Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Historic masonry building'

Craftsmen of past generations built to last, and the brick buildings they constructed can last for centuries if they are not mistreated. Although brick masonry is one of the most durable building materials, its durability can be threatened by improper cleaning and repointing techniques and materials. Many brick surfaces have been--and currently are being--disfigured, and the rate of deterioration often accelerated, because of the lack of knowledge of proper preservation techniques for historic bricks and mortar.This field guide provides a single source of information regarding inspection of historic brick buildings; the causes of deterioration, diagnoses and treatments; appropriate materials and methods for repointing; various cleaning methods; and surface coatings (including waterproof and water-repellent coatings, paint and stucco). This manual can be used to assist persons responsible for the care of old and historic brick buildings: owners of houses or commercial buildings, administrators, architects, contractors, and anyone else who wants to maintain or sympathetically restore or rehabilitate brick buildings.While masonry work generally should only be done by professionals, this field guide will enable a building owner or administrator to understand proper preservation techniques and oversee the project to ensure that the architect or contractor is following the recommended preservation procedures. The Mississippi Department of Archives and History will use this creative project as a reference manual and as a handout to persons undertaking restoration of historic brick buildings.Historic architecture is a viable link between generations of the past and those of the present and future. Proper maintenance and restoration techniques can ensure that a historic brick building will endure for generations to come.
Department of Architecture

In February 2021, in San Pio delle Camere, on the Navelli plateau south-east of L'Aquila, a masonry building collapsed suddenly, after repair work had just begun on the damage caused by the 2009 earthquake. The current study, after a detailed examination of all the design documentation and the comparison of the post-earthquake damage with the results of the analysis on the model, finding an excellent correspondence, went to research the possible causes of the structural collapse, which occurred in static conditions. The masonry texture was then analysed, consisting of unworked natural stones of medium-small size bound by poor quality mortar, parameterising the mechanical characteristics with in situ tests, the Masonry Quality Index and the values proposed in NTC 2018. Then, the analysis of the global model lead to the verification of the complexity of the aggregate induced greater pressures, and consequent deformations, precisely in the walls from which the collapse originated. With these assumptions, and from the evidence of the presence of a modest void in an internal facing, the study of the local mechanism was deepened, arriving at the presumption of the possible minimum dimensions of such a cavity and how this, even if minimal, could have been the cause if concomitant with the degradation of the bonding mortar induced by the absence of maintenance and the loss of even minimal resistance capacities.

Seismic up-gradation of existing buildings is a very challenging task, as it requires us to consider historical and economical aspects of building. While proposing a seismic-retrofit scheme for a historical building, one should keep in mind that it should be compatible with existing materials, be least intrusive, monitorable and removable. A novel base-isolation technique has been proposed for the up-gradation of existing buildings against seismic actions which does not involve any alteration in existing buildings, and it is monitorable and removable. The method asks for the uncoupling of soil under, and around the building, with the help of closely spaced microtunnels, trenches and retaining walls. Closely spaced microtunnels will lay under the foundation of building, running parallel to one of the dimension of the building, and base-isolation devices will be fitted in lining of these microtunnels. These closely spaced micro-tunnels, along with the trenches and retaining walls around the building, will isolate the structure from seismic actions. This assembly of microtunnels, fitted with isolation devices, and trenches, around the building, will be able to filter seismic forces in both directions of building. The construction of these micro-tunnels, for realisation of innovative base-isolation technique, is the most critical phase, because it can have a detrimental effect on building. This work explores the potential applicability of the novel base-isolation method on masonry buildings by assessing susceptibility of masonry wall, having different physical and material characteristics, to damage (relating to aesthetic of building) inflicted by the construction of microtunnels in various soil conditions. The effect of transverse ground movements is considered in this study. A parametric study is conducted using 2-D (coupled) nonlinear finite element analyses, considering factors such as strength and stiffness of masonry, stiffness of soil, soil-structure interface, excavation sequence of tunnels, different physical characteristics of wall and depth of tunnels. The study shows the applicability of innovative base-isolation technique, highlights the vulnerability levels of walls of different physical characteristics, emphasizes the importance of excavation sequence of microtunnels in reducing risk of damage, and mentions symptoms that correlate with damage.

Historical masonry buildings, either monumental or minor buildings, have a need to be preserved in the correct way. The start point for that aim is to have or to be able to build up an extended knowledge of the constructions of interest. In Italy, an advanced document was put forward at national level some 15 years ago, proposing a diagnostic process to be followed in order to produce the necessary knowledge leading to a correct diagnostic evaluation. Relevant information can be extracted from many different sources, both on-site and off-site. Visual inspections and adavanced non-destructive techniques are part of the prescribed knowledge path and are particularly suitable for cultural heritage. They are used to indirectly assess the materials’ nature and characteristics, detection of damage and degradation, as well as for uncovering the past asset of the building and the compatibility of possible past interventions. This dissertation uses a case study consisting of a masonry building, situated in Guiglia, Modena, to adopt the knowledge process and conduct a personal experience of its application through various inspections, surveys and NDT tests such as IR thermography. Although the diagnostic work undertaken was initial and very partial, it resulted in discovering many peculiar aspects of the construction simply by contactless observations. These would be useful for further phases of the evaluation and assessment of the building and could make up the ground base for any preservation and intervention design.

This thesis deals with the exploration and evaluation of historic masonry building. The researched building was built in the 20th 20th century. Is located in the premises of the Philosophical Faculty of Masaryk University in Brno. During preparation for the planned modernization of the survey was conducted several objects of the university complex. In this work, however, we consider only the building named "C". It will be processed by selected diagnostic method. The findings will then serve as a basis for static analysis and follow-up activities associated with modernization.

Nel corso degli ultimi decenni, le costruzioni in terra cruda sono tornate al centro del dibattito tra architetti e ingegneri di tutto il mondo, non solo perché costituiscono una vasta porzione del patrimonio architettonico mondiale, ma anche perché rappresentano una valida alternativa nell’ambito della sostenibilità alle tradizionali tipologie costruttive. In Portogallo, fino alla metà del XX secolo, ebbero molta diffusione gli edifici realizzati in adobe, ovvero in muratura di mattoni in terra cruda. Ad oggi, molte di queste architetture, di cui alcune in stile Art Noveau di grande valore storico e artistico, si trovano in pessimo stato di conservazione. Risulta quindi fondamentale promuovere programmi di ricerca multidisciplinari finalizzati a fornire validi strumenti per il recupero e il rinforzo strutturale di questi edifici. In questo contesto, il presente studio ha come obiettivo quello di implementare la conoscenza delle proprietà della muratura in adobe e in particolare dei parametri di resistenza meccanica. A questo scopo, ho condotto test sperimentali su mattoni provenienti dalla città portoghese di Aveiro per meglio caratterizzare le proprietà e la natura del materiale. Nello specifico, ho analizzato campioni cubici di adobe tramite prova di assorbimento d’acqua, analisi della distribuzione granulometrica, calcimetria e diffrattometria a raggi X. Sono stati poi effettuati test di compressione assiale su dodici provini cubici di adobe con diversi tenori di umidità per verificare in che modo e in che misura la presenza di umidità influenzi il comportamento meccanico e la resistenza di questo materiale. Ho inoltre realizzato la calibrazione di un programma di modellazione numerica (Nastra In-Cad) e, nella parte finale della ricerca, lo stesso programma è stato utilizzato per prevedere il comportamento di porzioni murarie in adobe con diversi tenori di umidità, utilizzando i valori ottenuti dai test di compressione sperimentali.

