Relevant bibliographies by topics / Himalayan river

Academic literature on the topic 'Himalayan river'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Himalayan river"

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Mishra, Asheesh Shivam, Prakash Nautiyal, and Vijay Prakash Semwal. "Distributional Patterns of Benthic Macro-invertebrate Fauna in the Glacier Fed Rivers of Indian Himalaya." Our Nature 11, no. 1 (June 24, 2013): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v11i1.8242.

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Large-scale distributional pattern for the benthic macro-invertebrate fauna was determined in the glacier fed Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan rivers and streams of India at the elevation range of 2000-3000 m asl. In Trans-Himalaya the family Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) alone (Chandra and Bhaga) or in combination with Chironomidae (Diptera) in similar proportions (Chenab) or Diptera alone (Miyar) dominated the assemblages. Its influence seems to extend to Rupin drainage in the Himalaya where Chironomidae alone dominated the assemblages. Except for this Himalayan river. Various families of Trichoptera attained highest abundance in other rivers of the Himalaya. Thus, Leptoceridae in combination with Limnephilidae (Alaknanada at Tapovan) and Heptageniidae and Baetidae (Alaknanada at Mana) is the only instance of similarity in abundant taxa by virtue of same river. The Mandakini was partially similar to Alaknanda by virtue of abundant Limnephilidae. The Bhagirathi was characterized by abundance of Philopotamidae. Thus, assemblages exhibit greater variability in the Himalayan rivers than Trans-Himalayan rivers and are hence entirely different, as also evident from the cluster analysis. This present hypothesis is not applicable to explain the macro-invertebrate assemblages in Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v11i1.8242 Our Nature Vol.11(1) 2013: 36-44
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Thayyen, R. J., and J. T. Gergan. "Role of glaciers in watershed hydrology: ''Himalayan catchment'' perspective." Cryosphere Discussions 3, no. 2 (July 15, 2009): 443–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-3-443-2009.

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Abstract. A large number of Himalayan glacier catchments are under the influence of humid climate with snowfall in winter (November–April) and South-West monsoon in summer (June–September) dominating the regional hydrology. Such catchments are defined as ''Himalayan catchment'', where the glacier melt water contributes to the river flow during the period of annual high flows produced by the monsoon. Other two major glacio-hydrological regimes of the Himalaya are winter snow dominated Alpine catchments of the Kashmir and Karakoram region and cold-arid regions of the Ladakh mountain range. Factors influencing the river flow variations in a ''Himalayan catchment'' were studied in a micro scale glacier catchment in the Garhwal Himalaya, covering an area of 77.8 km2. Discharge data generated from three hydrometric stations established at different altitudes of the Din Gad stream during the summer ablation period of 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2004. These data has been analysed along with winter/summer precipitation, temperature and mass balance data of the Dokriani glacier to study the role of the glacier and precipitation in determining the runoff variations along the stream continuum from the glacier snout to 2360 m a.s.l. Study shows that the inter-annual runoff variations in a ''Himalayan glacier catchment'' is directly linked with the precipitation rather than mass balance changes of the glacier. Study suggest that warming induced initial increase of glacier degraded runoff and subsequent decline is a glaciers mass balance response and cannot be translated as river flow response in a ''Himalayan catchment'' as suggested by the IPCC, 2007. Study also suggest that the glacier runoff critically influence the headwater river flows during the years of low summer discharge and proposes that the Himalayan catchment could experience higher river flows and positive glacier mass balance regime together in association with strong monsoon. This paper intended to highlight the importance of creating credible knowledge on the Himalayan cryospheric processes to develop a global outlook on river flow response to cryospheric change and locally sustainable water resources management strategies.
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Baloori, S. S., Pallavi Upreti, and Jyotsna Kukreti. "A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY REVIEW OF RIVER YAMUNA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WATER QUALITY INDEX IN THE HIMALAYAN REGION OF INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 05 (May 31, 2022): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14722.

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India with 4% of fresh water resources is facing a dual challenge of water scarcity and pollution. Several rivers in India originate from Himalayan systems and forms the basis of Indias Economy. River contamination and diminishing water quality is reducing populations accessibility to clean and safe drinking Water. As one of the significant perennial tributaries of The Ganga Water systems, River Yamuna passes through the heartlands of thegreat North India Plains sustaining cities, feeding millions. Since Yamuna passes through major urban settlement it is heavily polluted with untreated industrial waste, sewage, domestic waste making its way into the river. The study presents a comprehensive reviewof the water quality assessmentsof theriver Yamuna with special reference to Water Quality Index based on severalhydrological parameters. Based on the levels of contamination the whole stretch of Yamuna from its source (at Uttarakhand) till its confluence with Ganga (at Allahabad) has been divided into 5 segments. While all the lower stretches depict high to very high pollution levels, the upper segment of the river in the Himalayas show good water quality. Water quality parameters of river Yamuna depict that BOD, DO and COD levels are not in range of permissible limits in Delhi segment but it falls under permissible limits range in Himalayan segment. Other than these parameters, ammonia, TKN and other organic and inorganic matters fall under the desired standards in Himalayan region of Yamuna.
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Pangali Sharma, Til Prasad, Jiahua Zhang, Narendra Raj Khanal, Foyez Ahmed Prodhan, Basanta Paudel, Lamei Shi, and Nirdesh Nepal. "Assimilation of Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data in Budhi Gandaki River Basin, Nepal." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12121951.

