Journal articles: 'Historic buildings – England – Lancashire'

1

Hillam, J., C. M. Groves, D. M. Brown, M. G. L. Baillie, J. M. Coles, and B. J. Coles. "Dendrochronology of the English Neolithic." Antiquity 64, no. 243 (June 1990): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00077826.

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In the period 1970–85, tree-ring research in Europe had resulted in the production of long oak chronologies for both Ireland and Germany going back over 7000 years (e.g. Brown et al. 1986; Leuschner & Delorme 1984). In England, there was a network of regional chronologies covering the historic period, and almost no chronological coverage for the prehistoric. For the archaeologist this meant that, provided a site from the historic period produced a replicated site chronology, the chances of dating by dendrochronology were very high. The chances of this happening for a prehistoric site were poor by comparison, although some sites were successfully dated, for example the Iron Age causeway from Fiskerton in Liricolnshire and the Hasholme log boat found in North Humberside (Hillam 1987).The period 1985–88 saw an intense effort to outline a prehistoric oak tree-ring chronology in England (Baillie & Brown 1988). This work centred on sub-fossil oaks from East Anglia and Lancashire and built on a previous chronology from Swan Carr, near Durham which spanned 1155–381 BC (Baillie et al. 1983). The approach to chronology-building was to produce wellreplicated chronology units which could be located precisely in time against the existing Irish (Pilcher et al. 1984) and North German (Leuschner & Delorme 1984) chronologies.

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Green, David. "The Buildings of England – Lancashire – Manchester & the South East." International Journal of Environmental Studies 67, no. 3 (June 2010): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230601099637.

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Semes, Steven W. "New Buildings in Historic Settings: Recent Conservation Experience in England." Forum Journal 28, no. 1 (September 2013): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/fmj.2013.a523163.

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Harte, J. D. C. "Doctrine, Conservation and Aesthetic Judgment in the Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 1, no. 2 (February 1988): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00006967.

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The faculty jurisdiction of the Church of England is the core of what remains as a distinctive system of Church Law in England. It serves inter alia to safeguard the national heritage of parish churches and it is the reason why ecclesiastical buildings in use generally are immune from listed building control under secular planning law. The faculty jurisdiction still provides a model for regulating the conservation of buildings of historic and aesthetic interest and their contents which can be compared favourably with listed building control.

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Abdul Azis, Isma Adleena, Khairul Anwar Mohamed Khaidzir, and Aiman Mohd Rashid. "IDENTIFYING GUIDELINES LIMITATION OF HISTORIC INTERIOR IN ADAPTIVE RE-USE OF HERITAGE BUILDING IN MALAYSIA." Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management 7, no. 27 (March 8, 2022): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jthem.727006.

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Adaptive re-use in heritage buildings is perceived as a viable alternative in restoring the existing building to accommodate for new or continued building use while addressing its heritage agenda. In the conservation approach of adaptive re-use, new interventions of historic interiors are often subject to insensible alteration particularly in its interior design outcome resulting in compromised heritage representation in Malaysia. The government’s efforts to protect and manage historic buildings are illustrated by the implementation of the National Heritage Act 2005 and the Historic Building Conservation Guidelines 2016. However, there are insufficient guidance concerning new interior design works of a historic interior within Malaysia. The primary aim of this paper is to identify the current limitation of the Historic Building Conservation Guidelines in Malaysia pertaining to historic interior works and to contribute to the discussion surrounding this matter. The paper presents comparative analysis and interpretation of literature and grey documents (guidelines and policies) in adaptive re-use of heritage buildings in Malaysia. The data generated is compared with similar conservation approach guidelines from England and United States of America. The analysis revealed that the Historic Building Conservation Guidelines is a comprehensive document that underscores physical action to preserve the fabric and materials of heritage buildings. However, while the broad definitions for new design proposal to be sympathetic and visual appropriateness to the existing building character are acceptable, it may lead to unintended interpretation and consequences. The paper suggests that the existing guideline need to be accompanied with additional guidance to aid practitioners especially architects and interior designers in dealing with historic interior using the comparative analysis with goals to intensify the value of historic interior that involves new intervention.

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Stephenson, V., and D. D'Ayala. "A new approach to flood vulnerability assessment for historic buildings in England." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 5 (May 5, 2014): 1035–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1035-2014.

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Abstract. The recent increase in frequency and severity of flooding in the UK has led to a shift in the perception of risk associated with flood hazards. This has extended to the conservation community, and the risks posed to historic structures that suffer from flooding are particularly concerning for those charged with preserving and maintaining such buildings. In order to fully appraise the risks in a manner appropriate to the complex issue of preservation, a new methodology is presented here that studies the nature of the vulnerability of such structures, and places it in the context of risk assessment, accounting for the vulnerable object and the subsequent exposure of that object to flood hazards. The testing of the methodology is carried out using three urban case studies and the results of the survey analysis provide guidance on the development of fragility curves for historic structures exposed to flooding. This occurs through appraisal of vulnerability indicators related to building form, structural and fabric integrity, and preservation of architectural and archaeological values. Key findings of the work include determining the applicability of these indicators to fragility analysis, and the determination of the relative vulnerability of the three case study sites.

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Lauder, Nicola, and David Farrell. "Performance evaluation of patch repairs on historic concrete structures (PEPS): the evolution of conservation repairs on the Historic England Phase II test sites and PEPS Phase II results." MATEC Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236104003.

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Historically, little effort had been made to match patch repairs to culturally significant reinforced concrete structures so that they are effective and sustain the aesthetic values of the structure. The collaborative research project, Performance Evaluation of Patch Repairs on Historic Concrete Structures (PEPS), being undertaken by Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), Historic England (HE) and the Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques (LRMH), seeks to address this problem. Through its advice on grant-aided projects, Historic England has tried to achieve effective like-for-like repairs over the last 20 years. The ten English sites selected for the PEPs Phase II non-destructive testing (NDT) includes some of the buildings and structures where this repair work was carried out. Data on site location, specification of repair, environmental conditions, test results and tentative conclusions from this phase of the research is presented in this paper. Five of the sites will be subject to further NDT and destructive testing and sampling as part of Phase III.