This research establishes the concept of ‘Green Maintenance’ modelling for historic masonry buildings. It recognises the important role of maintenance and repair in reducing embodied carbon expenditure, thus minimising the Environmental Maintenance Impact (EMI) typically associated with the deterioration of external stone masonry walls. The model was developed using a mathematical framework, and it generated results described in terms of EMI. This model utilises life-cycle assessment (LCA) ‘cradle-to-site’ over a selected maintenance period. The work evaluates embodied carbon expenditure from different stone masonry wall repair techniques for historic masonry buildings during their maintenance phase. It was discovered that embodied carbon expenditure for these repair techniques are highly influenced by the number of maintenance interventions, longevity of repairs, total wall surface repaired (m2), the embodied carbon coefficient value (‘cradle-to-gate’) and kg/km emission factors (‘gate-to-site’) associated with materials and repair processes. Based on the EMI in terms of embodied carbon expenditure generated from the results of ‘Green Maintenance’, the efficiency of stone masonry wall repair techniques can be determined. This not only aids in maintenance decisions making processes, but also contributes in substantiating the philosophical defensibility and sustainability of interventions. In the broader sense, this model is not simply confined to masonry and will be of use to those entrusted with the repair of other elements and components.

40% of the total energy consumed in Europe is consumed by building operation and usage (Itard, et al., 2008). In the temperate climate of central and northern Europe, a significant proportion of this consumption is attributed to building heating during the winter months. Although recent trends in European legislation favor an increase in thermal efficiency of building enclosures for new constructions, the majority of the building stock consists of buildings built to a lower standard of energy efficiency. Over 56 % of the building stock in the central and northern European countries was built before 1970, when the first building energy efficiency regulations were adopted across Europe (Itard, et al., 2008). Even if current regulations require significant energy efficiency measures (EnEV 2009 in Germany requires a maximum heating energy consumption of 50 kWh/m2a) and the trend is to increase the standards even more, a vast portion of the building stock will have been built to much lower standards. Retrofitting existing buildings represents thus a priority, if a significant reduction in energy usage for buildings is to be achieved. There is a great opportunity in tackling this problem, especially when keeping in mind the fact that most of these inefficient building require significant renovation measures, as the lifespan of their systems comes to an end The case of historic masonry buildings across Europe is especially relevant, as they pose special challenges related to the historic preservation of facades and even interiors. It is thus the aim of the present research to compile a set of principles and technologies that can be used for the thermal retrofit of historic buildings.

Historical masonry structures are important cultural assets which reveal the social, archaeological, aesthetic, economical, political, architectural and technical features of their times. Within the course of the time, the structures have been exposed to the destructive effects of the nature and the man. Some has been able to survive somehow and others were totally ruined. Most of the remained structures are in vulnerable condition to upcoming effects and for the continuity of their presence, structural strengthening applications are needed. A variety of applications are used with different levels of respect to original fabric and different extents of intervention within the principles of international charters that regulate the intervention on historical monuments. In this study, a method of strengthening for the historical masonry constructions is developed in a general sense by the use of steel skeleton systems. In the proposed methodology, it is aimed to approach the intact structural conditions as much as possible in the strengthened structure. For the study a 3D model is created to compare the behaviors of the intact and the modified structure. In the modified model some structural elements are replaced by the steel skeleton system as a strengthening application. The behavioral investigation of the two models is performed in the finite element platform. Finally, it is certified that this methodology successfully efficient in approaching the original intact condition of the structure under concern as well as complying with the restoration principles.

The in-situ examination of historical structures for diagnostic and monitoring purposes is a troublesome work that necessitates the use of non-destructive investigation (NDT) techniques. The methods of quantitative infrared thermography (QIRT) and ultrasonic testing have distinct importance in this regard. The key concern of the study was developing the in-situ use of QIRT for assessment of stone masonry wall sections having different sublayer(s) and failures. For that purpose, the non-destructive in-situ survey composed of QIRT and ultrasonic testing was conducted on a 16th century monument, Cenabi Ahmet PaSa Camisi, suffering from structural cracks, dampness problems and materials deterioration. The combined use of these two methods allowed to define the thermal inertia characteristics of structural cracks in relation to their depth. The temperature evolution in time during the controlled heating and cooling process was deployed for the cracks/defects inspection. The superficial and deep cracks were found to have different thermal responses to exposed conditions which made them easily distinguishable by QIRT analyses. The depth of cracks was precisely estimated by the in-situ ultrasonic testing data taken in the indirect transmission mode. The inherently good thermal resistivity of the wall structure was found to have failed due to entrapped moisture resulting from incompatible recent plaster repairs. The IRT survey allowed to detect the wall surfaces with different sublayer configurations due to their different thermal inertia characteristics. The knowledge and experience gained on the experimental set-ups and analytic methods were useful for the improvement of in-situ applications of QIRT and ultrasonic testing.

