Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Histone post-translational modifications (hPTMs)'

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1

GHIANI, LAVINIA. "THE HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION LANDSCAPE IN HPV+ AND HPV- HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: CHARACTERIZING THE ONCOGENIC ROLE OF THE H3K36ME2 METHYLTRANSFERASE NSD2." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/820678.

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Background: HNSCC is a heterogeneous group of tumors caused mainly by environmental factors and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HPV- and HPV+ HNSCC are considered distinct entities, however, they are still treated with the same therapeutic strategies. HPV-induced tumorigenesis is mainly mediated by the E6/E7 oncoviral proteins, that, among all, alter the epigenetics of the host cells. Nevertheless, epigenetic profiles of HNSCC subtypes have not been clearly profiled. Results and Conclusion: hPTMs super-SILAC analysis of HNSCC cell lines and patients’ tissue samples revealed significant differences in the enrichment levels of some hPTM in HPV+ samples compared to HPV- ones and in tumoral tissues compared to normal ones. We focused on one of these identified hPTM and demonstrated that its levels are regulated by E6 and E7. We identified a histone modifier responsible for this hPTM whose levels are upregulated by E6/E7 and are higher in HPV+ compared to HPV- HNSCC cell lines and patients’ tissue samples, as is for the related hPTM. Silencing this enzyme through shRNA in HNSCC cell lines reduced proliferation and migration rates in both subtypes. It also downregulates the expression levels of some EMT mesenchymal makers and of a crucial oncogene involved in HNSCC. RNA-seq analysis revealed that other programs are instead specifically regulated according to the subtype: immune-response related genes are mainly activated in HPV- cell lines, while genes involved in cell differentiation in the HPV+ ones. Our research paves the way to novel lines of research and identifies a promising novel epigenetic target for HNSCC treatments.
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2

Parameswaran, Kalaivani Nithyha. "Understanding the mechanisms of histone modifications in vivo." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ097/document.

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Les modifications post-traductionnelles (MPTs) d’histones sont apparues comme un acteur majeur de la régulation de l’expression des gènes. Cependant peu de choses sont connues sur le réel impact des MPTs sur la chromatine. Il a été suggéré que les MPTs d’histones (H2A, H2B, H3 et H4) ont le potentiel de moduler la fonction chromatinienne selon un « codehistone » en recrutant des protéines spécifiques de liaison. L’objectif de mon projet est d’approfondir la fonction de l’acétylation du domaine globulaire de l’histone H3 et de comparer cette modification avec celles des queues N-terminale in vivo sur une lignée ES cellulaire. Pour étudier l’impact de ces MPTs in vivo, toutes les copies endogènes du gène H3 sauvage (WT) doivent être remplacées par des copies mutées. Ainsi la première étape de mon projet est d’établir une lignée cellulaire exprimant seulement H3 mutée (e.g reproduisant une acétylation permanente) afin d’étudier les effets des modifications sur le domaine globulaire de H3 sur (a) l’expression génique, (b) l’architecture chromatinienne mais également pour étudier (c) les effets réciproques et synergiques entre les différentes modifications du domaine globulaire et (d) comparer ces effets avec les modifications sur la queue N-terminale dans un système in vivo
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones have emerged as key players in the regulation of gene expression. However, little is known to what extent PTMs can directly impact chromatin. It has been suggested that PTMs of core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) have the potential to govern chromatin function according to the so called ‘‘histone code’’ hypothesis by recruiting specific binding proteins. The goal of my project is to gain insight in the function acetylation within the globular domain of H3 and to compare these modifications with histone tail modifications, in vivo by using the CRISPR in mouse embryonic stem cells (ES). To study the impact of PTMs in vivo, all endogenous wild type (WT) H3 gene copies have to be replaced with mutant copies. Hence, the primary focus of my project is to establish cell lines that exclusively express mutated H3 (e.g. mimicking acetylation) in order to study effects of H3 globular domain modifications on (a) gene expression (b) chromatin architecture as well as to study (c) cross talks and synergisms between globular domain modifications and (d) compare the effects with tail modifications in an vivo system
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Bodey, Elijah D. "Evaluation of Cell Permeability of Intact Histone Complexes in Mammalian Cells." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1525705861000928.

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4

Kurtz, Katryn Lucille. "Structure of chromatin, protein transitions, and post-translational histone modifications in several sperm models." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1158.

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The study of chromatin structure in several simple sperm models of increasing complexity was performed. Species demonstrating different types of sperm nuclear protein transitions and structural changes in spermatic chromatin during spermiogenesis were selected as models for comparison: "H" (non-histone proteins are removed), "H->P" (protamine displaces histones), and "H->Pp->P" (precursor protamine displaces histones, and subsequently is converted into the mature protamine). This study has an evolutionary focus, in which a primitive sperm model is identified, from which more complex models may have risen during evolution. The final sperm characteristics achieved are considered to be caused by the changes the immature sperm cell undergoes during the process of spermiogenesis, and are correlated to an adaptation to the fertilization biology of each species. A broader understanding of the variety of sperm shapes, their chemical variability, and the spermatic chromatin condensation patterns pertaining to species of these simple spermiogenic models has been achieved. In this study, the diversity in sperm characteristics is extrapolated to the function the sperm cell has to pass on its genetic material to achieve fertilization of the egg of its own species.

For three different models using four marine species, protein transitions, chromatin condensation, and acetylation patterns were described during spermiogeneis. Specifically, changes in chromatin architecture and its protein complement was extensively studied using mainly transmission electron microscopy, inmunocytochemistry using anti-histone, anti-precursor protamine, and anti-acetyl group antibodies, as well as high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and western blotting.

A model of specialized sperm chromatin (crustacean type) has been included in this study, since for decades this type of chromatin has remained poorly understood. Crustacean type sperm, once believed to have nuclei void of basic DNA-associated proteins, was found to contain histones, and is considered a derivation of the "H" model. Three species of brachyuran crabs from two different families were used to compositionally and ultrastructurally study this unusually decondensed mature sperm chromatin. Characterization of the histones from these sperm using HPLC and amino acid analysis confirm that the basic proteins extracted from sperm of these crabs are indeed typical and canonical histones, though some appear modified by post-translational modifications such as acetylation, which has never before been described in mature sperm. Additionally, in Maja brachydactyla, histones H3 and H2B appear in stoichiometric amounts different to what would be found in somatic chromatin. By performing micrococcal nuclease digestions, the presence of nucleosomes (or nucleosome-like particles) in the sperm of these species was confirmed, and demonstrated that histones are found interacting with the sperm DNA. Further, the histone/DNA ratio was evaluated in two Cancer species, and it was determined that these sperm only contain slightly over half the amount of basic protein per DNA unit compared to other sperm types. These results concerning the composition of the crustacean-type sperm chromatin help to explain its decondensed nature.
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5

Minshull, Tom. "Studying the effects of severe sepsis on histone post translational modifications using mass spectrometry." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13244/.

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Sepsis is a very serious clinical syndrome. It results from the host's systemic response to an infectious agent. In order to treat sepsis an effective therapeutic target and robust biomarkers are required, so that the appropriate drug can be given at the right time. However, 30 clinical trials of therapies attempting to treat sepsis by blocking the action of TNF? or IL-1 have proven ineffective and a meta-analysis of 3370 studies examining 178 biomarkers found that none displayed the necessary specificity to be routinely and robustly used in clinical practice (Hotchkiss et al. 2013b; Pierrakos & Vincent 2010). Therefore, an effective and robust therapeutic target and biomarker are highly sort after for the management of sepsis. Recent research has highlighted a possible role for histone post translational modifications (PTMs) in the disease process of sepsis. This thesis sought to utilise a mass spectrometry approach to identify and quantify global levels of histone PTMs in sepsis. In order to investigate this, a novel 2D-LC-MS/MS workflow was developed using a porous graphitic column in the first dimension. This increased the number of histone peptides identified by 62.7% compared to a 1D-LC approach. Using this methodology research focused on two human primary cell types: macrophages and T-cells to examine the effects of sepsis on global levels of histone PTMs. This study for the first time identified a number of histone PTMs that were perturbed during sepsis in both primary human cell types. The results showed that significant changes in a number of histone modifications were observed, including; H3.3K27me2K36me2, H2AK5ac, H3K9me2 and H3K23ac. These results provide further insight into the role of epigenetics associated with severe sepsis and provide potential biomarkers that can be used to stage the progression of sepsis, or be targeted therapeutically in the treatment of sepsis.
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6

Bock, Ina [Verfasser]. "Recognition of post-translational histone modifications by antibodies and epigenetic reading domains / Ina Bock." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037013751/34.

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7

López, Ramos Rita. "Linker histone post-translational modifications and effects of phosphorylation on secondary structure and chromatin aggregation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131313.

