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Maes, Patrick W., Amy S. Floyd, Brendon M. Mott, and Kirk E. Anderson. "Overwintering Honey Bee Colonies: Effect of Worker Age and Climate on the Hindgut Microbiota." Insects 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030224.
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Honey bee overwintering health is essential to meet the demands of spring pollination. Managed honey bee colonies are overwintered in a variety of climates, and increasing rates of winter colony loss have prompted investigations into overwintering management, including indoor climate controlled overwintering. Central to colony health, the worker hindgut gut microbiota has been largely ignored in this context. We sequenced the hindgut microbiota of overwintering workers from both a warm southern climate and controlled indoor cold climate. Congruently, we sampled a cohort of known chronological age to estimate worker longevity in southern climates, and assess age-associated changes in the core hindgut microbiota. We found that worker longevity over winter in southern climates was much lower than that recorded for northern climates. Workers showed decreased bacterial and fungal load with age, but the relative structure of the core hindgut microbiome remained stable. Compared to cold indoor wintering, collective microbiota changes in the southern outdoor climate suggest compromised host physiology. Fungal abundance increased by two orders of magnitude in southern climate hindguts and was positively correlated with non-core, likely opportunistic bacteria. Our results contribute to understanding overwintering honey bee biology and microbial ecology and provide insight into overwintering strategies.
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Tinker, Kara A., and Elizabeth A. Ottesen. "The Core Gut Microbiome of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana, Is Stable and Resilient to Dietary Shifts." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 22 (September 2, 2016): 6603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01837-16.
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ABSTRACTThe omnivorous cockroachPeriplaneta americanahosts a diverse hindgut microbiota encompassing hundreds of microbial species. In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to examine the effect of diet on the composition of theP. americanahindgut microbial community. Results show that the hindgut microbiota ofP. americanaexhibit a highly stable core microbial community with low variance in compositions between individuals and minimal community change in response to dietary shifts. This core hindgut microbiome is shared between laboratory-hosted and wild-caught individuals, although wild-caught specimens exhibited a higher diversity of low-abundance microbes that were lost following extended cultivation under laboratory conditions. This taxonomic stability strongly contrasts with observations of the gut microbiota of mammals, which have been shown to be highly responsive to dietary change. A comparison ofP. americanahindgut samples with human fecal samples indicated that the cockroach hindgut community exhibited higher alpha diversity but a substantially lower beta diversity than the human gut microbiome. This suggests that cockroaches have evolved unique mechanisms for establishing and maintaining a diverse and stable core microbiome.IMPORTANCEThe gut microbiome plays an important role in the overall health of its host. A healthy gut microbiota typically assists with defense against pathogens and the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food, while dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been associated with reduced health. In this study, we examined the composition and stability of the gut microbiota from the omnivorous cockroachPeriplaneta americana.We found thatP. americanahosts a diverse core gut microbiome that remains stable after drastic long-term changes in diet. While other insects, notably ant and bee species, have evolved mechanisms for maintaining a stable association with specific gut microbiota, these insects typically host low-diversity gut microbiomes and consume specialized diets. In contrast,P. americanahosts a gut microbiota that is highly species rich and consumes a diverse solid diet, suggesting that cockroaches have evolved unique mechanisms for developing and maintaining a stable gut microbiota.
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Santo Domingo, Jorge W., Michael G. Kaufman, Michael J. Klug, and James M. Tiedje. "Characterization of the Cricket Hindgut Microbiota with Fluorescently Labeled rRNA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.2.752-755.1998.
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ABSTRACT Most cricket hindgut microorganisms (60 to 80%) were detected with a universal fluorescent rRNA-targeted probe and found to be eubacteria. Group-specific probes showed that the hindguts of five different cricket species harbor similar bacterial groups, although in different proportions, and that different diets shifted the structure of the hindgut microbial community. The Bacteroides-Prevotellaprobe, of the eight eubacterial probes tested, stained the largest percentage of cells in all crickets.
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Wertz, John T., and John A. Breznak. "Physiological Ecology of Stenoxybacter acetivorans, an Obligate Microaerophile in Termite Guts." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 21 (September 7, 2007): 6829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00787-07.
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ABSTRACT Stenoxybacter acetivorans is a newly described, obligately microaerophilic β-proteobacterium that is abundant in the acetate-rich hindgut of Reticulitermes. Here we tested the hypotheses that cells are located in the hypoxic, peripheral region of Reticulitermes flavipes hindguts and use acetate to fuel their O2-consuming respiratory activity in situ. Physical fractionation of R. flavipes guts, followed by limited-cycle PCR with S. acetivorans-specific 16S rRNA gene primers, indicated that cells of this organism were indeed located primarily among the microbiota colonizing the hindgut wall. Likewise, reverse transcriptase PCR of hindgut RNA revealed S. acetivorans-specific transcripts for acetate-activating enzymes that were also found in cell extracts (acetate kinase and phosphotransacetylase), as well as transcripts of ccoN, which encodes the O2-reducing subunit of high-affinity cbb 3-type cytochrome oxidases. However, S. acetivorans strains did not possess typical enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle (isocitrate lyase and malate synthase A), suggesting that they may use an alternate pathway to replenish tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates or they obtain such compounds (or their precursors) in situ. Respirometric measurements indicated that much of the O2 consumption by R. flavipes worker larvae was attributable to their guts, and the potential contribution of S. acetivorans to O2 consumption by extracted guts was about 0.2%, a value similar to that obtained for other hindgut bacteria examined. Similar measurements obtained with guts of larvae prefed diets to disrupt major members of the hindgut microbiota implied that most of the O2 consumption observed with extracted guts was attributable to protozoans, a group of microbes long thought to be “strict anaerobes.”
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Wang, Lei, Kai Wang, Lirong Hu, Hanpeng Luo, Shangzhen Huang, Hailiang Zhang, Yao Chang, et al. "Microbiological Characteristics of the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Jersey and Holstein Cows." Animals 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2024): 3137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14213137.
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The gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota is essential for maintaining the health of dairy cows and ensuring their production potential, and it may also help explain the breed-related phenotypic differences. Therefore, investigating the differences in gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota between breeds is critical for deciphering the mechanisms behind these differences and exploring the potential for improving milk production by regulating the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota. This study holistically examined the differences between rumen and hindgut bacterial microbiota in a large cohort of two breeds of dairy cows, comprising 184 Jersey cows and 165 Holstein cows. Significant distinctions were identified between the rumen and hindgut bacterial microbiota of dairy cows, with these differences being consistent across breeds. A total of 20 breed-differentiated microorganisms, comprising 14 rumen microorganisms and 6 hindgut microorganisms, were screened, which may be the primary drivers of the observed differences in lactation performance between Jersey and Holstein cows. The present study revealed the spatial heterogeneity of the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota of Jersey and Holstein cows and identified microbial biomarkers of different breeds. These findings enhance our understanding of the differences in the gastrointestinal bacterial microbiota between Jersey and Holstein cows and may provide useful information for optimizing the composition of the intestinal bacterial microbiota of the two breeds of dairy cows.
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McDermid, Karla J., Ronald P. Kittle, Anne Veillet, Sophie Plouviez, Lisa Muehlstein, and George H. Balazs. "Identification of Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Hawaiian Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas)." Evolutionary Bioinformatics 16 (January 2020): 117693432091460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1176934320914603.
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Green turtles ( Chelonia mydas) have a hindgut fermentation digestive tract, which uses cellulolytic microbes to break down plant matter in the cecum and proximal colon. Previous studies on bacterial communities of green turtles have not identified in situ hindgut microbiota, and never before in Hawaiian green turtles, which comprise an isolated metapopulation. Fresh samples using sterile swabs were taken from five locations along the gastrointestinal tracts of eight green turtles that had required euthanization. Bacteria were cultured, aerobically and anaerobically, on nutrient agar and four differential and selective media. Samples at three sections along the gastrointestinal tracts of two green turtles were analyzed using 16S metagenomics on an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. More than half of the 4 532 104 sequences belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, which are characteristic of herbivore gut microbiota. Some microbiota variation existed between turtles and among gastrointestinal sections. The 16S sequence analysis provided a better representation of the total gastrointestinal bacterial community, much of which cannot be cultured using traditional microbial techniques. These metagenomic analyses serve as a foundation for a better understanding of the microbiome of green turtles in the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere.
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Lemke, Thorsten, Theo van Alen, Johannes H. P. Hackstein, and Andreas Brune. "Cross-Epithelial Hydrogen Transfer from the Midgut Compartment Drives Methanogenesis in the Hindgut of Cockroaches." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 4657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4657-4661.2001.