Conventional methods used in the structural analysis are usually insufficient for the analysis of historical structures because of the complex geometry and heterogeneous material properties of the structure. Today&rsquo
s computing facilities and methods make FEM the most suitable analysis method for complex structural geometry and heterogeneous material properties. Even the shrinkage, creep of the material can be considered in the analysis. Because of this reason Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to analyze such structures. FEM converts the structure into finite number of elements with specific degree of freedoms and analyses the structure by using matrix algebra. However, advanced FEM methods considering the inelastic and time dependent behavior of material is a very complex and difficult task and consumes considerable time. Because of this reason, to analyze every historical structure is not feasible by applying advanced inelastic FEM, whereas elastic FEM analysis at low load levels is very helpful in understanding the behavior of the structure.The analysis of a masonry gate in the historical city, Hasankeyf is the case study of this thesis. Different common software are used in FEM to compare the stresses, deformations, modal shapes etc. of the same structure. Besides the inelastic behavior of the structure is investigated and compared with the elastic behavior of the structure. The study is intended to show that at the low load levels elastic FEM analysis is sufficient to understand the response of the structure and is preferable to the inelastic FEM analysis unless a very complex analysis is required

Insulating the exterior wall of an historic property can have the benefits of increasing thermal comfort for occupants as well as reducing energy use for heating and cooling. Concerns expressed by preservationists that insulation can lead to the degradation of the building structure or its historic fabric. Using the Park Inn Hotel, an early twentieth century commercial property designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the application, feasibility, ramifications and potential benefits of applying insulation to the exterior wall was studied. Analysis for insulation includes evaluation of the historic characteristics, construction of the exterior wall, heat loss calculations, and how moisture will be transported through the wall. It was found that the key to determining if the exterior wall of a historic building can be insulated successfully without damage to the historic characteristics of the building or to the building itself, is in understanding how the building was designed and how it deals with moisture. With a thorough understanding of these elements, one can ascertain if insulating the exterior wall of his/her historic building is appropriate.
Department of Architecture

The thesis moves from the need of understanding how a historical building would behave in case of earthquake and this purpose is strongly linked to the fact that the majority of Italian structures are old ones placed in seismic sites. Primarily an architectural and chronological research is provided in order to figure out how the building has developed in time; then, after the reconstruction of the skeleton of the analyzed element (“Villa i Bossi” in Gragnone, AR), a virtual model is created such that the main walls and sections are tested according to the magnitude of expected seismic events within the reference area. This approach is basically aimed at verifying the structure’s reliability as composed by single units; the latter are treated individually in order to find out all the main critical points where rehabilitation might be needed. Finally the most harmful sections are studied in detail and proper strengthening is advised according to the current know-how.

The aim of this study is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of construction materials in relation with the structural behaviour of a historic structure. Within this framework, the brick masonry superstructure of Tahir ile Zuhre Mescidi, a XIIIth century Seljuk monument in Konya was selected as case study. The study started with the determination of the basic physical (bulk density, effective porosity, water absorption capacity), mechanical (modulus of elasticity, uniaxial compressive strength), durability and pozzolanic properties of original brick and mortar by laboratory analysis. The obtained data was utilized as material information at the modelling of superstructure, by means of structural analysis software, SAP2000. At the modelling stage, finite element method was used and the complexity of masonry in terms of nonlinearity and heterogeneity was taken into account within practical limits. The constructed model was investigated under dead load, wind load, snow load, temperature load and earthquake load and their possible combinations. Structural investigation was continued with two scenarios representing possible wrong interventions i.e. completion of the partially collapsed superstructure with concrete and the concrete coating over superstructure. These cases were investigated under uniform and randomly distributed temperature loads. The results approved the safety of the superstructure under normal service conditions, defined as the appropriate combinations of dead load, snow load, wind load and temperature load. The structure appeared to be safe under the earthquake load too. The analyses carried out to simulate the inappropriate restoration works demonstrated the structural damage formations at the original structure.

The seismic vulnerability of urban assets exposed to earthquake hazard represents a growing concern in the engineering field due to the potential risk of collapse for the buildings, and the associated devastating consequences for the inhabitants. This concern has led to the development of novel strategies for the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of the existing buildings. An accurate evaluation of the seismic vulnerability constitutes the point of departure for the implementation of the necessary mitigation strategies aimed at increasing the seismic resilience of the cities. Seismic vulnerability assessment (SVA) at large-scale requires robust knowledge of the existing structural typologies, often biased by the intrinsic uncertainties related to local construction materials and techniques, especially in territories composed of historical and vernacular constructions. A propaedeutic stage of SVA is the definition of building taxonomies to characterize the structural features of the buildings and their main sources of vulnerabilities. This difficult task requires the availability of consistent technical data, which are commonly scarce in cities with historical constructions. This doctoral thesis contributes to the development of suitable methodologies for the systematic surveying of urban buildings in historical urban centres, by proposing four complete survey forms for timber, masonry, reinforced concrete and steel/iron structural typologies. This tool aims to improve and optimize the complex process of collecting and gathering data about the structural characteristics of the existing building stock. This thesis also contributed to the calibration of simplified numerical models for the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of traditional buildings composed of timber frame and masonry wall structures. The nonlinear behaviour is simulated through the adoption of Lumped Plasticity Models (LPM) for timber frames, and continuum Finite Element (FE) models for masonry walls. The calibration of these models is pursued based on rigorous comparisons with numerous experimental tests available in the scientific literature. The developed simplified numerical models for timber frame and masonry wall structures are used to assess the seismic vulnerability of two existing buildings located in the historical centre of the city of Valparaíso, Chile. The numerical models are employed afterwards to analyse the different structural configurations of timber-masonry buildings of the study area. The examined structural configurations differ in the organization of the resisting systems, number of storeys, and presence of structural irregularities. The different pushover analyses show the influence of the aforementioned parameters on the seismic behaviour of the buildings. This research proposes a tentative set of scores and weights for the application of the Vulnerability Index Method (VIM) to traditional buildings composed of timber frame and masonry wall structures based on a numerical investigation. The resulting VIM form is calibrated by applying the N2 method to determine the seismic performance of the representative typologies within the study area. This study is based on the results of a numerical study, unlike other available VIM forms available in the existing literature are based on past post-earthquake surveys of damaged buildings. The thesis ends in a prospective study on the seismic vulnerability by VIM of 111 buildings located in three neighbourhoods of the historical centre of Valparaíso. This is an area of special interest, as it includes two of the main evacuation routes for the city in case of a tsunami, and congregate different typologies of heritage buildings, made of timber, masonry, and reinforced concrete. The obtained results are used to create seismic vulnerability maps in a GIS environment that may be used for future works aimed at the definition of proper policies for the implementation of mitigation strategies.
La vulnerabilidad sísmica de zonas urbanas expuestas a terremotos representa una creciente preocupación en el campo de la ingeniería debido al potencial riesgo de colapso de los edificios, y las consecuencias devastadoras que afectan a sus habitantes. Esta inquietud ha motivado el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica de los edificios existentes en centros urbanos. Un correcto estudio de la vulnerabilidad sísmica constituye el punto de partida para la correcta implementación de estrategias de mitigación enfocadas a aumentar la resiliencia sísmica de las ciudades. Los estudios de vulnerabilidad sísmica a escala urbana requieren un alto nivel de conocimiento respecto a las tipologías constructivas existentes, información comúnmente sesgada por las incertidumbres intrínsecas de los edificios, asociadas a los materiales y técnicas de construcción locales, especialmente en territorios compuestos por construcciones históricas o de naturaleza vernácula. Una etapa propedéutica de este tipo de estudios es la definición de una taxonomía de edificios, que permita caracterizar los sistemas estructurales existentes y detectar sus principales fuentes de vulnerabilidad. Esta tesis doctoral contribuye al desarrollo de una metodología para el levantamiento sistemático de edificios históricos en centros urbanos, basada en la formulación de cuatro formularios de encuestas para tipologías estructurales de entramado de madera, mampostería, hormigón armado y acero/hierro forjado. Otra importante contribución de esta tesis se centra en la calibración de modelos numéricos simplificados y orientados a la práctica para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad sísmica de edificios tradicionales compuestos por muros de entramados de madera y mampostería. El comportamiento no lineal dichas estructuras es simulado mediante el uso de Modelos de Plasticidad Concentrada para muros de entramado de madera, y modelos continuos de Elementos Finitos para muros de mampostería. La calibración de estos modelos se lleva a cabo en base a rigurosas comparaciones entre diferentes ensayos experimentales disponibles en la literatura científica. Los modelos propuestos se utilizan para la evaluar la vulnerabilidad sísmica de dos edificios existentes situados en el centro histórico de la ciudad de Valparaíso, Chile. Este caso de estudio se caracteriza por su singular entorno urbano, donde predominan los sistemas estructurales compuestos por muros de entramados de madera y mampostería. Los modelos numéricos se utilizan para analizar diferentes configuraciones estructurales de los edificios de entramado de madera y mampostería localizados en tres barrios históricos del centro de la ciudad de Valparaíso. Este estudio examina diferentes configuraciones estructurales que difieren en la organización de los sistemas resistentes, número de plantas y la presencia de irregularidades estructurales. La siguiente etapa de esta investigación propone una calibración preliminar del Método del Índice de Vulnerabilidad (MIV) para edificios de entramado de madera y mampostería. Una nueva ficha de vulnerabilidad se calibra en base a una investigación numérica y en la aplicación del Método N2 para determinar el rendimiento sísmico de los edificios. Esta tesis culmina con un estudio prospectivo de la vulnerabilidad sísmica aplicando el MIV a 111 edificios ubicados en tres barrios del centro histórico de Valparaíso. Esta incluye dos de las principales rutas de evacuación de la ciudad en caso de tsunami y alberga diferentes tipologías de edificios patrimoniales, hechos de entramados de madera, mampostería y hormigón armado. Los resultados obtenidos se utilizan para crear mapas de vulnerabilidad sísmica en el entorno GIS que pueden utilizarse para llevar a cabo planes futuros para la implementación de estrategias de mitigación de la vulnerabilidad.