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Les histones linker juguen un paper important en l’organització i manteniment de la cromatina en estructures d'ordre superior i en la regulació transcripcional. La histona H1 en vertebrats té una estructura característica en tres dominis: un domini N-terminal curt i flexible; un domini globular central; i un domini C-terminal llarg. Els dominis N- i C-terminals (CTD) són molt bàsics i es troben desestructurats en solució aquosa. La distribució de càrrega és bastant uniforme al llarg de tot el CTD. La interacció amb el DNA indueix un plegament total i estable del CTD en condicions fisiològiques, fet que permet classificar aquest domini en el grup de les proteïnes intrínsecament desordenades, on el plegament i la unió al lligand estan acoblades. La fosforilació post-traduccional del CTD de la H1 té efectes en l’estructura secundària de la proteïna i en la condensació del DNA. L’estructura secundària de la H10 sencera es va analitzar per espectroscòpia d’infrarroig. La H10, igual que el CTD aïllat, també es plegà degut a la interacció amb el DNA i l’estructura secundària també va ser modulada per fosforilació. El canvi estructural induït per la fosforilació va consistir en un increment de la quantitat d’estructura β, que va esdevenir més significant amb la unió a DNA, on també es va observar una dependència d’aquest increment amb la relació proteïna/DNA. En aquest cas, la proporció d’estructura β va arribar al 54%, suggerint que el CTD en la proteïna sencera presentava una conformació tot-β. Simultàniament, es va observar una reducció significant de l’estructura en hèlix-α, fet que va suggerir una disminució d’aquest element estructural en el domini globular, probablement per la propagació de l’estructura β des del CTD cap a la resta de la proteïna. En presència de SDS, la H10 es va plegar amb percentatges d’estructura secundària similars als observats en la unió al DNA. A una relació molar SDS/proteïna 14:1, la H10 trifosforilada presentava un 55% d’estructura β, indicant que el CTD en la histona H10 també es trobava en una conformació tot-β i formava fibres amiloides. Els nuclis d’eritròcit de pollastre contenen cromatina inerta i altament compacta consistent, principalment, en DNA i proteïnes histona. En aquest estudi, es va emprar aquesta cromatina per analitzar les modificacions post-traduccionals de les histones i l’efecte de la fosforilació per CDK2 en l’agregació de la cromatina. Els nuclis es van digerir amb nucleasa micrococcal i la cromatina es va fraccionar per centrifugació en tampó de baixa força iònica en fraccions soluble i insoluble. Les modificacions post-traduccionals (PTMs) de les histones linker purificades d’ambdues fraccions es van analitzar per Tandem MS. Els sis subtipus d’histona H1 i la histona H5 van ser identificats. En aquest estudi, es van trobar vuit PTMs novells: dues a la histona H5 i sis en els subtipus d’ H1. Algunes de les modificacions van ser identificades específicament en una de les fraccions, suggerint una distribució diferencial d’algunes PTMs en la cromatina. La comparació de les PTMs novells identificades amb altres prèviament descrites en altres espècies va demostrar que la majoria d’elles estan conservades en l’evolució. Atès que les histones linker desenvolupen la seva funció en la cromatina, es va fosforilar ex vivo amb CDK2 els motius S/T-P-X-Z de les histones linker presents en la cromatina d’eritròcit de pollastre; amb l’objectiu d’estudiar l’efecte de la fosforilació en l’agregació de la cromatina. L’anàlisi proteòmic per HPCE i MALDTOF-MS va mostrar que el nombre de grups fosfat va augmentar amb el temps de fosforilació, assolint un 54% d’espècies fosforilades (mono- i di-fosforilades) en el cas de la H5 després de la fosforilació overnight. Experiments de Tandem MS van revelar que, en cap de les histones purificades de la cromatina nativa, cap dels motius S/T-P-X-Z estava fosforilat, indicant que la fosforilació detectada en les mostres tractades amb CDK2 havien estat modificats ex vivo. En H5, nomes S148 va identificar-se en totes les mostres i es trobava fosforilat després d’1 hora. En l’anàlisi per TandemMS de les H1, tots els motius consens de CDK2, excepte S171 (posició en H1.01), es van identificar en els subtipus H1.03, H1.1L i H1.1R. H1.03T16 es va trobar fosforilat després de 15 minuts; H1.1LS192 I H1.1RS186 després d’1 hora; H1.03S155, H1.1LS155 i H1.1RS153 després de 3 hores. Un cop la fosforilació ex vivo de les histones en la cromatina es va comprovar, es va procedir a estudiar l’efecte de la fosforilació en l’agregació de la cromatina induïda per MgCl2 (1.6mM) per Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). El resultat més significant associat a la fosforilació va ser la disminució del diàmetre hidrodinàmic de les molècules agregades. Aquestes diferències van esdevenir més important amb l’augment del temps de fosforilació i amb la mida dels fragments de cromatina. Els resultats obtinguts van demostrar que la fosforilació de les histones linker impedia l’agregació de la cromatina.
Linker histones play an important role in establishing and maintaining chromatin higher-order structure and in transcriptional regulation. Histone H1 in vertebrates has a characteristic three-domain structure consisting of a short flexible N-terminal domain, a central globular domain and a long C-terminal domain. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal (CTD) domains are highly basic and mainly unstructured in aqueous solution. The charge distribution is quite uniform along the CTD. Because of that, chromatin condensation is mediated through charge-neutralization of the negatively charged linker DNA, facilitating chromatin condensation into the 30nm fibre and also intermolecular aggregation. Interaction with DNA induces the complete folding of the CTD under physiological conditions in a very stable manner, which allows to classify this domain as an intrinsically disordered protein, with coupled binding and folding. Post-translational phosphorylation of the CTD of H1 has effects on secondary structure and DNA condensation. Secondary structure of the entire H10 was analysed by infrared spectroscopy. H10, as the isolated CTD, also folded upon DNA interaction and the secondary structure was modulated by phosphorylation. The structural change following phosphorylation was characterized by an increase in the amount of β‐structure that was more significant when bound to DNA and was dependant on the protein/DNA ratio. The proportion of β‐structure reached 54 % suggesting that the CTD was in an all‐β conformation in the entire protein. Concomitant with the increase in β‐structure, there was a remarkable decrease of α‐helix that suggested the loss of some of the α‐helix in the globular domain; probably associated to the propagation of the β‐structure from the CTD towards the rest of the protein. In the presence of SDS, H10 folded with percentages of secondary structure motifs similar to those found when bound to DNA. At a molar ratio 14:1 (SDS/protein) the triphosphorylated protein had 55% of β‐structure indicating that the CTD within histone H10 was also in an all‐β conformation and formed amyloid fibres. Mature chicken erythrocyte nuclei contain highly condensed and inert chromatin, mainly consisting of DNA and histone proteins. Chicken erythrocyte chromatin was used to analyse linker histones post-translational modifications and the effect of phosphorylation by CDK2 on chromatin aggregation. The nuclei were digested with micrococcal nuclease and fractionated by centrifugation in low-salt buffer into soluble and insoluble fractions. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the purified linker histones of both fractions were analyzed by Tandem MS. All six histone H1 subtypes (H1.01, H1.02, H1.03, H1.10, H1.1L and H1.1R) and histone H5 were identified. In our study, we identified eight novel post-translational modifications: two were identified in histone H5 and six in histone H1 subtypes. Some of the identified modifications were specific of one chromatin fraction suggesting the differential distribution of some PTMs within chromatin. Comparison of the PTMs found with other previously reported for other species showed that most of them are conserved through evolution. Since histone H1 develops its function within chromatin; chicken erythrocyte chromatin was phosphorylated ex vivo with CDK2 in the S/T-P-X-Z motifs present in linker histones in order to study the effects of ex vivo phosphorylation of linker histones on chromatin aggregation. Proteomic analyses by HPCE and MALDITOF-MS showed that the the number of phosphate groups increased with the time of phosphorylation, reaching, in the case of H5, 54% of phosphorylated species (mono and diphosphorylated) after overnight phosphorylation. Tandem MS after proteolytic digestion revealed that in all linker histones the S/T-PX-Z motifs were unphosphorylated in native chromatin indicating that the phosphorylated peptides found at other times of reaction were modified ex vivo. In H5, only S148 was identified in all samples and was phosphorylated after 1 hour. In the Tandem MS analysis of histone H1 subtypes, all the CDK2 consensus sequences, except S171(H1.1R numbering) were identified for H1.03, H1.1L and H1.1R. H1.03T16 was found phosphorylated after 15 minutes; H1.1LS192 and H1.1RS186 after 1 hour; H1.03S155, H1.1LS155 and H1.1RS153 after3 hours. Once ex vivo phosphorylation of linker histones within chromatin was confirmed, the effect of linker histones ex vivo phosphorylation on chromatin aggregation induced by MgCl2 (1.6 mM) was analysed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The most remarkable result associated to ex vivo phosphorylation of linker histones within chromatin was a decrease in the hydrodynamic diameter of the aggregated molecules. The differences became greater with the increase of phosphorylation time and with the size of the chromatin fragments. These results indicated that linker histones phosphorylation impaired chromatin aggregation.
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Shahidian, Lara [Verfasser], and Robert [Akademischer Betreuer] Schneider. "The role of novel histone post-translational modifications in transcription / Lara Shahidian ; Betreuer: Robert Schneider." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1236502051/34.

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9

Karim, Muhammed. "Study of the post-translational modifications of histone H4 by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9780.

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Post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins is known to be a method by which protein function can be regulated. The addition of selected chemical groups at specific amino acid residues can act as a switch by which the function of a modified protein can be attenuated. Histones are a group of proteins which are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and interact with DNA, providing it with a structural foundation upon which the chromosome is built. Histone proteins have numerous sequence variants and are known to be extensively post-translationally modified in a dynamic manner. These modifications have a direct effect on the interacting DNA resulting in increasing or decreasing levels of gene transcription. Advancements in analytical instrumentation, when coupled to high resolution separation techniques permit the analysis of increasingly complex biological mixtures. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) offers unrivalled mass resolving power and mass measurement accuracy, allowing the detailed study of mixtures of intact proteins and their post-translational modifications. These features have been exploited to provide a global view of the PTMs of histone proteins. The work contained within this thesis is a study, by FT-ICR MS, of the modifications of one of the most extensively modified histone proteins; histone H4. Firstly, the modifications of histone H4 were examined after treatment with a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor across several cell lines. The cell lines chosen showed a varying response to treatment with the inhibitor. From the cell lines tested, two which responded differently were further interrogated to elucidate the order in which acetylation occurs in the N-terminal region. Secondly, the modifications of histone H4 were analyzed after exposure to lactic acid over multiple treatment times. Lactic acid is a metabolic by-product, and is of interest when considering the Warburg effect and its role in tumorigenesis. Exposure of cells to levels of lactic acid which can be present under anaerobic conditions (i.e. during intense exercise) showed that lactate is able to inhibit histone de-acetylation. The resulting increase in hyper-acetylated forms of histone H4 could be potentially linked to increased gene expression, a typical observation in tumorigenic cells. Finally, using a mouse model for the neurological condition Rett Syndrome, the posttranslational modifications of histone H4 were investigated. The primary cause of Rett Syndrome is mutation of the DNA binding protein methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). MeCP2 has been associated with multiple intracellular functions, one of which is chromatin remodelling. The work carried out showed a link between MeCP2 mutation and tri-methylation of histone H4. In addition, the tri-methylation was not solely identified through the presence of tri-methylated fragments in fragmentation mass spectra. Interestingly, the neutral loss of a methylene group was observed extensively during fragmentation of tri-methylated species. This unreported phenomenon made interpretation of spectra difficult; however, ultimately served as a useful marker for this modification.
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Goudarzi, Afsaneh. "Male genome programming guided by histone acylations." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV059/document.

