Journal articles on the topic 'Histology, Pathological – Technique'
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1
Zulli, Anthony, and James J. Liu. "A Novel Immunohistochemical Semiquantitative Technique for Endothelial Constitutive Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunoreactivity in Rat Coronary Artery." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 2 (February 1998): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600215.
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It has been difficult to quantify protein production in small pathological specimens by conventional techniques. We describe a new method for semiquantification of immunohistochemical staining, which involves application of the enzyme-labeled avidin (LAB) technique, coupled with an ultra-sensitive and fast chemiluminescent substrate for alkaline phosphatase. The entire procedure can be completed in less than 3 hr. The final step involves X-ray film exposure for 30 min, and the optical density of the subsequent images is examined with a microcomputer imaging device. The optical densities are translated into relative protein concentrations by a reference standard curve, obtained via an immunoblot. To establish a model for semiquantification of endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein, we compared the coronary arteries of WKY rats fed a normal chow diet to the coronary arteries of WKY rats fed a cholesterol diet. Using this technique, we have found a relative 130-fold decrease in eNOS in the cholesterol-fed group compared to the normal chow-fed group.
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Montironi, Rodolfo, Antonio Lopez Beltran, Roberta Mazzucchelli, Liang Cheng, and Marina Scarpelli. "Handling of Radical Prostatectomy Specimens: Total Embedding with Large-Format Histology." International Journal of Breast Cancer 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/932784.
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A problem when handling radical prostatectomy specimens (RPS) is that cancer is often not visible at gross examination, and the tumor extent is always underestimated by the naked eye. The challenge is increased further by the fact that prostate cancer is a notoriously multifocal and heterogeneous tumor. For the pathologist, the safest method to avoid undersampling of cancer is evidently that the entire prostate is submitted. Even though whole mounts of sections from RPS appear not to be superior to sections from standard blocks in detecting adverse pathological features, their use has the great advantage of displaying the architecture of the prostate and the identification and location of tumour nodules more clearly, with particular reference to the index tumour; further, it is easier to compare the pathological findings with those obtained from digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), and prostate biopsies. We are in favour of complete sampling of the RPS examined with the whole mount technique. There are reasons in favour and a few drawbacks. Its implementation does not require an additional amount of work from the technicians’ side. It gives further clinical significance to our work of uropathologists.
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Crocetti, Laura, Paola Scalise, Elena Bozzi, Daniela Campani, Piercarlo Rossi, Rosa Cervelli, Irene Bargellini, Davide Ghinolfi, Paolo De Simone, and Roberto Cioni. "Microwave Ablation of Very-Early- and Early-Stage HCC: Efficacy Evaluation by Correlation with Histology after Liver Transplantation." Cancers 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 3420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143420.
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Microwave (MW) ablation is a worldwide-diffused technique for the percutaneous ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, the efficacy of this technique still needs to be confirmed in pathological specimens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of MW ablation by correlation with histology in excised liver samples at the time of liver transplantation (LT). All patients with MW-ablated HCC who subsequently underwent LT between 2012 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. In the explanted livers, the treated lesions were evaluated at pathology, and the necrosis was classified as complete or partial. Thirty-six HCCs were ablated in 30 patients (20.9 ± 6.1 mm, a range of 10–30 mm). Ablations were performed with a single insertion of a MW antenna under ultrasound or CT guidance. A complete radiological response was demonstrated in 30/36 nodules (83.3%) in 24/30 patients (80%) at imaging performed one-month after MW ablation. At pathology, of the 36 treated nodules, 28 (77.8%) showed a complete necrosis, and 8 (22.2%) showed a pathological partial necrosis. Good agreement was found between the imaging performed one-month after treatment and the complete pathological response (Cohen’s k = 0.65). The imaging accuracy in detecting a complete response to treatment was 88.9%. All lesions with complete necrosis did not show recurrence at follow-up imaging until transplantation. The rad-path correlation in the explanted livers showed that MW ablation achieved a high rate of complete necrosis if a macroscopical complete ablation was obtained.
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Jonsson, R., A. L. Karlsson, and R. Holmdahl. "Demonstration of immunoreactive sites on cartilage after in vivo administration of biotinylated anti-type II collagen antibodies." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 2 (February 1989): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.2.2911008.
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Administration of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies provides the basis of a simple technique for identifying immunoreactive sites in vivo. Biotinylated anti-type II collagen antibodies were injected intraperitoneally into normal DBA/1 mice. The mice were sacrificed after 96 hr and the front paws removed and decalcified to allow tissue sectioning before snap-freezing. Binding of antibodies in vivo was visualized with affinity cytochemical staining using avidin-biotin-peroxidase complexes. Specific binding of antibodies to cartilaginous structures was seen after injection of 20-500 micrograms biotinylated monoclonal or polyclonal anti-type II collagen antibodies, but not after injection of a biotinylated control antibody. This technique should further the detection and localization studies of tissue components involved in the dynamics of physiological and pathological processes.
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Tuson, J. R., E. W. Pascoe, and D. A. Jacob. "A novel immunohistochemical technique for demonstration of specific binding of human monoclonal antibodies to human cryostat tissue sections." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 7 (July 1990): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.7.2355173.
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We describe a novel immunohistochemical technique which permits the detection of specific binding of human monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to cryostat sections of human tissues. The technique overcomes the problem of background staining caused by the presence of endogenous immunoglobulins in tissue sections. This is achieved by the formation of a molecular complex of the primary antibody (a human MAb), horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human immunoglobulin, and normal human serum. This complex is then incubated with cryostat sections of human tissue, and binding of the complex is demonstrated using diaminobenzidine/hydrogen peroxide. The method is suitable for immunohistochemical screening of small samples of tissue culture supernatant for the presence of human MAb of potential interest, and for determining the pattern of binding of such MAb to a wide range of normal and pathological human tissues.
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Cauda, Franco, Andrea Nani, Donato Liloia, Gabriele Gelmini, Lorenzo Mancuso, Jordi Manuello, Melissa Panero, Sergio Duca, Yu-Feng Zang, and Tommaso Costa. "Interhemispheric co-alteration of brain homotopic regions." Brain Structure and Function 226, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 2181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02318-4.
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AbstractAsymmetries in gray matter alterations raise important issues regarding the pathological co-alteration between hemispheres. Since homotopic areas are the most functionally connected sites between hemispheres and gray matter co-alterations depend on connectivity patterns, it is likely that this relationship might be mirrored in homologous interhemispheric co-altered areas. To explore this issue, we analyzed data of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depressive disorder from the BrainMap voxel-based morphometry database. We calculated a map showing the pathological homotopic anatomical co-alteration between homologous brain areas. This map was compared with the meta-analytic homotopic connectivity map obtained from the BrainMap functional database, so as to have a meta-analytic connectivity modeling map between homologous areas. We applied an empirical Bayesian technique so as to determine a directional pathological co-alteration on the basis of the possible tendencies in the conditional probability of being co-altered of homologous brain areas. Our analysis provides evidence that: the hemispheric homologous areas appear to be anatomically co-altered; this pathological co-alteration is similar to the pattern of connectivity exhibited by the couples of homologues; the probability to find alterations in the areas of the left hemisphere seems to be greater when their right homologues are also altered than vice versa, an intriguing asymmetry that deserves to be further investigated and explained.
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Péley, G., J. Tóth, O. Csuka, I. Sinkovics, E. Farkas, and I. Köves. "Immunohistochemistry and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction on Sentinel Lymph Nodes can Improve the Accuracy of Nodal Staging in Breast Cancer Patients." International Journal of Biological Markers 16, no. 4 (January 2001): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460080101600401.
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In this study the nodal staging sensitivity of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with detailed pathological and molecular biological examination has been investigated and compared to that of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) with routine histological evaluation. Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) were removed by the dual-agent injection technique in 68 patients with primary, clinically node-negative breast cancer. Forty-seven patients had negative SLNs according to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. These H&E-negative SLNs were serially sectioned and examined at 250 μm levels by anticytokeratin immunohistochemistry (IHC). In 14 patients the SLNs were also investigated by cytokeratin 20 (CK20) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). SLNB with IHC increased the node-positive rate by 26% (by 40% in tumors less than or equal to 2 cm in size (pT1) and by 9% in tumors more than 2 cm but less than or equal to 5 cm in size (pT2)). The sensitivity of SLNB with IHC was superior to that of ALND with routine histology in pT1 tumors and identical in pT2 tumors. The concordance between histology and RT-PCR was only 21%, and in two of three cases with positive histological results RT-PCR was negative. In conclusion, SLNB with detailed pathological and/or molecular biological evaluation can improve the sensitivity of regional staging. ALND can probably be abandoned in patients with pT1 SLN-negative breast cancer. Further prospective studies are required to determine the clinical significance of these detailed SLN evaluation techniques, but at present these methods are still investigational.
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Chilosi, M., A. Mombello, L. Montagna, A. Benedetti, M. Lestani, G. Semenzato, and F. Menestrina. "Multimarker immunohistochemical staining of calgranulins, chloroacetate esterase, and S100 for simultaneous demonstration of inflammatory cells on paraffin sections." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 11 (November 1990): 1669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.11.2212622.
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Mac387 monoclonal antibody (MAb) recognizes two calcium binding, myeloid-associated proteins, now termed calgranulins, expressed at high levels by neutrophils and monocytes. Calgranulins are related to migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and are lost in a few days from monocytes differentiated in vitro. This marker is therefore potentially useful to analyze macrophage heterogeneity and turnover in tissue sections. In this study, we developed an immunohistochemical multimarker technique, including calgranulin demonstration, suitable for analyzing different inflammatory cells on paraffin-embedded material. The technique was carried out in subsequent steps demonstrating (a) naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (CAE); (b) S100 immunoreactivity using a rabbit antibody in peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) staining; and (c) Mac387 immunoreactivity using the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique. CAE staining was introduced in this method to distinguish Mac387+/CAE- macrophages from Mac387+/CAE+ neutrophils, and Mac387-/CAE+ mast cells. S100 protein is strongly expressed within lymphoid tissues by dendritic accessory cells and was then applied to distinguish these cells from S100-macrophages. We have also verified the possibility of reducing the staining time for this time-consuming procedure by use of microwave irradiation. The technique was applied to a representative variety of normal and pathological samples to assess its usefulness for study of cell heterogeneity. Our results showed the multimarker technique to be highly informative in the study of inflammatory lesions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoid and cat-scratch granulomas, dermathopathic lymphadenopathy), and is of wide potential value as an aid to histopathological diagnosis of several diseases.