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ABSTRACT In the intestinal tracts of animals, methanogenesis from CO2 and other C1 compounds strictly depends on the supply of electron donors by fermenting bacteria, but sources and sinks of reducing equivalents may be spatially separated. Microsensor measurements in the intestinal tract of the omnivorous cockroachBlaberus sp. showed that molecular hydrogen strongly accumulated in the midgut (H2 partial pressures of 3 to 26 kPa), whereas it was not detectable (<0.1 kPa) in the posterior hindgut. Moreover, living cockroaches emitted large quantities of CH4 [105 ± 49 nmol (g of cockroach)−1h−1] but only traces of H2. In vitro incubation of isolated gut compartments, however, revealed that the midguts produced considerable amounts of H2, whereas hindguts emitted only CH4 [106 ± 58 and 71 ± 50 nmol (g of cockroach)−1 h−1, respectively]. When ligated midgut and hindgut segments were incubated in the same vials, methane emission increased by 28% over that of isolated hindguts, whereas only traces of H2 accumulated in the headspace. Radial hydrogen profiles obtained under air enriched with H2 (20 kPa) identified the hindgut as an efficient sink for externally supplied H2. A cross-epithelial transfer of hydrogen from the midgut to the hindgut compartment was clearly evidenced by the steep H2 concentration gradients which developed when ligated fragments of midgut and hindgut were placed on top of each other—a configuration that simulates the situation in vivo. These findings emphasize that it is essential to analyze the compartmentalization of the gut and the spatial organization of its microbiota in order to understand the functional interactions among different microbial populations during digestion.
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Xu, Chuanhui, Jianhua Liu, Jianwei Gao, Xiaoyu Wu, Chenbin Cui, Hongkui Wei, Jian Peng, and Rong Zheng. "The Effect of Functional Fiber on Microbiota Composition in Different Intestinal Segments of Obese Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126525.
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The gastrointestinal tract is a heterogeneous ecosystem with distinct, stratified environments, which leads to different microbial composition in different intestinal segments. The regional heterogeneity of intestinal microbiota complicates the relationship between diet and microbiota. Few studies have focused on the effects of different diets on microbiota in different intestinal segments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of functional fiber on the microbial composition in multiple intestinal segments from a high-fat diet compared with a normal chow diet. We found that the response of microbiota from different intestinal segments to diet was related to the intestinal physiologic function and the physicochemical properties of dietary nutrients. A high-fat diet drove changes in the microbial composition in the hindgut, possibly by affecting the digestive environment of the foregut, and increased the regional heterogeneity of the whole intestinal microbiota. The supplementation of functional fiber promoted the microbial transfer and colonization from the anterior to the posterior intestinal segments, and increased the regional similarity of intestinal microbiota accordingly, particularly within the hindgut. The gut fermentation of the functional fiber, which mainly occurred in the hindgut, resulted in a significant change in the microbial composition and metabolism in the cecum and colon, with richer carbohydrate metabolism-related bacteria, including Mucispirillum, Prevotella, Anaerostipes, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus (Lachnospiraceae), and Allobaculum, and higher production of acetate and butyrate. We concluded that multiple regulatory mechanisms of diets which affect microbiota composition exist, including microbial metabolism, microbial migration, and the regulation of the intestinal environment.
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Fan, Peixin, Corwin D. Nelson, J. Danny Driver, Mauricio A. Elzo, Francisco Peñagaricano, and Kwangcheol C. Jeong. "Host genetics exerts lifelong effects upon hindgut microbiota and its association with bovine growth and immunity." ISME Journal 15, no. 8 (March 1, 2021): 2306–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-00925-x.
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AbstractThe gut microbiota is a complex ecological community that plays multiple critical roles within a host. Known intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect gut microbiota structure, but the influence of host genetics is understudied. To investigate the role of host genetics upon the gut microbiota structure, we performed a longitudinal study in which we evaluated the hindgut microbiota and its association with animal growth and immunity across life. We evaluated three different growth stages in an Angus-Brahman multibreed population with a graduated spectrum of genetic variation, raised under variable environmental conditions and diets. We found the gut microbiota structure was changed significantly during growth when preweaning, and fattening calves experienced large variations in diet and environmental changes. However, regardless of the growth stage, we found gut microbiota is significantly influenced by breed composition throughout life. Host genetics explained the relative abundances of 52.2%, 40.0%, and 37.3% of core bacterial taxa at the genus level in preweaning, postweaning, and fattening calves, respectively. Sutterella, Oscillospira, and Roseburia were consistently associated with breed composition at these three growth stages. Especially, butyrate-producing bacteria, Roseburia and Oscillospira, were associated with nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in genes involved in the regulation of host immunity and metabolism in the hindgut. Furthermore, minor allele frequency analysis found breed-associated SNPs in the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) receptor genes that promote anti-inflammation and enhance intestinal epithelial barrier functions. Our findings provide evidence of dynamic and lifelong host genetic effects upon gut microbiota, regardless of growth stages. We propose that diet, environmental changes, and genetic components may explain observed variation in critical hindgut microbiota throughout life.
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Jiao, Anran, Bing Yu, Jun He, Jie Yu, Ping Zheng, Yuheng Luo, Junqiu Luo, Xiangbing Mao, and Daiwen Chen. "Short chain fatty acids could prevent fat deposition in pigs via regulating related hormones and genes." Food & Function 11, no. 2 (2020): 1845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9fo02585e.
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Park, Taemook, Heetae Cheong, Jungho Yoon, Ahram Kim, Youngmin Yun, and Tatsuya Unno. "Comparison of the Fecal Microbiota of Horses with Intestinal Disease and Their Healthy Counterparts." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8060113.
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(1) Background: The intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in maintaining the host’s health. Dysbiosis of the equine hindgut microbiota can alter the fermentation patterns and cause metabolic disorders. (2) Methods: This study compared the fecal microbiota composition of horses with intestinal disease and their healthy counterparts living in Korea using 16S rRNA sequencing from fecal samples. A total of 52 fecal samples were collected and divided into three groups: horses with large intestinal disease (n = 20), horses with small intestinal disease (n = 8), and healthy horses (n = 24). (3) Results: Horses with intestinal diseases had fewer species and a less diverse bacterial population than healthy horses. Lactic acid bacteria, Lachnospiraceae, and Lactobacillaceae were overgrown in horses with large intestinal colic. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B), which is a relevant marker of gut dysbiosis, was 1.94, 2.37, and 1.74 for horses with large intestinal colic, small intestinal colic, and healthy horses, respectively. (4) Conclusions: The overgrowth of two lactic acid bacteria families, Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae, led to a decrease in hindgut pH that interfered with normal fermentation, which might cause large intestinal colic. The overgrowth of Streptococcus also led to a decrease in pH in the hindgut, which suppressed the proliferation of the methanogen and reduced methanogenesis in horses with small intestinal colic.
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Thépot, Valentin, Joel Slinger, Michael A. Rimmer, Nicholas A. Paul, and Alexandra H. Campbell. "Is the Intestinal Bacterial Community in the Australian Rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens Influenced by Seaweed Supplementation or Geography?" Microorganisms 10, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030497.
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We recently demonstrated that dietary supplementation with seaweed leads to dramatic improvements in immune responses in S. fuscescens, a candidate species for aquaculture development in Asia. Here, to assess whether the immunostimulatory effect was facilitated by changes to the gut microbiome, we investigated the effects of those same seaweed species and four commercial feed supplements currently used in aquaculture on the bacterial communities in the hindgut of the fish. Since we found no correlations between the relative abundance of any particular taxa and the fish enhanced innate immune responses, we hypothesised that S. fuscescens might have a core microbiome that is robust to dietary manipulation. Two recently published studies describing the bacteria within the hindgut of S. fuscescens provided an opportunity to test this hypothesis and to compare our samples to those from geographically distinct populations. We found that, although hindgut bacterial communities were clearly and significantly distinguishable between studies and populations, a substantial proportion (55 of 174 taxa) were consistently detected across all populations. Our data suggest that the importance of gut microbiota to animal health and the extent to which they can be influenced by dietary manipulations might be species-specific or related to an animals’ trophic level.
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Waltmann, Andreea, Alexandra C. Willcox, Sujata Balasubramanian, Katty Borrini Mayori, Sandra Mendoza Guerrero, Renzo S. Salazar Sanchez, Jeffrey Roach, et al. "Hindgut microbiota in laboratory-reared and wild Triatoma infestans." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13, no. 5 (May 6, 2019): e0007383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007383.
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Costa, Marcio C., and J. Scott Weese. "The equine intestinal microbiome." Animal Health Research Reviews 13, no. 1 (May 25, 2012): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252312000035.