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Le principal intérêt de nos études présentées dans ce manuscrit, correspond à la compréhension des évènements, reliés aux acylations d’histones au niveau des lysines (Ks) dans les cellules germinales post méiotiques, qui régulent spécifiquement l’expression des gènes à l’échelle du génome entier.Dans la première partie de mon travail, nous avons élaboré une stratégie afin d’analyser le rôle des « histones acetyl transférases » (HATs), Cbp et p300, dans les cellules germinales post méiotiques. Pour ce faire, nous avons généré une lignée de souris conditionnellement et partiellement invalidée pour les gènes Cbp et p300 dans les cellules post méiotiques. Bien que les souris mâles sont fertiles et que la spermatogénèse semble se dérouler normalement, une analyse transcriptomique des cellules germinales haploïdes post méiotiques précoces et tardives nous a permis d’identifier une série de gènes dont l’expression est augmentée dans les cellules spermatogéniques tardives et qui sont sensibles à la diminution des niveaux de Cbp et p300. Ces résultats ont permis de révéler un programme spécifique d’expression de gènes dans les cellules germinales post méiotiques dépendant des HATs correspondantes.Prenant en compte qu’il existe une variété d’acylations des histones au niveau des lysines, nous avons étendu nos études à une modification à « quatre-carbone », la butyrylation. Nous avons alors initié une analyse comparative de l’acétylation et de la butyrylation de l’histone H₄ en positions K5 et K8 dans les cellules germinales mâles en différentiation. Nous avons cartographié à l’échelle du génome les marques H4K5ac, H4K5bu, H4K8ac, et H4K8bu au niveau de deux étapes développementales critiques avec les cellules méiotiques et les cellules post méiotiques haploïdes. Cette cartographie montre que la majorité des gènes exprimés fortement, à la fois dans les cellules méiotiques et les spermatides précoces rondes haploïdes, qu’au niveau des sites d’initiation de la transcription (TSSs) l’acétylation et la butyrylation sont interchangeables. De façon intéressante, beaucoup de ces promoteurs correspondants sont aussi reconnus par un régulateur essentiel de l’expression des gènes lors de la spermatogénèse, le factor à bromodomaine, Brdt. Une étude détaillée, des capacités de liaison du facteur Brdt sur les parties N-terminales de l’histone H4 portant des combinaisons variées d’acétylation et/ou de butyrylation en position K5 et K8, montre que la marque H4K5bu inhibe fortement la liaison du facteur Brdt. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’en addition à la fonction activatrice de Brdt vis-à-vis du programme d’expression de gènes méiotiques et post méiotiques, l’échange (« turnover ») induit par la butyrylation d’H4K5 est également important. Ce travail montre comment une interconnexion entre deux différentes acylations d’une même lysine peut jouer un rôle régulateur essentiel en augmentant la dynamique de liaison de la chromatine par un lecteur de lysine acétylé, Brdt.Enfin, au cours d’un travail collaboratif portant sur des approches structurales, nous avons montré, malgré le fait que p300 soit répertoriée comme une acétylase robuste, que son activité est réduite lorsque la longueur des chaines acyl augmente. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’in vivo, p300 puisse utiliser un co-facteur spécifique pour assurer des acylations d’histones autre qu’une acétylation.Ces investigations mettent en lumière comment la programmation du génome mâle est guidée par diverses acylations d’histone et révèlent pour la première fois l’existence d’un réseau moléculaire qui régule ces acylations et transmet un impact fonctionnel
The main focus of the investigations reported in this manuscript is the understanding of the regulatory events that are based on histone lysine modifications in post-meiotic male germ cells, where specific and chromosome-wide regulations of gene expression occur. In the first part of my work we designed a strategy to specifically investigate the role of the histone acetyl-transferases (HATs), Cbp and p300, in post-meiotic male germ cells.Accordingly, we generated double Cbp and p300 conditional knock-out mice resulting in a partial depletion of Cbp and p300 in post-meiotic cells. Although the mice were fertile and spermatogenesis seemed to take place normally, a transcriptomic analysis of early and late post-meiotic germ cells led to the identification of a specific subset of genes with an increased expression in late spermatogenic cells that is highly sensitive to the decreased amounts of Cbp and p300. In conclusion, these results have revealed an interesting new gene expression program specific to post-meiotic male germ cells that are specifically regulated by the considered HATs.Taking into account the occurrence of a variety of histone lysine acylations, we extended these investigations to a four-carbon histone lysine modification, butyrylation. Accordingly, we have undertaken a comprehensive comparative analysis of histone H4 acetylation and butyrylation on its K5 and K8 positions in differentiating male germ cells. Genome-wide mapping of H4K5ac, H4K5bu, H4K8ac and H4K8bu at two critical developmental stages, meiotic and post-meiotic haploid cells, shows an interchangeable use of acetylation and butyrylation in the Transcriptional Start Sites (TSSs) of the most highly expressed genes in both meiotic and haploid round spermatids. Interestingly, many of these promoters are also bound by the essential regulator of spermatogenic gene expression, the BET bromodomain-containing factor, Brdt. A detailed analysis of Brdt binding capacity of H4 tails bearing various combinations of K5 and K8 acetylation and butyrylation showed that H4K5 butyrylation severely interferes with Brdt-binding. Our results therefore indicate that not only Brdt is required for the activation of a meiotic and post-meiotic gene expression program, but also its turnover induced by H4K5 butyrylation is equally important. This work hence highlights how an interplay between two different acylations occurring on the same lysines can play an essential regulatory role by increasing the chromatin binding dynamics of a critical lysine acetyl-reader, Brdt.Finally, in a collaborative work with structural biologists we showed that while p300 is a robust acetylase, its activity gets weaker with increasing acyl chain length. These results suggest that in vivo, p300 would use a specific co-factor to ensure non-acetyl histone acylations.Overall, these investigations shed an important light on how the male genome programming is guided by histone acylations and revealed for the first time a molecular network that regulates histone acylations and mediates its functional impact
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11

Mooney, Alex M. "The Influence of DNA Sequence and Post Translational Modifications on Nucleosome Positioning and Stability." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354733493.

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12

Martínez, Cebrián Gerard 1992. "Identification of novel histone marks required for the transcriptional stress response." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668153.

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Upon environmental stresses such as temperature fluctuations or increases in osmolarity, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces a transcriptional reprograming in order to survive and adapt to the stress. Histone post-translational modifications are key regulatory elements known to modulate transcription. By using a complete collection of histone mutants, we performed a high throughput transcriptional screening to assess the histone residues required for a proper induction of stressresponsive fluorescent reporters upon heat and osmotic stress. From our screening, we could extract general conclusions regarding the histone residues required for the stress-induced transcription. We observed poor overlap between the residues necessary for heat and osmotic stress. Results from the screening also suggested accessible and modifiable residues were more prone to affect stress-induced transcription when mutated. Following such indications, we selected the accessible and modifiable residues H4-S47 and H4-T30 as their mutation rendered transcriptional defects upon osmotic and heat stress respectively. We validated and characterized the extent of their transcriptional defects by northern blot and RNA sequencing. We also identified and characterized Cla4 and Ste20 for H4-S47 and Ste11 for the H4-T30 as the putative kinases phosphorylating these residues upon stress. In addition, the study of other residues identified in the screening opens new possibilities to identify novel histone modifications relevant for the transcriptional stress response.
Durant estressos ambientals, com ara fluctuacions de temperatura o augment de l'osmolaritat, el llevat Saccharomyces cerevisiae indueix una reprogramació transcripcional per sobreviure i adaptar-se a l'estrès. Les modificacions post-traduccionals d'histones són elements reguladors clau coneguts per modular la transcripció. Utilitzant una col·lecció complet de mutants d'histona, vam realitzar un cribratge transcripcional a gran escala per a avaluar els residus d'histona necessaris per a una inducció adequada de senyalitzadors fluorescents que responen a estrès osmòtic i tèrmic. Del nostre cribratge, vam poder extreure conclusions generals sobre els residus d'histona necessaris per a la transcripció induïda per estrès. Vam observar poc solapament entre els residus necessaris per l’estrès tèrmic i osmòtic. Els resultats del cribratge també suggereixen que els residus accessibles i modificables, quan se’ls mutava, eren més propensos a afectar la transcripció induïda per l'estrès. Seguint aquestes indicacions, vam seleccionar els residus accessibles i modificables H4-S47 i H4-T30 ja que la seva mutació proporcionava defectes transcripcionals en estrès osmòtic i tèrmic respectivament. Vam validar i caracteritzar l’extensió dels seus defectes transcripcionals mitjançant norther blot i seqüenciació d’ARN. També vam identificar i caracteritzar Cla4 i Ste20 per a H4-S47 i Ste11 per a H4-T30 com a possibles quinases que fosforilen els dos residus en estrès. A més, l'estudi d'altres residus identificats en el cribratge obre noves possibilitats per identificar noves modificacions d'histona rellevants per a la resposta transcripcional en estrès.
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Pengelly, Ana R. [Verfasser], and John [Akademischer Betreuer] Parsch. "Functional analysis of histone post-translational modifications by the polycomb group of transcriptional repressors / Ana R. Pengelly ; Betreuer: John Parsch." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1114068136/34.

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Pengelly, Ana Raquel [Verfasser], and John [Akademischer Betreuer] Parsch. "Functional analysis of histone post-translational modifications by the polycomb group of transcriptional repressors / Ana R. Pengelly ; Betreuer: John Parsch." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1114068136/34.

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15

Contrepois, Kévin. "Modifications de la chromatine associées à la sénescence cellulaire." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112102.

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La sénescence cellulaire est une réponse à un stress des cellules de mammifère caractérisée par un arrêt durable du cycle cellulaire. Celle-ci peut être déclenchée par un dysfonctionnement des télomères, des stress génotoxiques et l’activation d’oncogènes. La sénescence constitue une puissante ligne de défense contre le développement de cancers et intervient aussi dans le vieillissement. Les cellules en sénescence réorganisent leur génome par l’assemblage en hétérochromatine sous forme de SAHFs (senescence-associated heterochromatin foci). Nous avons mis en évidence que la désacétylation globale de H4-K16Ac par la désacétylase SIRT2 est impliquée dans l’assemblage de l’hétérochromatine en sénescence. De plus, nous avons identifié une accumulation de variants d’histones H2A et H2B spécifiquement dans des cellules en sénescence présentant des dommages persistants à l’ADN. Ces variants d’histone pourraient avoir des fonctions spécifiques dans ces cellules et pourraient représenter un biomarqueur du vieillissement in vivo.Mes travaux apportent des éléments pour la compréhension des rôles de l’information épigénétique dans la sénescence cellulaire
Cellular senescence is a stress response of mammalian cells characterized by a stable cell proliferation arrest. It can be triggered by telomere dysfunction, genotoxic stress and oncogene activation. Cellular senescence acts as a natural barrier against cancer development and is involved in ageing. Senescent cells reorganize their genome by the assembly of chromatin into senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). We showed that SIRT2-mediated global deacetylation of H4-K16Ac is involved in heterochromatin assembly in senescence. Moreover, we identified the accumulation with time of specific H2A and H2B variants in senescence triggered by persistent DNA damage signaling. These histone variants could have specific functions in senescent cells and could be a useful ageing biomarker in vivo.This work provides novel insights into chromatin modification and epigenetic regulation in cellular senescence
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16

Bilgraer, Raphaël. "Déchiffrer le code histone : épigénétique et toxicologie placentaire." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P627/document.