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Dinneen, Eoin, Aiman Haider, and Greg Shaw. "NeuroSAFE technique—pathological considerations and practical implications for guiding nerve‐sparing surgery in prostate cancer patients." Histopathology 77, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/his.14183.
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Benini, E., R. Silvestrini, M. G. Daidone, and S. Canova. "Detection of P53 expression and S-phase cell fraction in paraffin-embedded tissue by a double-labeling technique." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 10 (October 1995): 999–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.10.7560890.
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TP53 is a gene that normally regulates cell growth and division. Alterations to it may induce a proliferative advantage and confer an aggressive phenotype. In breast cancer, we observed a poor correlation (rs = 0.17) between P53 expression and proliferative activity evaluated as [3H]-thymidine ([3H]-dT) labeling index and an independent prognostic relevance of the two variables. We used a double-labeling technique to simultaneously evaluate the fraction of P53-positive and [3H]-dT-labeled cells to analyze the degree of association between the two markers on individual cells in order to understand their biological significance. The study was performed on a series of 44 P53-positive (P53+) breast cancers. Histological sections were immunostained for P53 with monoclonal antibody (MAb) PAb1801 and then processed for autoradiography. A weak direct relation between P53 positivity and [3H]-dT incorporation (rs = 0.4) was observed on the overall series of P53+ tumors and was maintained in subgroups defined by several biological and pathological features, except for estrogen receptor-negative tumors. The simultaneous presence of P53 expression and [3H]-dT incorporation was directly and significantly proportional to the fraction of S-phase cells of the tumor (rs = 0.7). Conversely, the fraction of cells expressing only P53 was inversely related to cell proliferation (rs = -0.66). These findings support the hypothesis that P53 has biological functions other than cell cycle regulation.
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Cullen, K. M. "A novel nickel avidin-biotin-peroxidase method for histochemical visualization of neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, and neuropil threads." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 10 (October 1994): 1383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.10.7930521.
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A reliable new method was developed for detecting neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, and neuropil threads in human neural tissue. Excellent morphological definition of the pathological structures was achieved with this procedure without staining normal neuronal and glial elements. The technique was applied to cortical tissue from eight patients with Alzheimer's disease and three controls. Histological sections from these cases were incubated in an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex solution containing 0.5% nickel ammonium sulfate, followed by visualization in 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and H2O2. Although the avidin-biotin system is routinely used in immunohistochemistry, no antibodies were employed in the present procedure. This technique has advantages over silver impregnation methods because it requires very little monitoring of critical steps and yields superior results. The method is suitable for processing large numbers of tissue sections per staining run, and the results are highly reproducible. These features are advantageous in research studies comparing the distribution of lesions in large numbers of cases. The precise mechanism of staining has not been determined; however, conditions such as nickel concentrations, pH, and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex concentrations were varied to examine critical steps in the process.
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Hughes, Siân E. "Differential Expression of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) Multigene Family in Normal Human Adult Tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 45, no. 7 (July 1997): 1005–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549704500710.
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This report describes a systematic analysis of the expression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) multigene family (FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4) in archival serial sections of normal human adult tissues representing the major organ systems, using immunohistochemical techniques. Polyclonal antisera specific for FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4 and a three-stage immunoperoxidase technique were employed to determine the cellular distribution of these receptors at the protein level. The expression profiles for the tissue-specific cellular localization of the FGFR multigene family demonstrated widespread and striking differential patterns of expression of individual receptors in the epithelia and mesenchyme of multiple tissues (stomach, salivary glands, pancreas, thymus, ureter, and cornea) and co-expression of FGFR1–4 in the same cell types of other tissues. The widespread expression of FGFR1–4 in multiple organ systems suggests an important functional role in normal tissue homeostasis. Differences in the spatial patterns of FGFR gene expression may generate functional diversity in response to FGF-1 and FGF-2, both of which bind with equally high affinity to more than one receptor subtype. In vivo, this may lead to functional differences that are crucial for the regulation of normal physiological processes and are responsible for the pathological mechanisms that orchestrate various disease processes.
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Ubink, R., W. Lange, and A. Verhofstad. "Simultaneous immunoenzymatic staining of catecholamines, catecholamine-biosynthesizing enzymes, and bromodeoxyuridine in adrenal medullary cells of the rat." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 1 (January 1995): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.1.7822762.
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The rat adrenal medulla consists mainly of low proliferating, highly differentiated parenchymal cells. By immunocytochemical techniques, two types of parenchymal cells can be identified, norepinephrine (NE)- and epinephrine (E)-storing cells. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analogue often used to identify proliferating cells, can also be detected by immunocytochemical techniques. We developed double- and triple-labeling procedure(s) for simultaneous visualization of NE, E, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine-N methyltransferase (PNMT), and BrdU in rat adrenal medulla. BrdU was administered to 7-week-old Wistar rats by mini-osmotic pumps. Tissues were fixed by perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. By immunocytochemistry, first NE, E, DBH, and/or PNMT was detected by an indirect immunoalkaline phosphatase technique with Fast Red or Fast Blue as substrate. Next, incorporation of BrdU was detected with an indirect immunoperoxidase procedure using diaminobenzidine (DAB). Both NE- and E-storing cells, as well as endothelial cells, can incorporate BrdU, i.e., are able to divide. Occasionally, we also found BrdU-stained mitotic figures in E, PNMT and DBH immunoreactive cells. No BrdU incorporation was found in the post-ganglionic neurons of the adrenal medulla. The procedures described enable a detailed cell kinetic study of the NE- and E-storing cells in the adrenal medulla, particularly in the rat, which can lead to a better understanding of cell renewal in the adrenal medullary tissue under normal and pathological conditions.
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Castellano, B., B. González, M. B. Jensen, E. B. Pedersen, B. R. Finsen, and J. Zimmer. "A double staining technique for simultaneous demonstration of astrocytes and microglia in brain sections and astroglial cell cultures." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 5 (May 1991): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.5.1707903.
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We developed a double staining technique for simultaneous demonstration of astrocytes and microglial cells in histological brain sections and cell cultures. The procedure included a histochemical stain specific for microglial cells and an immunocytochemical stain specific for astroglial cells, with postponement of the final visualization of the staining products until both reactions had been performed. First, microglial cells were specifically but invisibly labeled by histochemical reaction for nucleoside diphosphatase (NDPase). Then the astroglial cells were labeled by performing the first parts of the immunocytochemical reaction for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Finally, in a series of intervening steps, the NDPase reaction product was visualized and stabilized by treatment with ammonium sulfide and silver nitrate, while the 1-naphthol basic dye method was used to visualize the GFAP immunoreactive product. As an end product, the NDPase-positive microglial cells were brown and the GFAP-reactive astroglial cells blue. The two types of glial cells were clearly distinguishable in vibratome sections of rat brain tissue and in primary astroglial cell cultures, and we never observed cells that stained for both NDPase and GFAP. When the GFAP antibody was replaced by the OX-42 antibody, which recognizes microglial cells and macrophages, double staining of microglial cells was observed. The staining protocol has wide applications in studies of the functional interactions between microglial and astroglial cells in the normal brain and in different pathological states with neuronal or axonal degeneration, just as it can be used for experimental studies in cell cultures.
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Galati, Francesca, Flaminia Marzocca, Andrea Tancredi, Emmanuel Collalunga, Carlo Catalano, and Federica Pediconi. "Preoperative Staging in Women with Known Breast Cancer: Comparison between Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)." Cancer and Clinical Oncology 7, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cco.v7n2p33.
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Objectives
To prospectively evaluate the accuracy in tumor extent and size assessment of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in women with known breast cancer, with pathological size as the gold standard.
Methods
From May 2014 to April 2016, 50 patients with known breast cancer were enrolled in our prospective study. All patients underwent MRI on a 3T magnet and DBT projections. Two radiologists, with 15 and 7 years of experience in breast imaging respectively, evaluated in consensus each imaging set unaware of the final histological examination. MR and DBT sensitivity, PPV and accuracy were calculated, using histology as the gold standard. McNemar test was used to compare MR and DBT sensitivity. Correlation and regression analyses were used to evaluate MRI vs Histology, DBT vs Histology and MRI vs DBT lesions tumor size agreement to histological results.
Results
On histological examination 70 lesions were detected. MRI showed 100% sensitivity, 96% PPV and 96% accuracy; DBT sensitivity was 81%, PPV 92% and accuracy 77%. McNemar test p-value was 0.0003. Lesions size Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.97 for MRI vs Histology, 0.92 for DBT vs Histology, (p-value<0.0001). MRI vs DBT regression coefficient was 0.83.
Conclusions
MRI confirmed to be the most accurate imaging technique in preoperative staging of breast cancer. However, DBT showed very good accuracy, sensitivity and tumor size assessment and could be a valid tool for preoperative staging when MRI is contraindicated.
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Vivolo, Raffaella, Luca Boldrini, Jacopo Lenkowicz, Gianluca Caliolo, Floriana Camarda, Annunziato Anghelone, Brunella Di Stefano, et al. "Baseline radiomics features (RF) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): Correlation with m site and clinical-pathological characteristics." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e15589-e15589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e15589.