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AbstractThe equine intestinal tract contains a complex microbial population (microbiota) that plays an important role in health and disease. Despite the undeniable importance of a ‘normal’ microbiota, understanding of the composition and function of this population is currently limited. As methods to characterize the microbiota and its genetic makeup (the microbiome) have evolved, the composition and complexity of this population are starting to be revealed. As is befitting a hindgut fermenter, members of the Firmicutes phylum appear to predominate, yet there are significant populations of numerous other phyla. The microbiome appears to be profoundly altered in certain disease states, and better understanding of these alterations may offer hope for novel preventive and therapeutic measures. The development and increasing availability of next generation sequencing and bioinformatics methods offer a revolution in microbiome evaluation and it is likely that significant advances will be made in the near future. Yet, proper use of these methods requires further study of basic aspects such as optimal testing protocols, the relationship of the fecal microbiome to more proximal locations where disease occurs, normal intra- and inter-horse variation, seasonal variation, and similar factors.
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Lemke, Thorsten, Ulrich Stingl, Markus Egert, Michael W. Friedrich, and Andreas Brune. "Physicochemical Conditions and Microbial Activities in the Highly Alkaline Gut of the Humus-Feeding Larva of Pachnoda ephippiata (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 11 (November 2003): 6650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.11.6650-6658.2003.
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ABSTRACT The soil macrofauna plays an important role in the carbon and nitrogen cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. In order to gain more insight into the role of the intestinal microbiota in transformation and mineralization of organic matter during gut passage, we characterized the physicochemical conditions, microbial activities, and community structure in the gut of our model organism, the humus-feeding larva of the cetoniid beetle Pachnoda ephippiata. Microsensor measurements revealed an extreme alkalinity in the midgut, with highest values (pH > 10) between the second and third crown of midgut ceca. Both midgut and hindgut were largely anoxic, but despite the high pH, the redox potential of the midgut content was surprisingly high even in the largest instar. However, reducing conditions prevailed in the hindgut paunch of all instars (Eh ∼ −100 mV). Both gut compartments possessed a pronounced gut microbiota, with highest numbers in the hindgut, and microbial fermentation products were present in high concentrations. The stimulation of hindgut methanogenesis by exogenous electron donors, such as H2, formate, and methanol, together with considerable concentrations of formate in midgut and hemolymph, suggests that midgut fermentations are coupled to methanogenesis in the hindgut by an intercompartmental transfer of reducing equivalents via the hemolymph. The results of a cultivation-based enumeration of the major metabolic groups in midgut and hindgut, which yielded high titers of lactogenic, propionigenic, and acetogenic bacteria, are in good agreement not only with the accumulation of microbial fermentation products in the respective compartments but also with the results of a cultivation-independent characterization of the bacterial communities reported in the companion paper (M. Egert, B. Wagner, T. Lemke, A. Brune, and M. W. Friedrich, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:6659-6668, 2003).
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Egert, Markus, Bianca Wagner, Thorsten Lemke, Andreas Brune, and Michael W. Friedrich. "Microbial Community Structure in Midgut and Hindgut of the Humus-Feeding Larva of Pachnoda ephippiata (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 11 (November 2003): 6659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.11.6659-6668.2003.
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ABSTRACT The guts of soil-feeding macroinvertebrates contain a complex microbial community that is involved in the transformation of ingested soil organic matter. In a companion paper (T. Lemke, U. Stingl, M. Egert, M. W. Friedrich, and A. Brune, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:6650-6658, 2003), we show that the gut of our model organism, the humivorous larva of the cetoniid beetle Pachnoda ephippiata, is characterized by strong midgut alkalinity, high concentrations of microbial fermentation products, and the presence of a diverse, yet unstudied microbial community. Here, we report on the community structure of bacteria and archaea in the midgut, hindgut, and food soil of P. ephippiata larvae, determined with cultivation-independent techniques. Clone libraries and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rRNA genes revealed that the intestines of P. ephippiata larvae contain a complex gut microbiota that differs markedly between midgut and hindgut and that is clearly distinct from the microbiota in the food soil. The bacterial community is dominated by phylogenetic groups with a fermentative metabolism (Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, Bacillales, and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides [CFB] phylum), which is corroborated by high lactate and acetate concentrations in the midgut and hindgut and by the large numbers of lactogenic and acetogenic bacteria in both gut compartments reported in the companion paper. Based on 16S rRNA gene frequencies, Actinobacteria dominate the alkaline midgut, while the hindgut is dominated by members of the CFB phylum. The archaeal community, however, is less diverse. 16S rRNA genes affiliated with mesophilic Crenarchaeota, probably stemming from the ingested soil, were most frequent in the midgut, whereas Methanobacteriaceae-related 16S rRNA genes were most frequent in the hindgut. These findings agree with the reported restriction of methanogenesis to the hindgut of Pachnoda larvae.
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Zhang, Lin, Fang Yang, Ning Li, and Buddhi Dayananda. "Environment-Dependent Variation in Gut Microbiota of an Oviparous Lizard (Calotes versicolor)." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 2461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082461.
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Vertebrates maintain complex symbiotic relationships with microbiota living within their gastrointestinal tracts which reflects the ecological and evolutionary relationship between hosts and their gut microbiota. However, this understanding is limited in lizards and the spatial heterogeneity and co-occurrence patterns of gut microbiota inside the gastrointestinal tracts of a host and variations of microbial community among samples remain poorly understood. To address this issue and provide a guide for gut microbiota sampling from lizards, we investigated the bacteria in three gut locations of the oriental garden lizard (Calotes versicolor) and the data were analyzed for bacterial composition by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing. We found the relative abundance of the dominant phyla exhibited an increasing trend from the small intestine to the large intestine, and phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were the three primary phyla in the gut microbiota of C. versicolor. There were a higher abundance of genus Bacteroides (Class: Bacteroidia), Coprobacillus and Eubacterium (Class: Erysipelotrichia), Parabacteroides (Family: Porphyromonadaceae) and Ruminococcus (Family: Lachnospiraceae), and Family Odoribacteraceae and Rikenellaceae in the sample from the hindgut. The secondary bile acid biosynthesis, glycosaminoglycan degradation, sphingolipid metabolism and lysosome were significantly higher in the hindgut than that in the small intestine. Taken together our results indicate variations of gut microbiota composition and metabolic pathway in different parts of the oriental garden lizard.
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Li, Xinghao, Xueli Huang, Liya Zhao, Wei Cai, Yuhe Yu, and Jin Zhang. "Host Habitat as a Dominant Role in Shaping the Gut Microbiota of Wild Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)." Fishes 8, no. 7 (July 17, 2023): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070369.
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Current knowledge on the fish gut microbiota has largely been obtained from experiments on laboratory-reared animals. Here, the crucian carp (Carassius auratus) with a mean weight of 159.9 ± 11.4 g (mean ± SD) were collected from their natural habitats (i.e., Wuhu lake and Poyang lake, China), and the gut microbiota were analysed by using the next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. We obtained more than 430,000 high-quality reads, which constituted more than 1200 operational taxonomy units (OTUs), revealing extremely diverse microbes in the fish gut. Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were detected as the prominent phyla (each > 1% of total abundance) within the gut microbiota, regardless of the host habitat or the gut segment (i.e., foregut vs. hindgut). Although the microbes in the hindgut were more diverse (OTU number, Shannon and Chao1; One-way Anova, p > 0.05) than in the foregut, the host habitat had a significant role in shaping the community structures (MRPP, ANOSIM, PERMANOVA, p < 0.01). Interestingly, we also detected a set of common OTUs, whereby genera Aeromonas and Cetobacterium might comprise the core gut microbiota of crucian carp.
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Joda, Abiodun Oladipupo, Kehinde Olutoyin Ademolu, Blessing Adebola Adelabu, and Olufunmilayo Adebimpe Olalonye. "Circadian changes in the hindgut bacterial composition of the American cockroaches, Periplanata americana (Dictyoptera, Blattodea)." Entomologica Romanica 26 (May 31, 2022): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/entomolrom.26.3.
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The gut of American cockroaches, Periplanata americana hosts numerous symbionts that help in digestion and synthesis of many substances. The hindgut of cockroaches is unique in that it harbors higher number of microbes than other parts of the insect’s gut. Unlike gut enzymes activities, little is known about the daily pattern of the gut microbiota. Newly emerged adult American cockroaches collected from student hostel were used for this study. The hindgut microbial composition was examined at four periods of the day (6am, 12pm, 6pm and 12am) using Pour Plate Methods. The results showed that highest colony forming units (cfu) of the hindgut were recorded at 6:00pm (19.28 × 106 cfu/ml) followed by 6:00am (13.85 × 106 cfu/ml) while 12:00pm (3.02 × 106 cfu/ml) had the least. Also, a total of five (5) different bacteria (Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter sp. and Escherichia coli) were isolated from the hindgut of the cockroaches. The most predominant of these bacterial isolates from the hindgut were Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus while the least isolated organism was Citrobacter sp. Hence, there was circadian variation in the microbial composition of the hindgut of Periplaneta americana.
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Sung, Jung Yeol, Timothy A. Johnson, Darryl Ragland, and Olayiwola Adeola. "54 Impact of Ileal Indigestible Protein on Nitrogen Excretion and Fecal Microbiota may be Greater Compared with Total Protein Concentration of Diets in Growing Pigs." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_2 (October 28, 2023): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.051.
