805.

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The vulnerability assessment of existing masonry buildings is a largely investigated research topic with some aspects still to be faced. In historic towns, masonry buildings are aggregated and together confined, and their final appearance is derived from interventions and additions during their lives in different times and with different masonry textures or different construction materials. Demolitions and reconstructions of some parts were frequent, with the difficulty of now understanding the effectiveness of the mutual constraints. The seismic assessment of a case study of a 175-year-old building complex in Udine (Italy) provides an opportunity to use the results of ambient vibration tests to face the problem of modelling aggregate buildings for their seismic assessment. The “Padiglione Lodi” building complex was built in 1847 and extended and renovated several times afterwards. It was built mostly using URM with limited use of reinforced concrete. It consists of a main building and three wings (western, central and eastern). The inspections, experimental survey and analysis of the available documentation are used to suitably calibrate a Finite Element Model of the whole complex. Moreover, this allows the singling out of the central wing, as the unit needs more careful investigation. Non-destructive dynamic testing is then applied to the central wing in order to further validate the model and improve the knowledge of the interaction of the unit with the rest of the building. General remarks on the effective application of non-destructive dynamic analysis in conjunction with other methods to the seismic assessment of large URM building complexes are drawn.

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Eštoková, Adriana, Miriama Hološová, and Eva Terpáková. "Experimental diagnostics on potential degradation of a selected building construction." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2020-0024.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the historical building of the Old Town Hall of Košice city in terms of degradation processes of building materials. Regular maintenance, especially of historic buildings, is essential in terms of preserving the historic architectural heritage. Research was focused on selected parts of the basement of the historical construction with a special regard to the effect of humidity, salinity and carbonation of masonry structures. Samples were collected in the building basement and subsequently analysed in the laboratory. Chemical analysis of materials was performed by X–ray fluorescence analysis and the soluble salts were investigated by colorimetry. In addition, the content of sulphates was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Humidity of individual samples ranged from very low to very high, the highest values were measured around the perimeter of the room (positioning to the outside terrain). The carbonation ranged from grade III to IV, sulphates were detected in practically all samples. The results of study can help to design corrective measures.

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Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, Pagona. "Hydraulic lime mortars with siloxane for waterproofing historic masonry." Cement and Concrete Research 37, no. 2 (February 2007): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.11.007.

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Ismail, Najif, Kieran McGrannachan, and Glen Hazelton. "Characterisation and seismic vulnerability assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings in Dunedin CBD." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.3.131-140.

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The need for Territorial Authorities (TA) to compile an earthquake-prone building register has been highlighted by the Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission and with this in mind the following research was undertaken to enable the characterisation and assessment of potentially earthquake-prone historic unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in Dunedin. To achieve the research goals, associated technical literature was reviewed and an earthquake-prone building register containing data on 226 URM buildings located in the Dunedin central business district (CBD) area was compiled. Additionally, structural performance of these buildings was also assessed using both the literature suggested initial evaluation procedure and the proposed risk based assessment method. It was estimated that 680 of the existing 750 Dunedin URM buildings are likely to be earthquake-prone and merit detailed assessment. It was also established that the earthquake risk in the city is primarily based on the fact that it has a significant number of URM buildings built prior to the introduction of building code, of which a large proportion is concentrated in the CBD. These not only pose a safety risk to their users but also to pedestrians on the adjacent footpaths.

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TAKIYAMA, Noriko, Takuya NAGAE, Haruo MAEDA, Masatoshi KITAMURA, Nobutoshi YOSHIDA, and Yoshikazu ARAKI. "SEISMIC RETROFIT OF HISTORIC MASONRY CONSTRUCTIONS BY INSERTING STAINLESS PINS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 74, no. 635 (2009): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.74.167.

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Kvapilová, Vendula, and Karel Šuhajda. "Possibility of Using Microwave Radiation for Rehabilitation of Historical Masonry Constructions." Key Engineering Materials 868 (October 2020): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.868.119.