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e15589 Background: R is an emerging field of research based on the extraction of a large amount of F from biomedical images and on computed analysis algorithms of tumour architecture. Few data regarding mCRC are available, in particular no correlation of baseline RF both with m sites and clinical-pathological characteristics was so far investigated. Methods: Baseline chest-abdomen CT scans of mCRC patients (pts) were retrospectively analysed. RF were extracted from Regions of Interest (ROI) delineated on CT scan from each m sites, including primary tumor, when on site. The association of specific F and disease site (liver, lung, nodes, peritoneum and on-site primary tumor) was investigated. Sites similarity was assessed with Principal Component Analysis, an unsupervised learning technique to identify patterns and clusters. Then RFs were tested individually for correlation with clinical-pathological covariates of interest (gender, CEA level, synchronous disease, RAS/BRAF status, mucinous histology, grading, number of m site, primary tumor site). Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used for this purpose (significance level set at 0.05). Results: After RF extraction from the different ROIs, the dataset was composed of 433 observations of 236 variables. Observations referred to the number (N) of pts = 89 and the N of ROIs = 18. RF classes were divided in statistical F (grey-level histogram) (N of F = 10); morphological F (N = 14); texture F GLCM (grey level co-occurrence matrix) (N = 100); texture F GLRLM (grey level run length matrix) (N = 66); texture F GLSZM (grey level size zone matrix) (N = 32). Regarding the association of RF with m sites, an homogenous distribution with liver, nodes, peritoneum and primary tumor was detected, while lung metastases showed a different pattern for all the RF classes. A significant correlation of specific RF with clinical-pathologic characteristics was shown, in particular with gender, CEA level, synchronous disease, mucinous histology, RAS/BRAF status. Conclusions: Despite its retrospective nature and the limited number of pts, this is the first experience demonstrating I) a different pattern of RF for lung m versus an homogeneous RF distribution for the other m sites; and II) a significant association of specific RF with few clinical-pathologic characteristics. Our results, if confirmed in a prospective validation set, may represent an hypothesis generator regarding the different behaviour of lung metastases and a possible R signature able to identify different prognostic subgroups of pts.
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Coulombe, P. A., and M. Bendayan. "Cytochemical demonstration of increased phospholipid content in cell membranes in chlorphentermine-induced phospholipidosis." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 2 (February 1989): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.2.2911004.
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We recently introduced a novel cytochemical approach to high-resolution cytochemistry of phospholipids in biological tissues. The technique consists of adsorption of bee venom phospholipase A2 to colloidal gold particles (PLA2-gold complex) and subsequent application of this complex for localization of the enzyme substrate, i.e., glycerophospholipids. In the present study, this technique was applied at the post-embedding level, in both light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to investigate drug-induced phospholipidosis, an experimental disorder in which the lysosomal catabolism of phospholipids is inhibited. Rats received one week of daily treatment (40 mg IP/kg) with chlorphentermine (CP), a cationic amphiphilic drug known to induce phospholipidosis in several tissues. Glutaraldehyde- and osmium-fixed lung and kidney tissues from both treated and control animals, were embedded in Epon and sections processed for labeling by PLA2-gold. In CP-treated specimens the presence of large osmiophilic inclusions in several cell types of lung parenchyma and kidney cortex confirmed the onset of phospholipidosis. These inclusions were densely labeled by PLA2-gold at both LM and TEM levels. Two general types of abnormal inclusions were distinguished on the basis of their ultrastructure and labeling pattern by PLA2-gold, suggesting different content or configuration of phospholipids. Moreover, quantitative evaluation of labeling density over various membrane compartments in lung alveolar cells evidenced significantly increased phospholipid content after CP treatment. In type II pneumocytes, such increases were measured in membranes of the RER, Golgi complex, outer and inner nuclear envelope, and the basolateral and apical domains of the plasma membrane. In capillary endothelial cells, the basal and luminal domains of the plasma membrane also showed an increase in labeling density. These results further demonstrate the potential usefulness of the PLA2-gold technique for in situ ultrastructural localization of phospholipids in normal and pathological tissues.
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Zhang, Dandan, Jin Li, Huijuan Ge, Xingzhu Ju, Xiaojun Chen, Jia Tang, and Xiaohua Wu. "Surgical and Pathological Outcomes of Abdominal Radical Trachelectomy Versus Hysterectomy for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 24, no. 7 (September 2014): 1312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000000185.
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ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the surgical and pathological outcomes for patients with early-stage cervical cancer after abdominal radical trachelectomy (ART) and abdominal radical hysterectomy (ARH).MethodsA prospective database of ART and ARH procedures performed in a standardized manner by the same surgical group was analyzed. The 3-segment technique was used for the accurate analysis of parametrial lymph nodes (PMLNs), and parametrial measurements were recorded by the same pathologist. Standard statistical tests were used.ResultBetween August 2012 and August 2013, ART was attempted in 39 patients (28.6%), and ARH was attempted in 90 patients (71.4%). The parametrium resection length was similar with ART and ARH (44.60 vs 45.48 mm, P = 0.432), as were additional surgical and pathological outcomes, including histology, lymph node positive rate, and operation time. The PMLNs were found in 28 patients (77.78%) in the ART group and in 86 (95.56%) in the ARH group (P > 0.05). Solitary PMLN metastases were observed in 3 patients (10.71%) in the ART group and in 6 (6.98%) in the ARH group. Five (55.6%) of these 9 patients had tumors of 2 cm or greater. The ARH patients (36, 40.00%) were more likely to receive postoperative chemotherapy or radiation compared with ART patients (13, 33.33%; P = 0.017). At a median follow-up of 12 and 12.5 months (P = 0.063), respectively, there were no recurrences or deaths in the ART or ARH groups.ConclusionsUsing standardized techniques, ART provides similar surgical and pathological outcomes as ARH. For the patients with tumors of 2 cm or greater, PMLNs should be examined carefully. Further prospective data are urgently needed.
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Ruizeveld de Winter, J. A., J. Trapman, M. Vermey, E. Mulder, N. D. Zegers, and T. H. van der Kwast. "Androgen receptor expression in human tissues: an immunohistochemical study." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 7 (July 1991): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.7.1865110.
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The cellular localization of the human androgen receptor was visualized immunohistochemically using a mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) F39.4, directed against a fragment of the N-terminal domain of the androgen receptor. The nuclear immunoreactivity of various human tissues with F39.4 was generally consistent with earlier biochemical and autoradiographic data. However, previously suggested androgen receptor expression in thyroid, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, and bladder tissues was not confirmed immunohistochemically. Stratified squamous epithelia of vagina and cervix showed selective immunostaining of the basal cell layer, whereas in the preputial epithelium the intensity of immunoreactivity decreased gradually with maturation. In contrast, glandular epithelia of the sweat glands, male accessory sex organs, and female breast showed nearly exclusive F39.4 staining of the inner cylindric layer. In the testis, Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, and interstitial cells were immunoreactive with MAb F39.4. Expression of the androgen receptor by smooth muscle tissue was largely confined to the male reproductive organs. The specificity and sensitivity of this simple and rapidly performed immunohistochemical technique in the detection of the human androgen receptor at the cellular and subcellular level makes it worthwhile to study tissue androgen receptor expression by immunohistochemistry in physiological and pathological states.
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Vilhjalmsson, Dadi, Per Olofsson, Ingvar Syk, Henrik Thorlacius, and Anders Grönberg. "The Compression Anastomotic Ring-Locking Procedure: A Novel Technique for Creating a Sutureless Colonic Anastomosis." European Surgical Research 54, no. 3-4 (December 16, 2014): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000368354.
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Background/Aim: Compression anastomoses might represent an improvement over traditional hand-sewn or stapled techniques. Herein, we describe a novel concept of sutureless colonic anastomosis named compression anastomotic ring-locking procedure (CARP). Materials and Methods: The surgical device consists of two anastomotic rings and their associated helping tools, facilitating the placement of the rings into the intestinal ends. Furthermore, four catheters are connected to the surgical device, allowing the evaluation of the anastomosis during and after surgery. A total of 31 pigs underwent a low colocolic anastomosis using the anastomotic rings. The compression pressure was measured perioperatively and up to 96 h after surgery. Anastomotic integrity and morphology were analyzed by use of radiology and histology, respectively. A long-term follow-up was conducted in a subgroup of pigs up to 108 days after surgery when the bursting pressure and stricture formation were examined. Results: All animals recovered uneventfully, and macroscopic examination revealed intact anastomoses without signs of pathological inflammation or adhesions. The perioperative compression pressure was inversely proportional to the gap size between the anastomotic rings. For example, an anastomotic gap of 1.5 mm created a colonic anastomosis with a perioperative compression pressure of 91 mbar, which remained constant for up to 48 h and resulted in a markedly increased compression pressure. Contrast infusion via the catheters effectively visualized the anastomoses, and no leakage was detected within the study. The surgical device was spontaneously evacuated from the intestines within 6 days after surgery. Histology showed collagen bridging of the anastomoses already 72 h after surgery. Long-term follow-up (54-108 days) revealed no stricture formation in the anastomoses, and the bursting pressure ranged from 120 to 235 mbar. The majority of bursts (10/12) occurred distant from the anastomoses. Conclusion: We conclude that the surgical device associated to CARP is safe and efficient for creating colonic anastomoses. Further studies in patients undergoing colorectal surgery are warranted.
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Appuhamy, G. A. P. K., B. M. Munasinghe, L. M. Soysa, D. Nelson, P. G. P. Ranmini, W. T. Pavithra, W. M. Sajini, and C. D. N. Anthony. "A Rare Case of Bilateral Achilles Tendon Xanthomas in a Teenager, Successfully Treated with Tendon Sparing Technique." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2021 (August 4, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1932763.
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Background. Xanthoma of the Achilles tendon, even though being benign, is a surgically challenging orthopaedic condition. Causality is believed to be due to a pathological error in the metabolism of low-density lipoprotein and their resultant accumulation, as foam cells within the tendon. Tendon xanthomas are often found to accompany heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Case Presentation. A 19-year-old girl presented to our institution (a District General Hospital), with soft tissue lumps over posterior aspect of the ankle on both sides for several years. She had noticed a rapid increase in size in recent 3 months and sought medical advice. During investigation, she was diagnosed having bilateral Achilles tendon xanthomas clinically, confirmed by ultrasound scan and magnetic resonance imaging, and familial hypercholesterolemia concomitantly. The former was managed with intralesion subtotal resection where the histology further confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was commenced on statins and followed up while assessing the functional outcome and recurrences up to 2 years, with favourable results. Conclusion. Subtotal resection of Achilles tendon xanthoma (tendon sparingly) offers cosmetically and functionally acceptable outcomes, with faster recovery and no recurrences over 2 years.
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Pelayo-Delgado, Irene, Javier Sancho, Mar Pelayo, Virginia Corraliza, Belen Perez-Mies, Cristina Del Valle, Leopoldo Abarca, et al. "Contribution of Outpatient Ultrasound Transvaginal Biopsy and Puncture in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pelvic Lesions: A Bicenter Study." Diagnostics 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030380.
