Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Histoire du militantisme'
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Duport, Claire. "Notables, militants, entrepreneurs : une histoire sociale du militantisme dans les cités." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10015.
Full textRevol, Hélène. "Idéologie et militantisme dans "Le confessioni d'un Italiano" d'Ippolito Nievo." Lyon 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO31013.
Full textLe confessioni d'un italiano (1858) aim at mobilizing the reader for the independence wars (1859-61). N. Projects himself into carlino altoviti an "octogenarian" bord in venice : like him his mother was a noblewoman and his father a committed man : from 1775 he is a "witness and an actor" in the cycle of the 3 generations of the "democratico" development. After i had studied the 3 notebooks of the manuscript, their hegelian tripartite outline forced itself upon me : 1 the subversion of values announces the solitary end of patrician venice. Individualism socio-politicizes ambitious passions. Only the little "orphan of fratta" is gifted with the emotional foreknowledge of the revolution. 2e the french revolutionary "rupture" (10 central chapters) starts with arcadian and virtuous rousseauism : carlino is a moral and militant tutor. Consequently to jacobine infiltration and to bonaparte's victories, campoformio puts an end to venice. I note that history is manipulated : among ather things carlino glorifies as italian, only the parthenopean legion of carafa, who is beheadedsymmetrically in the text with louis xvi. Italian franternity triumphs over french liberty and equality which are contested by mazzini, himself not named. The family is born again from the utopian community ; anonymous "associations" finance interdependent revolutions ; venice sacrifies itself for ome ; this novel is a corrective and educational bildungsroman. 3e progress (for example the restored father) has its myths : sacrified love, deified humanity, rome "queen of the world" for the "third" time. N. Follows hegel : he repeats homer's epic and 16th epic to celebrate the "democratic" war based on the greek revolutionary model rather than the
Véziers, Guilhem. "Histoire du syndicalisme des professeurs d'éducation physique entre 1880 et 2002 : un militantisme corporatif, pédagogique et politique." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10228.
Full textGuirassy, Fodé Moussa. "La confrérie Mouride entre socialisme musulman et militantisme politique : histoire de la participation politique d'un mouvement religieux au Sénégal." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP0968.
Full textSince colonization, Senegalese brotherhoods movements politic participation, in particular the mouride one, have changed. That movements which have played an unquestionable role in Senegalese social and politic construction seem lose their politic prestige. Originally, their support to the government in spite of disciple’s contestation, as the change of government party show. We note today a new phenomenon in their politic participation: the militancy. From Muslim socialism at start of the brotherhoods in accordance with their doctrine, they progressively tip over into the politic militancy through their marabous, in particular the least influentials. This doctorate try then to demonstrate how from the religious socialism, the Senegalese brotherhoods are tripping over into the politic militancy. And how that politic militancy can constitute rubble for Senegalese politic processes and possibly a threat to the country democratic construction
Teinturier, Sara. "L'enseignement privé dans l'entre-deux-guerres : socio-histoire d'une mobilisation catholique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G026.
Full textIn France, during the interwar period, Catholics ceaselessly claimed public financial support for their schools, which were in a particularly precarious situation. Private Catholic schools subsisted thanks to their teachers who subsumed their hard working conditions to their faith. The strong doctrine of the Catholic Church in educational matters and the acceptance of prescribed roles within the institution were key to maintain a Catholic education system. This claim went alongside a polymorphous activism. Three attitudes prevailed: first, there where the advocates of the realization of Catholic unity, whether in opposition to the political regime or enrolling in the republican legality; then appeared a new movement which demanded the insertion of Catholicism into the modern world. The rejection or the acceptance of the public school system and the definition of private education and of its role, highlighted the issue for the Church: the acceptance or rejection of the pluralisation of French society and of the Catholic opinion. In the 1920’s prevailed the clericalist educational utopia of a Christian society of which Catholic schools would be the spearhead. The 1930’s saw a paradoxical reconfiguration: in the same time that bishops took the initiative of creating a National Committee for private education in 1931, the declericalization of Catholic action was confirmed. In doing so, Catholic militancy which enabled the maintenance of schools, was also responsible for the politicization of the ecclesial scope and, ultimately, of its secularization
Tonneau, Jean-Philippe. "Le syndicat des avocats de France (1972-2012) : contribution à une socio-histoire du militantisme syndical dans le champ judiciaire." Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT3041.
Full textThe judicial trade unionism and the miltancy introduced in the 1960s and 1970s constitute one of the dead angles of the researches on the judicial occupations. The collectives of professionals of the law are nevertheless many to be born during these years : syndicat de la Magistrature, l'Hôtel d'Ornano, Mouvement d'Action Judiciaire, Syndicat des Avocats de France (SAF). This thesis on SAF (created in 1973) intends to fill this historiographical space. The memebers of the SAF appear gladly, and are presented by their colleagues, as militant lawyers were endowed with a political conception of the profession. The first part of the thesis questions the political conception of the profession of the members of the SAF. By the analysis of the genesis and the institutionalization of the union, the construction, the mobilization and the various forms of this conception of the profession emerge. In the end, it seems that the latter dresses various from according to temporal moments, according to the position occupied in the union, and, according to the very union activists. The second part of the thesis becomes attached to the lawyers of SAF : who are they ? having raised their generational portraits, their professionnal and militant practices are analysed, then some of their causes (the legal aid, the labor law, the the law of the foreigners) are considered. The mobilized modes of investigation are diverse : archives, bibliographic interviews and observations of demonstrations organized by the SAF (congresses, study days, etc. ). By combining the sociology of the professions and the sociology of the commitment, this thesis intends to contribute to the socio-history of the labor-union miltancy in the judicial field
Tchernoïvanoff, Pierre-Alexis. "Pour une sociologie du réalisme politique : Le cas du Parti socialiste." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782821.
Full textBrodiez-Dolino, Axelle. "Le Secours populaire français, 1945-2000 : de l'organisation de masse à l'association de solidarité, histoire d'engagements." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082464.
Full textThe Secours populaire français (SPF) was a communist massorganization, created to defend activists victims of the gouvermental repression in France, and of fascism or colonialism abroad ; it was fully insert in the communist " conglomerate " (1945-1955). Since 1955, this conglomerate was gradually reorganized and the internal links weaked ; during the algerian war, the SPF and its new general secretary got a progressive autonomy and the association established his new identity, based on apolitical and humanitarian activities. However, the SPF was still linked to the French Communist Party. Since 1979, the organization is institutionnalised, get media coverages and his normalisation goes on. This these raises three main themes : history of communism, of charities and of involvment
Giraudier, Elodie. "Le Parti démocrate-chrétien au Chili (1957-2010) : de la troisième voie au néolibéralisme." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA076.