Historical monuments are the most invaluable reflections of our architectural heritage and cultural identity, both of which have significant roles to create a strong link between the past and the present. They should be conserved in their own settings with their original characteristics or with as minimum changes as possible. However, natural or man-made hazards cause a serious risk for the survival of historical monuments. While some of them require to be strengthened only, some should be relocated to a new site since there are no means to save them without transporting. In this study, an innovative methodology is developed in a general sense for transporting historical masonry monuments without destructing their unity. In the proposed methodology, which is applicable especially to the slender historical structures, it is aimed to transport the structure by tilting it up to a horizontal ground level without dismantling into pieces. Due to the fact that masonry is a very brittle material, externally located prestressed cables are used to strengthen the structure against tension forces, which occur at the time of tilting. Hasankeyf, which is the cradle of various civilizations, is an impressive medieval city located in Mesopotamia region in Turkey. Unfortunately, this unique heritage will be flooded by the reservoir of Ilisu Dam unless the project is cancelled. Therefore, a masonry minaret located in Hasankeyf is selected as a case for this study. Because of the non-homogeneous characteristics of the structural material, Finite Element Method, as a powerful analytical modeling tool, is used in order to evaluate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Finally, it is certified that this methodology is successfully applicable for the relocation of historical masonry monuments.

I aktuellt läge [2019] brister Sverige på att tillhandahålla förberedande planer för eventuella brandolyckor i byggnader med kulturhistoriskt värde. Brandolyckor på kulturminnesmärkta byggnader är inte frekventa och det saknas en standardiserad metod på hur återställandet kan hanteras efter en brandolycka på ett produktivt och hållbart sätt. Syftet med rapporten är att komma fram till en förenklad och mätbar standardiserad arbetsprocess genom att förbättra arbetet kring en brandolycka på kulturminnesmärkta byggnader, där förebyggande åtgärder, förbättringar under brandförloppet och återställande av objekt ingår. Rapporten görs med målen att bevara en god social hållbarhet och bevara det svenska kulturarvet för framtida generationer. Målet vid återställandet av en kulturhistorisk byggnad är att utseendet ska förbli oförändrat och att bevara det traditionella och ursprungliga skicket. Huvudobjekt som undersöks är kulturminnesmärkta byggnaden Kasern II på Skeppsholmen tillsammans med de två referensobjekten Katarina kyrka och Vildmannen 7. Huvudobjektet där en brandolycka bryter ut i september år 2016 håller idag [2019] på att återställas efter omfattande fuktskador från släckningsarbetet och brandskador på material som blev utsatta för höga temperaturer. Del av den standardiserade processen är att redovisa hur val av släckmedel kan avgöra omfattningen av fuktskador på materialet i byggnaden och hur släckmedlet och brandrester påverkar närliggande miljö ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Även förebyggande brandskydd och önskvärt brandskydd efter restaureringsarbetet tas med. Rapporten bearbetar materialmässigt främst tegel och trä som oftast utgör den bärande stommen respektive bjälklaget i en kulturhistorisk byggnad. Genom att observera hur trämaterial och murverk reagerar vid hög temperatur och fukt vill författarna bedöma om de kan saneras och återanvändas eller behöver kasseras. Dessutom undersöks med fokus på återställande av konstruktionen, saneringsmetoder för att ta bort brandlukt och mikrobiologisk påväxt på trämaterial. Då målet vid återställande av en kulturminnesmärkt byggnad är att behålla den traditionella utformningen saneras det massiva teglet och träbalkarna i den utsträckning som går för att bevara dem. Dimensionering av brandskydd varierar för olika kulturminnesmärkta byggnader beroende på objektets utformning och ändamål. Som exempel för installation av sprinkler görs en avvägning mellan risk för brand och risk för eventuella fuktskador vid brand. Compressed air foam system [CAFS] är den släckningsutrustning som används under släckningsarbetet på Kasern II, som jämfört med andra släckningssystem avger mindre vatten och på så sätt minimerar fuktskador. Under brandförloppet hjälper aktuella ritningar, dokumentation och insatsplaner räddningstjänsten att utföra ett funktionellt släckningsarbete. Tegel är beständigt mot brand då det bränns under tillverkningsprocessen. Vid en brandolycka kan tegel spricka om sintringstemperatur överstigs eller vid snabb avkylning under släckningsarbete. Sprickor kan åtgärdas med förstärkning av murverk. Sprickor i tegel som är synligt för blotta ögat återanvänds om det inte finns en synlig fysisk skada på materialet. Trämaterialets hållfasthet försämras inte vid exponering av hög temperatur förutom i den brännskadade delen som kallas förkolningsdel och ligger i ytskiktet på balken efter brand. Förkolningsdelen kan mekaniskt hyvlas bort vid sanering. Mekanisk hyvling anses som en relativt enkel saneringsmetod och kräver inga kemiska miljöpåverkande ämnen.
In current situation [2019], Sweden is failing to provide preparatory plans for possible fire accidents in buildings with cultural-historical value. Because fire accidents on monumental buildings do not occur frequently, there is no standardized method on how to manage the restoration after the accident in a productive and sustainable manner. Purpose of the report is to produce a simplified standardized and measurable work process on how to improve arrangements during a fire accident on monumental buildings, where preventive measures, improvements during fire process and restoration of the building are included. The report is written with the aim of preserving good social sustainability and for preserving the Swedish cultural heritage for the future. The goal when restoring a cultural-historical heritage building is to maintain the classical appearance and to preserve the traditional and original condition. The main object reviewed is the cultural heritage building Kasern II on Skeppsholmen together with two more reference objects. The main object, where the fire accident takes place in September 2016, is today [2019] being restored after extensive moisture damage from the extinguishing work and fire damage to the material which was exposed to high temperature. Part of the standardized process is to describe how the choice of extinguishing agent can determine the extent of moisture damage to the material of the building and how pollution from the extinguishing agent and fire residues affect the neighboring environment from a sustainable point of view. Preventive fire protection and desirable fire protection after restoration work are also included. The report materially presents bricks and wood, which most often constitute the supporting structure and the floor