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In the last years, there has been a growing demand for renovations and redevelopment of older buildings that do not meet today's building standards. A very common problem is the insufficient, damaged or completely missing waterproofing of buildings, which leads to water (or moisture) penetration into the structure of the building, but there are several possibilities to disseminate moisture into structures. Many rehabilitation methods require mechanical intervention into the structure of the building, but we mustn’t forget the structures where these procedures cannot be used, specifically objects with a rich historical value, that are protected by the National Heritage Institute.This article is focused on suitability, functionality and possibilities of using a non-destructive method of drying historic masonry with microwave radiation. First the method of microwave drying is described in general, then its use in construction practice is explained. Following is a description of the experimental work carried out at the Faculty of Civil Engineering. Outcome of this work is comparison of effects of microwave drying on samples of masonry containing three different types of building materials. One of these samples is made of brick construction, which has reached the age of 350 years. At the end, the results of the experiment and the consequent suggested recommendations are summarized.

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D'Ayala, D., and E. Speranza. "Definition of Collapse Mechanisms and Seismic Vulnerability of Historic Masonry Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 19, no. 3 (August 2003): 479–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1599896.

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In historic city centers the mitigation of seismic risk is dependent on the possibility of implementing strengthening programs. Given the cultural and economic value attached to the historic structures, however, interventions should be tailored to suit aesthetic and structural requirements of each building type, and provide sufficient reliability of performance in future earthquakes. A simple analytical model is developed to calculate load factors associated with various collapse mechanisms of wall assemblies, and vulnerability functions are derived. An application shows the capability of the procedure to quantify reduction in vulnerability associated with strengthening implementations for different typologies.

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Hansen, T. K., S. P. Bjarløv, R. H. Peuhkuri, and K. K. Hansen. "Performance of hydrophobized historic solid masonry – Experimental approach." Construction and Building Materials 188 (November 2018): 695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.145.

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Nikolić, Željana, Luka Runjić, Nives Ostojić Škomrlj, and Elena Benvenuti. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings in Croatian Coastal Area." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 5997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135997.

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(1) Background: The protection of built heritage in historic cities located in seismically active areas is of great importance for the safety of inhabitants. Systematic care and planning are necessary to detect the seismic vulnerability of buildings, in order to determine priorities in rehabilitation projects and to continuously provide funds for the reconstruction of the buildings. (2) Methods: In this study, the seismic vulnerability of the buildings in the historic center of Kaštel Kambelovac, a Croatian settlement located along the Adriatic coast, has been assessed through an approach based on the calculation of vulnerability indexes. The center consists of stone masonry buildings built between the 15th and 19th centuries. The seismic vulnerability method was derived from the Italian GNDT approach, with some modifications resulting from the specificity of the buildings in the investigated area. A new damage–vulnerability–peak ground acceleration relation was developed using the vulnerability indexes and the yield and collapse accelerations of buildings obtained through non-linear static analysis. (3) Results: A seismic vulnerability map, critical peak ground accelerations for early damage and collapse states, and damage index maps for two return periods have been predicted using the developed damage curves. (4) Conclusions: The combination of the vulnerability index method with non-linear pushover analysis is an effective tool for assessing the damage of a building stock on a territorial scale.

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Sciarretta, Francesca, Salvatore Russo, and Carlo Casalegno. "Experimental Analysis of Failure Mechanisms in Masonry-PFRP Profiles Connections." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (October 21, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5475347.

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Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) profiles, with their low density, high durability, and ease of construction, are particularly suitable for the retrofit of traditional masonry structures, particularly historic constructions in seismic zones. However, a critical aspect of this new technology application is the connection between FRP profiles and masonry walls. So far, no research studies are available on this subject. The authors carried out a preliminary experimental campaign on different connection systems between masonry and pultruded glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) profiles. The note presents the immediate results of this study, focusing on the performance and collapse mechanisms; the study may contribute to the development of an effective connection system between masonry and FRP profiles to be adopted in the retrofitting of existing building with juxtaposed FRP frames.

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41

Mason, James A. "Strengthening of a Historic Unreinforced Masonry Church Tower." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 13, no. 1 (February 2008): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2008)13:1(31).

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Way, Douglas, and Jack Howard. "Seismic Rehabilitation of the Mackay School of Mines, Phase III, with Base Isolation." Earthquake Spectra 6, no. 2 (May 1990): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585571.