Full textStemming in the 1930s from the National Phalange party, the Chilean Christian Democratic movement became in 1957 a Mass party, the Christian Democratic Party (PDC). The PDC occupied a central place on the Chilean political scene at the turning point of the 1950s-1960s, then at the beginning of the 1990s. The electoral victory of Eduardo Frei Montalva led in 1964 the PDC to be the first Latin American Christian Democracy to run the Presidency. In 1990, a Christian Democratic (DC) President, Patricio Aylwin, led the first civil and democratic government after the military dictatorship. This thesis proposes a History of this Party under varied angles with an Electoral History which aims at the game of scales between the national results and the implanting of the Party in cities, provinces and Chilean regions. Then, an Ideological History tries to understand the project of the Third Way, which aims to be an alternative to the communism and capitalism in the context of the Cold War. Then, a Militant History has for objectives to distinguish generations of DC leaders. Finally, a History of the international insertion of the Chilean Christian Democracy testifies of the importance of its relations with the United States and with the European and Latin American "brother parties" in the context of the Cold War and the fight against the Cuban Revolution. Beyond the example of the Chilean PDC, this thesis is dedicated to the question of the historicity of the Christian Democratic project of the Third Way
Basson, Jean-Charles. "Le tarissement du militantisme : socialisation politique et sociologie syndicale : l'union départementale CFTC-CFDT de l'Isère : 1945-1993." Grenoble 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE21028.
Full textOften satisfied with a rough image of trade unionism, political science finds itself confronted with the following alternative : amalgamating the terms union and pressure group or defining the former by opposition to political parties. Instead of these normative categories, in reality it is the function of feeding into the political system which determines trade unionism as an object for political science. A factor determining political participation and the mobilisation of support, unionism is also a means of political socialisation and recruitment of elites. From this angle, the crisis which has hit unionism since the end of the 1970s, whether its factors be endogenous or exogenous, can be analyzed as the sum of a series of disfunctionings which effect each of its contributions to the political system. More precisely, this thesis develops the general hypothesis that the fading of unionism can be explained by the gradual disappearance of the principal clements of political socialisation situated at the sources of militantism
Mélanie, Morin. "Des « Ménagères Conservatrices » ?: Le militantisme des femmes des Maritimes à l’heure de la Commission royale d’enquête sur la situation de la femme au Canada, 1967-1970." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36020.
Full textNieuwenhuys, John. "Belgitude après la « Nakba ». Une histoire des mouvements belges de solidarité avec le peuple palestinien (1948-1982)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/324737/6/TDM.pdf.
Full textEN: The academic literature has extensively examined the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in its various facets, including its internationalisation. However, there is still too little research on the unofficial relations that have been established internationally between non-governmental movements around this issue. This gap prevents us from understanding the path and motivations of the activists who, during the Second Intifada, called in Belgium for solidarity with the Palestinians to be placed in the line of the great mobilisations against the Vietnam War, Franco's Spain, the Greece of the Colonels, Pinochet's Chile or South African apartheid. The present study traces the genealogy and development of Belgian solidarity movements with the Palestinian cause. The central argument is that this cause has been one of the emblematic struggles supported by and inspiring several Western activists, from the communist left to the New Left. At the same time, the complexity of the Palestinian question has also generated much dissension among so-called progressive circles. In order to investigate the properties of the case in question, the present research is based mainly on newly accessible archives of activist networks and asks in essence: for these networks, what was "Palestine" another name for? The period studied begins with the birth of the state of Israel in 1948 - and the subsequent 'catastrophe' or 'Nakba' for the Palestinians. This choice is intended to articulate the transition made by a certain progressive solidarity from a pro-Israel sentiment to a commitment to Palestinian demands after June 1967. The invasion of Lebanon by the Israeli army in 1982 marks the terminus ad quem of the period studied, as this event symbolically corresponds to the moment when the Palestinian cause became hegemonic in the agenda of the main Belgian movements dedicated to international solidarity.This research was supported by the Fonds pour la Recherche en Sciences Humaines (FRESH, associated fund of the F.R.S.-FNRS.) from 2016 to 2019.
Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie
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Hadj, Belgacem Samir. "Représenter les "quartiers populaires" ? : une socio-histoire de l'engagement électoral et partisan dans les cités d'une municipalité communiste." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0039.
Full textAt the intersection of social history of local power, ethnography of electoral canvassing, and sociology of spokespersons, this thesis focuses on the study of the conditions of the electoral representation of the inhabitants of deprived estates in a former communist local council in the suburbs of Paris. It deals with the process of developing spokespeople and their access to the local power. The survey is based on thorough research, which included interviews with people from a wide variety of political backgrounds, direct observations, and the analysis of archives for study of relative statistics. Thisthesis shows that the poor representation of spokespeople from deprived estates among the elected members of the local councils isn’t so much linked to a lack of vocation as to a lack of prospects in a closed electoral market and in a context of devaluation of partisan commitment. The first part of this thesis accounts for the decline in the working class pattern of representation among the popular classes and the widening of the social gap between the elected members of the municipal left and the minority groups from the popular classes. The second part explains how the roles of community workers are becoming a route for spokespeople and providing an alternative pattern for activists, to guide theworking class youth into the new political arena which focuses on the struggles in the area of local power. Finally, the third part considers the process of bringing a range of conflicts into the electoral landscape. The recruitment in the elections of the youth workers from deprived estates goes through several stages, ranging from attempts to form an alliance with the municipal left to a process of partisan competition, then opposition
Balas, Marie. "Sant'Egidio, de la protestation militante à la médiation internationale : sociologie d'un acteur émergent de la diplomatie informelle." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0029.