structure of a cultural-historical building. By observing how wood materials and masonry react at high temperature and humidity, an assessment is made whether these materials can be decontaminated and reused or need to be discarded. In addition, with focus on restauration of the construction, decontamination methods for removal of fire odor and microbiological growth on wood materials are studied. Goal when restoring a building with cultural heritage is to maintain the traditional construction, therefore the solid brick and wooden beams are to be remedied to the extent required to preserve them. The choice of fire protection installations varies depending on the building's design and purpose. An example is the installation of sprinklers, which is a tradeoff between the risk of fire and the risk of possible moisture damage in the event of fire. Compressed air foam system [CAFS] is the extinguishing equipment used during extinguishing work on Kasern II which, compared to other extinguishing systems, emits less water therefore minimizing moisture damage. During the fire accident, updated drawings, documentation and action plans help the rescue service perform a functional extinguishing work. Bricks are resistant to fire as bricks are burned during manufacturing process. During a fire accident, bricks may crack if the sintering temperature is exceeded or in case of a rapid cooling during extinguishing work. Cracks can be restored with reinforcement on masonry. As cracks in brick are usually visible to the naked eye, bricks are reused if there is no visible physically damage to the material. The strength of wood material does not deteriorate when exposed to high temperature except in the burned part called char, which lies on the surface layer of the beam after fire exposure. The charring part can be mechanically planed away during sanitation. Mechanical planning is regarded as a relatively simple sanitation method and does not require any chemical environmentally impacting substances.

博士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
101
The failure modes of out-of-plane behavior of masonry wall are related to boundary conditions, size and location of the opening, interaction of fin walls, and loading conditions. In Taiwan, the most critical problem is that of three-edge constraint boundary condition. Hence in this study, experimental investigation for three-edge constrained masonry wall was conducted and used for the lateral force evaluation of the masonry wall. A total of 11 large specimens were tested, of which three specimens with openings and the other eight without. After the experiment, uncracked areas from the tested large specimens were cut into 109 small pieces, each in different angles to the bed joint, and underwent another round of uniaxial bending test. Finally, the out-of-plane strength of large specimens were assessed and compared with testing results. In addition, two assessment examples of historic building were evaluated. According to the study, the following results were found: 1. For the uniaxial flexural behavior of masonry, the bed joint flexural strength fb0 is controlled by the interface bonding strength between brick and mortar. The flexural strength parallel to the bed joint (fb90) is controlled by the shear strength of the bed joint interface, and is caused by toothed failure or failure through bricks. For other angles, flexural strength is mainly controlled by fb0 when the angle is smaller than 45°; and when the angle is larger than 45°, fb90 governed. 2. The failure mechanism of three-edge constrained wall specimens without openings and buttresses fits relatively well with the yield-line analysis. For specimens with buttress design, the failure mechanism changed to vertical cracks near the buttress, and the ultimate strength is higher than those without buttresses. The assessment for ultimate out-of-plane load by yield-line method and modified Eurocode 6 is calculated and compared with test results. It is found that results obtained from yield-line method is 30% higher than test results; whilst in the case of modified Eurocode 6, the calculated results are 8-26% higher. 3. The failure mechanism of three-edge constrained wall specimens with openings is closely met with that of damaged walls by earthquakes. Horizontal cracks along the window sill level and inclined cracks at both top corners of the openings were observed. The ultimate strength of specimens with openings were simplified as grid system and assessed by both elastic and ultimate analyses. Under the elastic analysis, error assessment is within 10% range whilst, nearly 50% error was observed from the ultimate analysis.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
94
Taiwanese historical buildings, contain abundant cultural and historic significance, were deeply damaged because September 21 Chi Chi earthquake that caused quite historic sites and buildings to damage. Consequently, it makes quite attention in building structure security from nowadays industry-academy relevant institutions to conserve very rich achievement; whereas, still exists the lack of the relevant analysis of masonry building structure and earthquake damage concept. 　This thesis regards as the case of studying with the assembly hall of Ching Shui Elementary School in Taichung County, is to explore the basic dynamic characteristic of structure in analysis model of ambient vibration measurement and SAP2000, also further situation of the earthquake damage of spacious masonry historic buildings. 　The research approach is to modify the plane aspect ratio of the assembly hall of Ching Shui Elementary School in Taichung County, mainly to reduce the span of Fink Truss rafter of the assembly hall, it could be divided into two different abatement by two span and four span as direction of studying, and make plane aspect ratio as 1.7:1, 1.3:1 & 1:1, etc. three types. Then make the plane aspect ratio divided into open ratio as 30%, 50%, also increase horizontal braces of one side and crossing horizontal braces, include the above-mentioned single level plane aspect ratio, totally five types. This study makes fifteen types of spacious masonry historic buildings. The results of this research are as follows: 1. The natural frequency of ambient vibration measurement is higher, while comparing the exams via analysis model of ambient vibration measurement and SAP2000. 2. The shorter is the length of longitudinal wall, the weaker is the central stress of gable wall. 3. The stronger is the central stress of longitudinal wall, the shorter is the length of wall. 4. While the opening ratio of longitudinal wall is increased, so is the stress of gable wall; whereas, the most displacement and the opening ratio are reverse. 5. In plane aspect ratio to be 1.3:1, we can get the most opening ratio of all walls with the structure of Assembly Hall of Ching Shui Elementary School in Taichung County. 6. To increase cross horizontal braces into every plane aspect ratio, the most central displacement of north-south wall will be decreased along with the upgrade of the horizontal braces, and the improving benefit rate is about 12%.