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Background: The use of transvaginal ultrasound guided biopsy and puncture of pelvic lesions is a minimally invasive technique that allows for accurate diagnosis. It has many advantages compared to other more invasive (lower complication rate) or non-invasive techniques (accurate diagnosis). Furthermore, it offers greater availability, it does not radiate, enables the study of pelvic masses accessible vaginally with ultrasound control in real time, and it is possible to use the colour Doppler avoiding puncturing large vessels among others. The main aim of the work is to describe a standardized ambulatory technique and to determine its usefulness. Methods: This is a retrospective study of ultrasound transvaginal punctures (core needle biopsies and cytologies) and drainages of pelvic lesions performed on an outpatient basis during the last two years. The punctures were made with local anesthesia, under transvaginal ultrasound guidance with an automatic or semi-automatic 18G biopsy needle with a length of 20–25 cm and a penetration depth of 12 or 22 mm. The material obtained was sent for anatomopathological, cytological and/or microbiological study if necessary. Results: A total of 42 women were recruited in two centers. Fifty procedures (nine punctures, seven drains, and 34 biopsies) were performed. In five cases the punction and drain provided clinical relief in benign pelvic masses. Regarding material of the biopsies performed, 15 were vaginal in women previously histerectomized, finding 10 carcinomas, eight were ovarian tumours in advanced stages or peritoneal carcinomatosis obtaining the appropriate histology in each case, seven were suspicious cervical biopsies finding carcinomas in five of them, three were myometrial biopsies including one breast carcinoma metastasis in the miometrium and a benign placental nodule, and a periurethral biopsy was performed on a woman with a history of endometrial cancer confirming recurrence. The pathological diagnosis was satisfactory in all cases, confirming the nature of the lesion (25 malignant—ten vaginal recurrences of previous gynaecological cancers, eight cases of primary ovarian/peritoneal carcinoma, four new diagnosis of cervical malignant masses, one cervical metastasis of lymphoma, one periurethral recurrence of endometrial carcinoma and one recurrence of breast cancer in the myometrium—and 23 benign). The tolerance was excellent and no complications were detected. Conclusion: The ambulatory ultrasound transvaginal puncture and drainage technique is useful for obtaining a sample for pathological and microbiological diagnosis with excellent tolerance that can be used to rule out the recurrence of malignant lesions or progression of the disease, diagnose masses not accessible to gynecological exploration (vaginal vault, myometrium or cervix) and for early histologic diagnosis in cases of advanced peritoneal carcinomatosis or ovarian carcinoma as well as drainage and cytological study of cystic pelvic masses.
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Thakur, Nishant, Hongjun Yoon, and Yosep Chong. "Current Trends of Artificial Intelligence for Colorectal Cancer Pathology Image Analysis: A Systematic Review." Cancers 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 1884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12071884.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers requiring early pathologic diagnosis using colonoscopy biopsy samples. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant progress and shown promising results in the field of medicine despite several limitations. We performed a systematic review of AI use in CRC pathology image analysis to visualize the state-of-the-art. Studies published between January 2000 and January 2020 were searched in major online databases including MEDLINE (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE). Query terms included “colorectal neoplasm,” “histology,” and “artificial intelligence.” Of 9000 identified studies, only 30 studies consisting of 40 models were selected for review. The algorithm features of the models were gland segmentation (n = 25, 62%), tumor classification (n = 8, 20%), tumor microenvironment characterization (n = 4, 10%), and prognosis prediction (n = 3, 8%). Only 20 gland segmentation models met the criteria for quantitative analysis, and the model proposed by Ding et al. (2019) performed the best. Studies with other features were in the elementary stage, although most showed impressive results. Overall, the state-of-the-art is promising for CRC pathological analysis. However, datasets in most studies had relatively limited scale and quality for clinical application of this technique. Future studies with larger datasets and high-quality annotations are required for routine practice-level validation.
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Onishi, Tatsuya, Sachiko Matsuda, Yuki Nakamura, Junko Kuramoto, Akinori Tsuruma, Satoshi Sakamoto, Shunichi Suzuki, et al. "Magnetically Promoted Rapid Immunofluorescence Staining for Frozen Tissue Sections." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 67, no. 8 (April 8, 2019): 575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155419841023.
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Current immunohistochemistry methods for diagnosing abnormal cells, such as cancer cells, require multiple steps and can be relatively slow compared with intraoperative frozen hematoxylin and eosin staining, and are therefore rarely used for intraoperative examination. Thus, there is a need for novel rapid detection methods. We previously demonstrated that functionalized fluorescent ferrite beads (FF beads) magnetically promoted rapid immunoreactions. The aim of this study was to improve the magnetically promoted rapid immunoreaction method using antibody-coated FF beads and a magnet subjected to a magnetic field. Using frozen sections of xenograft samples of A431 human epidermoid cancer cells that express high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anti-EGFR antibody-coated FF beads, we reduced the magnetically promoted immunohistochemistry procedure to a 1-min reaction and 1-min wash. We also determined the optimum magnetic force for the antibody reaction (from 7.79 × 10−15 N to 3.35 × 10−15 N) and washing (4.78 × 10−16 N), which are important steps in this technique. Furthermore, we stained paraffin-embedded tissue arrays and frozen sections of metastatic breast cancer lymph nodes with anti-pan-cytokeratin antibody-coated FF beads to validate the utility of this system in clinical specimens. Under optimal conditions, this ultra-rapid immunostaining method may provide an ancillary method for pathological diagnosis during surgery. (J Histochem Cytochem 58:XXX–XXX, 2010)
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Sauter, Birthe, Dagmar Foedinger, Barbara Sterniczky, Klaus Wolff, and Klemens Rappersberger. "Immunoelectron Microscopic Characterization of Human Dermal Lymphatic Microvascular Endothelial Cells: Differential Expression of CD31, CD34, and Type IV Collagen with Lymphatic Endothelial Cells vs Blood Capillary Endothelial Cells in Normal Human Skin, Lymphangioma, and Hemangioma In Situ." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 2 (February 1998): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600205.
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We performed a comparative investigation of the immunomorphological characteristics of lymphatic and blood microvascular endothelial cells in normal human skin, cutaneous lymphangiomas, and hemangiomas, employing a pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopic technique. We stained for cell membrane proteins that are commonly used for light microscopic characterization of blood endothelial cells. With blood microvascular endothelial cells, we observed uniform labeling of the luminal cell membranes with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) JC70 (CD31), EN-4 (CD31), BMA120, PAL-E, and QBEND-10 (CD34), and strong staining of the vascular basal lamina for Type IV collagen under normal and pathological conditions. In contrast, lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells in normal human skin and in lymphangiomas displayed, in addition to a luminal labeling, pronounced expression of CD31 and CD34 along the abluminal cell membranes. Moreover, CD31 was preferentially detected within intercellular junctions. The expression of CD34 was mostly confined to abluminal endothelial microprocesses and was upregulated in lymphangiomas and hemangiomas. Type IV collagen partially formed the luminal lining of initial lymphatics and occasionally formed bridges over interendothelial gaps. Our findings suggest a function of transmigration protein CD31 in recruitment of dendritic cells into the lymphatic vasculature. CD34 labeling may indicate early endothelial cell sprouting. The distribution of Type IV collagen also supports its role as a signal for migration and tube formation for lymphatic endothelial cells.
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Murray, Samuel, Eirini Papadopoulou, and George Nasioulas. "Frequency of EGFR mutations in Greek non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e21141-e21141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e21141.
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e21141 Background: NSCLC patients harboring activating somatic mutations within the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) significantly benefit from EGFR targeted therapy. Treatment with the recently approved EGFR inhibitor IRESSA (gefitinib) leads to improved response and survival outcomes, therefore screening for EGFR mutations has entered routine clinical practice. Several clinico-pathological factors correlate with these mutations including gender, smoking history, and histology. The frequency of EGFR mutations is also ethnicity-dependent, wherein the incidence in Asian populations is ~30%, while in Caucasians (Whites) it is lower, ~ 15%. However, limited data is available on intra-ethnic differences throughout Europe. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and spectrum of EGFR mutations in an unselected group of Greek NSCLC patients and investigate technical aspects of analysis. Methods: We set up High Resolution Melting Analysis (HRMA) assays to identify mutations in exons 18-21 of the EGFR gene and validated their analytical sensitivity by making serial dilutions of samples with known mutations and tumor cell content (TCC). A total of 698 NSCLC patients were screened with HRMA for somatic EGFR mutations in exons 18-21 and mutation status was verified by bi-directional sequencing. Pathological review was obtained for all samples and macro-dissection was used to ensure a %TCC of >75% in all possible cases. Results: The sensitivity of our HRM assays was found to be ≤1.5% Using HRMA and bi-directional sequencing a frequency of 19.05% was obtained; 105 x exon 19, 21 x exon 21, 6 x exon 20 and 1 x exon 18 . Conclusions: Applying a very sensitive mutation detection technique in a large cohort of unselected Greek NSCLC patients in routine diagnostic practice, we obtained an overall mutation frequency of 19.05%. This mutation frequency is similar to that found by the SLADB and EURTAC studies in European populations. Differences in sensitivity between techniques suggest that more than one technique should be advised in routine diagnostic practice.
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Van Nooten, G., Y. Van Belleghem, L. Foubert, K. François, F. Caes, H. Van Overbeke, and Y. Taeymans. "An Experimental Model of Coronary Anastomosis without Suturing." Cardiovascular Surgery 11, no. 1 (February 2003): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096721090301100115.
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Objective The aim of the study is to explore the feasibility and mid-term patency of an easier anastomotic technique for Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Bypass Grafting (MIDCAB). Methods Eight mongrel dogs (±15 kg) underwent direct anastomosis between the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) and the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) via inferior sternotomy on the beating heart. After positioning the graft, the distal part of the LAD was opened to allow retrograde filling of the LITA-graft. The anastomosis was secured by the use of biological glue (BtoGlue, Cryolife, Marietta, GA, USA). No intravascular suture material was used. Ischemic time averaged 6 min. The proximal LAD was occluded upstream the arteriotomy. All survivors were angiographically controlled for patency after 6–8 weeks. Consequently, four dogs were sacrificed after 6 weeks and the remaining after 3 months for anatomo-pathological and histological examination by light and electron microscopy of the anastomotic site. Results All procedures were successful except for one animal that died of uncontrollable bleeding at the anastomotic site. Another sustained post-operative transmural anterior myocardial infarction due to a late graft occlusion. All angiographically controlled grafts were patent with two vascular strings near the anastomotic site. Histology showed early macrophage infiltration into the glue. At post-mortem examination, new endothelialization was noticed in 80% of the cases. However, ultrastructural examination detected marked differences in endothelial fibroblastic lining compared to normal histology. Conclusions Good mid-term permeability of the LITA grafts was observed in this new anastomotic technique for MIDCAB in the canine model. Although neo-endothelialization was present in most cases, ultrastructural differences were noticed after 3 months in the neointima compared to normal.