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Abstract The effect of changes in dietary ileal indigestible protein concentration may be more influential in the amount of nitrogen flowing to the large intestine compared with changes in total dietary protein concentration. For this reason, we hypothesized that an increase in dietary ileal indigestible protein concentration induces an increase in hindgut nitrogen utilization and nitrogen excretion and a shift in fecal microbiota in growing pigs, when compared with pigs given a high total protein diet. Three diets were prepared: 1) standard protein diet based on corn and soybean meal, 2) high-indigestible protein diet in which autoclaved soybean meal replaced normal soybean meal in the first diet, and 3) high protein diet where the inclusion rate of soybean meal was greater than that of the other diets. T-cannulated barrows (n = 18; initial BW = 63.4 ± 8.0 kg) were allotted to the 3 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Pigs were individually housed in pens and the experiment lasted for 23 days. On d 7 and 21, fecal samples were collected by rectal massage for microbiota analysis. Grab samples of feces were collected on d 20 and 21, and ileal digesta were collected on d 22 and 23 for the determination of energy and nitrogen utilization. Energy and nitrogen utilization data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using a pig as the experimental unit and a model that included diet as a fixed variable and block as a random variable. For microbiome analysis, R was used. Alpha and beta diversity metrics were analyzed and the difference in abundance of the genus was determined using the DESeq2 function. The high-indigestible protein diet achieved decreased apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen and resulted in greater ileal indigestible nitrogen concentration (P < 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen was less (P < 0.05), and correspondingly fecal nitrogen concentration and daily fecal nitrogen output were greater (P < 0.05) in the high-indigestible protein diet. Apparent post-ileal digestibility and hindgut disappearance of nitrogen and gross energy were the greatest (P < 0.05) in the high protein diet. Beta diversity metrics of feces in the high-indigestible protein diet on d 21 were different (q < 0.05) from those in the other two diets, which indicates a shift in fecal microbiota. According to the DESeq2 results, the direction of the microbiota shift induced by the high-indigestible protein diet may have reduced hindgut fiber utilization. In conclusion, an increase in dietary ileal indigestible protein increased nitrogen excretion and shifted fecal microbial communities but did not increase hindgut nitrogen utilization.
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Azad, E., N. Narvaez, H. Derakhshani, A. Y. Allazeh, Y. Wang, T. A. McAllister, and E. Khafipour. "Effect of Propionibacterium acidipropionici P169 on the rumen and faecal microbiota of beef cattle fed a maize-based finishing diet." Beneficial Microbes 8, no. 5 (October 13, 2017): 785–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0145.
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Direct fed microbial supplementation with lactic acid utilising bacteria (i.e. Propionibacterium acidipropionici P169) has been shown to alleviate the severity of subacute ruminal acidosis in high-grain fed beef cattle. This study was carried out to explore the impact of P169 supplementation on modulating rumen and hindgut microbiota of high-grain fed steers. Seven ruminally-canulated high-grain fed steers were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: control diet (n=3) and the same diet supplemented with P169 added at a rate of 1×1011 cfu/head/d (n=4). Samples were collected every 28 days for a 101 d period (5 time points) and subjected to qPCR quantification of P169 and high-throughput sequencing of bacterial V4 16S rRNA genes. Ruminal abundance of P169 was maintained at elevated levels (P=0.03) both in liquid and solid fractions post supplementation. Concomitant with decreased proportion of amylolytic (such as Prevotella) and key lactate-utilisers (such as Veillonellaceae and Megasphaera), the proportions of cellulolytic bacterial lineages (such as Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, and Christensenellaceae) were enriched in the rumen microbiota of P169-supplemented steers. These, coupled with elevated molar proportions of branched-chain fatty acids and increased concentration of ammonia in the rumen content of P169-supplemented steers, indicated an improved state of fibrolytic and proteolytic activity in response to P169 supplementation. Further, exploring the hindgut microbiota of P169-supplemented steers revealed enrichment of major amylolytic bacterial lineages, such as Prevotella, Blautia, and Succinivibrionaceae, which might be indicative of an increased availability of carbohydrates in the hindgut ecosystem following P169 supplementation. Collectively, the present study provides insights into the microbiota dynamics that underlie the P169-associated shifts in the rumen fermentation profile of high-grain fed steers.
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St-Pierre, B., M. E. Graf, B. M. Schlaikjer, and R. C. Bott. "0812 Investigation of equine hindgut microbiota development in young horses." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_5 (October 1, 2016): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-0812.
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Garibay-Valdez, Estefanía, Francesco Cicala, Marcel Martinez-Porchas, Ricardo Gómez-Reyes, Francisco Vargas-Albores, Teresa Gollas-Galván, Luis Rafael Martínez-Córdova, and Kadiya Calderón. "Longitudinal variations in the gastrointestinal microbiome of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei." PeerJ 9 (August 2, 2021): e11827. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11827.
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The shrimp gut is a long digestive structure that includes the Foregut (stomach), Midgut (hepatopancreas) and Hindgut (intestine). Each component has different structural, immunity and digestion roles. Given these three gut digestive tract components’ significance, we examined the bacterial compositions of the Foregut, Hindgut, and Midgut digestive fractions. Those bacterial communities’ structures were evaluated by sequencing the V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene, while the functions were predicted by PICRUSt2 bioinformatics workflow. Also, to avoid contamination with environmental bacteria, shrimp were maintained under strictly controlled conditions. The pairwise differential abundance analysis revealed differences among digestive tract fractions. The families Rhodobacteraceae and Rubritalaceae registered higher abundances in the Foregut fraction, while in the Midgut, the families with a higher proportion were Aeromonadaceae, Beijerinckiaceae and Propionibacteriaceae. Finally, the Cellulomonadaceae family resulted in a higher proportion in the Hindgut. Regarding the predicted functions, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were the primary functions registered for Foregut microbiota; conversely, pathways associated with the metabolism of lipids, terpenoids and polyketides, were detected in the Midgut fraction. In the Hindgut, pathways like the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins along with energy metabolism were enriched. Structural changes were followed by significant alterations in functional capabilities, suggesting that each fraction’s bacteria communities may carry out specific metabolic functions. Results indicate that white shrimp’s gut microbiota is widely related to the fraction analyzed across the digestive tract. Overall, our results suggest a role for the dominant bacteria in each digestive tract fraction, contributing with a novel insight into the bacterial community.
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Tokuda, Gaku, Aram Mikaelyan, Chiho Fukui, Yu Matsuura, Hirofumi Watanabe, Masahiro Fujishima, and Andreas Brune. "Fiber-associated spirochetes are major agents of hemicellulose degradation in the hindgut of wood-feeding higher termites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 51 (November 30, 2018): E11996—E12004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810550115.
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Symbiotic digestion of lignocellulose in wood-feeding higher termites (family Termitidae) is a two-step process that involves endogenous host cellulases secreted in the midgut and a dense bacterial community in the hindgut compartment. The genomes of the bacterial gut microbiota encode diverse cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes, but the contributions of host and bacterial symbionts to lignocellulose degradation remain ambiguous. Our previous studies of Nasutitermes spp. documented that the wood fibers in the hindgut paunch are consistently colonized not only by uncultured members of Fibrobacteres, which have been implicated in cellulose degradation, but also by unique lineages of Spirochaetes. Here, we demonstrate that the degradation of xylan, the major component of hemicellulose, is restricted to the hindgut compartment, where it is preferentially hydrolyzed over cellulose. Metatranscriptomic analysis documented that the majority of glycoside hydrolase (GH) transcripts expressed by the fiber-associated bacterial community belong to family GH11, which consists exclusively of xylanases. The substrate specificity was further confirmed by heterologous expression of the gene encoding the predominant homolog. Although the most abundant transcripts of GH11 in Nasutitermes takasagoensis were phylogenetically placed among their homologs of Firmicutes, immunofluorescence microscopy, compositional binning of metagenomics contigs, and the genomic context of the homologs indicated that they are encoded by Spirochaetes and were most likely obtained by horizontal gene transfer among the intestinal microbiota. The major role of spirochetes in xylan degradation is unprecedented and assigns the fiber-associated Treponema clades in the hindgut of wood-feeding higher termites a prominent part in the breakdown of hemicelluloses.
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Collinet, Axelle, Pauline Grimm, Samy Julliand, and Véronique Julliand. "Sequential Modulation of the Equine Fecal Microbiota and Fibrolytic Capacity Following Two Consecutive Abrupt Dietary Changes and Bacterial Supplementation." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051278.