The structural analysis of masonry historical buildings is still a challenging task, basically due to: the difficult numerical modelling of the nonlinear behaviour of masonry material, with almost no tensile strength; the arrangement of blocks and mortar joints frequently uncertain and variable; the complexity of morphology; the difficult modeling of the geometry, which drives to three-dimensional models characterized by a large number of degrees of freedom. The above considerations justify the need for specific modelling and analysis strategies to be developed and established for historical buildings. The most widely used strategies are affected by some limitations and different levels of accuracy. In this study the structural analysis of different types of historical buildings, under seismic loads, is performed by comparing different analysis approaches and pointing out some their criticalities. In the first part of the thesis (Chapter 2), the seismic capacity of multi-storey masonry buildings is evaluated, comparing different modelling strategies, such as simplified methods (equivalent frame, macro-modelling) and FE method. Four case studies characterized by different geometry (overall height, storey number, slenderness of spandrels and piers, etc.) are analyzed. The results are compared with the horizontal collapse multipliers computed with the limit analysis. The latter has proved to be a powerful simple method to check the results of more complex analysis, often less manageable and influenced by the implemented modelling. A simplified formula is proposed to apply the limit analysis and it was found to provide a good approximate measure of the seismic capacity of the building, being only noted the geometrical characteristics of the walls. The second part of the thesis focuses on the seismic behavior of masonry churches. The dynamic behavior is first investigated on a sample of fourteen case studies (Chapter 3), then an impressive case study: the gothic cathedral of Santa Maria del Mar, is analyzed by means of different analysis methods. The dynamic analyses of the fourteen masonry churches reveals a considerable dispersion of the vibration modes, which provide very small contribution in terms of participating mass. It leads to low values of the base shears (computed through the response spectrum analysis) and, consequently, to the possibility of adopting reduced forces to be applied on the masonry churches. The Santa Maria del Mar church was analyzed carrying out: linear static analysis, modal analysis, non linear (push-over )analysis and non linear dynamic analysis. The comparison between all these analysis methods provides a convincing picture of the structural weaknesses of the cathedral.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
99
Past earthquakes in Taiwan have shown the collapse of masonry historic buildings to be associated with out-of-plane damage of the masonry walls. The main purpose of this study is to study the out-of-plane behavior of masonry walls through experiments. The effect of pilasters, openings and different loading conditions on the strength and damage mode of masonry walls will be analyzed. Based on the experimental results, a method for assessing the horizontal load resistance of masonry walls will be developed. Eight specimens are constructed for testing and analysis. The dimensions of the eight specimens are identical (383cm×133cm×11cm), each with an opening measuring 49cm×78cm. The experiments take the span, type and position of openings and loading modes as parameters. During each test, the load-deformation relationships, ultimate loads and damage modes will be recorded and analyzed. According to the experiment: 1.The out-of-plane damage behaviors of walls without pilasters are as follows: minor cracking at the middle of the top part of the wall, after which the wall reaches ultimate loading, signaled by further cracking of the top part into an A-shape split. Horizontal cracks develop at the bottom of the wall. 2.For specimens with a single pilaster, the load capacity is increased by 5%, whereas in the case of specimens with double pilasters, the pilasters serve to help increase the load capacity by 26%. 3.Specimens with window openings show a reduction of wall strengths ranging from 49%~35%. The damage behavior is vastly different from that of walls without openings. The width of the masonry wall between adjacent openings is the main factor influencing the wall strength. 4.An uniformly distributed load is applied to walls with single and double pilasters. Results indicate an increase in the ultimate load capacity of specimens by 41-43% relative to specimens with double concentrated load. Using the Yield Line Theory for Slabs and experimental results, a method for assessing the out-of-plane endurance of masonry walls is constructed. The subject of assessment, namely the masonry historic buildings, is restricted by the following constraints- the ratio of distance between the pilasters to the total wall length must lie within 0.33~1, and the ratio of the total length of the opening to the total wall length must be between 0 and 1. Furthermore, results from an assessment of the Er-Shui Railway Station Garage D reveal the lateral endurance of walls in both directions to be higher than the out-of-plane force imposed upon them in the event of the September 21 Chi-Chi earthquake. This finding explains the very little damage caused to the garage by the Chi-Chi earthquake.

The topic of this thesis is the vulnerability assessment of historical masonry buildings under exceptional actions. In order to develop the study, the structural performance of masonry aggregates and isolated monumental buildings under extreme loading condition have been investigated.