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En influençant le degré de compaction de la chromatine ainsi que ses interactions avec différents partenaires protéiques, les modifications post-traductionnelles des histones sont impliquées dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes. Avec les différents variants d’histones incorporés dans la chromatine, ces modifications dynamiques et sensibles à l’environnement sont constitutives du code histone. Ce travail présente une approche globale de criblage baptisée approche histonomique, visant à révéler une perturbation épigénétique à l’échelle des histones. Cette approche originale offre une comparaison rapide et fiable des abondances relatives des variants d’histones et de leurs modifications post-traductionnelles dans des cellules humaines en une seule analyse LC-MS. Comme preuve de concept, des cellules BeWo issues de choriocarcinome humain ont été exposées au butyrate de sodium, un inhibiteur non spécifique d’histones désacétylases. Les histones extraites des échantillons témoins ou traités au butyrate de sodium à 1 ou 2,5 mM ont été analysées par chromatographie liquide ultra performante couplée à un spectromètre de masse de type Q-TOF. Les analyses statistiques multivariées ont permis de discriminer les échantillons témoins des échantillons traités sur la base des différences de degrés d’acétylation observés sur plusieurs formes d’histones. La même approche a ensuite été appliquée à des cellules exposées au B[a]P à 1 μM et a révélé deux principaux marqueurs caractéristiques d’un remodelage de la chromatine induit par les effets génotoxiques duB[a]P. En résumé, cette approche histonomique globale pourrait se révéler être un outil complémentaire très utile pour explorer une potentielle perturbation du code histone lors d’exposition à des xénobiotiques environnementaux
While acting upon chromatin compaction, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are involved in modulating gene expression through histone–DNA affinity and protein–protein interactions. These dynamic and environment-sensitive modifications are constitutive of the histone code that reflects the transient transcriptional state of the chromatin. Here we describe a global screening approach for revealing epigenetic disruption at the histone level. This original approach enables fast and reliable relative abundance comparison of histone PTMs and variants in human cells within a single LC-MS experiment. As a proof of concept, we exposed BeWo human choriocarcinoma cells to sodium butyrate (SB), a universal histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Histone acide xtracts equally representing 3 distinct classes, Control, 1 mM and 2.5 mM SB, we reanalyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid quadrupoletime-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF-MS). Multivariate statistics allowed us to discriminate control from treated samples based on differences in the acetylation level of several histone forms. We then applied the same procedure to cells treated with 1 μMB[a]P and suceeded in revealing two markers of chromatin remodeling in relation withgenotoxic properties of B[a]P. Indeed, this untargeted histonomic approach could be auseful exploratory tool in many cases of environmental xenobiotic exposure when histone code disruption is suspected
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Soldi, M. "ESTABLISHMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE CHROP APPROACH, COMBINING CHIP AND MS-BASED PROTEOMICS, FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHROMATOME AT DISTINCT FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/219069.

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Chromatin is a highly dynamic, well-structured nucleoprotein complex of DNA and proteins that controls virtually all DNA-transactions. Chromatin dynamicity is regulated at specific loci by the presence of various associated proteins, histones post-translational modifications, histone variants and DNA methylation. Until now the characterization of the proteomic component of chromatin domains has been held back by the challenge of enriching distinguishable, homogeneous regions for the subsequent mass spectrometry analysis and thus remains a very attractive unachieved goal. I contributed in this direction developing and optimizing a proteomic strategy that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation with quantitative proteomics based on stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture to identify known and novel histone modifications, variants and complexes that specifically associate with silent and active chromatin domains. This chromatin proteomics strategy revealed unique functional interactions among various chromatin modifiers, thus suggesting new regulatory pathways, such as an heterochromatin-specific modulation of DNA damage response involving H2A.X and WICH, both enriched in silent domains. Chromatin proteomics expands the arsenal of tools for deciphering how all the distinct protein components act together to enforce a given region-specific chromatin status.
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18

Jordi, Emmanuelle. "Histone post-translational modifications in the nuclei of striatal D1 and D2 neurons : development of a novel method of study and effects of cocaine." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831656.

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L'exposition répétée à la cocaine induit une plasticité cérébrale responsable de changements comportementaux de longue durée, dont les mécanismes de signalisation intracellulaire sont mal connus. Les neurones du striatum exprimant le recepteur à la dopamine D1 et ceux exprimant le recepteur à la dopamine D2 jouent un rôle important dans l'intégration de ces signaux. L'activation de ces récepteurs induit des cascades de signalisations opposées, il est donc primordial de pouvoir les étudier séparément. Afin d'analyser spécifiquement ces familles de neurones, nous avons adapté une méthode de tri et d'analyse des noyaux des neurones basée sur la cytométrie en flux. Notre étude a permis de quantifier les changements post-traductionels des histones, ainsi que les enzymes les controlant, specificiquement dans les noyaux des neurones D1 ou D2, suite à un traitement aigu ou chronique de cocaine. Avec cette approche, nous avons trouvé que les neurones D1 et D2 comportent des profils épigénétiques spécifiques, dynamiquement régulés par la cocaine. Plus particulièrement, nous avons trouvé que l'acétylation des histones H3K14, H4K5, H4K12 et la méthylation de H3K9 étaient régulées de manière opposée entre les deux types cellulaires, sous-tendant la disparité de leur réponse transcriptionelle à la drogue. Enfin, nous avons observé qu'il y avait une corrélation complexe entre les modifications post-traductionelles d'histones, spécifiques des neurones D1 ou D2, et qui est sensiblement altérée par la cocaine. Nous proposons une approche originale dans le domaine des neurosciences permettant l'étude des protéines nucléaires applicable potentiellement à tous les types neuronaux du cerveau
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19

McKee, Christopher J. "Characterizing interactions of HIV-1 integrase with viral DNA and the cellular cofactor LEDGF." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1274979614.

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20

Bernier, Morgan Welsh. "The Structure of Chromatin and its Influence on Gene Regulation." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417617602.

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21

Monneau, Yoan. "Etude des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones : l’analyse structuro-fonctionnelle d'une peptidyl-prolyl isomérase et la production semi-synthétique d’une protéine acétylée." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21900/document.

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L'unité structurale de la chromatine, nommée nucléosome, est composée d'un double brin d'ADN enroulé autour d'un octamère d'histone, et subit une pléthore de modifications post-traductionnelles. Les conséquences biologiques de l’acétylation des lysines et de l’isomérisation des liaisons peptidyl-prolyl ont été étudiées à travers une analyse à l’échelle atomique par RMN de systèmes d'intérêt reconstitués in vitro. Les liaisons peptidyl-prolyl du domaine N-terminal de l'histone H3 sont substrats in vitro d’une isomérase chez S. cerevisiae nommée Fpr4p, laquelle exerce un contrôle catalyse-dépendant de la transcription. La résolution de la structure du domaine catalytique de Fpr4p, à partir de contraintes géométriques mesurées par RMN, révéla un domaine canonique de la famille FKBP (FK506-binding protein). Grâce à l'analyse de la séquence primaire et aux expériences RMN, nous proposons un modèle structural préliminaire de Fpr4p entière. L'analyse fonctionnelle est réalisée grâce à trois décapeptides construits à partir de la séquence primaire de H3 chez S. cerevisiae. Ils sont tous substrats de Fpr4p et la catalyse est équivalente pour Pro16 et Pro30. La proportion à l'équilibre du conformère cis fut déterminée pour les trois peptides et celle-ci n'est pas affectée par l'activité catalytique de Fpr4p. Les structures en solution des substrats en conformation trans ont été résolues par spectroscopie RMN, et seront utilisées pour des appariements moléculaires in silico sur le domaine catalytique de Fpr4p. Pour étudier le rôle biologique de l'acétylation des histones, une méthodologie de production de protéines acétylées a été développée. Le protocole repose sur la mutation d'une lysine en cystéine d'une protéine recombinante, suivie d'une alkylation contrôlée exploitant la nucléophilie du groupe thiol préalablement introduit. La production de l'agent alkylant adéquat est simple, rapide, réalisable dans un laboratoire de biologie et permet différents marquages isotopiques du groupe acétyle. L'alkylation d'une protéine repliée fut réalisée avec succès en conditions natives. Le dimère d'histone H2A-H2B, un intermédiaire de l'assemblage du nucléosome et siège d'acétylation in vivo, fut reconstruit in vitro. Les déplacements chimiques des domaines N et C-terminaux de H2A sont cohérents avec un état intrinsèquement déstructuré bien que leurs dynamiques moléculaires ne soient pas équivalentes
The structural unit of chromatin, the nucleosome, is composed of double-stranded DNA wrapped around a histone octamer and is subject to a plethora of post-translational modifications. The biological consequences of peptidyl-prolyl isomerization and lysine acetylation were investigated at atomic scale through analysis of in vitro reconstituted systems by NMR. Peptidyl-prolyl bonds of histone H3 N-terminal domain are substrates in vitro of an isomerase from S. cerevisiae named Fpr4p, which underlies transcriptional control dependent on its catalytic activity. The solution structure of the catalytic domain of Fpr4p was calculated based on restraints from NMR spectroscopy, and reveals a canonical catalytic domain belonging to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family. Based on primary sequence analysis and NMR experiments, a preliminary structural model of full length Fpr4p is also presented. Functional analyses were performed with three decapeptides designed from the primary sequence from the N-terminal tail of S. cerevisiae histone H3. All three constitute substrates of Fpr4p, with equivalent catalysis observed for Pro16 and Pro30. The equilibrium proportion of the cis-proline conformer has been determined for all three decapeptides, and these populations are unaffected by Fpr4p catalytic activity. Structural ensembles of the substrates with proline in the trans conformation were determined by using NMR spectroscopy, and will be subsequently used for in silico molecular docking onto Fpr4p. To study a second form of histone regulation, a semi-synthetic method to produce acetylated protein was developed. The protocol relies on the site-specific mutation of lysine to cysteine in recombinant proteins followed by controlled alkylation thanks to nucleophilicity of the introduced thiol. The production of the required alkylation reagent is easy, quick, and suitable for biology laboratory and allows diverse isotopic labeling within the acetyl group. Alkylation of folded proteins has also been achieved in native conditions. As one target of acetylation in vivo, the histone H2A-H2B dimer is an intermediate of nucleosome assembly and was reconstituted in vitro. Chemical shift values of the N- and C-terminal domains of H2A are in agreement with an intrinsically disordered state although they display differences in dynamic mobility
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Studencka, Maja [Verfasser], Monika [Akademischer Betreuer] Jedrusik-Bode, Sigrid [Akademischer Betreuer] Hoyer-Fender, Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Kessel, and Detlef [Akademischer Betreuer] Doenecke. "The influence of post-translational modifications on biology of the linker histone HIS-24 in Caenorhabditis elegans / Maja Studencka. Gutachter: Sigrid Hoyer-Fender ; Michael Kessel ; Detlef Doenecke. Betreuer: Monika Jedrusik-Bode." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042846014/34.

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Studencka, Maja Verfasser], Monika [Akademischer Betreuer] Jedrusik-Bode, Sigrid [Akademischer Betreuer] Hoyer-Fender, Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Kessel, and Detlef [Akademischer Betreuer] [Doenecke. "The influence of post-translational modifications on biology of the linker histone HIS-24 in Caenorhabditis elegans / Maja Studencka. Gutachter: Sigrid Hoyer-Fender ; Michael Kessel ; Detlef Doenecke. Betreuer: Monika Jedrusik-Bode." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042846014/34.

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24

Pratx, Loris. "Identification de marques épigénétiques chez le nématode à galles parasite de plantes Meloidogyne incognita." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4026/document.