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In horses, abrupt changes from high-fiber (HF) to high-starch (HS) diets can affect the cecal and colonic microbiota. This study investigated modifications and recovery of fecal microbiota after two consecutive abrupt dietary changes. Twelve horses fed HF for 2 weeks were changed to HS for 5 days then returned to HF for 7 weeks. Six received lactic acid bacteria supplementation. Bacterial population diversity, structure, and activity, especially fibrolysis, were assessed to obtain an overview of alteration in hindgut microbiota. Two days after the abrupt change from HF to HS, the findings in feces were consistent with those previously reported in the cecum and colon, with a decrease in fibrolytic activity and an increase in amylolytic activity. Fecal parameters stabilized at their basal level 3–4 weeks after the return to HF. A bloom of cellulolytic bacteria and lower pH were observed after 1.5 weeks, suggesting a higher level of fiber degradation. In supplemented horses the relative abundance of potentially fibrolytic genera was enhanced 2 days after HS and 2 days to 2–3 weeks after the return to HF. Fecal analysis could be a promising technique for monitoring hindgut microbial variations accompanying dietary changes.
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Min, Namkyong, Jean Geung Min, Paula Leona T. Cammayo-Fletcher, Binh T. Nguyen, and Dongjean Yim. "Comparative Analysis of Hindgut Microbiota Variation in Protaetia brevitarsis Larvae across Diverse Farms." Microorganisms 12, no. 3 (February 29, 2024): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030496.
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Protaetia brevitarsis larvae are farm-raised for food, are used in traditional East Asian medicine, and convert organic waste into biofertilizers. Here, the comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of third-instar larvae obtained from five different farms was investigated using 16S rRNA microbial profiling. Species richness, evenness, and diversity results using α-diversity analysis (observed species, Chao1, Shannon, Simpson) were similar between farms, except for those between the TO and KO farms. β-diversity was significantly different in distribution and relative abundance between farms (PERMANOVA, pseudo-F = 13.20, p = 0.001). At the phylum level, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota, and Pseudomonadota were the most dominant, accounting for 73–88% of the hindgut microbial community. At the genus level, Tuberibacillus, Proteiniphilum, Desulfovibrio, Luoshenia, and Thermoactinomyces were the most abundant. Although oak sawdust was the main feed component, there were large variations in distribution and relative abundance across farms at the phylum and genus levels. Venn diagram and linear discriminant analysis effect size analyses revealed large variations in the hindgut microbial communities of P. brevitarsis larvae between farms. These results suggest environmental factors were more important than feed ingredients or genetic predisposition for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota of P. brevitarsis larvae. These findings serve as reference data to understand the intestinal microbiota of P. brevitarsis larvae.
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Egert, Markus, Ulrich Stingl, Lars Dyhrberg Bruun, Bianca Pommerenke, Andreas Brune, and Michael W. Friedrich. "Structure and Topology of Microbial Communities in the Major Gut Compartments of Melolontha melolontha Larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 8 (August 2005): 4556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4556-4566.2005.
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ABSTRACT Physicochemical gut conditions and the composition and topology of the intestinal microbiota in the major gut compartments of the root-feeding larva of the European cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) were studied. Axial and radial profiles of pH, O2, H2, and redox potential were measured with microsensors. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in midgut samples of individual larvae revealed a simple but variable and probably nonspecific community structure. In contrast, the T-RFLP profiles of the hindgut samples were more diverse but highly similar, especially in the wall fraction, indicating the presence of a gut-specific community involved in digestion. While high acetate concentrations in the midgut and hindgut (34 and 15 mM) corroborated the presence of microbial fermentation in both compartments, methanogenesis was confined to the hindgut. Methanobrevibacter spp. were the only methanogens detected and were restricted to this compartment. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone libraries of the hindgut were dominated by clones related to the Clostridiales. Clones related to the Actinobacteria, Bacillales, Lactobacillales, and γ-Proteobacteria were restricted to the lumen, whereas clones related to the β- and δ-Proteobacteria were found only on the hindgut wall. Results of PCR-based analyses and fluorescence in situ hybridization of whole cells with group-specific oligonucleotide probes documented that Desulfovibrio-related bacteria comprise 10 to 15% of the bacterial community at the hindgut wall. The restriction of the sulfate-reducer-specific adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate reductase gene apsA to DNA extracts of the hindgut wall in larvae from four other populations in Europe suggested that sulfate reducers generally colonize this habitat.
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Rabelo-Ruiz, Miguel, Antonio M. Newman-Portela, Juan Manuel Peralta-Sánchez, Antonio Manuel Martín-Platero, María del Mar Agraso, Laura Bermúdez, María Arántzazu Aguinaga, et al. "Beneficial Shifts in the Gut Bacterial Community of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles Supplemented with Allium-Derived Compound Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTSO)." Animals 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141821.
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This study analyzes the potential use of an Allium-derived compound, propyl propane thiosulfonate (PTSO), as a functional feed additive in aquaculture. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles had their diet supplemented with this Allium-derived compound (150 mg/kg of PTSO) and were compared with control fish. The effects of this organosulfur compound were tested by measuring the body weight and analyzing the gut microbiota after 12 weeks. The relative abundance of potentially pathogenic Vibrio and Pseudomonas in the foregut and hindgut of supplemented fish significantly decreased, while potentially beneficial Lactobacillus increased compared to in the control fish. Shannon’s alpha diversity index significantly increased in both gut regions of fish fed with a PTSO-supplemented diet. Regarding beta diversity, significant differences between treatments only appeared in the hindgut when minority ASVs were taken into account. No differences occurred in body weight during the experiment. These results indicate that supplementing the diet with Allium-derived PTSO produced beneficial changes in the intestinal microbiota while maintaining the productive parameters of gilthead seabream juveniles.
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Ngalavu, Asavela, Hailong Jiang, Saeed El-Ashram, Guillermo Tellez-Isaias, Mohammed Hamdy Farouk, Pakama Siphelele Nyingwa, Adams Seidu, and Thobela Louis Tyasi. "Effect of Dietary Fiber Sources on In-Vitro Fermentation and Microbiota in Monogastrics." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040674.
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Feed fiber composition is usually considered as one of the factors that have an impact on digestive tract microbiota composition. The investigations on the level of fermentation and in-vitro digestibility of different fibers are not well understood. The aim of the current study is to determine the effect of different fiber sources on intestinal nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation, and microbial community composition under in vitro conditions using pigs’ hindgut as a model. The experimental treatment diets contained alfalfa hay, cornstalk, and rice straw. Cornstalk treatment displayed higher digestibility compared to alfalfa hay and rice straw; similar results were observed with in-vitro digestibility using intestinal digesta. Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla (Firmicutes = 89.2%), and Lactobacillus were the prominent genera (75.2%) in response to alfalfa compared to rice straw and cornstalk treatments. In simulated in-vitro digestion, corn stalk fiber improved dry matter digestibility; rice straw fiber improved volatile fatty acid content and fermentation efficiency. Alfalfa fiber improved the thickness of deposited Firmicutes and Lactobacillus.
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Pitta, Dipti, Nagaraju Indugu, Meagan Hennessy, Bonnie Vecchiarelli, Holly Stewart, Jackie Willette, Tamara Dobbie, Julie Engiles, and Louise Southwood. "358 Understanding the role of the fecal bacterial microbiota in equine colic." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.171.
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Abstract The horse is uniquely adapted for hindgut fermentation, and the microbiota within the hindgut contribute to immune system stimulation, protection against harmful pathogens and toxins, and regulation of gene expression within the host. Many factors, such as dietary changes, antimicrobials, pathogens, and changes in management, can perturb the microbial communities leading to gastrointestinal complications such as colitis and colic in horses. With advances in genomic tools to characterize microbiota, efforts to expand the body of knowledge on the community structure and function of equine gut microbiota in health and disease are increasing within the equine research community. Colic is an important equine disease. While epidemiological studies have identified risk factors for colic, and intestinal inflammation may play a role in some horses with recurrent colic, there are very few studies investigating the role of the intestinal microbiota in colic. We compared the microbial communities of horses admitted to the hospital for colic to those of horses admitted for an elective procedure. We found a significant difference at the community level (alpha and beta diversity) and also between individual bacterial populations. Furthermore, we also found that location of lesions in the GI tract, duration of colic (acute vs. chronic), and other factors altered the microbial ecology of the equine gut microbiota. Notably, we also investigated whether the changes in microbiota induced by colic were confounded by withholding feed. We found that withholding feed from horses for 24 h induced a significant shift in the microbiota, which reverted to normal within 12 h after the horses gained access to feed. From our experiments, it is becoming increasingly clear that colic in horses induces changes in specific bacterial populations along with generalized changes that are confounded with many other factors. Further research is needed particularly in horses with recurrent colic to determine the association between the intestinal microbiota, diet and management factors, and inflammation.
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Zuber, Leo, Rebeca Domínguez-Santos, Carlos García-Ferris, and Francisco J. Silva. "Identification of the Gene Repertoire of the IMD Pathway and Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide Genes in Several Tissues and Hemolymph of the Cockroach Blattella germanica." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 8444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158444.