Full textA Catholic lay organization, the Community of Sant'Egidio was founded in Rome during the 1968 student movement and popular protest. Initiating a series of charitable programms, the group aimed at renewing the forms and the norms of ecclesial presence in secularized society. Today the community is established in some seventy countries and gathers around 30 000 active members. Along with charitable activities, Sant'Egidio has progressively widened its spectrum of activities, running humanitarian programs and international advocacy campaigns. Above all, it has grown into a major protagonist in what is usually referred to as « non-governmental diplomacy » : its key-participation to the Mozambique peace process, from 1989 to 1992, has been followed by more than forty interventions into intrastate conflicts. Vatican, to some extent, is backing the roman group. Overall, public authorities provide around 70% of its 3 millions euros budget. From an organisational point of view, Sant'Egidio relies on a tension that make it a « boundary-object » (Star and Griesemer) : while the programs' pattern is spectularly rhizomatic and publicized, the group proves hierarchized and confidentials as well as self-referent and messianic. Ethnographic and socio-historical, the research explores the political (and politico-religious) commitments of Sant'Egidio and tries to enlighten it studying its internal organization and non-official story
Lefèvre, Sylvain. "Mobiliser les gens, mobiliser l'argent : les ONG au prisme du modèle entrepreneurial." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365280.
Full textNotre thèse met en lumière l'articulation délicate des trois éléments qui permettent ce tour de « magie sociale » : d'une part le travail institutionnel de légitimation des pratiques, d'autre part les dispositions complexes des engagés où prévaut l'étroite imbrication entre compétences professionnelles et appétences militantes, et enfin le maniement d'instruments qui garantissent une collecte symboliquement « propre ». Du siège des ONG aux groupes locaux de bénévoles de Greenpeace et Handicap International, en passant par les agences de fundraising, c'est à une enquête ethnographique sur l'institutionnalisation d'un répertoire de mobilisation managérialisé que nous convions le lecteur.
Thiaudière, Claude. "La prévention du SIDA et les usages sociaux de la jeunesse : le déclin de la promotion sociale." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA08A933.
Full textThe youth category is the object of several approaches in the aids prevention field. It is the result of social actors strategies and practices. There are several and different youth categories and not only one. Following the prevention strategy conceptions, the youth can be : a public opinion category, a risk group, a biographical period or a social difficult group. Two health policies are opposed : a social promotion model and a risk control model. This opposition is a decline sign of integration as a base for social policy
Carstocea, Andreea. "La Roumanie, du placard à la libération: éléments pour une histoire socio-politique des revendications homosexuelles dans une société postcommuniste." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210149.
Full textAprès la chute du régime communiste en 1989, la société roumaine connaît l’émergence d’un nouveau type de revendications, celles relatives aux droits et aux libertés des personnes lgbt. Les questions homosexuelles deviennent dans le contexte roumain une thématique qui sollicite des réponses appropriées, qui impose des exigences adaptatives, qui provoque des affrontements, qui réclame des transformations. Ces revendications se focalisent principalement sur la dépénalisation des relations homosexuelles. L’article 200 du Code pénal roumain hérité du régime communiste criminalisait les relations homosexuelles entre adultes consentants, en privé ; cet article a été abrogé en 2001, par Ordonnance d’urgence du Gouvernement.
Ce changement législatif représente le point de départ pour cette analyse : nous nous sommes penchée sur les processus par lesquels l’ordre hétéronormatif imposé par le régime communiste commence à chanceler et cède petit à petit le terrain face à la légitimation d’un mode de vie alternatif, défini par l’option pour l’homosexualité. Le processus de déconstruction de ce dispositif répression / libération dans le cas roumain est analysé à la fois à travers les dynamiques politiques et les acteurs sociaux qui se sont investis dans l’action, à savoir les porteurs des revendications.Cette recherche revient donc à faire le point sur un univers social complexe et mobile, qui se déplace continuellement à la frontière de différentes espaces, tant au plan local ou national, qu’au plan global ou international.
Echappant à une focalisation exclusive sur un seul axe d’analyse, notre approche se propose donc de suivre les interactions entre des acteurs pluriels à travers des structures multiples qui influencent leurs actions. Une attention particulière est accordée aux individus, ce qui permet d’affiner l’analyse. Privilégier les variations des niveaux d’observations et la confrontation des logiques sociales sur diverses échelles nous permet au bout du compte de saisir à la fois la singularité du cas roumain, mais surtout son inscription dans un contexte global, transnational.
L’homosexualité constitue un phénomène qui s’inscrit dans une perspective politique et sociale et qui ne peut être compris que grâce à des facteurs d’ordre interne et externe à la communauté homosexuelle. Elle est, en même temps, un phénomène dont l’étude peut apporter un éclairage sur l’évolution de la société roumaine contemporaine, sur l’état de la démocratie, tout aussi bien que sur les dynamiques de l’européanisation. Les échanges autour de cette thématique révèlent la complexité des enjeux de la démocratisation : les décalages entre les normes et les mentalités, les déséquilibres entre les priorités de la politique interne et les priorités au niveau européen, les limites du domaine de la démocratie et les extensions de la morale dans la vie politique. Ces questions forment un ensemble complexe et hétéroclite dont cette recherche tente de donner les moyens de comprendre les logiques, les argumentaires, les transformations.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Prearo, Massimo. "La genèse des mouvements d'affirmation identitaire : homosexualité et identité à l'âge de l'autonomie." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://books.openedition.org/pul/4362.
Full textThis thesis studies the emergence of the French homosexual movement, from the appearance of the notion of homosexuality at the end of the 19th century up to the formation of an inter-associative LGBT (Iesbian-gay-bi¬and-trans) movement in the present decade. Starting from Foucault's hypothesis, which considers sexuality as a historically and socially constructed discourse emerging within the framework of a scientific semantic field (science sexualis), this work posits that the militant appropriation of knowledge about homosexuality proceeds from a collective practice of discursive production and reproduction (science militantis). Thus, the political institution of homosexuality in motion is not a slow, steady and progressive march toward emancipation. It is inscribed in the constitutive identitary phenomenon of the contemporary socio-historic configuration: entry into the age of autonomy. Beginning with a political analysis of the path along which autonomy intensified, and in particular of contextual readings (philosophical, historical, sociological, anthropological) formulated by the authors, this study proposes, through a semantic approach to militant practice, an analysis of the « archives» of French homosexual militancy (essays, newspapers, magazines, leaflets, informational letters, association documents). Under study, then, are the sensitive moments of emergence and disappearance of homophile, homosexual, gay and lesbian organizations, as well as the forms of organization and distribution of three key factors appearing as the operators in this political history of homosexuality: movement, identity, and community
Banshimiyubusa, Denis. "Les enjeux et défis de la démocratisation au Burundi. Essai d’analyse et d’interprétation à partir des partis politiques." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU2049/document.