Dissertação de mestrado em Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions
Earthquakes are one of the natural hazards that have caused more losses to the mankind. Besides countless human lives, earthquakes have destroyed buildings and even cities in many places and civilizations around the world. However, the nature and origin of earthquakes, as well as their effect in built structures, have been studied in detail only recently. An important factor that influenced the progress of this science is the development of computing, which allowed to carry out complex calculations. In parallel to that, many researches have been done in the last years aimed at understanding and reproducing the effects of earthquakes in built structures. Thanks to the combination of new methods of structural analysis and powerful computing resources, accurate approaches of the behavior of a specific structure can be done nowadays. The two more widely used structural analysis methods are adopted in this thesis, namely Pushover Analysis and Time Integration Analysis. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to model a case study and to discuss the obtained results in detail. The case study is a ‘‘Gaioleiro’’ building, a traditional stone masonry typology used mainly in Lisbon, Portugal, between the 19th and 20th century. The study of this building started years ago with a shaking table test carried out by the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering in Lisbon (LNEC), together with University of Minho. Subsequently, a FEM model was calibrated by other authors according to the results obtained in this test. The present thesis starts with a brief introduction, some basic background about seismic engineering and a brief description of the adopted FEM model. Then the results obtained for the model with Pushover and Time History Analyses are discussed, with the aimed to contribute for the validation and application of pushover analysis in the seismic assessment of historical masonry buildings without box behavior. The main body of the thesis includes a sensitivity analysis intended to assess the influence of the material properties in the behavior of the structure, as well as the impact of rigid diaphragm floor structures and the load pattern distribution in the response of the building. The sensitivity analysis is performed for both Pushover and Time History Analyses, in order to discuss the objectivity of the results.
Os terremotos são um dos perigos naturais que causaram mais perdas para a humanidade. Além de inúmeras vidas humanas, os terremotos destruíram edifícios e até cidades em muitos lugares e civilizações ao redor do mundo. No entanto, a natureza e a origem de sismos, bem como o seu efeito em estruturas construídas, têm sido estudadas em detalhe apenas recentemente. Um fator importante que influenciou o progresso desta ciência é o desenvolvimento da computação, o que permitiu a realização de cálculos complexos. Em paralelo a isso, muitas investigações têm sido feitas nos últimos anos que visam compreender e reproduzir os efeitos de terremotos em estruturas construídas. Graças à combinação de novos métodos de análise estrutural e recursos computacionais poderosos, as abordagens precisas do comportamento de uma estrutura específica podem ser feitas hoje em dia. Os dois métodos de análise estrutural mais utilizados são adotados nesta tese, a saber a Análise Pushover e Análise dinâmica com integração no tempo. O Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) é usado para modelar um estudo de caso com estas técnicas e discutir os resultados obtidos em detalhe. O caso de estudo é um edifício gaioleiro, uma tipologia tradicional de alvenaria de pedra usado principalmente em Lisboa, Portugal, entre os séculos XIX e XX. O estudo deste edifício começou há alguns anos com um ensaio de mesa sísmica realizado pelo Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, em Lisboa (LNEC), em conjunto com a Universidade do Minho. Subsequentemente, um modelo MEF foi calibrado por outros autores de acordo com os resultados obtidos neste teste. A presente tese começa com uma breve introdução, algumas informações básicas sobre engenharia sísmica e uma breve descrição do modelo MEF adotado. Em seguida, os resultados obtidos para o modelo com Análises Pushover e com integração no tempo são discutidos, com o objetivo de contribuir para a validação e aplicação de análise avançada na avaliação sísmica de edifícios históricos de alvenaria sem comportamento do tipo caixa. O corpo principal da tese inclui uma análise de sensibilidade destinada a avaliar a influência das propriedades do material no comportamento da estrutura, bem como o impacto da rigidez da de diafragma do pavimento e do padrão de distribuição de carga na resposta do edifício. A análise de sensibilidade é realizada tanto para Pushover como para a integração no tempo, a fim de discutir a objetividade dos resultados.
Los terremotos son uno de los fenómenos naturales que han causado más pérdidas en la historia de la humanidad. Aparte de incontables vidas humanas, los terremotos han destruido edificios e incluso ciudades enteras en muchos lugares y civilizaciones diferentes alrededor del mundo. Sin embargo, la naturaleza y origen de los terremotos, así como su efecto en las estructuras, han sido estudiados en detalle solo en tiempos recientes. Un factor importante que ha influido en el progreso de esta rama de la ingeniería es el desarrollo de la informática, que ha permitido llevar a cabo cálculos complejos. En paralelo a esto, muchas investigaciones han sido realizadas en los últimos años, enfocadas a comprender y reproducir los efectos de los terremotos en las estructuras. Gracias a la combinación de nuevos métodos de análisis estructural y potentes recursos computacionales, aproximaciones precisas del comportamiento de una estructura específica ante cargas estáticas y dinámicas pueden ser realizados actualmente. Los dos métodos de análisis estructural más ampliamente usados en el campo académico son adoptados en esta tesis, a saber; análisis de Pushover y análisis de tiempo-historia. El método de elementos finitos (MEF) es usado para modelar el objeto de estudio y discutir en detalle los resultados obtenidos. El objeto de estudio es un edificio ‘‘Gaioleiro’’, una tipología tradicional basada en albañilería de piedra y usada principalmente en Lisboa, Portugal, entre los siglos 19 y 20. El estudio de este edificio comenzó hace años con un ensayo realizado en una mesa de vibración por el Laboratorio Nacional de Ingeniería Civil (LNEC) en Lisboa, junto con la Universidad de Minho. Posteriormente, un modelo realizado con el método de elementos finitos fue calibrado por otros autores de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en este ensayo. La presente tesis comienza con una breve introducción, algunos conocimientos básicos sobre ingeniería sísmica y una breve descripción del modelo adoptado. Los resultados obtenidos con el análisis de Pushover y de tiempo-historia son analizados y discutidos. El principal objetivo de este análisis es la contribución en la validación y aplicación del análisis de Pushover en la valoración sísmica de edificios históricos de albañilería sin comportamiento de ‘‘caja’’. El cuerpo principal de la tesis incluye un análisis de sensibilidad con el objeto de evaluar la influencia de las propiedades de los materiales en el comportamiento de la estructura, así como el impacto que diafragmas rígidos y diferentes patrones de distribución de cargas pueden tener en la respuesta del edificio. El análisis de sensibilidad es llevado a cabo para ambos análisis, los de Pushover y de tiempo-historia para discutir la objetividad de los resultados.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系
89
In 1999, the 9/21 and 10/22 earthquakes struck central Taiwan and destroyed many historic buildings. This destruction was not only due to the large seismic magnitude, but also the lack of consideration for seismic loading during the renovation process. Considering seismic loading during the renovation process needs to take into account the dynamic characteristics of a building. The purpose of this research is to establish the database of vibration frequencies of 10 listed historic buildings in Tainan, Taiwan. Since the vulnerability of historic buildings, ambient vibration measurement (AVM) yielded the natural frequency of historic buildings rather than forced vibration. In the process of studying, firstly, the locations arranged of the sensors were discussed. Secondly, AVM was conducted during the 10:00 pm to 5:00 am. Thirdly, in order to obtain the Averaged Fourier Spectrum, the Time-History data was transformed in to Fourier Spectrum and be averaged. For the single buildings, compare the measured results with the prediction formula proposed by the code. The comparison shows that the prediction formula of the code underestimate the vibration period in transverse direction. Then, the regressive analysis was carried out to discuss the relationship of the vibration frequencies, wall ration and the height of the historic buildings to obtain an empirical formula. For the complex historic buildings, the relationship of the constructive zone and vibration frequencies was discussed. Based upon the experimental results, the following can be concluded: 1. The vibration frequencies of historic buildings tested in longitudinal and transverse direction are ranging from 3.68Hz to 8.38Hz and 3.87Hz to 7.74Hz , respectively. 2. The identical results measured on the timber frame and the masonry wall indicates that the timber frames are vibrating together with the masonry walls under ambient vibration. 3. For the single buildings, the relationship between the vibration frequency, wall ratio and the height of the buildings can be expressed as following form: (Hz) 4. The complex buildings are better to be divided into several zones, each zone has different vibration frequency.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
97
It’s most important part that how to maintain the original features on restoration in the process of conserving and protecting cultural assets, the value of monuments and historical buildings increase along with the years increase, but its structure safety situation just opposite, decrease with the years increase. How to adopt suitable reinforcement on walls related with structure safety tight is dispensable to monuments and cultural assets preservation on principle which doesn’t affects the features. The basic estimated formula is expand according to the cracked path developed by scholar recently, The structure program SAP 2000 V9.03 is used for numerical study, the prediction of retrofit device is simulated by simplifying for pure tension diagonals, which neglect the contribution of compression diagonals, the emphatic conclusion to be as follows after carrying out the experiments： 1. Brick arch failure mode：Cracks are separated into shear and flexural cracks, the shear and flexural crack of un-reinforced brick arch occur in arch angle 63o respectively and at the bottom of 3rd brick walls on both sides of opening. 2. The error of ultimate load prediction of un-reinforced brick arch： brick arch will be simplified to portal frame are used to preliminary estimation, in-plane stiffness which only provides from vertical frame, the average error between -20~20%；Structure program are used to simulate brick arch with shell elements analyzed, the average error between -15%~10%. 3. The error of ultimate load prediction after retrofitting：the error of structure program and preliminary estimation are between respectively 35~80% and 25~40%, the reason of error results from the slight deformation between the fixed beam relation with brick arch and reaction force base. 4. The impact of ultimate load after retrofitting：the ultimate load from cyclically loaded tests decrease by 12%, monotonically loaded tests increase by 20%, although it doesn’t increase in cyclically loaded tests, it enhances ductility of overall walls and avoids non-repairable cracks occurred as the view of retrofitted effectiveness. The results of in-plane loading test shows that the story drift angle of yield point is 3.8/1000, visible crack is 2.2/1000,it could succeed the function of warning point if adjusting the yield point before the drift angle 2.2/1000 with further improvement of low-yield steel afterward.