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The original Mackay School of Mines Building was constructed in 1908. It is one of the original buildings of the University of Nevada, and is situated at the north end of the main quadrangle within the campus. Prominent in its location at University of Nevada and in appearance, the building is designated as a national historic monument. During the years of 1926 and 1956, significant structural alterations were made to the original building. Phase III work at the original Mackay School of Mines Building involves adding a library at the basement, with the balance of the building being remodeled for similar-type functions. Constructed mainly of unreinforced masonry, the seismic rehabilitation of the structure warrants careful attention. During the schematic phase of the work, both conventional strengthening and Base Isolation were explored as potential techniques with which to mitigate damage from earthquakes. Cost estimate of both schemes were also developed. From a preservationist point of view, there were definite advantages in the isolation design. Since the isolation system could filter out most of the damaging forces associated with earthquakes, none of the unreinforced masonry walls required strengthening. As a result, many of the original architectural features of the original building can be salvaged, maintaining the original quality of the building and its identity. For these reasons the Base Isolation option was selected as the seismic retrofit scheme. This paper illustrates the Base Isolation design for the Mackay School of Mines, a historical structure constructed of unreinforced masonry. The isolation system consists of high-damping rubber bearings in combination with sliding elements.

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Hafner, Ivan, Damir Lazarević, Tomislav Kišiček, and Mislav Stepinac. "Post-Earthquake Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building after the Zagreb Earthquake—Case Study." Buildings 12, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030323.

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After the Zagreb earthquakes in March 2020, around 25,000 buildings were estimated damaged, most of them being in the historic city center. This fact is not that surprising since most of the city center buildings are unreinforced masonry structures that have not been assessed in quite some time and usually no retrofitting methods were ever applied. The rapid post-disaster assessment began the same day after the first earthquake occurred. Through mostly visual assessment methods, the basic idea is to identify the safety and usability of buildings in general. This type of assessment was also conducted in one of the oldest Croatian cultural institutions, Matica Hrvatska. It is a building of great historical significance and cultural value, as is most of the city center. Accordingly, this building was constructed with no consideration given to seismic events and with the use of traditional materials and building techniques. In the scope of this paper, urgent actions that were taken are shown with problems and challenges that occurred. Furthermore, the decision-making process after an earthquake is elaborated. In addition, a numerical model is developed in 3Muri software for structural modeling. A non-linear static pushover analysis is performed, and possible failure mechanisms are examined. Furthermore, real-life damage is compared to the software results, and a conclusion process of the building’s usability is explained. In the end, the results obtained are analyzed and conclusions regarding the efficiency of the used software are drawn.

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D'Ayala, Dina, Robin Spence, Carlos Oliveira, and Antonios Pomonis. "Earthquake Loss Estimation for Europe's Historic Town Centres." Earthquake Spectra 13, no. 4 (November 1997): 773–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585980.

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To support decision-making on upgrading strategies of historic city centres, loss estimation techniques are needed, suitable for application to masonry buildings. This paper describes the development and application of such techniques to a case study in the Alfama District of Lisbon. The project involved a survey of 200 buildings to investigate structural features and condition, mapped using a GIS system, followed by analysis of key collapse mechanisms to define static collapse loads under horizontal forces for each building. The results, obtained in terms of earthquake ground motions likely to produce equivalent damage, led to the development of vulnerability functions for the case study, verified by comparison with functions derived from statistical analysis of world-wide damage reports and with damage reports of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The method is used to predict the reduction in losses achieved by the introduction of low-cost unobtrusive strengthening techniques, such as tie-rods connecting facade walls to floors and cross-walls. Cost benefit analysis, considering only structural costs, indicates that the return on the investment would be considerable.

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Escamilla Pérez, Rocío G., Javier Reyes Trujeque, Tezozomoc Pérez López, Víctor Monteón Padilla, and Ruth López Alcántara. "Identification of Microorganisms Associated to the Biodegradation of Historic Masonry Structure in San Francisco de Campeche City, México." MRS Proceedings 1374 (2012): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1388.

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ABSTRACTTropical climate create ideal conditions for the development of microbial communities associated with biodegradation of historic buildings made with stony materials. This is the case of Fort San Carlos, a historic colonial building representative of military tendencies during the XVII century in San Francisco de Campeche City. In this study the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), was used to identify microorganisms related with the biodegradation of its masonry structure. Specific primers for amplification of 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes were used for organisms identification by PCR. Amplification products were sequenced and after that compared with GENBANK nucleotide database using-BLASTn. Results indicated that microbial communities associated to biodegradation of the Fort San Carlos are bacteria from the Phyla Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria.