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Jolley, Victoria. "The rural super city - Central Lancashire New Town." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196305003.

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From 1950 rural Lancashire, in England, became the focus of a major renewal scheme to accommodate population overspill from nearby cities of Liverpool and Manchester. Over a period of 15 years the initial proposal for a series of self-contained new towns progressed into an ambitious scheme for a single polycentric “supercity” for 500,000 people. Known as Central Lancashire New Town and designed by RMJM, this part-realised development was the last and largest New Town designated under the 1965 Act. Its theoretical urban pattern, which followed new and proposed infrastructure, was unique. Based on a ladder system this straddled rich agricultural land and declining post-industrial townscapes to unify and expand existing settlements with the aim of generating prosperity on a sub-regional scale. CLNT was not completed but its planning phases can be traced across Lancashire’s urban and rural landscapes by built communications networks and city-scale public and civic buildings. Referencing three different new town typologies this paper will outline the project’s evolution and identify the impact that designing for the motorcar and future change had on the provision of green space. This research has been undertaken using previously “closed” archival resources and architectural journal and local press articles.

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9

Pickard, Rob. "Fire Safety and Protection in Historic Buildings in England and Ireland – Part I." Structural Survey 12, no. 2 (April 1994): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809410050138.

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Pickard, Rob. "Fire Safety and Protection in Historic Buildings in England and Ireland – Part II." Structural Survey 12, no. 3 (June 1994): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809410055692.

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Walker, A. J., A. W. Young, and R. L. Otlet. "Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements X." Radiocarbon 33, no. 1 (1991): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013230.

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This is the third of the series of lists of English archaeologic dates submitted to Harwell for measurement by the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England and Wales within a prescribed contractual period. This list of 155 dates covers the period April 1987 to March 1988 and results are reported whether the associated projects are completed or on-going.

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Creigh-Tyte, S. W. "The Built Heritage : Some British Experience." Recherches économiques de Louvain 66, no. 2 (2000): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800083871.

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SummaryThis paper provides a brief overview of policy intervention mechanisms affecting the preservation of the historic environment in Britain. This covers half a million “listed buildings” in England alone. Within this policy framework, the paper then discusses stated preference valuation exercises on the built environment and the results of a long – term exercise comparing returns of listed and unlisted office properties in the UK since 1980.

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Walker, A. J., Nigel Williams, and R. L. Otlet. "Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements VIII." Radiocarbon 32, no. 2 (1990): 165–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200040169.

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Following Harwell Measurements VI (Walker & Otlet 1988) this is the second of the series of lists of English archaeological dates commissioned for measurement by the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England and Wales within prescribed contractual periods. This list, containing 176 dates, refers to the period, April 1986 to March 1987, and results are reported irrespective of whether the associated projects are completed or ongoing.

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Hardiman, M. A., J. E. Fairchild, and Geoffrey Longworth. "Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements XI." Radiocarbon 34, no. 1 (1992): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013412.

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Following Harwell Measurements VIII (Walker, Williams & Otlet 1990), this is the final series of lists of English archaeological dates commissioned for measurement by the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission (HBMC) for England within prescribed contractual periods. This list, containing 127 dates, refers to the period April 1988 to March 1990, and results are reported irrespective of whether the associated projects are completed or ongoing.

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GENÇ, Gökhan, and Figen BEYHAN. "ENERGY EFFICIENT IMPROVEMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS: A CASE STUDY IN SINOP." Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences 8, no. 18 (November 25, 2021): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38065/euroasiaorg.730.

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Although historical buildings are ecological with their construction systems and materials, they cannot provide necessary performance in today's comfort conditions and therefore they are abandoned and remain in a damaged or dysfunctional state. Energy efficient improvement works are carried out in historical buildings in order to bring the historical buildings today's conditions, re-use and ensure their sustainability. However, there are many limitations in these studies due to the heritage characteristics of historical buildings. With these limitations, the works to be done should be carried out with the least intervention without damaging the heritage values of the historical buildings. For this reason, it is necessary to specially select the applications to be realized within the scope of energy efficiency in historical buildings and scaling the physical effects of the applications relative to each other. In this context, in this study, it is aimed to reveal the appropriate improvement methods in order to reach the maximum energy efficiency with the least physical intervention, with the techniques suitable for the historical texture by preserving the original qualities in the historical buildings. Based on the Historic England intervention evaluation scale developed in this framework, 5 scenarios, including the current situation and 4 different design scenarios, including interventions from small to large impacts, were created on a sample historical residential building, and the data of each scenario in terms of energy consumption were obtained. Models created within the framework of the scenarios were evaluated with the Design Builder simulation program, and annual heating and cooling loads and the amount of energy consumed per total m² were obtained. Evaluations were made by comparing the energy efficiency of applications at different degrees with the graphics and tables prepared in the light of these data. As a result, suggestions have been developed regarding the interventions to be made to historical buildings according to the intervention effect sizes in the context of energy efficiency with the evaluations made.

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Stephenson, V., and D. D'Ayala. "A new approach to flood loss estimation and vulnerability assessment for historic buildings in England." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 5 (October 31, 2013): 6025–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-6025-2013.

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Abstract. The recent increase in frequency and severity of flooding in the UK has led to a shift in the perception of risk associated with flood hazards. This has extended to the conservation community, and the risks posed to historic structures that suffer from flooding are particularly concerning for those charged with preserving and maintaining such buildings. In order to fully appraise the risks in a manner appropriate to the complex issue of preservation, a new methodology is proposed that studies the nature of vulnerability of such structures, and places it in the context of risk assessment, accounting for the vulnerable object and the subsequent exposure of that object to flood hazards. The testing of the methodology is carried out using three urban case studies and the results of the survey analysis provide key findings and guidance on the development of fragility curves for historic structures exposed to flooding. This occurs through appraisal of key vulnerability indicators related to building form, structural and fabric integrity, and preservation of architectural and archaeological values. This in turn facilitates the production of strategies for mitigating and managing the losses threatened by such extreme climate events.