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Meloidogyne incognita est le nématode causant le plus de dégâts en agriculture. Sa particularité est d'être un organisme à reproduction asexuée obligatoire. Une femelle engendre des clones a priori 100% identiques génétiquement. Pourtant, M. incognita est capable de faire preuve d'une grande plasticité phénotypique lui permettant de répondre à de nouveaux environnements. Un exemple est le déterminisme du sexe, un phénotype lié aux conditions environnementales et semblant impliquer des régulations chromatiniennes. Un autre exemple est la capacité à contourner les résistances des plantes (virulence), un caractère héréditaire mais non-Mendelien. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, j'ai cherché à tester l'implication des mécanismes épigénétiques dans la plasticité phénotypique en absence de sexe de M. incognita. A ces fins, j'ai évalué la conservation des mécanismes épigénétiques chez les nématodes à galles. Cette approche a permis de pointer que les mécanismes connus chez C. elegans sont conservés chez les nématodes parasites de plantes. Puis, une méthodologie de ChIP-seq a été mise en place afin de comparer les profils d'accumulation des marques d'histones chez M. incognita au cours de la réponse aux conditions environnementales. Cette stratégie a permis la mise en évidence 1- de patrons d'histones modifiées marquant le développement du parasite et 2- de régions génomiques comportant plus de 300 gènes dont des candidats facteurs d'avirulence déjà décrits dans la littérature spécifiquement perdue entre M. incognita (a)virulents. Ces travaux de thèse présentent un intérêt fondamental sur la compréhension de l'évolution d'un organisme en absence de reproduction sexuée
Meloidogyne incognita is the most damaging plant-parasitic nematode in agriculture. M. incognita reproduces in an asexual way by obligatory parthenogenesis. Genetically identical individuals develop from females and form clonal populations. Although these clones share the same genetic heritage, modifications of their phenotype can be observed when they are exposed to unfavorable environments. This phenotypic plasticity is characterized through two phenotypes of interest: sex-differentiation and virulence (i.e. capacity to parasite a resistant crop). Sex-differentiation varies among environmental conditions and was reported to be linked to decondensed chromatin regions. Virulence is an heritable character transmitted in a non-Mendelian way. Our study focuses on identifying the role of epigenome in the generation of phenotypic variability. To this end we detailed the presence of proteins involved in epigenetic regulations in Meloidogyne spp. We also developed a ChIP-seq assay to compare histone modifications between different developmental stages and between virulent and avirulent parasites. Our results allow to detect specific histone patterns associated with M. incognita development. These results lead us to propose a model that could explain sex determination in M. incognita. We also could link virulence acquisition with the loss of some specific genomic regions that contains more than 300 genes including already described potential avirulence factors. This study opens the way for analyzing the role of epigenetic mechanisms at a whole genome scale, and allows to identify novel biological processes involved in phenotypic variation in asexual organisms
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David, Sarah-Anne. "Impact de l'acclimatation embryonnaire à la chaleur sur des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones chez le poulet." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4036.

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L’altération de l’environnement périnatal peut impacter à long terme l’expression des gènes notamment par le biais de modifications épigénétiques. Une stratégie pour accroitre la thermotolérance des poulets de chair, sensibles à la chaleur en fin d’élevage (J35) est la thermo-manipulation embryonnaire (TM). Lors d’un coup de chaleur à J35, les modifications d’expression de gènes observées chez les poulets TM pourraient être liées à une altération de l’épigénome induite lors de l’embryogenèse et persistante au cours du développement. Cette thèse s’intéresse à deux modifications post-traductionnelles des histones (MPTH) décrites pour être modulées par des variations thermiques : H3K27Me3 et H3K4Me3. Afin d’étudier ces MPTH sans a priori à J35, nous avons mis au point les techniques d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine suivie de séquençage à haut débit dans deux tissus : l’hypothalamus et le muscle. Nos travaux montrent que le traitement semble impacter principalement l’épigénome de l’hypothalamus, en particulier au niveau de la marque H3K4me3, en modulant des voies liées à la morphogenèse et la réponse hormonale
Perinatal environment changes may alter gene expression throughout life via epigenetic modifications. A strategy to improve thermal tolerance of heat-sensitive chickens is a thermalmanipulation during embryogenesis (TM). During a heat challenge at the end of the rearing period (D35), modifications of gene expression have been reported in thermally-manipulated chickens. These alterations could be linked to epigenetic modifications induced during the TM that persist throughout life. This work focused on two histone post-translational modifications (HPTM): H3K27me3 and H3K4me3. We adjusted two methods of chromatin immunoprecipitation to conduct a whole genome study of these HPTM at D35, in the hypothalamus and skeletal muscle. We demonstrated that the TM has a major impact in the hypothalamus, especially on H3K4me3. These alterations seem to modulate the hypothalamic morphogenesis and its response to hormones, therefore possibly contributing to better adaptive capacities of TM chickens
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Sigismondo, G. "CHROP APPROACH DISSECTS THE DYNAMIC PROFILING OF CHROMATOME AT ENHANCERS OF INFLAMMATORY GENES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/264906.

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Inflammatory stimuli drive a fine rearrangement of cell-specific chromatin determinants at cis-regulatory regions of inflammatory genes. Although a few determinants are known (i.e. H3K4me1 and Pu.1), a global picture of the enhancers’ molecular signature and how specific factors dynamically synergize during the inflammatory response remain incomplete. The aim of my thesis is the global characterization of the enhancers’ determinants and their dynamic profiling during inflammatory response. I addressed this issue by employing the chromatin proteomics approach (ChroP), which combines chromatin immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry-based proteomics, to dissect histone post-translational modifications (modificome) and chromatin-binding proteins (interactome) associated with a specific chromatin region. We used H3K4me1 and Pu.1 antibodies to specifically enrich enhancers from macrophage-derived RAW264.7 cells. Native chromatin and formaldehyde-fixed chromatin from SILAC-labeled cells were used for the hPTMs profiling and the identification of chromatin binding proteins, respectively. Furthermore, a triple-SILAC setup was used in time-course experiments to profile the gene transcriptional activation triggered by lipopolysaccharide. Our findings suggest that enhancers have in basal condition an overall higher-ordered structure that is maintained during the inflammation; while a subset of proteins displays a dynamic behavior, i.e. the PBAF complex and Dnmt1, that seem to synergize with specific hPTMs to set an environment permissive to transcription. Interestingly, a number of factors are newly recruited at enhancers, suggesting a role in fine-tuning the appropriate gene expression: among them, Junb and Stat1 are well characterized to be involved in inflammatory response, while others (i.e. DDIT3 and Ifi204) are novel, very promising and under further investigation.
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27

Mollah, Sahana. "Analysis of histone post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry /." 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3149142.

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28

Ueberheide, Beatrix Magdalena. "Decoding the histone code : analysis of histone post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry /." 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3177509.

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29

Rocha, Rafael Amorim. "Histone post-translational modifications and chromatin remodelers in colorectal cancer." Master's thesis, 2017. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/109416.

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Rocha, Rafael Amorim. "Histone post-translational modifications and chromatin remodelers in colorectal cancer." Dissertação, 2017. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/109416.

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31

Abshiru, Nebiyu. "Quantitative proteomics methods for the analysis of histone post-translational modifications." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13563.

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Les histones sont des protéines nucléaires hautement conservées chez les cellules des eucaryotes. Elles permettent d’organiser et de compacter l’ADN sous la forme de nucléosomes, ceux-ci representant les sous unités de base de la chromatine. Les histones peuvent être modifiées par de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles (PTMs) telles que l’acétylation, la méthylation et la phosphorylation. Ces modifications jouent un rôle essentiel dans la réplication de l’ADN, la transcription et l’assemblage de la chromatine. L’abondance de ces modifications peut varier de facon significative lors du developpement des maladies incluant plusieurs types de cancer. Par exemple, la perte totale de la triméthylation sur H4K20 ainsi que l’acétylation sur H4K16 sont des marqueurs tumoraux spécifiques a certains types de cancer chez l’humain. Par conséquent, l’étude de ces modifications et des événements determinant la dynamique des leurs changements d’abondance sont des atouts importants pour mieux comprendre les fonctions cellulaires et moléculaires lors du développement de la maladie. De manière générale, les modifications des histones sont étudiées par des approches biochimiques telles que les immuno-buvardage de type Western ou les méthodes d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine (ChIP). Cependant, ces approches présentent plusieurs inconvénients telles que le manque de spécificité ou la disponibilité des anticorps, leur coût ou encore la difficulté de les produire et de les valider. Au cours des dernières décennies, la spectrométrie de masse (MS) s’est avérée être une méthode performante pour la caractérisation et la quantification des modifications d’histones. La MS offre de nombreux avantages par rapport aux techniques traditionnelles. Entre autre, elle permet d’effectuer des analyses reproductibles, spécifiques et facilite l’etude d’un large spectre de PTMs en une seule analyse. Dans cette thèse, nous présenterons le développement et l’application de nouveaux outils analytiques pour l’identification et à la quantification des PTMs modifiant les histones. Dans un premier temps, une méthode a été développée pour mesurer les changements d’acétylation spécifiques à certains sites des histones. Cette méthode combine l’analyse des histones intactes et les méthodes de séquençage peptidique afin de déterminer les changements d’acétylation suite à la réaction in vitro par l’histone acétyltransférase (HAT) de levure Rtt109 en présence de ses chaperonnes (Asf1 ou Vps75). Dans un second temps, nous avons développé une méthode d’analyse des peptides isomériques des histones. Cette méthode combine la LC-MS/MS à haute résolution et un nouvel outil informatique appelé Iso-PeptidAce qui permet de déconvoluer les spectres mixtes de peptides isomériques. Nous avons évalué Iso-PeptidAce avec un mélange de peptides synthétiques isomériques. Nous avons également validé les performances de cette approche avec des histones isolées de cellules humaines érythroleucémiques (K562) traitées avec des inhibiteurs d’histones désacétylases (HDACi) utilisés en clinique, et des histones de Saccharomyces cerevisiae liées au facteur d’assemblage de la chromatine (CAF-1) purifiées par chromatographie d’affinité. Enfin, en utilisant la méthode présentée précédemment, nous avons fait une analyse approfondie de la spécificité de plusieurs HATs et HDACs chez Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nous avons donc déterminé les niveaux d’acétylation d’histones purifiées à partir de cellules contrôles ou de souches mutantes auxquelles il manque une HAT ou HDAC. Notre analyse nous a permis de valider plusieurs cibles connues des HATs et HDACs et d’en identifier de nouvelles. Nos données ont également permis de définir le rôle des différentes HATs et HDACs dans le maintien de l’équilibre d’acétylation des histones. Dans l’ensemble, nous anticipons que les méthodes décrites dans cette thèse permettront de résoudre certains défis rencontrés dans l’étude de la chromatine. De plus, ces données apportent de nouvelles connaissances pour l’élaboration d’études génétiques et biochimiques utilisant S. pombe.
Histones are highly conserved, basic proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei. They organize and package DNA strands into nucleosome core particles (NCPs), the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin. The histones are subject to a wide variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation. These PTMs play an essential role in DNA-replication, transcription, and chromatin assembly. Alterations in histone PTM abundances have been implicated in several types of cancer. For example, the global loss of trimethylation at H4K20 and acetylation at H4K16 is a hallmark of human cancers. Thus, characterization of histone PTMs and their dynamics is extremely useful for elucidating normal cellular functions and molecular pathways that lead to diseases. Traditionally, histone PTMs are analyzed using antibody-based approaches such as western blot and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. These methods, however, suffer from several limitations including antibody cross-reactivity, epitope occlusion, and the cost and difficulty in producing and validating antibodies. Over the last decade, mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful technique for the characterization and quantification of histone PTMs. MS offers several advantages over the traditional approaches including reproducibility, specificity, and ability to rapidly analyze numerous PTMs in a single experiment. In this thesis, the development and applications of novel analytical tools for the identification and quantification of histone PTMs are presented. First, a method useful for measuring the global and site specific changes in histone acetylation is described. This method combines intact mass analysis and peptide sequencing approaches to study the global and site specific changes in histone acetylation during in vitro assays with yeast Rtt109 and its chaperone (Asf1 or Vps75). Second, a method for analysis of isomeric histone peptides is presented. This method combines a high resolution LC-MS/MS with a novel bioinformatics tool called Iso-PeptidAce to deconvolute mixed spectra of co-eluting isomeric peptides. We benchmarked Iso-PeptidAce using mixtures of synthetic isomeric peptides. We demonstrated its capability in histones isolated from human erythroleukemic (K562) cells treated with clinically relevant histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and in affinity-purified S. cerevisiae histones bound to chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1). Third, by employing the above methods, an in-depth quantitative analysis of the substrate specificities of several fission yeast HATs and HDACs was assessed. We determined the acetylation site occupancy of multiple lysines in histones isolated from a control or mutant strains lacking specific HAT or HDAC activities. Our analysis identified several known and novel HAT and HDAC target sites. Our data also defined the division of labor between the different HATs and HDACs in maintaining the steady-state level of histone acetylation. Overall, we anticipate that the methods described in this thesis will address some of the existing challenges facing the chromatin field. Moreover, the data presented will provide valuable insights for future genetic and biochemical studies involving the fission yeast.
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32

Tabet, Sara. "Development of fluorescence-based supramolecular tools for studying histone post-translational modifications." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5316.