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Szabelska, Anna, Marcin R. Tatara, and Witold Krupski. "Morphometric, Densitometric, and Mechanical Properties of Maxillary Teeth in 5-Month-Old Polish Merino Sheep." Cells Tissues Organs 206, no. 4-5 (2018): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499479.
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This study was performed to determine morphological, densitometric, mechanical, and elemental characteristics of maxillary teeth in 5-month-old Polish Merino sheep. The total tooth volume (Tvol) was determined using quantitative computed tomography. Micro-computed tomography was used to determine the total enamel volume (Evol), volumetric enamel mineral density, total dentine volume (Dvol), volumetric dentine mineral density, and total tooth enamel and dentine volume (EDvol). Compression testing was used to determine the ultimate force of teeth. Microhardness of enamel and dentine was evaluated using Vicker’s test. Elemental analysis of enamel and dentine was performed using a scanning electron microscopy technique. Tooth weight, length, Tvol, Evol, Dvol, and EDvol increased consequently from the lowest values for p2, then for p3 and p4, to the highest values obtained for M1 (all p < 0.05). Ultimate force reached the lowest value for p2 compared with the other teeth (p < 0.05). The comparison of left and right teeth did not reveal significant differences for all the evaluated parameters (p > 0.05). Volumetric mineral density, calcium and phosphorus content, and microhardness were higher in enamel than in dentine, while the opposite results were obtained for magnesium and oxygen (all p < 0.05). Significantly higher enamel microhardness was found in mandibular i1 compared with maxillary and mandibular premolars (p < 0.05). The elaborated experimental model of the determination of maxillary deciduous teeth traits may serve for further studies on the effects of physiological, pathological, environmental, nutritional, pharmacological, and toxicological factors affecting tooth development and mineralized tissue properties.
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Burnett, V. L., B. G. Short, and J. A. Swenberg. "Localization of alpha 2u-globulin within protein droplets of male rat kidney: immunohistochemistry using perfusion-fixed, GMA-embedded tissue sections." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 6 (June 1989): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.6.2470808.
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We investigated the light microscopic subcellular localization and quantitation of alpha 2u-globulin (alpha 2uG) in male rat kidney after 2,2,4-trimethylpentane exposure using a monoclonal antibody to alpha 2uG. Slices of perfusion-fixed kidney were cold-processed in glycolmethacrylate and the antigen localized after an avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase procedure with Hanker-Yates reagent as the chromagen. Light microscopic examination revealed resolution comparable to low-magnification electron microscopy, with excellent morphological detail of tissue architecture, including subcellular localization of alpha 2uG within lysosomes of P2 segment cells of the proximal tubule epithelium. The anatomical relationship between alpha 2uG and TMP-induced protein droplets observed after staining with Lee's methylene blue-basic fuchsin was studied using serial sections. Image analysis of selected P2 segments in treated and control rats revealed a high correlation between subcellular localization of alpha 2uG and protein droplet deposition in the cytoplasm of P2 segment cells of the proximal tubule epithelium. Quantitative morphometry of alpha 2uG-stained proximal tubule epithelium 72 hr after treatment with 50 mg/kg 2,2,4-trimethylpentane p.o. demonstrated a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in staining area of tubules from treated rats compared with controls. Similar increases of Lee's methylene blue-basic fuchsin-stained protein droplets were also observed, but quantitative morphometry of the protein droplets was technically more difficult owing to a lower staining contrast between droplets and the surrounding cytoplasm. This immunohistochemical procedure provides a valuable technique for further studies on the pathological role of alpha 2uG in protein droplet nephropathy of male rats induced by many environmental chemicals, and demonstrates the value of cold glycolmethacrylate processing to improve morphological detail.
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Grove, Christina, Oliver Peschel, and Andreas G. Nerlich. "A Systematic Approach to the Application of Soft Tissue Histopathology in Paleopathology." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/631465.
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The application of histology to soft tissue remains offers an important technique to obtain diagnostically important information on various physiological and pathological conditions in paleopathology. In a series of 29 cases with mummified tissue ranging between 16 months and c. 5.200 years of postmortem time interval, we systematically investigated paleohistology and the preservation of various tissues. We established a reproducible histological ranking system for the evaluation of mummified tissue preservation. The application of this scheme to the series showed good tissue preservation of tissues with high connective tissue content but also fat tissue and connective tissue rich organs, such as lung tissue, while most other internal organs were less well preserved despite highly different postmortem time intervals. There are some organs with only poor conservation even in short term periods such as the kidneys and CNS. Artificial mummification does not provide better conservation than naturally mummified tissues; “cold” mummies may be much better conserved than those from desert areas. The identification of specific pathologies underlines the potential power of paleohistology.
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Ionna, F., F. Chiesa, F. Longo, M. Manola, S. Villano, L. Calabrese, S. Lastoria, and N. Mozzillo. "Prognostic Value of Sentinel Node in Oral Cancer." Tumori Journal 88, no. 3 (May 2002): S18—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160208800327.
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Aims and Background In stage I oral squamous cell carcinoma, clinical examination and imaging techniques are unable to identify 60-90% of patients at risk of micrometastasis, while the sentinel node biopsy technique allows to avoid the morbidity of elective neck dissection in patients not actually affected by micrometastases. Materials and methods Forty-one T1-T2N0 patients underwent lymphoscintigraphy after peritumoral injection of human albumin labeled with 99Tc. Focal areas of radiotracer uptake were marked on the skin preoperatively. The sentinel lymph node (SLN) was identified by the combined use of blue dye and gamma probe and subsequently removed. Complete neck dissection was then performed in all patients and the histological findings were compared with those of SLN biopsy. Results The SLN was identified in 95% of the patients; in four cases (10%) two SLNs were isolated. In 18% of our patients the SLNs were located outside the expected drainage area. When the histology of the negative SLNs was compared with the pathological status of the neck dissection specimens no false negatives were found. Five SLNs in four patients contained micrometastases and were the only positive lymph nodes. Conclusion SLN biopsy can be a valuable staging technique in T1 and T2 oral cancer with uninvolved neck in patients whose lymphatic drainage of the neck has not been altered by previous surgery or radiotherapy. It provides reliable detection of micrometastasis, indicating which level(s) should be removed ipsilaterally or contralaterally, and allows the surgeon to accurately plan neck dissection, taking into consideration the pattern of lymphatic drainage of each individual patient. In this way unnecessary neck dissection and its morphofunctional sequelae can be avoided in a considerable number of patients.
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Carvalho, Gustavo A., Cordula Matthies, Enrique Osorio, and Madjid Samii. "Hamartomas of the Internal Auditory Canal: Report of Two Cases." Neurosurgery 52, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000053100.29308.f3.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE To highlight the clinical, radiological, and surgical findings and therapeutic options for this rare entity, which may mimic a purely intrameatal vestibular schwannoma, and to define the particular aspects of preoperative differential diagnosis and surgical management. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Two patients presented with clinical findings typical of vestibular schwannomas, i.e., tinnitus, hearing loss of 30 dB, and an intrameatal contrast-enhancing lesion on magnetic resonance imaging studies. TECHNIQUE The lesions were exposed via a suboccipital transmeatal approach, and tumor infiltration of the cochlear and/or facial cranial nerves was identified. In view of the unclear intraoperative histology, surgical management was based on criteria of cranial nerve function. In Patient 1, after nerve decompression by subtotal tumor removal, preserved auditory brainstem responses and facial nerve electromyography indicated functional nerve preservation and facilitated the decision for partial resection. In Patient 2, minimal tumor dissection resulted in complete loss of auditory brainstem response without reversibility. Therefore, a radical tumor removal was performed that sacrificed the cochlear but preserved the facial nerve. CONCLUSION Symptoms and signs of internal auditory canal hamartomas are congruent with other typical pathological lesions of the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle. Accurate preoperative diagnosis by radiological means is not possible, but careful evaluation of the different signal intensities on magnetic resonance imaging studies may indicate this rare pathological condition. Intraoperative surgical findings of tumor infiltration of the faciocochlear cranial nerve complex may support simple observation. In view of the nonneoplastic characteristic of these lesions, a more conservative approach is justified. The decision should be based on the functional status of the cranial nerves, for which reliable electrophysiological monitoring is indispensable.
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Tielemans, Birger, Kaat Dekoster, Stijn E. Verleden, Stefan Sawall, Bartosz Leszczyński, Kjell Laperre, Arno Vanstapel, et al. "From Mouse to Man and Back: Closing the Correlation Gap between Imaging and Histopathology for Lung Diseases." Diagnostics 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10090636.
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Lung diseases such as fibrosis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, infection and cancer are life-threatening conditions that slowly deteriorate quality of life and for which our diagnostic power is high, but our knowledge on etiology and/or effective treatment options still contains important gaps. In the context of day-to-day practice, clinical and preclinical studies, clinicians and basic researchers team up and continuously strive to increase insights into lung disease progression, diagnostic and treatment options. To unravel disease processes and to test novel therapeutic approaches, investigators typically rely on end-stage procedures such as serum analysis, cyto-/chemokine profiles and selective tissue histology from animal models. These techniques are useful but provide only a snapshot of disease processes that are essentially dynamic in time and space. Technology allowing evaluation of live animals repeatedly is indispensable to gain a better insight into the dynamics of lung disease progression and treatment effects. Computed tomography (CT) is a clinical diagnostic imaging technique that can have enormous benefits in a research context too. Yet, the implementation of imaging techniques in laboratories lags behind. In this review we want to showcase the integrated approaches and novel developments in imaging, lung functional testing and pathological techniques that are used to assess, diagnose, quantify and treat lung disease and that may be employed in research on patients and animals. Imaging approaches result in often novel anatomical and functional biomarkers, resulting in many advantages, such as better insight in disease progression and a reduction in the numbers of animals necessary. We here showcase integrated assessment of lung disease with imaging and histopathological technologies, applied to the example of lung fibrosis. Better integration of clinical and preclinical imaging technologies with pathology will ultimately result in improved clinical translation of (therapy) study results.