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Walker, A. J., and R. L. Otlet. "Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements IV." Radiocarbon 27, no. 1 (1985): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200006949.

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The dates in this list follow, in approximately chronologic order, those reported in Harwell III (R, 1979, v 21, p 358–383). It is confined to archaeologic samples from the United Kingdom only, most of which originate from “rescue” type operations supported by the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, (formerly a section of the Dept. of the Environment) and submitted through the Ancient Monuments Laboratory, London.

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Khalil, A., and S. Stravoravdis. "H-BIM AND THE DOMAINS OF DATA INVESTIGATIONS OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS CURRENT STATE OF THE ART." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 4, 2019): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-661-2019.

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Abstract. Heritage BIM can represent many advantages for heritage building documentation, restoration, retrofitting and management. However, the most complicated challenge concerning H-BIM is the inevitability of starting at an intermediate point in the asset’s life cycle, which can be much more complex than the relatively straightforward cradle-to-grave model that describes new-build construction (Historic England, 2017). This leads to irregular geometry, non-homogeneous materials, variable morphology, not documented changes, damage and various stages of construction. These challenges put more weight on the surveying, documentation, modelling and visualisation phase within the process of HBIM.Many investigation tools can be used and combined to document and investigate the fabric of historic buildings. This paper reviews the literature and the state of art of the different domains of data that could be included in the documentation and investigation process of the built heritage, in order to assess the breadth and depth by which heritage buildings can be documented. These data can vary from outer geometry survey, to sub-surface materials and structural integrity investigations, to data concerning the building performance, as well as the historic records concerning the building`s morphology over time, which can help to create a more in-depth knowledge about the heritage buildings` status and performance and can create a solid base for any required restoration and retrofitting processes.

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NEUWIRTH, JESSICA, ROBERT PAYNTER, KEVIN SWEENEY, BRADEN PAYNTER, and ABBOTT LOWELL CUMMINGS. "Abbott Lowell Cummings and the Preservation of New England." Public Historian 29, no. 4 (2007): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2007.29.4.57.

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Abstract This interview discusses Abbott Lowell Cummings' life and work as a public historian, focusing in particular on his long career at the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England). It deals with the early history of SPNEA under William Sumner Appleton and Bertram K. Little, but focuses particularly on the post-1955 development of the organization after Cummings' arrival and on the refinement of SPNEA's collection of historical buildings through deaccessioning and the establishment of increasingly professionalized standards for preservation, conservation, and interpretation. It also discusses important preservation battles in Boston, such as the fight to preserve the West End from urban renewal and the battle over whether to tear down Victorian architecture on Beacon Hill.

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Arato Gonçalves, Ana Paula, Susan Macdonald, Élisabeth Marie-Victoire, Myriam Bouichou, and Chris Wood. "Performance of patch repairs on historic concrete structures: a preliminary assessment." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928907001.

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Carrying out patch repairs to historic concrete buildings and structures needs to be done carefully if their cultural value and significance is to be maintained. This often means repairs using custom designed materials and mixes for compatibility with the original concrete, and with great care paid to good workmanship. But with most repairs, commercial mixes are used which are not compatible with the host concrete but are justified because they adhere well, cure quickly and require limited skills to implement. A research collaboration has been established to test the performance of both approaches. The Performance Evaluation of Patch Repairs on Historic Concrete Structures (PEPS) began in 2018 and is a collaboration between the Getty Conservation Institute, Historic England and the Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques. Its purpose is also to better understand key design and specification parameters and application methods. The research is based on assessing case studies in USA, England and France within a variety of climatic and environmental conditions, typologies and repair materials. This paper will present the methodology adopted to evaluate the repairs in the first phase. This will also include historical research on the specification and application of the repairs, preliminary field assessment and some testing.

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Bayliss, A., P. Marshall, C. Tyers, C. Bronk Ramsey, G. Cook, S. P. H. T. Freeman, and S. Griffiths. "Informing Conservation: Towards 14C Wiggle-Matching of Short Tree-Ring Sequences from Medieval Buildings in England." Radiocarbon 59, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 985–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.61.

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AbstractThis study tested whether accurate dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon wiggle-matching of short tree-ring series (~30 annual rings) in the Medieval period could be achieved. Scientific dating plays a central role in the conservation of historic buildings in England. Precise dating helps assess the significance of particular buildings or elements of their fabric, thus allowing us to make informed decisions about their repair and protection. Consequently, considerable weight, both financial and legal, can be attached to the precision and accuracy of this dating. Dendrochronology is the method of choice, but in a proportion of cases this is unable to provide calendar dates. Hence, we would like to be able to use 14C wiggle-matching to provide a comparable level of precision and reliability, particularly on shorter tree-ring sequences (~30 annual growth rings) that up until now would not routinely be sampled. We present the results of AMS wiggle-matching five oak tree-ring sequences, spanning the period covered by the vast majority of surviving Medieval buildings in England (about AD 1180–1540) when currently we have only decadal and bidecadal calibration data.

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Knowles, Graeme. "Mission, Ministry and Masonry: The Challenge of Heritage Buildings for Christian Witness." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 9, no. 2 (April 11, 2007): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x07000312.