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A large variety of post-translational modifications can exist on the N-terminal tails of histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. These have been of great interest as they have increasingly been shown to influence fundamental biological processes and human disease. Studying these modifications provides insight into their physiological functions and enables the search for potent small molecule inhibitors. In this thesis, new fluorescence-based supramolecular tools were developed and used to a) measure the binding of covalently modified peptide tails to a collection of synthetic receptors in neutral aqueous solution and b) monitor an enzyme that installs a post-translational modification (PTM) in real-time. Two different approaches were used to detect binding in these systems. The first was the optimization of a competitive dye-displacement method that relies on the ability of the cationic dye lucigenin. The second was the synthesis of novel conjugates that consist of calixarenes covalently appended with multiple different fluorescent dyes.
Graduate
0487
0490
0491
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33

Beisel, Nadine. "Patterns of post-translational histone modifications, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation during apoptosis." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-ABBA-9.

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34

"Histone post-translational modifications in the brain of the senescence-accelerated prone 8 mouse." Thesis, 2009. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074980.

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In this study, the brain of senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice model was adopted to investigate PTMs state (especially methylation patterns) of core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Seven methylated sites (H3K24, H3K27, H3K36, H3K79, H3R128, H4K20 and H2A R89) were detected by tandem matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) analysis. The methylation of H3K27 and H3K36 demonstrated a modulating relationship and methylated H3K27 might contribute to the hypermethylation state and gene repression in aged brain. Western blotting results showed that mono-methylated H4K20 decreased during SAMP8 mice aging and di-methylated H3K79 decreased in the brain of 12-month-old SAMP8 mice compared with age-matched senescence accelerated-resistant mouse (SAMR1) control. Di-methylated H3K79 could express in neuron cells of cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Whereas, the number of H3K79 methylation negative cells was higher in the cortex of 12-month old SAMP8 mice than that of age-matched control SAMR1 mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) result indicated homeodomain transcription factor Pbx1 isoform 1 (Pbx1), transcription factors and transcriptional regulator proteins, such as T-box isoform 20, TetR family precursor BAZ2B and ribosomal protein, were recruited to methylated H3K79 site. Therefore, a model of methylated H3K79 on gene transcriptional regulation was proposed. Furthermore, the consequences of decreased H3K79 methylation in Neuro-2a (N2a) cells were investigated via transfection with Dot1 (disruptor of telomeric silencing) siRNA. After transfection, N2a cells displayed shorter neurite and less dendrite. Proteomic change in the N2a cells provided convincing evidence for the multi-function of decreased H3K79 methylation on transcriptional regulation, protein translation and folding, stress response and DNA breaks repair, which would contribute to brain dysfunction during neurodegenerative disease or aging.
Nowadays, many countries including China are experiencing aging populations. Aging has become the major risk factor for many diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease. The studies on the role of epigenetics in the aging process have grown tremendously in recent years. However, no systematic investigations have provided the information on histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) in aged brain and the roles of histone PTMs in brain aging are still unknown.
This study gave a new insight into the link between histone PTMs and brain aging. It could provide the experimental evidence for future studies and help us to better understand aging or neurodegenerative disease at epigenetic level. Furthermore, it could benefit for setting up the strategies for epigenetic therapy to neurodegenerative disease.
Wang, Chunmei.
Adviser: Ngai Saiming.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: B, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 136).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.
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35

Beisel, Nadine [Verfasser]. "Patterns of post-translational histone modifications, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation during apoptosis / vorgelegt von Nadine Beisel." 2006. http://d-nb.info/982205414/34.

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36

Studencka, Maja. "The influence of post-translational modifications on biology of the linker histone HIS-24 in Caenorhabditis elegans." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-EF62-1.

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37

Pesavento, James J. "Improved dynamic range, quantitation, and characterization of histone H4 post-translational modifications : a top down mass spectrometric approach /." 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3223689.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: B, page: 3643. Adviser: Neil L. Kelleher. Includes bibliographical references. Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Draker, Ryan. "A Characterization of the Role of Post-translational Modification in Transcriptional Regulation by the Histone Variant H2A.Z." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33981.

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H2A.Z is an essential histone variant that has multiple chromosomal functions. One such role is transcriptional regulation. However, its role in this process is complex since it has been reported to function both as a repressor and activator. Earlier work in our lab showed that H2A.Z can be post-translationally modified with monoubiquitin (H2A.Zub1) and this form of H2A.Z is linked to transcriptional silencing. We further predicted that changes in the H2A.Z ubiquitylation status directly modulated its function in transcription. Furthermore, H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes possess a unique set of post-translational modifications (PTMs), compared to H2A nucleosomes, many of which are linked to transcriptional activation. The central aim of this thesis was to characterize the role of PTMs on H2A.Z nucleosomes in transcriptional regulation. To this end, I have provided the first evidence linking H2A.Z deubiquitylation to transcriptional activation. I demonstrated that ubiquitin specific protease 10 (USP10) is a deubiquitylase that targets H2A.Z in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, I found that both H2A.Z and USP10 are required for activation of androgen-receptor (AR)-regulated genes, and that USP10 regulates the levels of H2A.Zub1 at these genes. To understand how H2A.Z engages downstream effector proteins, in the nucleosome context, we used a mass spectrometry approach to identify H2A.Z-nucleosome-interacting proteins. Many of the identified proteins contained conserved structural motifs that bind post-translationally modified histones. For example, we found that Brd2 contains tandem bromodomains that engage H2A.Z nucleosomes through acetylated H4 residues. To investigate the biological relevance of this interaction, I present evidence that Brd2 is recruited to AR-regulated genes in a manner dependent on H2A.Z and the bromodomains of Brd2. Consistent with this observation, chemical inhibition of Brd2 recruitment greatly inhibited AR-regulated gene expression. Collectively, these studies have defined how H2A.Z mediates transcriptional regulation through multiple mechanisms and pathways.
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Drogaris, Paul. "Analytical strategies for the comprehensive profiling of histone post translational modifications by mass spectrometry and implications for functional analyses." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4934.

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Le long bio-polymère d'ADN est condensé à l’intérieur du noyau des cellules eukaryotes à l'aide de petites protéines appelées histones. En plus de leurs fonctions condensatrices,ces histones sont également la cible de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles(MPT), particulièrement au niveau de leur section N-terminale. Ces modifications réversibles font partie d’un code d’histones épi-génétique transmissible qui orchestre et module dynamiquement certains événements impliquant la chromatine, tels l’activation et la désactivation de gènes ainsi que la duplication et la réparation d’ADN. Ces modifications sont impliquées subséquemment dans la signalisation et la progression de cancers, tels que la leucémie. En conséquence, l'élucidation des modifications d’histones est importante pour comprendre leurs fonctions biologiques. Une méthodologie analytique a été mise au point en laboratoire pour isoler, détecter, et quantifier les MPT d’histones en utilisant une approche rapide à deux volets à l’aide d’outils bioinformatiques spécialisés. La méthodologie développée en laboratoire a été validée en utilisant des histones de souche sauvage ainsi que deux types d’histones mutants déficients en enzymes acétyltransferase. Des trois sources d’histones utilisées, la seule MPT qui a démontré un changement significatif est l’acétylation de l’histone H3 à lysine 56 (H3K56ac). L’expression et la stoechiométrie de cette MPT, issue de cellules de souche sauvage et de cellules mutantes, ont été déterminées avec précision et comparées. Les fonctions de balayage polyvalentes d'un instrument à trappe ionique quadrupôle linéaire hybride ont été utilisées pour améliorer la détection de protéines intactes. Le mode de balayage « enhanced multiply charged » (EMC) a été modifié pour contenir et détecter les ions de protéines intactes situées dans la trappe ionique linéaire. Ce mode de balayage nommé « targeted EMC » (tEMC) a permis de quadrupler le niveau de sensibilité (signal/interférence), et quintupler la résolution du mode de balayage conventionnel. De plus, la capacité de séparation des charges du tEMC a réduit de façon significative les effets de « space charge » dans la trappe ionique linéaire. La résolution supérieure du mode tEMC a permis de différencier plusieurs isoformes modifiées, particulièrement pour l’histone H3. L’analyse des peptides d’histones trypsiques à l’aide du mode de balayage « MRM » a permis le séquençage et la quantification de MPT avec un haut degré de précision. La seule MPT qui était sous-exprimée entre l’histone de souche sauvage et le mutant DOT1L fut la méthylation de l’histone H3 lysine 79(H3K79me1). Les effets de deux inhibiteurs d’enzymes HDAC (HDACi) sur l’expression de MPT d’histone ont été évalués en utilisant la méthodologie analytique mentionnée. Les histones extraites de cellules normales et cancéreuses ont été exposées à du Vorinostat(SAHA) ou du Entinostat (MS-275) pour une période de 24 à 72 heures. Deux histones furent principalement affectées, soit H3 et H4. Étonnamment, les mêmes effets n'ont pas été détectés lorsque les cellules normales ont été traitées avec le HDACi pour une période de 48 à 72 heures. Une méthode absolue de quantification avec une courbe d’étalonnage a été développée pour le peptide H3K56ac. Contrairement à certaines publications, nos résultats démontrent que cette MPT est présente dans les cellules mammifères avec une stoechiométrie très basse (< 0,1%) et n'est pas surexprimée de façon significative après le traitement au HDACi.
In eukaryotic cells, the lengthy DNA biopolymer is condensed into the cell nucleus with the aid of small packaging proteins called histones. In addition to their packing functions,histones are also targets of numerous post translational modifications (PTMs), especially on their N-terminus. These reversible modifications are believed to be constituents of a heritable epigenetic “histone code” that dynamically orchestrate and modulate chromatin based events such as gene activation and silencing, DNA replication and repair, and are also involved in the downstream signaling and progression of cancers, such as leukemia. Thus, the elucidation of histone PTMs is important in understanding their biological function. An analytical workflow was designed and set-up in the laboratory to isolate, detect, and quantitate histone PTM, using a two-pronged, unbiased, and rapid approach with specialized bioinformatic tools. The workflow was validated using histones from wildtype, and 2 mutants deficient in acetyltransferase activity. Between the three histone sources, the only PTM that demonstrated any change was acetylation at histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56ac). The down-regulation and stoichiometry of this PTM was accurately assessed between wild-type and mutant cells. The versatile scan functions of a hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap instrument were exploited to enhance the detection of intact histone proteins. The enhanced multiply charged (EMC) scan was modified in order to contain and detect intact protein ions within the linear ion trap. This targeted EMC (or tEMC) resulted in not only a 4-fold increase in signal-to-noise, but also a 5-fold increase in resolution. Furthermore, the charge separation capability of the tEMC dramatically reduced space charge effects within the linear ion trap. The superior resolution of the tEMC mode allowed for the discimination of many modified histone isoforms, especially for histone H3. Using the bottom-up strategy with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), histone peptides were quantified and sequenced with a high degree of precision. The only PTM that was down-regulated between wild-type and DOT1L mutant histones was methylation at histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79me1). The effects of two clinically relevant small molecule HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) on histone PTMs patterns were assessed using the analytical workflow developed. Histones derived from both normal and cancer cells were exposed to either Vorinostat (SAHA) or Entinostat (MS-275) over a 24- to 72 hour period. The two core histones primarily affected were H3 and H4. Surprisingly, the same effects were not observed when normal cells were treated with three doses of SAHA at 24-hour intervals over a 72-hour period. An absolute quantitation method using a calibration curve was developed for H3K56ac. In opposition to other published literature, our findings demonstrate that this PTM is present in very low stoichiometry (< 0.1%) in mammalian cells, and exhibits no significant up-regulation in different cell lines treated with several types of HDACi.
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Dudková, Barbora. "Role paternálního H4K12ac při utváření pronukleí a v časné embryogenezi u myší." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321094.