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Scambia, Giovanni, Camilla Nero, Stefano Uccella, Enrico Vizza, Fabio Ghezzi, Francesco Cosentino, Vito Chiantera, and Anna Fagotti. "Sentinel-node biopsy in early stage ovarian cancer: a prospective multicentre study (SELLY)." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 29, no. 9 (October 9, 2019): 1437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-000886.
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BackgroundSystematic para-aortic and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy is included in the standard comprehensive surgical staging in presumed early epithelial ovarian cancer. No prospective randomized evidence suggests it has potential therapeutic value, and related morbidity is not negligible.Primary Objective(s)To assess sensitivity, safety, and feasibility of the sentinel lymph node technique in identifying the presence of lymph node metastases in patients with early stage epithelial ovarian cancer.Study HypothesisSentinel lymph node detection with indocyanine green can accurately predict nodal status in a cohort of women with early stage epithelial ovarian cancer.Trial DesignThe SELLY trial is a prospective phase II interventional multicenter study.Major Inclusion/Exclusion CriteriaInclusion criteria: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0–1, apparent International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I-II, histologically proven epithelial ovarian cancer.Exclusion criteria: evidence of carcinomatosis, mucinous only at definitive histology.Endpoint(s)Primary endpoint is sensitivity (true positive rate). Secondary endpoints include safety (complications rate of the procedure) and feasibility.Sample SizeAssuming a sensitivity of 98.5% in predicting positive sentinel lymph nodes at histology, a pathological lymph node prevalence of 14.2%, a precision of estimate (ie, the maximum marginal error) d=5%, and a type I error α=0.05, a sample size of 160 patients is needed to test the general hypothesis (ie, to answer whether sentinel lymph nodes identified with indocyanine green can accurately predict nodal status at histology of patients with apparently early epithelial ovarian cancer). Assuming a drop-out rate of 10%, a total of 176 patients will be enrolled in the study.Estimated Dates for Completing Accrual and Presenting ResultsThe accrual should be completed by December 2020 and results should be presented by March 2021.Trial RegistrationThe trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03563781).
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Sozzi, Giulio, Francesco Fanfani, Roberto Berretta, Vito Andrea Capozzi, Stefano Uccella, Natalina Buono, Vincenzo Giallombardo, et al. "Laparoscopic sentinel node mapping with intracervical indocyanine green injection for endometrial cancer: the SENTIFAIL study – a multicentric analysis of predictors of failed mapping." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 30, no. 11 (August 31, 2020): 1713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-001724.
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ObjectivesLaparoscopy is commonly used for endometrial cancer treatment, and sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has become the standard procedure for nodal assessment. Despite the standardization of the technique, there is no definitive data regarding its failure rate. The objective of this study is to identify factors associated with unsuccessful SLN mapping in endometrial cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic SLN mapping after intracervical indocyanine green (ICG) injection.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated a consecutive series of endometrial cancer patients who underwent laparoscopic SLN mapping with intracervical ICG injection, in four oncological referral centers from January 2016 to July 2019. Inclusion criteria were biopsy-proven endometrial cancer, total laparoscopic approach, and intracervical ICG injection. Exclusion criteria were evidence of lymph node involvement or extrauterine disease at pre-operative imaging, synchronous invasive cancer, the use of tracers different from ICG, and the use of neoadjuvant treatment. Bilateral and failed bilateral SLN mapping groups were compared for clinical and pathological features. In patients with an unsuccessful procedure, side-specific lymphadenectomy was performed. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of failure.ResultsA total of 376 patients were included in the study. The overall bilateral and unilateral SLN detection rates were 96.3%, 76.3%, and 20.0% respectively. The failed bilateral mapping detection rate was 23.7%. The median number of sentinel nodes removed was 2.2 (range, 0–5). After multivariate analysis, lymph vascular space involvement [OR 2.4 (1.04–1.12), P=0.003], non-endometrioid histology [OR 3.0 (1.43–6.29), P=0.004], and intraoperative finding of enlarged lymph node [OR 2.3 (1.01–5.31), P=0.045] were identified as independent predictors of failure of SLN mapping.ConclusionLymph vascular space involvement, non-endometrioid histology, and intra-operative finding of enlarged lymph nodes were identified as independent risk factors for unsuccessful mapping in patients undergoing laparoscopic SLN mapping.
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Santhosha and Geeta S Narayanan. "Intrapulmonary desmoplastic mesothelioma in a young adult – Case report." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.19.2.0196.
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Introduction: Desmoplastic mesothelioma typically represents an extremely rare histological subtype of sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma that usually presents with a diffuse pattern of growth. A marked increase in mesothelioma is predicted in developing countries, where asbestos usage is increasing exponentially. Only a few case series have been reported in the Indian literature where mesotheliomas have been analysed on routine histology and IHC. Case Presentation: We are reporting a case of a 28 years old man came with complaints of gradually progressive central non radiating chest pain for 3months with unremarkable physical findings. CT thorax revealed well defined homogenous slightly lobulated soft tissue attenuating mass lesion in anterior epicardial fat pad, biopsy reported benign spindle cell tumour possibly neural origin. Interventions: Patient underwent thoracotomy and tumour excision. Post-operative histopathological examination showed desmoplastic mesothelioma. The final diagnosis of intrapulmonary desmoplastic mesothelioma was confirmed by pathological and immunohistochemical examination. The patient underwent 6 cycles of PEM/CARBO adjuvant chemotherapy followed by adjuvant radiation of 50.4 Gy by VMAT Technique. Conclusion: Desmoplastic mesothelioma is a rare pathology and rarely seen in young patients. Desmoplastic mesothelioma continues to have a poor prognosis due to its highly malignant, aggressive, and refractory nature to local treatment which necessitates the early intervention to improve the survival.
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Vastyanov, R., P. Yermuraki, A. Stoyanov, O. Tiron, Ya Beseda, I. Ostapenko, V. Dobrovolsky, D. Lapshin, and A. Stecenko. "New aspects of pedagogical activity in the distant form of pathological physiology teaching to medical university students." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 10 (October 21, 2021): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.10.015.
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Distance learning (DL) is a completely new and unique form of education, which got forced to switch to by the current pandemic of coronavirus disease.
Note that until now, distance learning technologies have been used at the department of general and clinical pathological physiology and some other departments of the Odessa National Medical University (ONMedU).
The aim of this analytical article is to analyze the efficacy of ONMedU General and Clinical Pathological Physiology Department staff during the one and a half year period of the coronavirus infection pandemic with an accent to psychological approach to students modified teaching. The urgent need of time and the primary desire to protect students and their own lives during 2020-2021 requires us to improve our own pedagogical approaches in the further on-line teaching of students.
We see success in systematic methodological work with students, the implementation of which will make it possible to evoke and increase their motivation to study histology. The importance of this methodological technique, supported in the senior years of medical universities by the integration of teaching theoretical and clinical disciplines, the approximation of teaching to specific clinical cases will help optimize the assimilation of morphological knowledge by students at least and, undoubtedly, in the near future will lead to a better assimilation of clinical disciplines.
In connection with the ideas of individualized and developmental learning, the use of psychological capabilities of learning tools in the virtual environment brings both pedagogy and psychology to a new level of understanding the mediation of mental, creative, communicative and executive learning and learning activities.
The use of distance learning helps the students to acquire skills of independent work, creates comfortable conditions for creativity, increases the creative and intellectual potential of the student through self-organization, the ability to interact with computer technology and make responsible decisions, creates favorable conditions for individual creative expression in the process of learning, for the development of the student's personality.
The authors are convinced that the optimization and improvement of the educational process in medical universities is to draw students' attention to the problems that the medical community is dealing with on a daily basis today.
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EVERETT, S. M., and A. T. R. AXON. "Early gastric cancer in Europe." Gut 41, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.41.2.142.
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Despite mass population screening and an incidence of EGC in Japan that is at least double that of the West, there seem to be no genuine differences in the clinicopathological features of the disease between the two regions. The macroscopic appearance, size, depth of invasion, frequency of lymph node invasion, and histology of EGC are all remarkably similar in Japan, Europe and America, as are sex and age distributions.Patients with EGC are a number of years younger than those with advanced cancer. This is not surprising: Tsukuma et alfollowed 56 cases of EGC that were not surgically treated and estimated that the median “duration of EGC” before becoming advanced was 37 months.87 This suggests that EGC undergoes a period of slow growth before becoming advanced. Further differences between early and advanced cancers include a higher frequency of synchronous cancers and a longer symptom duration in EGC.Unfavourable prognostic factors in EGC include lymph node invasion, and invasion through the muscularis mucosae, though it is not clear whether these are independent. Repeated attempts have been made to identify other prognostic factors, but no clear pattern has emerged, with the possible exceptions of patient age, tumour size, and the presence of ulceration.The postsurgical outcome of EGC in the West is marginally less favourable than in Japan. In view of the similar clinical and pathological features in the two regions it seems likely, therefore, that this is because of the more aggressive surgical techniques traditionally used in Japan. Conversely, however, EMR has recently emerged as an important technique in Japan. Despite the advantages of low operative mortality and normal function of the postoperative stomach, there are also a number of potential disadvantages. It would seem sensible, therefore, to await the results of long term follow up studies before widespread adoption of EMR in Europe. Nevertheless, this technique should be considered for frail patients unfit for more radical surgery.
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Orlova, Anna, Yulia Perevalova, Ksenia Pavlova, Natalia Orlinskaya, Aleksandr Khilov, Daria Kurakina, Maria Shakhova, et al. "Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy Monitoring of Experimental Tumor Oxygenation after Red and Blue Light Photodynamic Therapy." Photonics 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9010019.
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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective technique for cancer treatment based on photoactivation of photosensitizer accumulated in pathological tissues resulting in singlet oxygen production. Employment of red (660 nm) or blue (405 nm) light differing in typical penetration depth within the tissue for PDT performance provides wide opportunities for improving PDT protocols. Oxygenation dynamics in the treated area can be monitored using diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) which allows evaluating tumor response to treatment. In this study, we report on monitoring oxygenation dynamics in experimental tumors after PDT treatment with chlorin-based photosensitizers using red or blue light. The untreated and red light PDT groups demonstrate a gradual decrease in tumor oxygen saturation during the 7-day observation period, however, the reason is different: in the untreated group, the effect is explained by the excessive tumor growth, while in the PDT group, the effect is caused by the blood flow arrest preventing delivery of oxygenated blood to the tumor. The blue light PDT procedure, on the contrary, demonstrates the preservation of the blood oxygen saturation in the tumor during the entire observation period due to superficial action of the blue-light PDT and weaker tumor growth inhibition. Irradiation-only regimes show a primarily insignificant decrease in tumor oxygen saturation owing to partial inhibition of tumor growth. The DOS observations are interpreted based on histology analysis.