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While it might be said that the present state of repair of the majority of the churches in use in England is better than it has ever been before, the congregations of England, whether they be Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist or Baptist, face the day by day challenge of maintaining a substantial section of the nation's built heritage. The 2006 Lyndwood Lecture, delivered at St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 15 November 2006, examines possible avenues for the funding of this work, looking at the models of state aid offered by other European countries. It also considers the tension that exists between the legal imperative to view our churches not only as historic monuments but also as local centres of mission and worship. Moving on from this theme of funding, the lecture then examines the problems faced by all denominations in disposing of buildings no longer required for divine worship. It questions why the Church should continue to pay for the upkeep of buildings it no longer needs, and concludes, in the words of T S Eliot, that the Church must be forever building.

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Choy, Renie Chow. "Inclusive Heritage: Implications for the Church of England." Religions 14, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14030360.

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The Church of England’s historic buildings represent the single largest group of heritage sites in the UK, playing a key public-facing role in the church’s ‘cultural witness’. However, they are complex historic environments implicated in the recent focus on ‘contested heritage’ and imperial legacies. The wider heritage sector’s answer to the adversarial nature of this debate has been to turn contested histories into dialogical opportunities; participatory and collaborative approaches to interpretation and curation have become an important feature of much recent secular heritage work. Yet, the CofE has not yet articulated or embraced the value of similar initiatives for its own collections, with guidance at the institutional level aimed primarily at conservation and protection. This paper initiates a discussion about how engagement with sensitive memories enhances the importance of CofE’s cultural heritage. It offers a preliminary report of a research project led by the author titled ‘Inclusive Interpretations of Christian Heritage’, carried out between 2021 and 2022 at iconic churches in central London. After discussing the theoretical context, project rationale, and method, the paper discusses the connections which Christians from ethnic minority or immigrant backgrounds have to ecclesiastical spaces usually associated with national history. The perspectives of previously unrepresented groups can supplement expert assessments concerning a site’s significance, revealing important areas in which the CofE’s cultural assets hold meaning beyond national or aesthetic importance. The paper argues that widening community engagement represents a crucial task for accentuating the social and civic importance of the CofE’s cultural heritage.

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Power, M. R., D. Pirrie, G. S. Camm, and J. C. Ø. Andersen. "The mineralogy of efflorescence on As calciner buildings in SW England." Mineralogical Magazine 73, no. 1 (February 2009): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2009.073.1.27.

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Arsenic is a very common by-product of the processing of Cu, Au and polymetallic ores worldwide, where the ore is roasted (calcined) to remove volatile elements. In southwest England, a diverse range of As-mineral species occur as efflorescent secondary mineral growths on historic calciner buildings. Gypsum occurs as abundant dendritic growths comprising either interlocking blades or tabular crystals. Ca-arsenate minerals are locally very abundant as white colloform masses. Positively identified Ca arsenates include pharmacolite, weilite and haidingerite. Other secondary minerals include arsenolite, scorodite, bukovskyite and an As-bearing potassium alum, together with a wide variety of unidentified minerals, including an Al-As-S phase and As-rich F-bearing phases. Gypsum contains As concentrations up to ~7 wt.%. Efflorescent growth at sites exposed to the prevailing weather systems is less abundant than at sheltered sites. This is interpreted as being due to ‘pressure washing’ of exposed sites by driving rain. Successive concentric growths of gypsum and Ca arsenate on masonry are interpreted as being the result of seasonal crystallization.Understanding both current and historicalmining and mineralprocessing methods is criticalin the evaluation of the potential impact on the modern environment. In particular, due to the abundance of As-bearing minerals in a wide range of ore types, many buildings worldwide are potentially significantly contaminated with As even though few are directly related to As production or handling. Characterizing the secondary As mineralspecies present at mine and mineralprocessing sites is critical in understanding the potentialheal th risk these sites might pose.

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Walker, A. J., A. W. Young, R. S. Keyzor, and R. L. Otlet. "Harwell Radiocarbon Measurements IX." Radiocarbon 33, no. 1 (1991): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013229.

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The results in this list come from our earlier years of operation and form part of the special series of lists being prepared to clear the backlog of unpublished dates from this laboratory, in this case 49 samples coming from sites in and around Northampton, UK. They originate from excavations directed by John Williams and Helen M Bamford of the Northampton Development Corporation between 1973 and 1982, and all were submitted for measurement and paid for by the Ancient Monuments Laboratory of the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England and Wales.

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While, Aidan. "The State and the Controversial Demands of Cultural Built Heritage: Modernism, Dirty Concrete, and Postwar Listing in England." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34, no. 4 (August 2007): 645–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b32085.

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Whilst it is generally accepted that architecturally or historically significant buildings should be protected in the common interest, conservation policy often raises a series of dilemmas for governments in terms of balancing demands for preservation and change. In 1987 statutory protection for historic buildings in England was extended to the post-Second World War (ie post-1945) era, taking conservation planning into new and sometimes controversial territory. This paper examines the origins and evolution of England's postwar listing programme, exploring the factors that prompted the state to extend protection into such a politically contentious area of conservation policy. Attention is drawn to the lobbying role of influential postwar conservation lobbyists located within and outside state structures in making the case for 1950s and 1960s architecture. However, the politics and practices of postwar listing are ultimately shown to be rooted in the underlying logic of built heritage regulation in England. The paper offers original insights into the state's role as conservation champion and its implications for what gets protected and why from the physical legacy of 1950s and 1960s design.

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Ramsey, Eleanor. "VIRTUAL WOLVERHAMPTON: RECREATING THE HISTORIC CITY IN VIRTUAL REALITY." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 11, no. 3 (November 22, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i3.1395.

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While many towns and cities have historic origins, the modern urban landscape is often unrecognisable from the past. Over the last two thousand years innumerable changes have occurred, from the Roman period to the Industrial Revolution, culminating in wide scale development and redevelopment of towns and cities during the 19th and 20th centuries. Fragments of the past survive as extant buildings, monuments, and areas, and are offered protection through mechanisms such as the National Heritage List for England. However, these buildings are part of a dynamic and changing environment, and their place within their original landscape not always visible. Meanwhile, the advent of mainstream and accessible immersive virtual reality offers opportunities to recreate and explore the past, and to disseminate a deeper understanding of the history and historic context of our heritage assets to a broader audience via new technologies. This paper discusses a project based on Wolverhampton that aims to create immersive and 360° experiences of the historic city that allows the user or viewer to explore how the city might have been in the past from a ‘first person’ perspective. It uses multiple approaches to gather, verify and validate archival data, records, maps and building style information. The project itself is a work-in-progress, with various approaches being explored. It looks at sources of information used to inform the virtual world; software and methodologies used to create the model; different forms of VR output; potential forms of funding for wider dissemination; and problems encountered so far.