Full textHaving asserted themselves as key players in the democratic transition of the 1990’s and the establishment of the Arusha post-Agreement consociate democratic regime in August 2000, Burundi’s political parties remain the main channels of mobilization for political actors. Nonetheless, the deficits of these political formations regarding their origin, ethnopolitical conflits that stand out their history, their very low level of institutionalization, the lack of democratic political culture and their inclusion in the dynamics of the political system marked by the weigth of practices of patronage and neo-patrimonial practices, ethno-political violence, military civilian and one-party authoritarianism, reduce them to simple instruments for obtaining politico-economic profits, sometimes personal, rather than being levers for qualitative democratic change. This study also chows that the existence of several political parties, legal texts and the holding of elections at regular intervals does not necessarly mean the existence of democratic rule because that democracy is not a technical and linear process applied on the basis of a simple prescription or only institutional order
Mischi, Julian. "Structuration et désagrégation du communisme français : 1920-2002 : usages sociaux du parti et travail partisan en milieu populaire." Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0147.
Full textThis comparative study of development of the French communist party in four socially diversified sites (the Bourbon farmland in the Allier, the Lorraine plateau in Meurthe-et-Moselle, the Saint-Nazaire labour pool in the Loire-Atlantique, Grenoble and its suburbs in the Isère) aims at understanding how the emergence and the crisis of the communist partisan model came about. The socio-historical analysis of communist presence in those areas from 1920 to 1980 reveals three types of partisan cohesion principles: organizational (institutional rules securing central control over the periphery), symbolical (management of common memory and cultural landmarks, and anthropological (development by the community of weakened social groups). The analysis of the decline of the French communist party after 1980 shows how the various elements of the communist partisan model (unionists, representatives, local officials) have fallen apart, and how ineffective the unifying role of the party has become
Juhem, Philippe. "SOS-Racisme : histoire d'une mobilisation "apolitique" : contribution à une analyse des transformations des représentations politiques après 1981." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00131701.
Full textCe travail s'est d'abord intéressé aux conditions de la fondation de SOS. Il s'agissait de comprendre comment d'anciens militants étudiants d'extrême gauche qui se situaient alors à l'aile gauche du PS avaient pu envisager de constituer une organisation se présentant comme « apolitique ». Il s'agissait aussi d'expliquer pourquoi les fondateurs de SOS avaient choisi de constituer leur nouvelle association à ce moment précis alors qu'ils appartenaient déjà à plusieurs organisations partisanes (PS, MJS, Unef-Id). Mené à partir d'entretiens biographiques avec les membres fondateurs (environ une vingtaine, complétés par une cinquantaine d'entretiens de cadres et de militants de l'association), ce travail tend à montrer que les raisons qui ont déterminé la création de SOS provenaient davantage de la position minoritaire qu'occupaient ses fondateurs au sein des organisations dans lesquelles ils militaient et des chances de reclassement qui étaient alors les leurs au sein du PS, que d'une stratégie antiraciste qu'ils auraient poursuivie. La fondation de la nouvelle association répond donc notamment aux contraintes militantes et professionnelles propres à ses futurs dirigeants. Elle a constitué un moyen déterminant de l'accumulation des ressources politiques de ses fondateurs, ressources qui seront ultérieurement reconverties au sein du PS dans la construction d'un nouveau courant, celui de la Nouvelle Ecole Socialiste (NES).
Pourtant, l'analyse des logiques particulières ayant conduit à la formation d'une nouvelle organisation antiraciste ne nous renseignait pas sur les causes de son succès.Ce travail s'attache donc à comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles certaines rédactions avaient initialement consacré autant d'articles et de reportages à une association dont les effectifs et la capacité d'action étaient alors aussi faibles. Il s'agissait de déterminer si la forme adoptée initialement par SOS-Racisme et en particulier l'effort de neutralisation politique mené par sa direction, mais aussi la mise en scène de la spontanéité et de la jeunesse de ses militants, avait pu constituer un élément favorisant l'intérêt surprenant que les journalistes lui ont rapidement manifesté. La constitution d'une base de données des articles ayant été publiés sur l'association dans la presse nationale et la réalisation d'une trentaine d'entretiens auprès des journalistes ayant écrit sur SOS, a permis de déterminer les logiques de la fluctuation des jugements journalistiques portés sur SOS. C'est l'adaptation de la forme adoptée par la nouvelle organisation aux besoins nouveaux de la presse qui va être à l'origine de son succès. En effet, une association antiraciste « apolitique » permet alors à la presse associée à la gauche (Libération, le Matin de Paris, le Nouvel Observateur) de maintenir un positionnement idéologique d'allure progressiste tout en adoptant des stratégies de prise de distance avec leur ancien engagement militant et notamment en rompant avec les pratiques de soutien au gouvernement alors réputées être à l'origine de la baisse des tirages que connaît la presse de gauche. Au contraire, lorsque l'image publique de SOS-Racisme sera de façon croissante associée au PS, à travers la figure de son fondateur Julien Dray, l'appui des journalistes envers SOS s'affaiblira avant que sa mise en cause ne devienne profitable. Le déclin relatif de SOS aura pour origine un retournement de l'attitude de la presse de gauche à son égard lorsque le soutien à l'association ne servira plus les intérêts professionnels des rédactions.
Mais pour rendre compte des conditions structurelles d'émergence d'une entreprise de mobilisation «apolitique» sur la question du racisme, il nous restait à expliquer comment cette mise en forme particulière, difficilement envisageable en 1979 ou en 1980 lorsque l'ensemble des organisations antiracistes s'opposait à la politique d'aide au retour des immigrés du gouvernement de Raymond Barre, devient en 1985 la condition même du succès de la nouvelle association. Il fallait comprendre par quels processus politiques et sociaux, l'accession de la gauche au gouvernement en 1981 avait pu transformer la nature et le contenu de l'offre politique des partis de gauche mais aussi entraîner la « neutralisation » des lignes rédactionnelles des journaux qui en étaient proches et le rétrécissement de l'éventail des thématiques politiques disponibles pour les acteurs sociaux. La baisse de la popularité de tout ce qui apparaît lié au gouvernement et à la gauche va ainsi contraindre les fondateurs de SOS-Racisme à mettre en œuvre une mise en forme « apolitique » de leur nouvelle organisation.