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Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, triggered by Toll and IMD pathways, are essential components of the innate immune system in the German cockroach Blattella germanica. Besides their role in killing pathogenic bacteria, AMPs could be involved in controlling its symbiotic systems (endosymbiont and microbiota). We found that the IMD pathway was active in the adult female transcriptomes of six tissues (salivary glands, foregut, midgut, hindgut, Malpighian tubules and fat body) and hemolymph. Total expression of AMP genes was high in hemolymph and salivary glands and much lower in the other sample types. The expression of specific AMP genes was very heterogeneous among sample types. Two genes, defensin_g10 and drosomycin_g5, displayed relevant expression in the seven sample types, although higher in hemolymph. Other genes only displayed high expression in one tissue. Almost no expression of attacin-like and blattellicin genes was observed in any sample type, although some of them were among the genes with the highest expression in adult female whole bodies. The expression of AMP genes in salivary glands could help control pathogens ingested with food and even determine gut microbiota composition. The low expression levels in midgut and hindgut are probably related to the presence of beneficial microbiota. Furthermore, a reduction in the expression of AMP genes in fat body could be the way to prevent damage to the population of the endosymbiont Blattabacterium cuenoti within bacteriocytes.
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Fu, Pei P., Fan Xiong, Shan G. Wu, Hong Zou, Ming Li, Gui T. Wang, and Wen X. Li. "Effects of Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) infection on the intestinal microbiota, growth and immune reactions of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): e0266766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266766.
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Our understanding of interactions among intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and host is still in its infancy in fish. In this study, the effects of Schyzocotyle acheilognathi infection on the intestinal microbiota, growth and immune reactions of grass carp were explored under laboratory conditions. 16S rDNA amplification sequencing results showed that S. acheilognathi infection altered the composition of intestinal microbiota only at the genus level, with a significant increase in the relative abundance of Turicibacter and Ruminococcus (P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Gordonia, Mycobacterium and Pseudocanthomonas (P < 0.05). Schyzocotyle acheilognathi infection had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the alpha diversity indices (including Chao1, ACE, Shannon, Simpson index) of intestinal microbiota in grass carp, but PERMANOVA analysis showed that microbial structure significantly (P < 0.01) differed between hindgut and foregut. PICRUST prediction showed that some metabolism-related pathways were significantly changed after S. acheilognathi infection. The relative abundance of Turicibacter was positively correlated with the fresh weight of tapeworm (foregut: r = 0.48, P = 0.044; hindgut: r = 0.63, P = 0.005). There was no significant difference in the body condition of grass carp between the S. acheilognathi infected group and the uninfected group (P > 0.05). Intestinal tissue section with HE staining showed that S. acheilognathi infection severely damaged the intestinal villi, causing serious degeneration, necrosis and shedding of intestinal epithelial cells. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR results showed that S. acheilognathi infection upregulated the mRNA expression of the immune-related genes: Gal1−L2, TGF−β1 and IgM.
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Liu, Suran, Ziwei Wei, Ming Deng, Zhenyu Xian, Dewu Liu, Guangbin Liu, Yaokun Li, Baoli Sun, and Yongqing Guo. "Effect of a High-Starch or a High-Fat Diet on the Milk Performance, Apparent Nutrient Digestibility, Hindgut Fermentation Parameters and Microbiota of Lactating Cows." Animals 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2023): 2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13152508.
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In this study, changes in milk performance, nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation parameters and microflora were observed by inducing milk fat depression (MFD) in dairy cows fed with a high-starch or a high-fat diet. Eight Holstein cows were paired in a completely randomized cross-over design within two 35 d periods (18 d control period and 17d induction period). During the control period, all cows were fed the low-starch and low-fat diet (CON), and at the induction period, four of the cows were fed a high-starch diet with crushed wheat (IS), and the other cows were fed a high-fat diet with sunflower fat (IO). The results showed that, compared to when the cows were fed the CON diet, when cows were fed the IS or IO diet, they had lower milk fat concentrations, energy corrected milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, feed efficiency and apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF. However, cows fed the IO diet had a lower apparent digestibility of ether extracts. In addition, we observed that when cows were fed the high-starch (IS) or high-fat (IO) diet, they had a higher fecal concentration of propionate and acetate, and a lower NH3-N. Compared to when the cows were fed the CON diet, cows fed the IS diet had a lower pH, and cows fed the IO diet had a lower concentration of valerate in feces. In the hindgut microbiota, the relative abundance of Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005 was increased, while the Verrucomicrobiota and Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group were decreased when cows were fed the IO diet. The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 was increased, while the Alistipes and Verrucomicrobiota decreased, and the Treponema, Spirochaetota and Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group showed a decreasing trend when cows were fed the IS diet. In summary, this study suggested that high-starch or high-fat feeding could induce MFD in dairy cows, and the high-fat diet had the greatest effect on milk fat; the high-starch or high-fat diet affected hindgut fermentation and apparent fiber digestibility. The changes in hindgut flora suggested that hindgut microbiota may be associated with MFD in cows.
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Sapountzis, Panagiotis, Mariya Zhukova, Lars H. Hansen, Søren J. Sørensen, Morten Schiøtt, and Jacobus J. Boomsma. "Acromyrmex Leaf-Cutting Ants Have Simple Gut Microbiota with Nitrogen-Fixing Potential." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 16 (June 5, 2015): 5527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00961-15.
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ABSTRACTAnts and termites have independently evolved obligate fungus-farming mutualisms, but their gardening procedures are fundamentally different, as the termites predigest their plant substrate whereas the ants deposit it directly on the fungus garden. Fungus-growing termites retained diverse gut microbiota, but bacterial gut communities in fungus-growing leaf-cutting ants have not been investigated, so it is unknown whether and how they are specialized on an exclusively fungal diet. Here we characterized the gut bacterial community of PanamanianAcromyrmexspecies, which are dominated by only four bacterial taxa:Wolbachia,Rhizobiales, and twoEntomoplasmatalestaxa. We show that theEntomoplasmatalescan be both intracellular and extracellular across different gut tissues,Wolbachiais mainly but not exclusively intracellular, and theRhizobialesspecies is strictly extracellular and confined to the gut lumen, where it forms biofilms along the hindgut cuticle supported by an adhesive matrix of polysaccharides. Tetracycline diets eliminated theEntomoplasmatalessymbionts but hardly affectedWolbachiaand only moderately reduced theRhizobiales, suggesting that the latter are protected by the biofilm matrix. We show that theRhizobialessymbiont produces bacterial NifH proteins that have been associated with the fixation of nitrogen, suggesting that these compartmentalized hindgut symbionts alleviate nutritional constraints emanating from an exclusive fungus garden diet reared on a substrate of leaves.
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Ooi, Mei C., Andrew J. Trotter, Gregory G. Smith, and Andrew R. Bridle. "Characterisation of the Gut Bacteria of Cultured and Wild Spiny Lobster Panulirus ornatus." Applied Microbiology 3, no. 1 (February 6, 2023): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol3010016.
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The commercial onshore aquaculture of the spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus, while in its infancy, has progressed rapidly from the enabling research that continues at the University of Tasmania. The development of lobster feeds, both fresh and manufactured, has been critical to the success of this emerging aquaculture sector. Fresh feeds derived from mussel represent the gold standard in terms of the growth performance of juvenile lobsters. Nonetheless, concerns regarding availability, sustainability, and potential biosecurity issues of fresh feeds highlight the importance of developing manufactured feeds for lobster aquaculture. Wild lobsters are assumed to have a balanced natural diet that allows for standard growth and development, and as such natural diets are often used as a reference for feed development. Similarly, the gut microbiota associated with a natural diet is assumed to reflect a healthy microbial assemblage. The aim of this study was to compare the microbiota of the hindgut and hepatopancreas of cultured P. ornatus fed with a commercial prawn pellet or mussel to that of wild spiny lobster juveniles. Gut samples were analysed using Oxford Nanopore 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Based on principal coordinate analysis, the gut bacteria of cultured lobsters were different from the wild juveniles. The core microbiota of the hindgut and hepatopancreas libraries were phyla Proteobacteria (Gamma, Alpha) and Bacteroidetes. Vibrio was the most dominant genus in both organs. The differences in bacterial relative abundance were mainly between cultured (pellet-, mussel-fed) and wild lobsters. In conclusion, bacteria in the cultured lobsters had significantly different profiles to that of the wild juveniles, indicating that current onshore aquaculture practices alter the gut microbiota. A number of different feeding and culture practices may be required if the aim of closed culture practices is to attain a gut microbiota in cultured animals that is representative of that found in wild spiny lobsters.