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Maiden, John. "‘What could be more Christian than to allow the Sikhs to use it?’ Church Redundancy and Minority Religion in Bedford, 1977–8." Studies in Church History 51 (2015): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400050312.

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In 1985, Faith in the City, The Church of England’s report on Urban Priority Areas, commented that Christians frequently had an excess of church buildings, while ‘people of other faiths are often exceedingly short of places in which to meet and worship’. The challenge of securing sacred space has been common to migrant groups in Britain, and during the 1970s sharing of space between national historic denominations and migrant religious groups was identified by the British Council of Churches (BCC) and its Community and Race Relations Unit as a leading issue for interreligious relations. In the case of the Church of England, ancillary parish buildings were occasionally shared with non-Christian religious congregations for limited use: for example, later that decade the church halls of All Saints, Gravelly Hill, Birmingham, were being used by Muslims and Hindus for festivals and clubs.

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Gillin, Edward J. "Christopher Wakeling, Chapels of England: Buildings of Protestant Nonconformity; Historic England (Swindon, 2017), 320 pp. incl. 261 colour ills; ISBN: 9781848020320; £50." Architectural History 61 (2018): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/arh.2018.12.

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Bayliss, Alex, Peter Marshall, Michael W. Dee, Michael Friedrich, Timothy J. Heaton, and Lukas Wacker. "IntCal20 Tree Rings: An Archaeological Swot Analysis." Radiocarbon 62, no. 4 (August 2020): 1045–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.77.

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ABSTRACTWe undertook a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of Northern Hemisphere tree-ring datasets included in IntCal20 in order to evaluate their strategic fit with the demands of archaeological users. Case studies on wiggle-matching single tree rings from timbers in historic buildings and Bayesian modeling of series of results on archaeological samples from Neolithic long barrows in central-southern England exemplify the archaeological implications that arise when using IntCal20. The SWOT analysis provides an opportunity to think strategically about future radiocarbon (14C) calibration so as to maximize the utility of 14C dating in archaeology and safeguard its reputation in the discipline.

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Horsman, Valerie, and Brian Davison. "The New Palace Yard and Its Fountains: Excavations in the Palace of Westminster 1972-4." Antiquaries Journal 69, no. 2 (September 1989): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500085449.

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Excavations in the New Palace Yard at the Palace of Westminster, between 1972–4, have illuminated the development of this historic site on the northern periphery of the medieval palace. The Yard was first laid out in the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century over previously marshy land at the edge of Thorney Island. In the central area of the Yard, part of the foundation of a magnificent fountain, known historically as the Great Conduit was found. Built in the mid-fifteenth century, the conduit formed a major landmark until its demolition some two hundred years later. Preserved within its foundation were the fragmentary redeposited remains of a high quality fountain of polished Purbeck marble, dated to the late twelfth century. Due to the enormous scale of the building works significant environmental evidence was recovered allowing elucidation of the topographical development of this important site, from the prehistoric period to the creation of the Yard in the late thirteenth century.This paper is published with the aid of a grant from the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England.

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Wang, Shuaiqiao, Yijing Xia, and Ji Yang. "Conservation, Revitalization and Renewal of Modern Macao's Historic Architectural Heritage: A Case Study in the Site of St. Paul's College." Communications in Humanities Research 8, no. 1 (October 31, 2023): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/8/20230970.

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As an essential member of the tangible cultural heritage, historic architectural heritage contains unique historical and social values. This paper describes the current state of conservation of historic buildings and the ways of conservation, revitalization and renewal by the Macao authorities, and draws on the Cathedral of the Merciful Jesus in Goa, India, and Coventry Cathedral in England, to provide suggestions for the conservation and restoration of the site of St. Pauls College in Macao. St. Pauls College is divided into three main parts: St. Pauls Church, the Seminary, and the Fortress, for conservation, revitalization, and renewal. The current conservation and renewal measures of the site are still inadequate. By analyzing the conservation strategies and the current situation, St. Pauls College needs the cooperation of the government and the public to value and improve the reuse value of the site and increase its visibility. At the same time, the use of rich restoration and renewal methods, combined with the current situation of society in the restoration and renewal of the site, can present valuable ideas.

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Kelsall, Frank. "Not as Ugly as Stonehenge: Architecture and History in the First Lists of Historic Buildings." Architectural History 52 (2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00004135.

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Four years ago Peter Draper, as your recently retired president, described his lecture as valedictory and therefore self-indulgent in its choice of topic. What a useful precedent. I hope I am not over self-indulgent to the extent of being too autobiographical, but the subject does relate to my personal experience of the practice of architectural history in the conservation of historic buildings. The history of building conservation is now developing its own quite substantial literature to which this is a small contribution. To some extent this lecture is as much about bureaucracy as about architecture, for much of my life has been spent as an official in the public service. But, so that the lecture is properly historical, most of what I will talk about happened before I was involved.One major difference between the British and American Societies of Architectural Historians is that the American Society has always involved itself in building preservation issues, whereas the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain does not. This recognizes the different circumstances in each country. In Great Britain we have many amenity societies directed to conservation matters; most of us will belong to one or more of them and they are centres of quite extraordinary expertise. But in view of what I will say later, it is notable that in an account of a meeting in March 1941 in Washington, reported in the first volume of the American Society’s journal, Henry-Russell Hitchcock commented on the merits of the Historic American Buildings Survey, but added that selections by local groups often lacked historical perspective and ignored anything later than the Greek Revival; that there was excessive preservation of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century houses in New England without regard to architectural merit; and that primary monuments of modern architectural history were wantonly destroyed. As concerns the latter, he cited, among others, Richardson’s Marshall Field Warehouse, and a threat to Wright’s Robie House. The representative of the National Parks Service said that 1870 was about the date limit for a building to be regarded as of interest, though the Vanderbilt House of 1895 had recently been acquired, and that attention was also being paid to groups of buildings.