碩士
國立交通大學
土木工程系所
107
There are many brick-built historic buildings with historical and cultural values in Taiwan. If the engineer can properly understand the behavior of the brick building under the earthquake force, it can be used as the basis for the maintenance of the historical buildings and know well how to do the repair and protection. However, there are few studies to analyze the target's response under seismic force using computer modeling and simulation. The aim of this study is to use the ABAQUS software to simulate the response of the Beimen brick wall when subjected to seismic forces, and to find out what kind of damage control and where it is possible to destroy, as a reference for reinforcement or repair. The study first queries the relevant historical documents of the Beimen as the basis for modeling; and collects the material literature of brick building historical buildings, including the mechanical properties of red bricks, gray seams and interfaces, as a hypothesis of the material properties in this model. Then, based on the ABAQUS model, select two inputs of the seismic force that can make damage to the model, and analyze the linear behavior of the model under the seismic force. The analysis results show that the damage of the wall is controlled by variant strength type and intensity at different locations. According to the model damage situation, the places where cracks are easy to be generated are: the open corner of the inner wall, the upper brick wall of the outer wall door, the vertical intersection of the two walls, the intersection of the bottom of the brick wall and the top of arch; The upper and lower ends are subjected to the seismic force transmitted by the roof and the top of arch. In addition, the wall surface behavior is different from the seismic force in different directions, and the inner brick wall is mainly subjected to large shearing force. The upper edge of the wall opening is subject to greater deflection. The simulation results also revealed that the analysis of the behavior of the brick wall is consistent with the collected literature, and can be used as a reference for reinforcement or restoration.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木工程系土木與防災碩士班
105
In this paper, we mainly find out the appropriate assessment to carry out the seismic assessment of the brick structure. We used the brick wall experiment to simulate the damage behavior of the brick building under the axial force and the lateral force. And it compared with the brick-wall model constructed by the finite element. And then we used the finite element to build the subject model for static analysis and and dynamic analysis compare with the current situation. At the same time using existing assessment methods to assess the building, and to discuss the differences in the assessment methods. The results show that the finite element simulated results are similar to those of the building. Therefore, it is hoped that this finite element will provide the future engineers to analyze the brick building.

Historical centres are the result of a process occurred during the centuries: masonry buildings constituting the urban environment are usually organized within Structural Aggregates (SAs) made up of Structural Units (SUs), connected in a variety of different ways, characterized by heterogeneous structural features, materials and architectures. The morphological variety of the resulting urban settings enriches the cultural heritage of a place, meanwhile, increases local and global vulnerabilities towards static and seismic actions. Consequently, the study of transformation processes of a historic centre is the first step for the prevention and mitigation of seismic risk. Another important assumption, as result of the first one, is that the protection of historical centres requires many resources in terms of assessing the seismic vulnerability and implementing retrofit strategies considering each individual building and their mutual interaction. In this sense, the mitigation of the seismic risk of historical built heritage has to be performed through successive in-depth process: firstly, the identification of the most vulnerable aggregates by means of urban scale screening; secondly detailed analyses on these aggregates to identify specific critical issues. The aim of this research activity is to provide new tools for the analyses of seismic risk on urban scale, in order to forecast damage scenarios and economic impact of seismic events on masonry aggregates: four clear objectives are accomplished through the development of four research tasks structured along the eight chapters that compose this document. The first part of the thesis provides a general overview of all those necessary procedures for a correct identification of the aggregate and its corresponding seismic vulnerability assessment. The literature review and on-site inspection, carried out in the case study of Campi Alto di Norcia in Valnerina (Italy) stroke by the earthquakes of 24 August and 30 October 2016, highlight advantages and disadvantages of current approaches and tools used for the vulnerability assessment of masonry aggregates. The second part deals with the development of an improved Empirical /Expert base method for the seismic vulnerability assessment of SAs on urban scale. Indeed, different statistical methods are selected and applied to the case study with the aim of determining the corresponding vulnerability index (Iv) and comparing their accuracy in predicting damage scenarios. Since recent earthquakes have shown that local mechanisms often cause failures of masonry aggregates, new parameters are introduced in the Improved Method, to take into account the out of plane behaviour of structural units in aggregates. The third part of the thesis addresses the calibration of the Improved method, by comparing the ‘observed’ damage caused by the 2016 earthquake in the case study with the ‘analytical’ ones predicted. To overcome the limits of the Empirical /Expert base methods, analysed in the previous phases, an additional Information Quality (IQ) index is, then, introduced in the calibrated procedure accounting for uncertainties related to the lack of information due to limited access or inspections. Finally, the work ends with the elaboration of codified procedure, identified with the acronym “MARS” (Masonry Aggregate Risk Scenarios), that takes into account damage, loss and economic impact of seismic events on masonry aggregates and provide further information for the seismic risk management of historic centres.