Ce travail entend donc être une contribution à l'analyse des mouvements sociaux et politiques mais aussi à celle du fonctionnement de la presse. Plus généralement, et au-delà du cas historique étudié, cette étude permet de comprendre les relations qui, au tournant des années 80, unissent différents acteurs de la sphère publique : acteurs politiques, journalistes, experts économiques, intellectuels, etc. En montrant comment les transformations de l'offre politique de la gauche avaient pu modifier « l'ambiance » idéologique de la décennie quatre-vingt – c'est-à-dire la fréquence objective d'utilisation des thématiques politiques en raison de leur inégal rendement social – ce travail représente une contribution à l'analyse des conditions de structuration du débat public en France.
Latiri, Inès. "Le Poétique et l’Idéologique dans la poésie contemporaine américaine d’origine arabe : étude de « 19 Varieties of Gazelle » de Naomi Shihab Nye, « In the Country of My Dreams » de Elmaz Abinader, « The Captal of solitude » de Gregory Orfalea et « Before our eyes » de Lawrence Joseph." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030001.
Full textWilling to introduce the poetry of 19 Varieties of Gazelle by Naomi Shihab Nye, In the Country of My Dreams by Elmaz Abinader, The Capital of Solitude by Gregory Orfalea et Before Our Eyes by Lawrence Joseph to shed light on the ideological approaches, this thesis emphasizes several directions to synthesize the vision of those American poets, children of Arab immigrants. The very anthologies prefigure those directions. Thus, we suggest to tackle the impact of the father on those who write, the impact of the Arab identity on the relation to the other, whether American or Arab, and on their political and religious ideology
Cardon-Quint, Clémence. "Lettres pures et lettres impures ? : les professeurs de français dans le tumulte des réformes : histoire d'un corps illégitime (1946-1981)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575863.
Full textSchmidt-Trimborn, Anne-Catherine. "La ligue d'action française : mode d'organisation et pratiques culturelles, sociales et politiques (1905-1936)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0108.
Full textOur thesis is based on a chronologico-thematic approach based on three major poles. First, it is a demonstration that aims to establish a table as precise as possible of the structure, the workings and the implantation of the AF organizations in Paris and in the provinces. The objective is then to analyze the great matrices of the militant commitment but also and especially their successive evolutions in connection with an extremely moving politico-diplomatic context. For each given period, it is a question of trying to understand what constitutes engagement within the league in a resolutely militant-oriented approach. Finally, the place and role of the AF in the royalist and nationalist nebula of its time must be considered in order to understand the alliance and competition games between the various organizations, but also to what extent and in what way the league Of AF has integrated in the repertoire of collective action of his time while participating in its renewal. The choice of our chronological division corresponds to the needs that are both contextual and specific to the history of French Action. During the first period, from 1905 to 1914, there was a rapid and continuous structuring of the apparatus of intellectual and militant action. The national and local workings of the league are set up and the matrices of activist engagement are disseminated through the daily newspaper and contribute to influencing public opinion. At that time, AF was almost alone in the nationalist field but had to position itself within the royalist world. During the Great War, the structures of the league were disorganized. The main objective is to continue to broadcast the newspaper, which does not prevent the league from using war time to try new methods of propaganda, especially in the army. The period 1914- 1918 also allowed the AF to respect itself by choosing the way of the Sacred Union. In spite of everything, it remains a particularly supervised organization, especially since its influence in public opinion is increasing. After the war, the AF was reorganized throughout the province. During the period 1919-1926, she experienced the parliamentary life and, in fact, slipped into a kind of conservatism against which she initially constituted herself. His electoral failures coupled with the increasing influence of Communists in public life helped to revive his militant activism but not enough according to some of his members who then followed Georges Valois in the dissidence of the Faisceau. AF must also face the emergence of new nationalist competition with the birth of the Jeunesses Patriotes. In 1926, it faced the most serious crisis in its history: its pontifical condemnation. During the period 1927- 1929, the league sought to rebound and to maintain its location and activities in a generally unfavorable context. The results are extremely nuanced by region, but overall there is no breakdown of its militant structure even if the financial difficulties of the league are increasingly important. At the turn of the 1930s, the economic crisis further aggravated these difficulties but also helped create a favorable environment for a new episode of league outbreak. During the period 1933-1936, the AF was experiencing a revival of vitality whose paroxysm was at the time of February 6, 1934. However, this episode also demonstrates the limitations and weaknesses of the phenomenon nationalist leaguer in France
Rodriguez, Aedo Javier. "Le folklore chilien en Europe : un outil de communication confronté aux enjeux politiques et aux débats artistiques internationaux (1954-1988)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL028.
Full textThis thesis studies the international circulation of Chilean folk music’s during the second half of the 20th century. We discuss the international trajectory of singers and folk ensemble related to the Chilean Left, also their artistic practices, the space of musical circulation and the ways in which this folk music is welcomed by the general public, music critics, political organizations and media, including the left-wing press and labels. The geographical space of this circulation is constituted by the countries of Western Europe. The study period is circumscribed by two significant moments for the international circulation of Chilean folklore: the first trip to Europe of folk singer Violeta Parra in 1954 and the end of the exile of Chilean musicians in 1988. For more than 30 years, the musicians have been interacting extensively with the diverse artistic and political contexts of Europe. The first part of the thesis studies the activities that Chilean musicians performed in Europe between 1954 and the government of Salvador Allende (1970–1973), in a context of a strong exotic look towards the music of America Latin. The second part examines the artistic activities taking place between 1968 and 1982, when the political events of Chile locate the cultural manifestations, including the folklore, in a privileged place of the artistic circuits of the European left. Finally, the third part examines the artistic experiences developed between 1978 and 1988, and analyzes the repercussions that life in exile has on the practice of Chilean folklore in Europe, notably the questioning of the role of politics
Hû, Grégory. "Les roses déracinées : transformation du recrutement du personnel socialiste : des logiques sociales aux logiques politiques (fin XIX-2012)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG023/document.