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During the process of spermatogenesis, histones are replaced by protamines, basic proteins enabling transmission of DNA to the oocyte during fertilization. In mouse sperm, there is only 1% of remaining histones whose N-terminal tails contain post-translationally modified residues. In this study, I was interested in contribution of paternal histone H4 acetylated on lysine K12 residues (H4K12ac) that is present in mature sperm head in remaining nucleosomes. Physiologically, H4K12ac has an important role in transcription factor accumulation and in regulation of gene expression. The presence and abundance of H4K12ac modification in various pronuclei stages of 1-cell embryo and parthenotes were assessed by imunnoflourescent detection with utilization of anti-H4K12ac antibody. Altogether, the paternal pronucleus exhibits a strong acetylation signal on H4K12 since its formation, while in the maternal one, there is a slow continual increase of H4K12ac getting on the same level as paternal pronucleus till the pronuclei fusion. Simultaneously DNA methylation status in both pronuclei was detected. In paternal pronucleus there is a continual decrease in the DNA methylation detectable as a decrease of 5mC and an increase of 5hmC signal. Meanwhile, the maternal pronucleus stays widely methylated. DNA...
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Nersesian, Jeanet. "Role of Histone H3 Lysine 56 Acetylation in the Response to Replicative stress." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19416.

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Chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, l’acétylation de l’histone H3 sur la Lysine 56 (H3K56ac) a lieu sur toutes les histones H3 nouvellement synthétisées qui sont déposées derrière les fourches de réplication. L’acétylation de H3K56 joue un rôle primordial dans l’assemblage de l’ADN lors la réplication et la réparation. L’acétylation de H3K56 joue également un rôle important dans la stabilité génomique et la stabilisation des fourches de réplication bloquée. En effet, les cellules dépourvues de H3K56ac sont sensibles au méthane sulfonate de méthyle (MMS) et à d’autres agents génotoxiques qui causent du stress réplicatif. Notre projet visait à investiguer les liens entre la protéine du réplisome Ctf4 et l’acétyltransférase d’histone Rtt109. Dans un premier lieu, la délétion de CTF4 a partiellement contré la sensibilité des cellules rtt109Δ au MMS. Notre analyse génétique a aussi montré que Ctf4, Rtt109, et le complexe Rtt101-Mms1-Mms22 agissent dans la même voie de réponse face à un stress réplicative. Nos résultats montrent que les cellules ctf4Δ et rtt109Δ présentent des foyers intenses du complexe de liaison à l'ADN simple-brin RPA en réponse au stress réplicatif, suggérant la formation excessive de régions d'ADN simple-brin aux fourches de réplication bloquées, ce qui conduit à une hyper activation des points de contrôle des dommages à l'ADN. Ces mutants présentent des ponts anaphase et des foyers persistants des protéines de recombinaison homologues Rad51 et Rad52 en réponse aux génotoxines, suggérant ainsi que la structure anormale des réplisomes bloqués peut compromettre leur récupération. Nos résultats indiquent également que la délétion des gènes de la RH (RAD51, RAD52, RAD54, RAD55 et MUS81) avec ctf4Δ et rtt109Δ respectivement, engendre une sensibilité synergique au MMS, suggérant que les cellules qui sont déficientes en H3K56 acétylation utilisent la RH pour réparer les dommages causés suite à un stress réplicatif. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent que les cellules déficientes en H3K56ac présentent des défauts de RH en réponse aux dommages à l’ADN induits par le MMS durant la phase S.
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56ac) occurs on all newly synthesized histones H3 that are deposited behind DNA replication forks. H3K56ac plays critical role in chromatin assembly during DNA replication and repair. H3K56ac is also required for genome stability and stabilization of stalled replication fork. Cells lacking H3K56ac are sensitive to methyl methane sulfonate and other drugs that cause replicative stress. In this thesis, we investigated the links between the replisome protein Ctf4 and the H3K56 acetyltransferase Rtt109. Deletion of CTF4 partially rescued the sensitivity of rtt109Δ cells to methyl methane sulfonate. Genetic analyses also showed that Ctf4, Rtt109, and the Rtt101-Mms1-Mms22 complex act in the same pathway to response to replicative stress. ctf4Δ and rtt109Δ cells displayed intense foci of the single-stranded DNA binding complex RPA during replicative stress, suggesting formation of excess single-stranded DNA regions at stalled replication forks, leading to hyper activation of DNA damage checkpoints. These mutants accumulated anaphase bridges and persistent foci of the homologous recombination proteins Rad51 and Rad52 in response to genotoxins, suggesting that abnormal DNA structure formed at stalled replisome may compromise their recovery. Deletion of HR genes (RAD51, RAD52, RAD54, RAD55 and MUS81) together with ctf4Δ and rtt109Δ presents synergistic sensitivity to MMS, suggesting that H3K56ac deficient cells use HR to repair the damages caused by replicative stress. Overall our results demonstrate that H3K56ac deficient cells cannot recover MMS- induced damages because HR is compromised in these mutants.
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42

Barbour, Haithem. "Un nouveau mécanisme de régulation des complexes épigénétiques BAP1/ASXLs par ubiquitination." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23517.