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The Himalayan region, a major source of fresh water, is recognized as a water tower of the world. Many perennial rivers originate from Nepal Himalaya, located in the central part of the Himalayan region. Snowmelt water is essential freshwater for living, whereas it poses flood disaster potential, which is a major challenge for sustainable development. Climate change also largely affects snowmelt hydrology. Therefore, river discharge measurement requires crucial attention in the face of climate change, particularly in the Himalayan region. The snowmelt runoff model (SRM) is a frequently used method to measure river discharge in snow-fed mountain river basins. This study attempts to investigate snowmelt contribution in the overall discharge of the Budhi Gandaki River Basin (BGRB) using satellite remote sensing data products through the application of the SRM model. The model outputs were validated based on station measured river discharge data. The results show that SRM performed well in the study basin with a coefficient of determination (R2) >0.880. Moreover, this study found that the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover data and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) meteorological datasets are highly applicable to the SRM in the Himalayan region. The study also shows that snow days have slightly decreased in the last three years, hence snowmelt contribution in overall discharge has decreased slightly in the study area. Finally, this study concludes that MOD10A2 and ECMWF precipitation and two-meter temperature products are highly applicable to measure snowmelt and associated discharge through SRM in the BGRB. Moreover, it also helps with proper freshwater planning, efficient use of winter water flow, and mitigating and preventive measures for the flood disaster.
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Verma, Jyoti, Prakash Nautiyal, and Prateek Srivastava. "Diatoms of the Cymbella sensu lato species of the two different eco-regions of the Indian Mountain Rivers." Annals of Plant Sciences 6, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2017.6.10.4.

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This paper describes Cymbella sensu lato (Cymbopleura, Delicata, Encyonema, Encyonopsis and Reimeria) species from two different ecoregions of India. In the present study, twenty-six diatom taxa belonging to the genus Cymbella sensu lato were identified. In the flora nineteen species were recorded from the Vindhya region while eleven from the Himalaya. All of them were first records for the Vindhyan rivers. Seven taxa were new records for the Himalayan river.
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Khanal, Laxman, Mukesh Kumar Chalise, and Xuelong Jiang. "ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELLING OF HIMALAYAN LANGUR (Semnopithecus entellus) IN SOUTHERN FLANK OF THE HIMALAYA." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 23, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v23i1.22142.

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The species and subspecies status of various populations of the Himalayan langur (Semnopithecus entellus) have been disputed in many literatures. Before delineating the taxonomic boundaries, it is important to identify the potential distribution areas of extant populations of the species. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) can be coupled with the systematic survey of species presence to identify the species’ potential distribution range. Therefore, we did extensive survey and population census of the Himalayan langur across three major river basins (Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali) of Nepal and analyzed the population patterns. In addition, we also modelled the ecological niche of the species by using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. We counted a total of 559 individuals from 33 troops that accounted the average troop size of 16.94 (±8.39) individuals. Within Nepal territory, the highest population of langurs was observed from the Gandaki River basin followed by the Karnali River basin. We revealed that Himalayan langurs have a wide range of altitudinal (49 m - 4190 m above sea level) distributions from Bhutan to Kashmir across southern flank of the Himalaya. We warrant for the detail distribution assessment and taxonomic analysis of Himalayan langurs using ecological, morphological and genetic variables.
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Montgomery, David R., and Drew B. Stolar. "Reconsidering Himalayan river anticlines." Geomorphology 82, no. 1-2 (December 2006): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.021.

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Kattel, Giri R. "Changing Ecological and Hydrological Conditions in the Himalayan Mountains and Measures of Future Adaptation." Jalawaayu 1, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jalawaayu.v1i1.36447.

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The Himalayan mountains are one of the important geographical settings of the planet Earth for the source of global freshwaters. The freshwaters from the Himalayas are life supporting systems of the millions of people residing in downstream Asia. However, the high-altitude mountains of the Himalayas have gone through considerable transformations in hydrology and ecology over the recent past. In the 21st century, the hydrological flow regimes of glacial-fed rivers are threatened by both climate change and human disturbances. Rapidly changing temperature and the frequency, duration and timing of monsoonal precipitation have altered glacier melt, river flow, flood, and downstream volume of water. As a result, the ecosystems and biodiversity as well as irrigation-dependent agriculture in the region is profoundly impacted. The fundamental challenge today is therefore to address the issue of water resources through understanding of hydrological and ecological changes of lake and river systems in the region. Ecohydrology is a sustainability concept, which addresses water resource management through understanding of water cycle, including hydrological processes of rivers and lakes and the structure, and function of ecosystems. Putting ecohydrology at the center of the water resource management program, this mini review discusses rapid ecological and hydrological changes of freshwater systems in the Himalayan mountains and suggested some of the key future adaptation strategies of water resources to rapidly changing regional environment.
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Liang, Wendong, Eduardo Garzanti, Sergio Andò, Paolo Gentile, and Alberto Resentini. "Multimineral Fingerprinting of Transhimalayan and Himalayan Sources of Indus-Derived Thal Desert Sand (Central Pakistan)." Minerals 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9080457.