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Currie, A., K. Chong, and GL Davies. "Using therapeutic mammoplasty to extend the role of breast-conserving surgery in women with larger or ptotic breasts." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 3 (April 2013): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588413x13511609958091.
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Introduction The equivalence of breast-conserving surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy against mastectomy is now firmly established in patients with early breast cancer. The results of surgery in large-breasted women can be poor, with radiation-induced fibrosis, chronic pain and poor cosmesis contributing to long-term psychological and physical morbidity. Therapeutic mammoplasty offers an alternative management strategy to both enhance the role of breast-conserving surgery and provide better outcomes. Methods A retrospective note review was undertaken of all patients undergoing therapeutic mammoplasty for breast malignancy between 2007 and 2011. All cases were performed using a Wise pattern-reduction technique. Histology and pathological outcomes were assessed. Postoperative outcomes reviewed included wound infection, seroma and need for further intervention. Results During the study period, 20 patients underwent therapeutic mammoplasty with a mean follow-up duration of 36 months. The mean weight of the lumpectomy specimen was 330g. The average cancer size was 34mm, with a mean margin clearance of 7mm. There was one episode of wound infection and three of delayed wound healing at the T-junction. One patient required a mastectomy for involved margins. There were no recurrences at the most recent follow-up visit. Conclusions Therapeutic mammoplasty offers a tailored approach to women with larger breasts and early breast cancers with good cosmetic results and oncological outcomes.
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Perniola, Giorgia, Federica Tomao, Marialida Graziano, Innocenza Palaia, Margherita Fischetti, Francesca Lecce, Assunta Casorelli, et al. "The Role of 2D/3D Ultrasound to Assess the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer." Oncology 98, no. 11 (2020): 807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505426.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Different imaging techniques were introduced to improve preoperative clinical staging of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) with transvaginal ultrasound (TV-US) or transrectal ultrasound (TR-US) representing a promising staging technique in the evaluation of the local extension of the disease for invasive tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in LACC by 2D/3D ultrasound examination. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> We prospectively enrolled patients affected by histologically and clinically confirmed LACC. All patients were scheduled for 3 cycles of platinum-based NACT followed by radical surgery. The ultrasound examination was performed at every cycle and within 10 days before surgery. The parameters evaluated were: the volume (automatically computed by the VOCAL software) and the mass vascularization. <b><i>Results:</i></b> From March 2010 to March 2019, 157 women were recruited. Among these patients, 12 of them were excluded: 6 for the presence of distant metastases, 4 for rare histology, and 2 for severe comorbidities not allowing the protocol treatment. Seventeen patients after NACT were excluded because they were not amenable to radical surgery. Thus, 128 were considered for the final analysis of whom 106 (83%) were considered responders to NACT by histology. The sensibility and specificity of ultrasound with regard to the response to chemotherapy compared to histological specimen were 94 and 82%, respectively, with an accuracy of 92%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 96 and 75%, respectively. Finally, we found that nonetheless there was a trend towards a continuous response to chemotherapy among patients who were considered responders to NACT at pathological examination; the major volume and vascularization index (VI) reduction were observed during the first 2 cycles (74, 71% and 47, 63%, respectively). On the contrary, non-responders showed an initial reduction of the VI (4.86 consisting of 33%, 95% CI 0.79–8.92, <i>p</i> = 0.013), but no significant modification in tumour volume along NACT. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> 2D/3D ultrasound is useful in assessing early response to NACT in patients with LACC.
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Sharmazanova, О. P., I. N. Safonova, and Y. S. Mityakova. "Applicability of sonoelastography in leiomyoma and adenomyosis." Український радіологічний та онкологічний журнал 29, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46879/ukroj.1.2021.78-88.
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Background. Uterine leiomyoma and endometriosis are common gynecological diseases of women in childbearing potential. This fact necessitates developing an optimal protocol for examination of patients in order to implement an individual approach to treatment. Diagnosis of mixed forms of pathological myometrium conditions causes some difficulties. Elastography technique makes it possible to assess the density of the myometrium, which may be essential for differentiating the diagnosis of leiomyoma and adenomyosis in mixed forms.
Рurpose – to ascertain the potential of transvaginal ultrasound along with compression sonoelastography to determine the deformation coefficient in differential diagnosis of various pathological myometrium conditions.
Materials and methods. The paper presents the analysis of elastographic findings of the uterus in 155 women obtained via compression sonoelastography performed by means of HITACHI AVIUS device. Patients were divided into 4 groups: control, women with uterine leiomyoma, uterine adenomyosis, with combined leiomyoma and adenomyosis. The transabdominal/ transvaginal ultrasound findings were confirmed by histopathological examination. The standard point scale was used to determine the deformation coefficient.
Results. Elastographic characteristics were assessed in accordance with sonoelastography findings, i. e. deformation coefficients common in leiomyoma and adenomyosis. The maximum values of the deformation coefficient were obtained in leiomyoma (in an amount of 2 to 6.0 units). In case of diffuse or focal adenomyosis, the deformation coefficient was in an amount of 0.5 to 1.5 units indicating high myometrial elasticity vs the unchanged myometrium. For its part, in Group I (control), the deformation coefficient ranged from 1 to 1.7 units. High myometrial elasticity in adenomyosis vs the unchanged myometrium as well low elasticity or high density of the myometrium in leiomyoma were observed.
Conclusions. The deformation coefficients in patients with leiomyoma and adenomyosis and unchanged myometrium were obtained via ultrasound with compression sonoelastography and they made it possible to determine the degree of elasticity of the myometrium and its changes in the relevant pathology. Elastography is capable of identifying clear distinctive features of leiomyoma and adenomyosis. The coincidence of the diagnosis of adenomyosis based on elastography and histology is significant, but not optimal. The unchanged myometrium has a certain elasticity, which can be equated to a numerical value, i. e. the deformation coefficient, and this param changes in case of leiomyoma or adenomyosis, which makes it possible to differentiate these pathological conditions of the myometrium.
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Ehsanullah, Syed Ali, Abida Sultana, Brian Kelly, Charlotte Dunford, and Zaheer Shah. "Open Partial Nephrectomy with Zero Ischaemia Using a Supra 12th Rib Miniflank Incision: A Minimally Invasive Open Approach for Small Renal Masses." Advances in Urology 2021 (December 31, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5569254.
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Introduction. To assess a minimally invasive open technique for partial nephrectomy with zero ischaemia time. Methods. A review was performed in a prospectively maintained database of a single surgeon series of all patients undergoing partial nephrectomy using a supra 12th rib miniflank incision with zero ischaemia. Data of seventy one patients who underwent a partial nephrectomy over an 82-month period were analyzed. Data analyzed included operative time, estimated blood loss, pre and postoperative renal function, complications, final pathological characteristics, and tumour size. Results. Seventy one partial nephrectomies were performed from February 2009 to October 2015. None were converted to radical nephrectomy. Mean operative time was 72 minutes (range 30–250), and mean estimated blood loss was 608 mls (range 100–2500) with one patient receiving blood transfusion. The mean pre and postoperative haemoglobin levels were 144 and 112 g/l. The mean pre and postoperative creatinine levels were 82 and 103 Umol/L. There were 8 Clavian–Dindo Grade 2 complications and 1 major complication (Clavian IIIa). Histology confirmed 24 benign lesions and 47 malignant lesions, 46 cT1a lesions, 24 cT1b lesions, and 1 cT2 lesion. Median follow-up was 38 months with no local recurrence or progression of disease with 5 patients having a positive margin (7%). Conclusion. Our results demonstrate that a supra 12th miniflank incision open partial nephrectomy with zero ischaemic time for SRMs has satisfactory outcomes with preservation of renal function. A minimally invasive open partial nephrectomy remains an important option for units that cannot offer patients a laparoscopic or a robotic procedure.
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Lewis, Jon C. "Immunoelectron microscopy in diagnostic pathology: The myths and realities of applicability and methodology." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 1000–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100129267.
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Immunohistochemical techniques since introduction in the 1940's have held promise as ancillary methods in situations when confident diagnostic decisions could not be made using standardized histologic or histochemical methods. Recently as a result of monoclonal antibody technology and availability of reliable commercial reagents, the potential for immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic aid has been realized. Although immunologic techniques are applicable to a variety of pathological questions, particularly those related to pathogenesis and etiology, from a practical standpoint widespread use has not occurred, and diagnostic use primarily has been in the area of tumor pathology for differentiation of malignant from non-malignant tissues and for identifying antigenic differences between cancers of similar histology. At the ultrastructural level, immunocytochemistry has also received attention for use in pathology; but, as in the case of histologic use, diagnostic application at the EM level has been restricted to select well defined situations with virus identification and characterization of poorly differentiated leukemias being the major areas.
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Mathews, Marlon S., Jianping Su, Esmaeil Heidari, Elad I. Levy, Mark E. Linskey, and Zhongping Chen. "Neuroendovascular Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging and Histological Analysis." Neurosurgery 69, no. 2 (February 23, 2011): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e318212bcb4.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed optical imaging technique that provides high-resolution cross-sectional in situ images from intact tissue based on tissue reflectance of near-infrared or infrared light. OBJECTIVE: To report on the feasibility of neuroendovascular OCT imaging and compare the neuroendovascular OCT findings with histology in nondiseased vessels in an animal, cadaveric, and clinical study. METHODS: Catheter-based in vivo endovascular OCT imaging was performed in the common carotid arteries of 2 pigs and in the intracranial carotid arteries of 3 patients. The endovascular OCT device was delivered to the desired location via groin access and using standard endovascular procedures. Images were obtained via rotational and translational scanning using external motors. In vivo findings were reproduced using ex vivo OCT imaging in corresponding animal and human (cadaveric) harvested tissue segments. These segments underwent histological examination for comparison. RESULTS: The structural compositions of the OCT-imaged segments of the common carotid arteries in pigs as well as the petrous and cavernous intracranial carotid arteries in patients were visualized at high resolution (8 μm). The in vivo images were identical to those obtained ex vivo, demonstrating the imaging capabilities of the endovascular OCT device. The OCT images correlated well with the images obtained after histological sectioning and visualized in vivo the laminar vascular structure. CONCLUSION: Neuroendovascular OCT imaging is feasible for clinical use and can detect with high resolution the structure of arterial segments. Understanding OCT imaging in nondiseased arteries is important in establishing baseline findings necessary for interpreting pathological processes. This allows neuroendovascular optical biopsies of vascular tissue to be obtained without the need for excision and processing.