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Groznov, O. D. "The Transformation of Classical Order in John Soane’s Architecture." Art & Culture Studies, no. 1 (2021): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.51678/2226-0072-2021-1-86-103.

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The article provides a new approach to study the oeuvre of an architect-neoclassicist Sir John Soane. This approach is concerned to an original interpretation of architectural order by Soane. Studying the metamorphosis of classical order in Soane’s architecture can help to understand the evolution and particularity of Soane’s individual style and also to define the specific place of this style in the neo-classicist movement. The article describes the development of the architectural order in England (since the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century) and some specific features of the John Soane’s approach to the application of the architectural order system. The author analyzes different ways of interpretation of the order decoration in the work of John Soane, referring to such buildings as the John Soane House in London (the architect’s Museum now), the Dulwich Picture Gallery and the Bank of England, which was heavily rebuilt in the 20th century, but well-known in its original appearance — from drawings, photographs and descriptions. Other buildings of Soane are also examined in the article. The research is based on two methods — stylistic analysis (of particular buildings and its details) and analysis of historic and cultural aspects of Soane’s work (for better understanding of its theoretical and practical origins and the very reason of its genesis). The preliminary results of the research show that the transformation of classical order’s key elements is going hand in hand with the development of two different phenomena — the style of Soane itself and the situation in European culture of the second part of the 18th century when some significant movements (Neo-classicism, Gothic Revival, etc.) were developing, intersecting and interchanging with one another.

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Craig, Robert W. "Traditional Patterned Brickwork in New Jersey." New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 5, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v5i2.169.

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This article traces the history of the first architecture of refinement in colonial New Jersey: traditional patterned brickwork, the artful ways in which bricklayers used vitrified bricks to decorate the outer walls of the houses they built. These practices had their roots in 16th-century England, where they were employed in fashionable and prestigious architecture, and where they remained the common knowledge of bricklayers a century later during the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire of 1666. With the slump in the building trades that resulted from the rebuilding, Quaker bricklayers and brickmakers joined the migration to the Delaware Valley, where they found the greatest abundance of brick clay in West New Jersey. In the century that followed, Burlington County experienced the largest number of patterned brickwork buildings, while Salem County became home to the second largest number, the greatest variety of patterns, and most of the best examples. The best and best-preserved of its early buildings, the Abel and Mary Nicholson house, has been designated a National Historic Landmark for its patterned brickwork. The rise of the Georgian style of architecture reduced the popularity of patterned brickwork after 1750. After the Revolutionary War, the ascendancy of the Federal style was incompatible with patterned brickwork, and that sealed its eventual disappearance. This article combines an understanding of these buildings as physical artifacts while collectively placing them within the larger narrative of New Jersey’s development during the colonial period.

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Hall, Christopher, Andrea Hamilton, William D. Hoff, Heather A. Viles, and Julie A. Eklund. "Moisture dynamics in walls: response to micro-environment and climate change." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2125 (August 11, 2010): 194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0131.

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A coupled sharp-front (SF) liquid transport and evaporation model is used to describe the capillary rise of moisture in monoliths and masonry structures. This provides a basis for the quantitative engineering analysis of moisture dynamics in such structures, with particular application to the conservation of historic buildings and monuments. We show how such a system responds to seasonal variations in the potential evaporation (PE) of the immediate environment, using meteorological data from southern England and Athens, Greece. Results from the SF analytical model are compared with those from finite-element unsaturated-flow simulations. We examine the magnitude and variation of the total flow through a structure as a primary factor in long-term damage caused by leaching, salt crystallization and chemical degradation. We find wide seasonal variation in the height of moisture rise, and this, together with the large estimated water flows, provides a new explanation of the observed position of salt-crystallization damage. The analysis also allows us to estimate the effects of future climate change on the capillary moisture dynamics of monoliths and masonry structures. For example, for southern England, predicted increases in PE for the period 2070–2100 suggest substantial increases in water flux, from which we expect increased damage rates.

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Lithgow, K. "Delivering the National Trust's preservation purpose: mission, strategy and structure." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 62, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2020.62.3.152.

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Whilst reporting on numerical-based activities such as income versus expenditure is relatively straightforward for organisations seeking to understand their progress in meeting their objectives, it is more difficult to present nonnumerical-based activities such as conservation and preservation in similar terms. However, without numerical key performance indicators (KPIs) conservation activities risk becoming invisible in organisational reporting, compared to activities that are easier to measure, such as, in heritage organisations that open their assets to the public, visitor numbers and income. The National Trust for England, Wales and Northern Ireland has devised a numerical measure to describe relative performance in reaching defined conservation standards, benchmarked against external standards such as the Canadian Conservation Institute's 'Agents of Deterioration' framework and the UK's Museum Accreditation Scheme. This paper describes the development and practice of this measure, the Conservation Performance Indicator (CPI), with particular reference to cultural heritage features, such as historic interiors, collections, buildings and archaeology, and in the context of the evolution of a devolved structure.

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Case, Humphrey. "The Rollright Stones. By George Lambrick, with numerous contributors, vi + 145 pp., 72 figs. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, 1988. £16.00." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55, no. 1 (1989): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005570.

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Bearman-Brown, Lucy E., Philip J. Baker, Dawn Scott, Antonio Uzal, Luke Evans, and Richard W. Yarnell. "Over-Winter Survival and Nest Site Selection of the West-European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) in Arable Dominated Landscapes." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091449.