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Shao, Qimiao, Bing Yang, Qiuyun Xu, Xuquan Li, Zhiqiang Lu, Chengshu Wang, Yongping Huang, Kenneth Söderhäll, and Erjun Ling. "Hindgut Innate Immunity and Regulation of Fecal Microbiota through Melanization in Insects." Journal of Biological Chemistry 287, no. 17 (February 28, 2012): 14270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m112.354548.
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O’ Donnell, Michelle M., Hugh M. B. Harris, R. Paul Ross, and Paul W. O'Toole. "Core fecal microbiota of domesticated herbivorous ruminant, hindgut fermenters, and monogastric animals." MicrobiologyOpen 6, no. 5 (August 22, 2017): e00509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.509.
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Laroche, N., P. Grimm, S. Julliand, and G. Sorci. "48 Disrupting hindgut microbiota through the diet alters strongyles infections in horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 124 (May 2023): 104350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104350.
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Weinert-Nelson, Jennifer R., Amy S. Biddle, Harini Sampath, and Carey A. Williams. "Fecal Microbiota, Forage Nutrients, and Metabolic Responses of Horses Grazing Warm- and Cool-Season Grass Pastures." Animals 13, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13050790.
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Integrating warm-season grasses into cool-season equine grazing systems can increase pasture availability during summer months. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of this management strategy on the fecal microbiome and relationships between fecal microbiota, forage nutrients, and metabolic responses of grazing horses. Fecal samples were collected from 8 mares after grazing cool-season pasture in spring, warm-season pasture in summer, and cool-season pasture in fall as well as after adaptation to standardized hay diets prior to spring grazing and at the end of the grazing season. Random forest classification was able to predict forage type based on microbial composition (accuracy: 0.90 ± 0.09); regression predicted forage crude protein (CP) and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations (p < 0.0001). Akkermansia and Clostridium butyricum were enriched in horses grazing warm-season pasture and were positively correlated with CP and negatively with NSC; Clostridum butyricum was negatively correlated with peak plasma glucose concentrations following oral sugar tests (p ≤ 0.05). These results indicate that distinct shifts in the equine fecal microbiota occur in response different forages. Based on relationships identified between the microbiota, forage nutrients, and metabolic responses, further research should focus on the roles of Akkermansia spp. and Clostridium butyricum within the equine hindgut.
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Lourenco, Jeferson M., Christina B. Welch, Taylor R. Krause, Michael A. Wieczorek, Francis L. Fluharty, Michael J. Rothrock, T. Dean Pringle, and Todd R. Callaway. "Fecal Microbiome Differences in Angus Steers with Differing Feed Efficiencies during the Feedlot-Finishing Phase." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061128.
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The gastrointestinal microbiota of cattle is important for feedstuff degradation and feed efficiency determination. This study evaluated the fecal microbiome of Angus steers with distinct feed efficiencies during the feedlot-finishing phase. Angus steers (n = 65), fed a feedlot-finishing diet for 82 days, had growth performance metrics evaluated. Steers were ranked based upon residual feed intake (RFI), and the 5 lowest RFI (most efficient) and 5 highest RFI (least efficient) steers were selected for evaluation. Fecal samples were collected on 0-d and 82-d of the finishing period and microbial DNA was extracted and evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. During the feedlot trial, inefficient steers had decreased (p = 0.02) Ruminococcaceae populations and increased (p = 0.01) Clostridiaceae populations. Conversely, efficient steers had increased Peptostreptococcaceae (p = 0.03) and Turicibacteraceae (p = 0.01), and a trend for decreased Proteobacteria abundance (p = 0.096). Efficient steers had increased microbial richness and diversity during the feedlot period, which likely resulted in increased fiber-degrading enzymes in their hindgut, allowing them to extract more energy from the feed. Results suggest that cattle with better feed efficiency have greater diversity of hindgut microorganisms, resulting in more enzymes available for digestion, and improving energy harvest in the gut of efficient cattle.
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Nielsen, Shaun, Jackson Wilkes Walburn, Adriana Vergés, Torsten Thomas, and Suhelen Egan. "Microbiome patterns across the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens." PeerJ 5 (May 17, 2017): e3317. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3317.
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Most of our knowledge regarding the biodiversity of gut microbes comes from terrestrial organisms or marine species of economic value, with less emphasis on ecologically important species. Here we investigate the bacterial composition associated with the gut of Siganus fuscescens, a rabbitfish that plays an important ecological role in coastal ecosystems by consuming seaweeds. Members of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and delta-Proteobacteria were among the dominant taxa across samples taken from the contents and the walls (sites) of the midgut and hindgut (location). Despite the high variability among individual fish, we observed statistically significant differences in beta-diversity between gut sites and gut locations. Some bacterial taxa low in abundance in the midgut content (e.g., Desulfovibrio) were found in greater abundances on the midgut wall and within the hindgut, suggesting that the gut may select for specific groups of environmental and/or food-associated microorganisms. In contrast, some distinct taxa present in the midgut content (e.g., Synechococcus) were noticeably reduced in the midgut wall and hindgut, and are thus likely to be representative of transient microbiota. This is the first assessment of the bacterial diversity associated with the gut of S. fuscescens and highlights the need to consider the variability across different gut locations and sites when analyzing fish gut microbiomes.
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Xu, Qian, Zheng Yang, Siyu Chen, Wenjuan Zhu, Siyuan Xiao, Jing Liu, Hongquan Wang, and Shile Lan. "Effects of Replacing Dietary Fish Meal by Soybean Meal Co-Fermented Using Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium on Serum Antioxidant Indices and Gut Microbiota of Crucian Carp Carassius auratus." Fishes 7, no. 2 (February 25, 2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020054.
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Fermented soybean meal (FSM) is an important feed material that can replace fish meal to solve the shortage of animal protein. To improve the utilization of FSM, we optimized the co-fermentation conditions of soybean meal using Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium and studied the effects of replacing fish meal with different proportions of FSM on serum antioxidant indices and gut microbiota (GM) composition of crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Our results showed that the co-fermentation of soybean meal was the most effective when the ratio of B. subtilis X-2 and E. faecium X-4 was 2:3, glucose addition was 4.5%, KH2PO4 addition was 0.15%, MgSO4·7H2O addition was 0.1%, anhydrous sodium acetate addition was 0.4%, fermentation time was 120 h, and the solid–water ratio was 1:1. Replacing 40% fish meal with FSM in the feed significantly improved the serum T-AOC, POD, and IgM levels in C. auratus. Although there were significant differences in the midgut and hindgut microbiota structures of C. auratus, the addition of FSM to the feed did not cause significant differences in the GM structure, whether in the midgut or hindgut. Therefore, 40% FSM is the most suitable substitute for fish meal in the feed of C. auratus.
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Moss, Cameron D., Amber L. Wilson, Kailee J. Reed, Kaysie J. Jennings, Isabelle G. Z. Kunz, Gabriele A. Landolt, Jessica Metcalf, Terry E. Engle, and Stephen J. Coleman. "Gene Expression Analysis before and after the Pelvic Flexure in the Epithelium of the Equine Hindgut." Animals 14, no. 16 (August 8, 2024): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14162303.
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Previous research demonstrated the distribution of distinct microbial communities in the equine hindgut surrounding the pelvic flexure. The current study evaluated gene expression in epithelial tissues surrounding the pelvic flexure to characterize patterns that might correlate with microbial distribution. Gene expression was determined by analyzing RNA sequence data from the pelvic flexure, the left and right ventral colon, and the left and right dorsal colon. An average of 18,330 genes were expressed across the five tissues sampled. Most of the genes showed some level of expression in all five tissues. Tissue-restricted patterns of expression were also observed. Genes with restricted expression in the left ventral and left dorsal colons have communication, signaling, and regulatory functions that correlate with their known physiology. In contrast, genes expressed exclusively in the pelvic flexure have diverse functions. The ontology of genes differentially expressed between the pelvic flexure and the surrounding tissues was associated with immune functions and signaling processes. Despite being non-significant, these enrichment trends were reinforced by the functions of statistically significant expression differences between tissues of the hindgut. These results provide insight into the physiology of the equine hindgut epithelium that might influence the microbiota and its distribution.
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Coleman, Stephen J., Cameron Moss, Amber Wilson, Kailee Reed, Kaysie Jennings, and Isabelle Kunz. "147 The ‘horse-side’ of host-microbe interactions and gastrointestinal homeostasis in the equine hindgut." Journal of Animal Science 102, Supplement_3 (September 1, 2024): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.253.