Full textThis PhD dissertation examines the transformations in the recruitment of the French Socialist Party’s (PS) political personnel from the late nineteenth century to 2012. It shows how social logics of recruitment have been replaced by political ones, with a significant renewal of the party’s elected representatives and executives in the 1990s. The research is based on extensive fieldwork combining quantitative and qualitative methods (interviews, participant observation, archival work and prosopography). The first part describes the social rationales at work in the renewal of the PS’s political personnel from the late nineteenth century to the 1990s. The second part examines in closer detail the devaluation of the mobilized groups’ resources during the 1990s. Finally, the third and last part demonstrates how the reevaluation of political and party resources has transformed the recruitment and changed the elected representatives’ political capital
Laffaille, Claire. "Lourdes Ortiz : l’Histoire au crible de la Littérature, du Franquisme à la Démocratie." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU1068.
Full textThe present thesis aims to examine Spain’s contemporary History with a fine-tooth comb thanks to Lourdes Ortiz’ novels production. This author became known because of her first novel Luz de la Memoria published in 1976, in which she paints her generation’s portrait and attempted to redeem the memory of the coming Transition victims, through hidden truths yet to be unearthed. With this in mind, this PhD dissertation endeavours to study three novels exhaustively, Luz de la memoria (1976), La Fuente de la vida (1995) and Andrés (1971) - the latter being unpublished – while approaching literature, history, society and politics at the same time. Through different historiographies, publications dedicated to the writer, private archives and commentaries from the author herself, this study aims to analyse what would be the ideological positioning of this former Spanish Communist Party activist, compared to the historical events she went through. In parallel, this work is about to apprehend how the formal orientations she is using in her novels would tempt the reader to reconsider the dominant thinking. This thesis intends to bring this committed writer to light, whose lucid and clear-sighted political criticism offers another view to the contemporary History stakes
Hadibi, Mohand Akli. "Le Groupe d'Études sur l'Histoire des Mathématiques à Béjaïa : une association indépendante à la recherche du patrimoine d'une ville et de sa province dans l'Algérie d'aujourd'hui." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0144.
Full textThis thesis presents a sociology of the construction of a Utopia in a berbérophone province of Algeria, Bejai'a. The case study in question concerns the revalorisation of a local and national patrimony, undertaken by a group of mathematicians (GEHIMAB, Groupe d'Études sur l'Histoire des Mathématiques à Bejaia au Moyen Age). The analysis attempts to account for the consecration of the group that originated this enterprise, via an understanding of the trajectories of the actors. It locates the project in the objects upon which it works, the personalities in which it is invested, and the strategies which it follows. The approach adopted is sociological, but several disciplines contribute to the argument. The first part of the thesis presents the theoretical approach and sociological method employed. The second presents a sociology of the actors in question. The third part deals with the discovery of a manuscript library and the uses to which it, and its contents, are put, demonstrating both the status of written knowledge and lettered learning, and the symbiosis that existed between the written and the oral. The fourth part of the thesis pertains to the multiple dimensions of the city
Tsoumis, Karine. "Giovanni Battista Cavalieri's Ecclesiae militantis triumphi : Jesuits, martyrs, print, and the counter-reformation." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83842.
Full textRidley, Simon. "Les sens de la liberté d’expression : socio-anthropologie comparative des campus de Berkeley et de Nanterre : appropriations, retournements, récupérations, recompositions et prolongements des mémoires collectives du Free Speech Movement de 1964 et du Mouvement du 22 Mars de 1968." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100013.
Full textThe university is one of the strongest institutions of the modern era. After having been a prime place for dissent in the 1960s, today it is the target of unprecedented attacks by the far-right. This work aims to follow a conflict of definition via a multi-sited ethnography using freedom of expression on university campuses as a world for research. The method combines comparative historical sociology – of the Free Speech Movement (1964) and the Mouvement du 22 Mars (1968) – with a socio-anthropological approach, to shed light over the dualization of the collective memories of student movements. Taking an inductive approach, I travel with my fieldwork via commemorative rites, terrorist attacks, an immersion in several revolutionary groups and a diversity of autonomous practices, all the way to the Trump inauguration and the battle of free speech with the rise of the alt-right and the far-right shows/meetings on campuses, and a series of urban riots. The systematic radical contextualization as well as the practice and genealogy of archives, a living knowledge and lateral comparison, commit to a historical study of the university. Against the theories of human capital and of democracy as a marketplace of ideas, I trace the questions of emancipation following the emergence of a « civic generation » after 1944 to the uses of digital technologies as cultural attacks on democracy. This political ethnography encourages us to (re)think sociology and critical pedagogy as counter-discourses against an anti-intellectual culture, and in doing so it aims to empower a culture of democratic intelligence, a reflexive heritage
Prat, Isabelle. "Des instituteurs aux managers de l'éducation populaire. Étude des trajectoires de salariés « permanents » de la ligue de l'enseignement." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT5003.
Full textThis research aims at understanding the trajectories of ‘permanent’ wage workers active in a popular education movement, through the study of a non-profit organisation: the Teaching League. Since its creation in 1866, it has formed into a confederation of non-profit organisations with a national body and local branches. As with all such organisations in the non-profit field, it has undergone many institutional transformations since the 1980’s, studied in the first part of this work. Public financing evolution, diminishing subsidies, and the financial fragility of local federations are all characteristics affecting the Teaching League network. Hence, a logic of homogenisation of professional practises has been put into place by the national body in order to produce a common socialisation within the network, to survive in a non-profit field that has become very competitive. How have local federations lived through and reacted to these changes while looking to maintain their local specificities? Furthermore, professionalization and commodification in the non-profit field bring into question particularly the dedication and activism of salary workers. Then, who are the (new) salaried activists in the League? How have they come to join the League? What are they expecting of employment in the non-profit field? How do they foresee their future in such positions? How do they articulate the values they defend with the institutional constraints weighing on the organisation?Education stands among the principal issues concerning the Teaching League. The organisation’s actors advocate for ‘learning differently’ especially through the promotion of ‘atypical’ individual trajectories, acknowledging competencies acquired outside of school. However, ‘permanent’ wage workers who were interviewed did not show these characteristics insofar as they often graduated in formal education. Furthermore, some of the workers are employees of the national education system, and made available for the organisation (then later seconded). These two findings question the relationship that ‘permanent’ wage workers have to school, and more broadly to the scholastic institution. Henceforth, in the second part of this work, the biographical paths of every person who has been interviewed are studied through the lens of their relationship with school, referencing individual interview analysis against statistical indicators. The thesis then advocates that ‘permanent’ workers invest the Teaching League in a ‘restorative’ process after a negative experience with a previous scholastic institution (aborted scholar career, traumatic experience lived or witnessed at school, etc.). These events can be factors in entering the non-profit field and campaigning for an alternative scholastic system. However, changes in recent years to the non-profit field tend to modify the relationship that salaried workers have to their jobs, as well as hiring practices in the network
Rodriguez, Blanco Maricel. "Du barrage au guichet. Naissance et transformation des mouvements de chômeurs en Argentine (1990 – 2015)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH117.