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Lourenco, Paulo, and Georgios Karanikoloudis. "Seismic behavior and assessment of masonry heritage structures. Needs in engineering judgement and education." RILEM Technical Letters 3 (March 7, 2019): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2018.76.

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Built cultural heritage is at risk due to manmade and natural hazards. The seismic vulnerability of ancient masonry buildings is particularly difficult to assess and requires specialized technical skills. Key aspects are the materials properties and nonlinear effects, the morphology of the structural elements, the connections between structural elements, the stiffness of horizontal diaphragms and the building condition. This paper addresses the holistic approach recommended for the structural assessment of historic masonry buildings and the developments in the areas of inspection, diagnosis, monitoring and non-destructive testing, with applications to emblematic monuments. The methodology covers a step-by-step approach, based on historical research, an inductive study on similar structures, and a range of surveying, experimental, analytical and numerical tools, all aimed at evaluating the structural response and defining safety levels. Attention is given to the need of conservation engineering background of professionals and ways to attain this goal.

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Shardakov, Igor N., A. P. Shestakov, R. V. Tsvetkov, and V. V. Yepin. "The Hydrostatic Level Method for Continuous Monitoring of Building Foundations." Solid State Phenomena 243 (October 2015): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.243.105.

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It is important to control the deformation condition of building foundations, which can change throughout period of operation. One of the criteria for evaluation of deformation of foundations is the vertical differential settlement. The hydrostatic leveling system is a technique to measure differential vertical settlements of foundation. It is possible to provide many standard constructions with sufficient accuracy of measuring settlements by using technically simple variants of the hydrostatic leveling system. Examples of using hydrostatic leveling systems for five-storey brick masonry building, monolithic reinforced concrete building and a historic 18th century building are given.

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Jasienko, Jerzy, Łukasz Bednarz, and Dariusz Bajno. "Conservation of the Structure and Materials of Historic Masonry Walls." Key Engineering Materials 624 (September 2014): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.354.

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The paper presents a structural analysis, restoration programme and scope of conservation work essential for protecting historical values based on the example of an overstretched retaining wall providing support for the embankment of an heritage church. The focus was on analysing the status of an historic stone wall constructed in part with bog iron ore (metal ore or iron-rich sedimentary rock). Ore was used for iron smelting and also as a building material. Bog iron ore was frequently used in construction across Poland, especially in places where the raw material was locally available, aesthetically attractive and had mechanical properties approximating the durability of ceramic bricks. The material was characterised by high porosity, low resistance to diffusion and high resistance to freezing, which meant that it could be used successfully in structures subjected to atmospheric impacts without additional protection

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Hutkai, Kristián, Dušan Katunský, Marek Zozulák, and Matej Guman. "Historic Building Simulation of the Internal Insulation Behavior in Climate of Slovakia in a Case Study." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022065.

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Abstract Main topic of the article speaks about historic building renovation in Košice. Nowadays, the building is in use as puppet theatre. The theatre suffers from various disorders caused by humidity. The envelope of building has been renovated several times, however, over time, the faults return over and over. The article can be divided into two parts. The first one presents the results of moisture analysis of the support wall. The samples from the facade probes were evaluated by gravimetric method. The second part of the article discusses the interior insulation of a historic building. Internal insulation is one of the solutions to reduce heat loss of historic buildings. The use of this type of insulation brings risks that affect the thermal-humidity behaviour of the perimeter structure. These risks are assessed using a simulation model. In addition to the risks, the impact of the insulation on the original wall structure and the impact on the indoor environment were also assessed. Based on the simulation results, we can assess whether the restoration approach is appropriate in this specific case of using insulation. The study shows that the initial humidity of the perimeter wall structure is an important factor for internal insulation. Before applying the internal insulation, it is necessary to examine the moisture and material properties of the masonry.

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Anzani, Anna, Elsa Garavaglia, and Luigia Binda. "Long-term damage of historic masonry: A probabilistic model." Construction and Building Materials 23, no. 2 (February 2009): 713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.010.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Historic masonry building'

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