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The West-European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) has declined markedly in the UK. The winter hibernation period may make hedgehogs vulnerable to anthropogenic habitat and climate changes. Therefore, we studied two contrasting populations in England to examine patterns of winter nest use, body mass changes and survival during hibernation. No between-site differences were evident in body mass prior to hibernation nor the number of winter nests used, but significant differences in overwinter mass change and survival were observed. Mass change did not, however, affect survival rates; all deaths occurred prior to or after the hibernation period, mainly from predation or vehicle collisions. Hedgehogs consistently nested in proximity to hedgerows, roads and woodlands, but avoided pasture fields; differences between sites were evident for the selection for or avoidance of arable fields, amenity grassland and buildings. Collectively, these data indicate that hibernation was not a period of significant mortality for individuals that had attained sufficient weight (>600 g) pre-hibernation. Conversely, habitat composition did significantly affect the positioning of winter nests, such that different land management practices (historic and current) might potentially influence hibernation success. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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McClean, Fergus, Richard Dawson, and Chris Kilsby. "Intercomparison of global reanalysis precipitation for flood risk modelling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 27, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-331-2023.

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Abstract. Reanalysis datasets are increasingly used to drive flood models, especially for continental and global analysis and in areas of data scarcity. However, the consequence of this for risk estimation has not been fully explored. We investigate the implications of four reanalysis products (ERA-5, CFSR, MERRA-2 and JRA-55) on simulations of historic flood events in five basins in England. These results are compared to a benchmark national gauge-based product (CEH-GEAR1hr). The benchmark demonstrated better accuracy than reanalysis products when compared with observations of water depth and flood extent. All reanalysis products predicted fewer buildings would be inundated by the events than the national dataset. JRA-55 was the worst by a significant margin, underestimating by 40 % compared with 14 %–18 % for the other reanalysis products. CFSR estimated building inundation the most accurately, while ERA-5 demonstrated the lowest error in terms of river stage (29.4 %) and floodplain depth (28.6 %). Accuracy varied geographically, and no product performed best across all basins. Global reanalysis products provide a useful resource for flood modelling where no other data are available, but they should be used with caution due to the underestimation of impacts shown here. Until a more systematic international strategy for the collection of rainfall and flood impact data ensures more complete global coverage for validation, multiple reanalysis products should be used concurrently to capture the range of uncertainties.

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Cooney, Gabriel. "The Stonehenge Environs Project. By Julian Richards. 297 pp. 160 figs, 137 tables, 2 microfiches. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, 1990 (English Heritage Archaeological Report 16). £36.00." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004321.

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Ellis, Joyce, John Walton, and David Hey. "A. Clifton Taylor, Buildings of Delight. London: Gollancz, 1988. 256pp. Illust. Glossary. Paperback, £7.95. - D.W. Lloyd, Historic Towns of South-East England. London: Gollancz, 1987. 160pp. Illust. Bibliography. £14.95. - D.W. Lloyd, Historic Towns of East Anglia. London: Gollancz, 1989. 208pp. Illust. Bibliography. £16.95." Urban History 17 (May 1990): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800014784.

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Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig. "Brean Down. Excavations 1983–1987. By Martin Bell. 278 pp., 162 figs, 25 tables, 2 microfiches. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, 1990 (English Heritage Archaeological Report 15). £28.00." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004369.

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Hughes, Annie. "New, Old, Indifferent: The United Kingdom’s Preferences Regarding the Architecture and Design of Public Libraries." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2011): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b80315.

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Objective – Analysis and discussion of attitudes of U.K. citizens toward the architecture and design of the country’s public libraries. Design – Content analysis of essays submitted to the U.K. Mass Observation Archive (MOA). Setting – Citizens of the United Kingdom. Subjects – 180 respondents from a panel of 500 Mass Observation Archive (MOA) volunteers. Methods – The MOA originated in the 1930s as a way to gather qualitative evidence regarding everyday life of the British public. Most of the data gathered takes the form of variable length essays written by a panel of 500 anonymous volunteers. The volunteers respond to specific directives, and in this article, Black summarized responses to a directive he originally posed to the 500 volunteers in 2005: ‘Public Library Buildings’. Black issued this particular directive to the panel of volunteers in the autumn of 2005 and results were made available to the public by mid-2006.The MOA received a total of 180 responses, of which 121 were from women and 59 were from men. Both users of libraries and non-users were included in the sample. The respondents were not a representative sample of the British public because men, ethnic minorities, lower socio-economic groups, and those living outside of the South of England were underrepresented. The author analyzed the content of the 180 submitted essays to gain insight on attitudes regarding public library design and architecture. Respondents were asked about public library location, environmental fit, architectural style, sensory aspects of the building, and whether or not the building resembled other types of public buildings. Although he posed several questions, Black focused on answers to three questions: what do you think about the design of modern library buildings? Do you prefer them to older style buildings? Have you seen older libraries renovated into more modern libraries, and what do you think of them? Black then analyzed the responses and grouped them into four major attitudes toward the architecture and design of public libraries. The author chose not to code any of the responses and instead chose to analyze the ‘discourse’ in and not necessarily the ‘content’ of the essays. After analyzing the discourse, Black contextualized the evidence he discovered. He then discussed political and cultural issues with relation to the four major attitudes and how these issues affected the current landscape of libraries. Main Results – The four major categories derived from the essays that Black analyzed included: preference for the new; preference for the old; preference for a mixing of the old and the new; architectural indifference, the library as ‘place’ and the concept of ‘libraryness.’ Those with a preference for the new preferred the newer, more modern building because it fit better within the world of information technology. These respondents also felt that the older buildings were too intimidating and cold. Those who preferred the older architecture and design felt that the buildings allowed them to access a piece of the past, and they thought an older library to be more impressive, historic, and generally have more elaborate and interesting architecture. These respondents pointed out the fewer places to hide in new libraries, and indicated that new architecture is boring and stolid. The third group of respondents preferred an older exterior, but an up-to-date interior with a more modern infrastructure. They enjoyed the large impressive buildings but liked the interior to contain comfortable, modern furniture, good lighting, as well as updated technological tools. Finally, the remaining group of respondents did not place importance on the physical space of a library, but more so the services and collections within the physical space. Conclusion – The discourse derived from the MOA and analyzed in Black’s article summarizes the attitudes and preferences that citizens of the UK have regarding public library architecture. Among the 180 responses to the ‘Public Library Buildings’ directive, there is a clear tension in these attitudes and preferences. The information gathered in the MOA directive on public libraries could also provide political and cultural leaders with evidence of a need for renewal or rethinking of the country’s public libraries.