Full textThis thesis discusses the Piquetero movement in Argentina and its successive transformations during the 2000s into an extensive network of service provider organizations throughout the territory from a sociohistorical and ethnographic perspective. This movement was born out of the collective actions of the unemployed and precarious workers in the late 1990s against the effects of "neoliberal" reforms, and takes its name from one of their preferred modes of protest, the roadblock or picket. Since its beginnings, the Piquetero movement has been the subject of a double treatment by the State, between repression and recovery in the context of the establishment of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs. In this new configuration of targeted public action, it is now up to the State to delegate the distribution of social assistance to a network of organizations, given their territorial proximity to the underprivileged populations. However, this thesis shows that this fuzzy wicket role, which tends to introduce in one way or another the competition amid the organizations, has thus quickly contributed to fragment the piquetero space, and produces ambivalent effects on the practices and the trajectories of the participants. The thesis is based on mixed methods, qualitative and quantitative, from a large 40-month field survey conducted between 2000 and 2015 in two Argentinian provinces. On the one hand, through an ethnography and in-depth biographical interviews with leaders, delegates and grassroots activists (N=104), we observed the interactions between these different categories. A prosopography of the leaders (N=76) allowed us, on the other hand, from the statistical methods of factor analysis (ACM) and hierarchical classification (CAH), to report on the structuring of this space of organizations. In the first part, the thesis focuses – with the support of archives and interviews – on the conditions of the gradual crystallization of a social movement into a space of organizations. We sought here to understand the context, the stakes and the means of action of this protest movement, relating its inscription to the evolution since the beginning of the XXth century of the relations between State, political parties and unions. The second part of our thesis is devoted to the analysis of activist practices and forms of supervision within organizations. The opening of the black box of the organizations thus reveals to what extent their internal functioning results from the capacity of a set of intermediaries to carry out a work of representation, mobilization and management of resources among working classes particularly willing to engage in the long term. The statistical examination of the trajectories of leaders also informed us about the resources that were necessary to occupy such a position and also about the effects of their engagement to their individual trajectories. Finally, a third part serves to apprehend associative practices within organizations. Restoring the recruiting logics and the profiles of the recruits has shown in the long term both the conditions of the commitment of these unemployed and precarious workers and the effects on their trajectories. The observation of practices, especially during assemblies, shows the principles of supervision stretched between activism and entrepreneurship which weighed on the participants. If this fraction of precarious people testifies within the working classes of forms of mobilization and resistance particularly exemplary, they also tend to deploy modes of accommodation to organizations, differentiated according to their socialization, and the volume and nature of their resources
Tanis-Plant, Suzette. "La Voix cinématographique : échos et résonances dans les premiers films de Julie Dash et Trinh T. Minh-ha." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30035.
Full textThe theoreticians of the cinematic voice, such as Michel Chion, Mary Ann Doane and Kaja Silverman, do not address vocal representation as an issue of gender and its relationship to race and postcolonialism. To the contrary, two contemporary filmmakers, Julie Dash and Trinh T. Minh-ha, use their “caméra-stylo” to deconstruct the dominant paradigm of the voice which has spectators believe that the image is at the source of the voices they hear. The films, Illusions and Daughters of the Dust by Dash, and Reassemblage, Naked Spaces and Surname Viet Given Name Nam by Trinh, show us how the cinematic voice is a construction. The stakes are high: white men use this vocal illusion as a lever to impose control over the world of epistemology. As an alternative, Dash and Trinh propose a feminist paradigm. The transcendent masculine voice is replaced by the immanent and polyphonic voices of women of color. Dash reveals the cinematic techniques of vocal reproduction, and she practices a classical editing that reaches for fidelity. The voices of her characters envelope the spectators. Trinh brings to the screen an understanding of the “architecture” of cinematic language, and her editing techniques suspend continuity. The spectator’s own voice must continually intervene in the construction of meaning. Through various techniques (synchronized/a-synchronized voice), the women characters come forward to witness the violence of men. Their stories reveal that the justice of the Law of the Father is as much an illusion as the cinematic voice. Women of color therefore take up the voice as a political tool: it holds the promise of changing mentalities and, in turn, the laws of city
Franquemagne, Gaël. "Les mobilisations socio-territoriales : le Larzac, une cause en mouvement." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00432864.
Full textPicard, Lionel. "Les engagements politiques de la presse des expulsés de Silésie : l'exemple du Grafschafter Bote." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841754.
Full textTurcotte, Yanick. "L’Association des Indiens du Québec (1965-1977) et le militantisme autochtone dans le Québec des années 1960-1970." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20154.
Full textCoté, Gaston. "L'idée de décolonisation dans la pensée et l'action de Pierre Bourgault." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7653.
Full textLaprade, Dominique. "Le cinéma militant à l'ère des sociétés masmédiatiques : le cas de l'Argentine." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7356.
Full textPour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse ou ce mémoire a été dépouillée, le cas échéant, de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse ou du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
Mildenberger, Juan Carlos. "Memoria y autoficción : la figura del desaparecido en la obra de hijos de militantes políticos en Argentina." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21129.
Full textThis thesis considers the importance of memory and autofiction in the literary and audiovisual work produced by the children of the 1970´s Argentinian political activists. Our analysis comprises the documentary Los rubios (2003) by Albertina Carri, the novels Los topos (2014) by Félix Bruzzone, and La casa de los conejos (2008) by Laura Alcoba. These authors, along with others from their generation who also had activist parents, reflect on the events that took place during the last Argentinian dictatorship (1976-1983) by focusing on the figure of the desaparecido (the missing person). At the same time, these authors present themselves as the protagonists of their own stories. The memories of family members and of political survivors become an instrumental tool for the authors to understand the fate of their missing parents. For these authors, autofiction becomes necessary if they are to elaborate their narratives, which merge fiction, biographical experiences and historical events. The autofictional work of the authors we study here proposes a different reading contract from the one usually established by canonical autofiction. Our analysis delves into issues related to memory and history, which reveal the specific and original way in which these works consider the past. Cultural, literary or audiovisual works become a space for the working through of historical trauma. These narratives problematize the past, questioning the memory of 1970s political activism, doubting their parents´ decisions, searching for their own identities, and include voices that had been previously ignored. Through their work, the children of political activists and/or missing persons have opened new ways of considering one of the most tragic periods of Argentinian history, representing other memories and recalling a past about which not all has been told.