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Abstract Homeostasis is a complex physiological process that enables biological systems to maintain balanced internal environments in response to internal and external stimuli. In the equine gastrointestinal (GI) tract, homeostasis involves a network of factors that regulate gene expression, maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier, and modulate immune responses to pathogenic microorganisms while supporting commensal bacteria that provide benefits to the host (Figure 1). These factors work together and respond to changes in diet, environment, external stress, and challenges by infectious agents or toxins. Proper gastrointestinal function is dependent on maintaining homeostasis in the system, and the dynamic interactions between the microbial population (the microbiota) and the equine host are central to this equilibrium. The regulation and interplay between the equine host and GI microbiota are evident in the distribution of distinct microbial communities within the various compartments of the equine hindgut. The contributions of each compartment to digestive physiology and the overlap with various stages of microbial fermentation in the equine hindgut are well-researched. What remains to be documented is gene expression in tissues of the equine GI and the underlying role this might play in the processes of digestion, physiology, and homeostasis in the GI. To better understand the roles that host gene expression plays in the interactions with the microbiota, it is critical that we investigate gene expression in the different tissues along the intestinal tract. Protein-coding genes are crucial in maintaining the health of the gastrointestinal tract. They direct the synthesis of various structural elements, molecular transporters, and digestive enzymes, which support digestion, nutrient absorption, and gut integrity. Non-coding genes also play an important role in regulating protein-coding gene expression, modulating immune responses, and maintaining gut barrier function. Moreover, there is evidence that non-coding transcripts regulate the composition of microbial communities in the GI tract. The presentation will focus on the current research and future directions for investigating protein-coding and non-coding gene expression to understand the mechanisms involved in the host-microbe interaction in the equine hindgut and their potential role in maintaining GI homeostasis.
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Ricaud, Karine, Mickael Rey, Elisabeth Plagnes-Juan, Laurence Larroquet, Maxime Even, Edwige Quillet, Sandrine Skiba-Cassy, and Stéphane Panserat. "Composition of Intestinal Microbiota in Two Lines of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Divergently Selected for Muscle Fat Content." Open Microbiology Journal 12, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801812010308.
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Background:Recently, studies suggest that gut microbiota contributes to the development of obesity in mammals. In rainbow trout, little is known about the role of intestinal microbiota in host physiology.Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the link between intestinal microbiota and adiposity, by high-throughput 16S RNA gene based illumina Miseq sequencing in two rainbow trout lines divergently selected for muscle lipid content. Fish from these two lines of rainbow trout are known to have a differing lipid metabolism.Methods:Samples from the two lines (L for lean and F for fat) were collected from Midgut (M) and Hindgut (H) in juvenile fish (18 months) to compare intestinal microbiota diversity.Results:Whatever the lines and intestinal localisation,Proteobacteria,FirmicutesandActinobacteriaare the dominant phyla in the bacterial community of rainbow trout (at least 97%). The results indicate that richness and diversity indexes as well as bacterial composition are comparable between all groups even though 6 specific OTUs were identified in the intestinal microbiota of fish from the fat line and 2 OTUs were specific to the microbiota of fish from the lean line. Our work contributes to a better understanding in microbial diversity in intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout.Conclusion:Altogether, our study indicates that no major modification of the intestinal microbiota is induced by selection for muscle lipid content and associated metabolic changes. Finally, we identified members of core microbiota in rainbow trout.
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Anderson, Kirk E., Vincent A. Ricigliano, Duan C. Copeland, Brendon M. Mott, and Patrick Maes. "Social Interaction is Unnecessary for Hindgut Microbiome Transmission in Honey Bees: The Effect of Diet and Social Exposure on Tissue-Specific Microbiome Assembly." Microbial Ecology, May 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-022-02025-5.
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AbstractHoney bees are a model for host–microbial interactions with experimental designs evolving towards conventionalized worker bees. Research on gut microbiome transmission and assembly has examined only a fraction of factors associated with the colony and hive environment. Here, we studied the effects of diet and social isolation on tissue-specific bacterial and fungal colonization of the midgut and two key hindgut regions. We found that both treatment factors significantly influenced early hindgut colonization explaining similar proportions of microbiome variation. In agreement with previous work, social interaction with older workers was unnecessary for core hindgut bacterial transmission. Exposure to natural eclosion and fresh stored pollen resulted in gut bacterial communities that were taxonomically and structurally equivalent to those produced in the natural colony setting. Stressed diets of no pollen or autoclaved pollen in social isolation resulted in decreased fungal abundance and bacterial diversity, and atypical microbiome structure and tissue-specific variation of functionally important core bacteria. Without exposure to the active hive environment, the abundance and strain diversity of keystone ileum species Gilliamella apicola was markedly reduced. These changes were associated with significantly larger ileum microbiotas suggesting that extended exposure to the active hive environment plays an antibiotic role in hindgut microbiome establishment. We conclude that core hindgut microbiome transmission is facultative horizontal with 5 of 6 core hindgut species readily acquired from the built hive structure and natural diet. Our findings contribute novel insights into factors influencing assembly and maintenance of honey bee gut microbiota and facilitate future experimental designs.
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Alom, Most Shormi, Yijing Cen, Rui Tang, Dasong Chen, Hongliang Dou, Zhenzuan Mo, and He Du. "Change of termite hindgut metabolome and bacteria after captivity indicates the hindgut microbiota provides nutritional factors to the host." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 11 (January 15, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1228918.
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The gut-dwelling microbiota is an indispensable part of termites. It is influenced by a series of factors, such as diet and captivity. The objectives of this study were to study the metabolic functions of hindgut microbiota and to investigate the influence of captivity on the hindgut microbiota. The dampwood termite Hodotermopsis sjostedti was reared in the laboratory for 6 months. We conducted the metabolome analysis of the fat body from the freshly-collected workers (FBF), the hindgut fluid of the freshly-collected workers (HFF), and the hindgut fluid of laboratory-maintained workers. In addition, the 16S rRNA genes from the hindgut bacteria in the freshly-collected and laboratory-maintained workers were sequenced. According to our results, the concentrations of metabolites associated with amino acid biosynthesis, vitamin biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and cofactor biosynthesis were higher in HFF compared with those in FBF, suggesting that the hindgut microbiota provides nutritional factors to the host. However, after captivity, the concentrations of metabolites in the hindgut associated with amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide sugar metabolism, vitamin biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism decreased, while those associated with the steroid hormone biosynthesis and ovarian steroidogenesis increased. Meanwhile, the 16S amplicon study revealed that the abundance of certain bacteria changed after captivity, such as uncultured Termite Group 1 bacterium, Candidatus Symbiothrix dinenymphae, and unclassified Desulfovibrio. Our findings show that captivity influences the hindgut microbiota and shed light on the metabolic potential of the hindgut microbiota.
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Xie, Fei, Lei Xu, Yue Wang, and Shengyong Mao. "Metagenomic Sequencing Reveals that High-Grain Feeding Alters the Composition and Metabolism of Cecal Microbiota and Induces Cecal Mucosal Injury in Sheep." mSystems 6, no. 5 (October 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00915-21.
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Xie, Fei, Lei Xu, Yue Wang, and Shengyong Mao. "Metagenomic Sequencing Reveals that High-Grain Feeding Alters the Composition and Metabolism of Cecal Microbiota and Induces Cecal Mucosal Injury in Sheep." mSystems 6, no. 5 (October 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00915-21.
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Li, Yan, Qingshan Ma, Xiaoyuan Shi, Guiqin Liu, and Changfa Wang. "Integrated multi-omics reveals novel microbe-host lipid metabolism and immune interactions in the donkey hindgut." Frontiers in Immunology 13 (November 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003247.
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Evidence has shown that gut microbiota play a key role in host metabolism and health; however, little is known about the microbial community in the donkey hindgut as well as the interactions that occur between gut microbes and the host. This study aimed to explore the gut microbiome differences by analyzing the microbial community and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to lipid metabolism and the immune system along the donkey hindgut. The hindgut tissues (cecum, ventral colon, and dorsal colon) were separated, and the contents of each section were collected from six male donkeys for multi-omics analysis. There were significant differences in terms of dominant bacteria among the three sections, especially between the cecum and dorsal colon sites. For instance, species belonging to Prevotella and Treponema were most abundant in the cecum, while the Clostridiales_bacterium, Streptococcus_equinus, Ruminococcaceae_bacterium, etc., were more abundant in the dorsal colon. Apart from propionate, the concentrations of acetate, isobutyrate, valerate and isovalerate were all lower in the cecum than in the dorsal colon (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we identified some interesting DEGs related to lipid metabolism (e.g., ME1, MBOAT1, ACOX1, ACOX2 and LIPH) and the immune system (e.g., MUC3B, mucin-2-like, IL17RC, IL1R2, IL33, C1QA, and MMP9) between the cecum and dorsal colon and found that the PPAR pathway was mainly enriched in the cecum. Finally, we found a complex relationship between the gut microbiome and gene expression, especially with respect to the immune system, and combined with protein-protein interaction (PPI) data, suggesting that the PPAR pathway might be responsible, at least in part, for the role of the hindgut microbiota in the donkeys’ gut homeostasis. Our data provide an in-depth understanding of the interaction between the microbiota and function in the healthy equine hindgut and may also provide guidance for improving animal performance metrics (such as product quality) and equine welfare.