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Bradley, Richard. "Wilsford Shaft, Excavations 1960–62. By P. Ashbee, M. Bell & E. Proudfoot. 159 pp., 28 tables, 99 figs. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, 1989 (English Heritage Archaeological Report 11). £16.00." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57, no. 2 (1991): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004758.

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Turner, Olivia Horsfall. "‘The Windows of this Church are of several Fashions’: Architectural Form and Historical Method in John Aubrey’s ‘Chronologia Architectonica’." Architectural History 54 (2011): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00004032.

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Thomas Rickman has been credited, perhaps for too long, as the first figure to ‘discriminate’ the styles of medieval architecture and create a chronological analysis of Gothic architectural forms. Not only were there several authors who published on the subject immediately before Rickman, but there was also, as early as the mid-seventeenth century, considerable interest in the discernment and classification of periods in medieval architecture. One of the chief figures in this was John Aubrey, who pioneered a method for deducing the date of a medieval building by analysing the shapes of its windows. This intellectual initiative, 150 years before Rickman, has been either overlooked or interpreted as a ‘false start’ in Gothic revivalism. It is, however, worthy of fresh appraisal as a significant development in historical method and as an indicator of one way in which architecture was understood in the seventeenth century. Aubrey’s idea was that objects of a given type, in this case medieval windows, had a particular shape during a particular historical period, and that their morphology could be used to create a system for establishing the date of any given building. The context for this scheme was the innovative proposal of several early modern antiquaries that shapes in themselves could convey historical information, and that specific historical periods had their own distinctive forms. These scholars, many of whom were associated with the Royal Society, took faltering steps towards taxonomies of historical form which foreshadowed the methods of analysis that became — and arguably remain — central to the discipline of architectural history. That their interest focused upon medieval architecture at a time when the Gothic was largely rejected as irregular and barbarous is also notable. Examining the origins of a technique for dating historic buildings through visual analysis reveals how an intellectual circle of the seventeenth century perceived and understood architecture at a time when in England architectural commentary and criticism were still in their infancy.

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Evans, J. G., and D. D. A. Simpson. "I. Giants' Hills 2 Long Barrow, Skendleby, Lincolnshire." Archaeologia 109 (1991): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261340900014016.

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The Neolithic long barrow whose excavation is described in this report is one of a pair known as Giants' Hills, situated in the parish of Skendleby, Lincolnshire (NGR: TF(53)429709; Lat. 53° 12′ 40″ N., Long. 0° 8′ 30″ E.). The general geographical location is an outlier of the chalk at the southern extremity of the Lincolnshire Wolds (fig. 1). The site lay at between 56 and 58m O.D. along the gentle south-facing slope of a small river valley (fig. 2). The maximum slope is 7 degrees. Orientation was approximately south-east/north-west with what can be considered the more important end of the barrow (the front) towards the south-east. The dimensions of the preserved mound were 65 × 13m (maximum) (originally 77 × 19m), and of the entire site from the original outer edges of the ditch, 89 × 29m (maximum).The other barrow of the pair, Giants' Hills 1, was excavated by C. W. Phillips (1936). To the south-east beyond a low chalk ridge and in a topographical position similar to that of the Giants' Hills barrows lies another pair of long barrows, the Deadmen's Graves (fig. 2). On a broader geographical scale, both pairs belong to a group of about fifteen long barrows situated on the Lincolnshire Wolds (fig. 1).Excavation took place under the direction of the authors at the instigation of the Department of the Environment (now the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England) because of damage sustained by ploughing. As well as being a rescue operation, the work can be seen as an integral part of research into prehistoric chalkland environments and Neolithic burial practices. Thus, financial support was provided not only by the DoE, but also by University College Cardiff and the University of Leicester. There were three field seasons. In the first two, from 4–28 September 1975 and 27 March to 10 April 1976, the western end of the site (west of line AL, fig. 4) was excavated totally. The main excavation took place between 14 August and 25 September 1976.

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Mercer, Roger. "Julian Richards. The Stonehenge Environs project. xiv + 297 pages, 160 illustrations, 137 tables, 2 microfiches. 1990. London: Historic Buildings & Monuments Commission for England (Archaeological Report 16); ISSN 0953-3796, ISBN 1-85074-269-3 paperback £36." Antiquity 65, no. 247 (June 1991): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080005.

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Keppie, Lawrence. "Hadrian's Wall Bridges. By P. T. Bidwell and N. Holbrook. 295 × 210mm. Pp. ix + 162, 8pls., 97 figs., 12 tables. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England (Archaeological Report, 9), 1989. ISBN 1-85074-166-2. £24·00 (p/b)." Antiquaries Journal 69, no. 2 (September 1989): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500085747.

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Lambrick, George. "The Stonehenge Environs Project. By Julian Richards. 297 × 210mm. Pp. xiii + 297, 160 figs., 137 tables, 2 microfiche. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England (English Heritage Archaeological Report, 16), 1990. ISBN 1-85074-269-3. £36.00 (p/b)." Antiquaries Journal 71 (September 1991): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500086959.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Historic buildings – England – Lancashire'

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