Esta tesis considera la importancia de la memoria y de la autoficción en la obra literaria y cinematográfica de hijos de militantes políticos de la Argentina de los años setenta. El análisis se centra en el documental Los rubios (2003) de Albertina Carri, y en las novelas Los topos (2014) y La casa de los conejos (2008) de Féliz Bruzzone y Laura Alcoba, respectivamente. Estos autores, junto a otros de la misma generación y también hijos de militantes, abordan el pasado de la última dictadura (1976-1983) centrándose en la figura del desaparecido. Lo hacen, además, como protagonistas de sus propias historias. La memoria de familiares y sobrevivientes resulta necesaria para que los autores de las obras sepan qué ocurrió con sus padres desaparecidos. La autoficción se torna una necesidad para poder elaborar sus narraciones, en las que convergen ficción, hechos reales y datos biográficos. Las autoficciones de los autores estudiados aquí se distinguen de las autoficciones canónicas por el diferente pacto de lectura que en ellas subyace. El análisis gira en torno a los conceptos de memoria e historia, lo cual permite ver la especifidad y singularidad con la que abordan el pasado. La obra cultural, literaria o cinematográfica, se constituye en estos trabajos como un espacio en que se reelabora el trauma. El cuestionamiento a la memoria de la militancia, a las decisiones de los padres, la búsqueda de la propia identidad, la aparición de voces antes ignoradas o poco escuchadas son aspectos que, en mayor o menos medida, son evidentes en estas narraciones. A través de sus obras, los hijos de militantes y/o desaparecidos han abierto otras vías de interpretación del periodo más trágico de la historia argentina, representando otras memorias y evocando un pasado sobre el que todavía no está todo dicho.
Babatunde, Samuel Olufemi. "Engagement et militantisme dans le Docker Noir (1956), les Bouts de bois de Dieu (1960) et Xala (1973) de Sembène Ousmane." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19617.
Full textMember of the union of black workers in the port of Marseille, in France, and an eyewitness to the misery of black workers in the European environment, Sembène Ousmane, in 1956, wrote, using his personal experiences, his first book entitled The Black Docker. In this novel, he describes the sufferings of the working class, the struggle between colonisers and colonised. In 1960, he uses as a pretext the strike of the Senegalese railway workers in 1937 to write a book entitled God's Bits of Wood. In this story where two forces clashed, on one hand, the colonised struggling against the colonial system and want, at all costs, to improve their living conditions, and on the other hand, the colonisers that are in support of their colonialist ideals and refuse the changes, the author tells the epic story of strikers in Senegal and their relentless struggles against the colonisers to change their living conditions for better. In 1973, an eyewitness of the daily realities of his native country, Senegal, after gaining national sovereignty, Sembène Ousmane wrote and published a book entitled Xala. In this book, he describes the evils of neo-colonialism and criticises the new African middle class, born after independence. After reading these novels, one notes that Sembène Ousmane, a defender of freedom, denounces the injustices done to the blacks, both in the colonial era as well as in the post colonial period. This is why from a book to another, he continues tirelessly his struggle against colonialism and neo-colonialism, evoking the sufferings and tragedies endured by the Africans. It occurs constantly in his imaginary creations, a theme, or better still a dialectical; commitment and militancy. What does he mean by « commitment » and « militancy » ? How do these two concepts manifest themselves in the works of the Senegalese writer? What strategy does he propose to the oppressed in the struggle against the oppressors? What means has he put at the disposal of the disinherited struggling to break the yoke of oppression and exploitation in order to achieve freedom and equality?
Membre du syndicat des travailleurs noirs, au port de Marseille, en France, et témoin oculaire de la misère vécue par les ouvriers noirs dans ce milieu européen, Sembène Ousmane, en 1956, écrit, en se servant de ses expériences personnelles, son premier ouvrage intitulé Le Docker noir. Dans ce roman, il décrit la souffrance de la classe ouvrière, la lutte entre colonisateurs et colonisés. En 1960, il se sert d’un prétexte, la grève des ouvriers sénégalais en 1937, pour écrire un ouvrage intitulé Les Bouts de bois de Dieu. Dans ce récit, où s’affrontent deux forces, d’une part les colonisés qui luttent contre le système colonial et veulent, à tout prix, l’amélioration de leurs conditions de vie, et d’autre part, les colonisateurs qui soutiennent les idéaux colonialistes et refusent le changement, l’auteur relate l’histoire épique des grévistes au Sénégal, et la lutte implacable qu’ils mènent contre les colonisateurs pour le changement de leurs conditions de vie. En 1973, témoin oculaire des réalités quotidiennes de son pays natal, le Sénégal, après son accession à la souveraineté nationale, Sembène Ousmane écrit et publie, un ouvrage intitulé Xala. Dans ce livre, il décrit les méfaits du néocolonialisme et critique la nouvelle classe bourgeoise africaine, née après l’indépendance. Après lecture des trois romans, on constate que Sembène Ousmane, défenseur de la liberté, dénonce les injustices faites aux Noirs, aussi bien à l’époque coloniale qu’à la période postcoloniale. C’est pourquoi, d’un ouvrage à l’autre, il continue, inlassablement, sa lutte contre le colonialisme et le néocolonialisme, en évoquant les souffrances et les drames endurés par les Africains. Il revient, constamment, dans ses créations imaginaires, à une thématique, ou mieux une dialectique, l’engagement et le militantisme. Qu’entend-il par « engagement » et « militantisme »? Comment ces deux lexèmes se manifestent-ils dans les écrits de cet écrivain sénégalais? Quelles stratégies propose-t-il aux opprimés dans la lutte qui les oppose aux oppresseurs? Quels moyens met-il a la disposition des déshérités en lutte pour briser le joug de l’oppression et celui de l’exploitation afin d’obtenir la liberté et l’égalité?
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (French)