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L’ubiquitination est une modification post-traductionnelle des protéines qui consiste à attacher, d’une manière covalente, le groupement ubiquitine sur un résidu lysine de la protéine cible. Cette modification peut avoir un impact considérable sur la fonction, la localisation et la stabilité de ces cibles. Une fois établie par des enzymes appelées E3 ligases, l’ubiquitination peut être enlevée par des enzymes spécifiques appelées déubiquitinases, modulant ainsi les effets causés par cette modification. BAP1 (BRCA1-Associated Protein 1) est une déubiquitinase de la famille des UCH (Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolases) qui a été initialement identifiée comme partenaire du suppresseur de tumeurs BRCA1 (BReast Cancer Associated gene 1). De nombreux groupes de recherche, incluant le nôtre, ont montré que BAP1 est associée avec d’autres cofacteurs formant un large complexe multiprotéique. Ce dernier est impliqué dans plusieurs processus cellulaires comme la transcription des gènes, la régulation de la chromatine, la coordination du cycle cellulaire et la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN. La cible majeure de BAP1 est l’histone H2A ubiquitinée sur la lysine 119, une marque d’histone qui a été souvent associée avec une conformation répressive de la chromatine. Quels sont les mécanismes régulant le complexe BAP1 lui permettant d’exécuter ces fonctions biologiques? Cela implique-t-il des modifications post-traductionnelles touchant les partenaires de BAP1 ? Ces questions restent encore sans réponse définitive. Ainsi, les objectifs de cette thèse sont de caractériser le mécanisme et la fonction du complexe BAP1 en étudiant les modifications post-traductionnelles de ses partenaires. Pour répondre à ces questions nous avons étudié les modifications post-traductionnelles touchant BAP1 et ses cofacteurs mutuellement exclusifs ASXL1 et ASXL2 (Additional Sex Comb-like 1,2). Nous avons démontré qu’ASXL1 et ASXL2 sont monoubiquitinés uniquement lorsqu’ils sont associés à BAP1. Sachant que les complexes BAP1/ASXLs sont conservés au cours de l’évolution, nous avons aussi démontré que la monoubiquitination des ASXLs est conservée chez la Drosophile. En utilisant des méthodes de déplétion de protéines par siARN et CRISPR/Cas9 ainsi que des mutants de perte de fonction de BAP1 et ASXL2, nous avons identifié les enzymes responsables de la monoubiquitination des ASXLs ainsi que leur effet sur l’activité catalytique de BAP1. D’autre part, nous avons étudié le développement chez la Drosophile ainsi que le cycle cellulaire des cellules humaines pour identifier la fonction biologique de la monoubiquitination de ASXL2. Nos résultats démontrent que la monoubiquitination d’ASXL2 sur la lysine 370 en présence de BAP1 est une modification post-traductionnelle conservée et catalysée directement par la famille UBE2Es des enzymes de conjugaison de l’ubiquitine (UBE2E1,2,3 chez les mammifères et UbcD2 chez la Drosophile). Cette monoubiquitination stimule l’activité catalytique de BAP1 chez les mammifères et de son orthologue Calypso chez la Drosophile envers H2Aub. Le blocage de la monoubiquitination des ASXLs par des mutations ciblant la lysine K370 induit une inhibition de l’activité de BAP1, ce qui cause une dérégulation du cycle cellulaire chez les cellules mammifères et une transformation homéotique haltère-aile chez la Drosophile. De plus, il nous a été possible de constater l’importance de cette monoubiquitination dans le cancer en démontrant la forte corrélation d’expression de BAP1/ASXL2 et les UBE2Es au niveau du mésotheliome, un cancer connu pour la dérégulation de BAP1. Nos résultats indiquent l’importance des modifications post-traductionnelles, dont la monoubiquitination, dans la régulation de la fonction et la stabilité du complexe BAP1. De plus, nous décrivons un nouveau mécanisme d’activation d’une deubiquitinase par la monoubiquitination de son cofacteur. D’autres études seront nécessaires afin de comprendre le lien entre l’activation de BAP1/ASXL2 par monoubiquitination et la fonction suppresseur de tumeurs de BAP1 via la deubiquitination d’H2Aub. D’autre part, nous avons fait l’observation que la déplétion de la deubiquitinase associée à la particule régulatrice du protéasome, PSMD14, induit non seulement une réduction drastique d’H2Aub dans la cellule, mais aussi une mort cellulaire rapide. Ceci nous a poussé initialement à investiguer l’implication de l’activité catalytique du protéasome dans la régulation d’H2Aub en lien avec la mort cellulaire. Malgré le fait que nous n’ayons pas trouvé un lien direct entre PSMD14 et la deubiquitination d’H2Aub, nous avons identifié plusieurs candidats (DUBs et E2s) impliqués dans l’induction de la mort cellulaire tout en surmontant une résistance acquise contre des inhibiteurs ciblant l’activité catalytique du protéasome. Ces candidats pourraient représenter des cibles intéressantes pour développer des inhibiteurs spécifiques afin de contrecarrer la résistance aux inhibiteurs du protéasome.
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification of proteins that involves covalently attaching the ubiquitin moiety to the lysine residues of the target protein. This modification has been reported to have a significant impact on the function, localization and stability of these targets. Once established by enzymes called E3 ligases, ubiquitination can be removed by specific enzymes called deubiquitinases, thus modulating the effects caused by this modification. BAP1 (or BRCA1-Associated Protein1) is a deubiquitinase, from the UCH (Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolases) family, that was originally identified as a partner of the BRCA1 (BReast Cancer Associated gene 1) tumor suppressor. We and other research groups have shown that BAP1 is associated with other co-factors forming a multi-protein complex involved in several cellular processes such as gene transcription, chromatin regulation, cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response. The major target of BAP1 is ubiquitinated histone H2A, a histone mark that has been frequently associated with a repressive chromatin conformation. What are the mechanisms regulating the BAP1 complex allowing it to perform its biological functions? Does this involve post-translational modifications affecting BAP1 partners? These questions are still incompletely answered. Thus, the objectives of our studies are to characterize the mechanism and the function of the BAP1 complex by studying the post-translational modifications that could affect its obligate partners including ASXLs. To address these questions, we studied the post-translational modifications affecting BAP1 and its two mutually exclusive co-factors ASXL1 and ASXL2 (Additional Sex Comb-like 1,2). We demonstrated that ASXL1 and ASXL2 are mono-ubiquitinated only when associated with BAP1. Taking into account that the BAP1/ASXLs complexes are highly conserved during evolution, we also demonstrated that the mono-ubiquitination of ASXLs is important for Drosophila development. Using RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 gene depletion methods and loss-of-function mutants of BAP1 and ASXL2, we identified the precise site of ASXLs ubiquitination, the enzymes responsible for establishing this mono-ubiquitination as well as its effect on catalytic activity of BAP1. On the other hand, we investigated Drosophila development as well as human cell cycle progression to identify the biological function of ASXLs mono-ubiquitination. Our results indicate that the mono-ubiquitination of ASXL2 on lysine 370 in the presence of BAP1 is a conserved post-translational modification catalyzed directly by the UBE2E family of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (UBE2E1, 2, 3 in mammals and UbcD2 in Drosophila). This mono-ubiquitination event stimulates the catalytic activity of BAP1 in mammals and its Drosophila ortholog Calypso towards H2Aub in vivo and in vitro. Blocking the mono-ubiquitination of ASXLs, by mutations targeting lysine K370, induces an inhibition of BAP1 catalytic activity causing a deregulation of human cell cycle progression and a haltere-to-wing homeotic transformation in Drosophila. In addition, we were able to assess the importance of ASXLs mono-ubiquitination in cancer using the mesothelioma tumor model, demonstrating a strong correlation between the expression of BAP1/ASXL2 and UBE2Es. Our results indicate the importance of post-translational modifications, including mono-ubiquitination, in the regulation of the function and stability of the BAP1 complex. Moreover, we describe a novel mechanism of activation of a deubiquitinase by the mono-ubiquitination of its co-factor. Further studies will be needed to shed more light on the link between BAP1/ASXLs activation by mono-ubiquitination and the tumor suppressor function of BAP1 via H2Aub deubiquitination. On the other hand, we have noticed that the depletion of PSMD14, a deubiquitinase associated with the proteasome regulatory particle, induces not only a drastic reduction of H2Aub in the cell, but also rapid cell death. This prompted us initially to investigate the involvement of the catalytic activity of the proteasome in the regulation of H2Aub in connection with cell death. Although we did not find a direct link between PSMD14 and H2Aub deubiquitination, we identified several candidates (DUBs and E2s) involved in the induction of cell death while overcoming acquired resistance against proteasome catalytic inhibitors. These candidates may represent attractive targets for developing specific inhibitors to counteract resistance to proteasome inhibitors.
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43

Daou, Salima. "Étude fonctionnelle d’un nouveau complexe multi-enzymatique régulant l’épigénome." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15975.

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L’ubiquitination, une modification post-traductionnelle importante pour le contrôle de nombreux processus cellulaires, est une réaction réversible. La réaction inverse, nommée déubiquitination est catalysée par les déubiquitinases (DUB). Nous nous sommes intéressés dans nos travaux à étudier l’ubiquitination de l’histone H2A (H2Aub), au niveau des résidus lysines 118 et 119 (K118/K119), une marque épigénétique impliquée dans la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire et la réparation de l’ADN. Le régulateur transcriptionnel BAP1, une déubiquitinase nucléaire, a été initialement identifié pour sa capacité à promouvoir la fonction suppressive de tumeurs de BRCA1. BAP1 forme un complexe multi-protéique avec plusieurs facteurs transcriptionnels et sa fonction principale est la déubiquitination de H2Aub. Plusieurs études ont démontré que BAP1 est un gène suppresseur de tumeurs majeur et qu’il est largement muté et inactivé dans une multitude de cancers. En effet, BAP1 émerge comme étant la DUB la plus mutée au niveau des cancers. Cependant, le ou les mécanismes d’action et de régulation du complexe BAP1 restent très peu connus. Dans cette étude nous nous sommes intéressés à la caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle des partenaires protéiques de BAP1. De manière significative nous avons caractérisé un mécanisme unique de régulation entre deux composants majeurs du complexe BAP1 à savoir, HCF-1 et OGT. En effet, nous avons démontré que HCF-1 est requis pour maintenir le niveau protéique de OGT et que cette dernière est indispensable pour la maturation protéolytique de HCF-1 en promouvant son clivage par O-GlcNAcylation, une signalisation cellulaire nécessaire au bon fonctionnement de HCF-1. Également, nous avons découvert un nouveau mécanisme de régulation de BAP1 par l’ubiquitine ligase atypique UBE2O. En effet, UBE2O agit comme un régulateur négatif de BAP1 puisque l’ubiquitination de ce dernier induit sa séquestration dans le cytoplasme et l’inhibition de sa fonction suppressive de tumeurs. D’autre part nous nous sommes penchés sur la caractérisation de l’association de BAP1 avec deux facteurs de la famille des protéines Polycombes nommés ASXL1 et ASXL2 (ASXL1/2). Nous avons investigué le rôle de BAP1/ASXL1/2, particulièrement dans les mécanismes de déubiquitination et suppression de tumeurs. Nous avons démontré que BAP1 interagit directement iii via son domaine C-terminale avec le même domaine ASXM de ASXL1/2 formant ainsi deux complexes mutuellement exclusifs indispensables pour induire l’activité déubiquitinase de BAP1. De manière significative, ASXM s’associe avec BAP1 pour créer un nouveau domaine composite de liaison à l’ubiquitine. Ces interactions BAP1/ASXL1/2 régulent la progression harmonieuse du cycle cellulaire. De plus, la surexpression de BAP1 et de ASXL2 au niveau des fibroblastes induit la sénescence de manière dépendante de leurs interactions. D’autre part, nous avons identifié des mutations de cancers au niveau de BAP1 le rendant incapable de lier ASXL1/2, d’exercer sa fonction d’autodéubiquitination et de ce fait d’agir comme suppresseur de tumeurs. Ainsi nous avons révélé un lien étroit entre le gène suppresseur de tumeurs BAP1, son activité déubiquitinase et le contrôle de la prolifération cellulaire.
The reverse reaction of ubiquitination, a crucial post-translational modification, is catalyzed by deubiquitinases (DUBs). BAP1 is an ubiquitously expressed nuclear DUB that recently emerged as an important tumor suppressor highly mutated and inactivated in an increasing number of cancers of diverse origins. Both somatic and germline mutations with loss of heterozygosity were observed in tumors, making BAP1 the most mutated DUB in human malignancies. We previously reported that BAP1 is a component of a large multi-protein complex that includes several transcription regulators. The Drosophila homologue of BAP1, Calypso, forms the Polycomb-repressive DUB (PR-DUB) complex with Additional Sex Comb, ASX. This complex catalyzes the deubiquitination of histone H2A, an essential chromatin modification that regulates gene expression. Despite the ever increasing number of findings describing the occurrence of BAP1 mutations in cancers, few studies investigated the mechanisms of action of this DUB as a tumor suppressor. Therefore, the biological function and the mechanism of action and regulation of BAP1 remains largely uncharacterized. In the work described in this thesis, we investigated the roles of BAP1 partners in modulating its catalytic activity and tumor suppressor function. More specifically we discovered a unique mechanism of regulation between two major components of BAP1 complexes, namely HCF-1 and OGT. Indeed, HCF-1 is important for the maintenance of the cellular levels of OGT. OGT, in turn, is required for the proper proteolytic maturation of HCF-1 by promoting its O-GlcNAcylation. This signaling event is required for HCF-1 function as a cell cycle regulator. On the other hand, we deciphered an intricate mechanism of regulation of BAP1 by the atypical E2/E3 ligase, UBE2O. UBE2O, promote the multi-monoubiquitination of BAP1 on its NLS mediating its cytoplasmic sequestration and thus inhibition of its tumor suppressor function. Another aspect of modulation of BAP1 H2Aub catalysis is provided by the association of BAP1 with ASXL1 and ASXL2 (ASXL1/ASXL2), two orthologs of ASX. We investigated the role of BAP1/ASXL1/2, particularly in the mechanisms of deubiquitination and tumor suppression. We have demonstrated that BAP1 interacts directly via its C-terminal domain with the ASXM domain of ASXL1/2, thus forming two mutually exclusive complexes. Significantly, ASXM promote, through assembly with BAP1, the generation of a composite ubiquitin binding domain (CUBI), indispensable for inducing the deubiquitinase activity of BAP1 towards H2Aub. The interactions between BAP1 and ASXL1/2 regulate cell cycle progression. In addition, overexpression of BAP1 or ASXL2 in fibroblasts induces senescence in CTD- and ASXM-dependent manner. We also identified cancer-derived mutation of BAP1 that selectively abolish its interaction with ASXL1 and ASXL2 as well as its H2A deubiquitinase activity. Significantly, this mutant suppressed senescence induced by BAP1 overexpression. Thus we provided a link between the tumor suppressor BAP1, its deubiquitinase activity and the control of cell proliferation.
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