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Hryntsova, N. B., and A. M. Romanyuk. "An Original Method for Removing and Fixing the Pituitary Gland of Sexually Mature Rats for Creating High-Quality Permanent Histological Preparations." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.01.303.
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The issue of high-quality creating histological preparations is an urgent issue of histology and pathological anatomy, experimental medicine and biology. The pituitary gland belongs to the smallest in mass and size of the endocrine glands in both humans and animals, it is an endocrine gland and occupies one of the central places in the endocrine regulation of the body's vital activity. The study of the features of the removal of the pituitary gland from Turkish saddle of the sphenoid bone of the skull of rats remains an important aspect of modern morphology. The purpose of the work was to develop an original technique for improving the first (removal) and second (material fixation) stages of creating histological preparations of the rat pituitary gland for morphological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical medico-biological experimental studies. Material and methods. The development of the methodology was carried out on 200 white sexually mature rats of different sex weighing 250-300 g at the age of 7-8 months in accordance with the National and European bioethical standards. Results and discussion. Modification of the technique of extracting the pituitary gland of rats includes the introduction of the animal into thiopental anesthesia, decapitation, separation of the skin and muscular integument of the head, resection of the occipital bone of the skull, exposure and removal of the brain, identification of the pituitary gland, followed by removal of the pituitary gland with a single complex (block) together with the pituitary fossa Turkish saddle and fragments of the sphenoid bone adjacent to it. The gland was fixed with a reduced concentration of a 5% solution of buffered neutral formalin. After 15-18 hours from the beginning of fixation, the complex was temporarily removed from the fixator, and the pituitary gland was removed from the pituitary fossa of Turkish saddle using eye scalpel and eye forceps. The organ had a well-fixed and compacted capsule, which prevented unnecessary trauma and fragmentation of the organ during removal. The removed pituitary gland was again immersed in a 5% solution of neutral buffered formalin for 2-3 hours. After the end of the fixation period, the pituitary gland had a well-fixed structure and was subject to the following standard stages of making permanent histological specimens
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Sigaudi, Valeria, Micol Zannetti, Eleonora Ferrara, Irene Manfredda, Eleonora Mones, Gianfranco Loi, Marco Krengli, and Pierfrancesco Franco. "Ultra-Hypofractionation for Whole-Breast Irradiation in Early Breast Cancer: Interim Analysis of a Prospective Study." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102568.
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We report on the early clinical outcomes of a prospective series of early breast cancer (EBC) patients treated with ultra-hypofractionated post-operative whole-breast irradiation (WBI) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and axillary management. Primary endpoints were patient’s compliance and acute toxicity. Secondary endpoints included physician-rated cosmesis and ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR). Acute toxicity was evaluated at the end of WBI, 3 weeks and 6 months thereafter, according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (v. 5.0). Patients were treated between September 2021 and May 2022. The treatment schedule for WBI consisted of either 26 Gy in 5 fractions over one week (standard approach) or 28.5 Gy in 5 fractions over 5 weeks (reserved to elders). Inverse planned intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was used employing a static technique. A total of 70 patients were treated. Fifty-nine were treated with the 26 Gy/5 fr/1 w and 11 with the 28.5 Gy/5 fr/5 ws schedule. Median age was 67 and 70 in the two groups. Most of the patients had left-sided tumours (53.2%) in the 26 Gy/5 fr/1 w or right-sided lesions (63.6%) in the 28.5 Gy/5 fr/5 ws group. Most of the patients had a clinical T1N0 disease and a pathological pT1pN0(sn) after surgery. Ductal invasive carcinoma was the most frequent histology. Luminal A intrinsic subtyping was most frequent. Most of the patients underwent BCS and sentinel lymph node biopsy and adjuvant endocrine therapy. All patients completed the treatment program as planned. Maximum detected acute skin toxicities were grade 2 erythema (6.7%), grade 2 induration (4.4%), and grade 2 skin colour changes. No early IBTR was observed. Ultra-hypofractionated WBI provides favourable compliance and early clinical outcomes in EBC after BCS in a real-world setting.
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Qaisi, Mohammed, Ryan Dee, Issam Eid, James Murphy, Ignacio A. Velasco Martinez, and Henry Fung. "Reconstruction for Complex Oromandibular Facial Defects: The Fibula Free Flap and Pectoralis Major Flap Combination." Case Reports in Surgery 2019 (March 26, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8451213.
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Background. Extensive through-and-through oromandibular defects after advanced oral carcinoma excision pose a reconstructive challenge for the head and neck surgeon. These complex oromandibular wounds often involve the mandible, oral and/or aerodigestive mucosa, and the external skin. As a result, these defects are often not amenable to reconstruction with a single flap due to the volume of soft tissue needed and the three-dimensional reconstructive requirement. The use of two free flaps has often been suggested to overcome this reconstructive challenge. A simpler and less technically demanding way to deal with this may involve the use of a free flap in combination with a pedicled regional flap. We present our experience of the use of a simultaneous microvascular fibula free flap (FFF) with a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMC) for addressing these defects.Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed of patients treated with a FFF and PMMC combination for the reconstruction of oromandibular defects at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (Jackson, MS) between October 2013 and February 2016. A minimum follow-up of 12 months was required. Data collected included the extent and location of tumor involvement, size of the postablative defect, tumor histology, clinical and pathological staging, length of follow-up, functional outcomes, and associated complications.Results. A total of three patients were identified to have been treated with the above technique. Defects repaired involved through-and-through mandibular defects with associated oral mucosa and external skin defects. In all cases, the FFF was used for restoring bony continuity with the skin paddle used to reconstruct the intraoral lining. The PMMC was used for reconstruction of the external skin defect and for providing soft tissue bulk. The average size of the fibula skin paddle used for intraoral reconstruction was7.7 cm×11.7 cm. The average size of the PMMC paddle was7.3×9 cm. The mean follow-up was 21.7 months. Both the FFF and PMMC survived in all cases, although postoperative wound healing complications occurred in two of the three patients. There was one partial flap loss. Two patients regained good oral intake while one patient tolerated oral intake but was PEG tube-dependent.Conclusions. The combination of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and a vascularized free fibular flap is a viable option for the reconstruction of complex through-and-through oromandibular defects. This technique may be useful when a single microvascular free flap is not sufficient for reconstruction of such defects.
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Bella, Santiago Rafael, Jose Roberto Llugdar, Alejo Lingua, Ricardo Alejandro Theaux, Francisco Papalini, Ricardo Olocco, and Daniel Lerda. "Outcome and evaluation of 1p and 19q deletion by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) in patients with diagnosis of oligodendroglioma (OD) and oligoastrocitoma (OA)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e21025-e21025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e21025.
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e21025 Background: In OD and OA, the 1p and 19q deletion has prognostic value in survival. It is also a predictive factor for response to chemotherapy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the standard method for its evaluation. CISH could be an alternative that has already been validated in other neoplasias. In OD and OA, this combined deletion is present in about 50% of patients when analyzed with FISH. Methods: Patients resected at Clinica Reina Fabiola from january 2006 to january 2010 and diagnosed of OD and OA were propectivelly included. Paraffin-embebed tumor tissue was analyzed for 1p19q deletions by CISH. The results were correlated to the histology (OD and OA) and grade (II and III) of the tumors. Results: The demographic features of the patients from the present study coincide with literature. The 1p and 19q deletion was found in 3 of the 24 patients analyzed (13%). The combined deletion was only found in those with grade II OD. No combined deletion was found in patients diagnosed of grade III OD and grade II and III OA. In the subgroup of patients with grade II OD, the combined deletion was observed in 3 of 11 patients (27%). The 3 patients in which the deletion in both chromosomes was observed, received treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, all of them with complete response. 5 years DFS was 90%-median follow up 36,8 (CI: 30,5-42,98) Conclusions: The detection of the combined deletion with CISH technique was inferior (13%) than the literature. We cannot demonstrate that CISH is a reliable method for the detection of the 1p and 19q deletion. The possible reasons of this difference could be attributed to the number of patients of the study, to deviations in the procedures of the test or to the fact that the CISH method is not coincident with FISH. This prospectivelly monoinstitutional results are also different to our previous report, and may be due to different pathological evaluation.
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Yi, Eunjue, Naoki Sunaguchi, Jeong Hyeon Lee, Chul-Yong Kim, Sungho Lee, Sanghoon Jheon, Masami Ando, and Yangki Seok. "Synchrotron Radiation-Based Refraction-Contrast Tomographic Images Using X-ray Dark-Field Imaging Optics in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma and Histologic Correlations." Diagnostics 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030487.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical implication of synchrotron radiation imaging techniques for human lung adenocarcinoma in comparison with pathologic examination. A refraction-based tomographic imaging technique called the X-ray dark-field imaging (XDFI) method was used to obtain computed tomographic images of human lung adenocarcinoma at the beam line at Photon Factory BL 14B at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Tsukuba, Japan. Images of normal lung tissue were also obtained using the same methods and reconstructed as 3D images. Both reconstructed images were compared with pathologic examinations from histologic slides which were made with identical samples. Pulmonary alveolar structure including terminal bronchioles, alveolar sacs, and vasculatures could be identified in synchrotron radiation images of normal lung. Hyperplasia of interstitial tissue and dysplasia of alveolar structures were noticed in images of lung adenocarcinoma. Both synchrotron radiation images were considerably correlated with images from histologic slides. Lepidic patterns of cancer tissue were distinguished from the invasive area in synchrotron radiation images of lung adenocarcinoma. Refraction-contrast tomographic techniques using synchrotron radiation could provide high-resolution images of lung adenocarcinoma which are compatible with those from pathologic examinations.