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As a Quaternary repository of wind-reworked Indus River sand at the entry point in the Himalayan foreland basin, the Thal Desert in northern Pakistan stores mineralogical information useful to trace erosion patterns across the western Himalayan syntaxis and the adjacent orogenic segments that fed detritus into the Indus delta and huge deep-sea fan throughout the Neogene. Provenance analysis of Thal Desert sand was carried out by applying optical and semi-automated Raman spectroscopy on heavy-mineral suites of four eolian and 11 fluvial sand samples collected in selected tributaries draining one specific tectonic domain each in the upper Indus catchment. In each sample, the different types of amphibole, garnet, epidote and pyroxene grains—the four dominant heavy-mineral species in orogenic sediment worldwide—were characterized by SEM-EDS spectroscopy. The chemical composition of 4249 grains was thus determined. Heavy-mineral concentration, the relative proportion of heavy-mineral species, and their minerochemical fingerprints indicate that the Kohistan arc has played the principal role as a source, especially of pyroxene and epidote. Within the western Himalayan syntaxis undergoing rapid exhumation, the Southern Karakorum belt drained by the Hispar River and the Nanga Parbat massif were revealed as important sources of garnet, amphibole, and possibly epidote. Sediment supply from the Greater Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, and Subhimalaya is dominant only for Punjab tributaries that join the Indus River downstream and do not contribute sand to the Thal Desert. The detailed compositional fingerprint of Thal Desert sand, if contrasted with that of lower course tributaries exclusively draining the Himalaya, provides a semi-actualistic key to be used, in conjunction with complementary provenance datasets and geological information, to reconstruct changes in paleodrainage and unravel the relationship between climatic and tectonic forces that controlled the erosional evolution of the western Himalayan-Karakorum orogen in space and time.
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Shisode, Nileema Raju. "To study the dfferent sorces of water and its qualities with health perspective." Journal of Preventive Medicine and Holistic Health 8, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jpmhh.2022.002.

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Water is a life. Drinking water is very important to stay healthy. In Ayurveda different sources of water are described, among them divya jal-rain water is considered as very pure. In India we consider river as a Goddess. Himalaya, Himalayan Rivers are considered as holy. Clean, pure, sweet, light, satisfying, tridosha balancing, strength giving water is considered as pure and holy. Water from late monsoon rain water, autumn rain water, big lakes, upper Himalaya river water, and fountain water is considered as pure. Impure water we can identify with our five sense organs. Sun rays, air, fire, are methods to purify water. Katak is a herb which purifies water by sedimentation of dirt.to flavor water different herbs and spices are used. Properties of water changes according to its origin, land, soil and season.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Himalayan river"

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Gupta, Nishikant. "River conservation in the Indian Himalayan region." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/river-conservation-in-the-indian-himalayan-region(f24ba43b-0d59-4582-a98b-e1cf284b9e99).html.

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Rivers have a multitude of important functions and provide crucial services to millions of people. However, rivers currently face severe anthropogenic threats due to an expanding human population and a surge in water demand. The fish species present within rivers provide a source of protein to some poorer sections of communities and present ecological and socio-economic opportunities for various stakeholders, (i.e. village members, catch-and-release (C&R) angling associations, C&R anglers, forest managers, and conservationists). To protect rivers and their fish species in the Indian Himalayan region, critical stressors and novel conservation strategies were investigated. Terrestrial Protected Areas (tPAs) are applied management tools for biodiversity conservation in the region, and along with existing managed reaches, (i.e. temple pools and angling pools) could protect river ecosystems from pressures such as over fishing, habitat degradation and fragmentation, and pollution. Although under scrutiny for its probable effects on aquatic ecosystems, C&R angling as a leisure activity could protect target fish species through associated socio-economic opportunities, and could act as a monitoring tool for fish species. A global online survey conducted among C&R anglers visiting Indian rivers revealed their willingness to assist with conservation projects targeting prime angling fish species. In view of the current benefits associated with global flagship species and examined support among local stakeholders in the study area, an attempt was made to promote a freshwater fish as a flagship conservation species for wider benefits to river ecosystems. With the present available support among local stakeholders and novel applicable conservation opportunities for river ecosystems, an innovative strategy, i.e. setting up of Freshwater Fish Safe Zones (FFSZs) was proposed to the State and Central Government of India to bring about long-term ecological and socio-economic benefits to Indian rivers and local stakeholders.
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Dingle, Elizabeth Harriet. "River dynamics in the Himalayan foreland basin." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31285.

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Rivers sourced in the Himalayan mountains support more than 10% of the global population, where the majority of these people live downstream of the mountain front on the alluvial Indo-Gangetic Plain. Many of these rivers however, are also the source of devastating floods. The tendency of these rivers to flood is directly related to their large-scale morphology. In general, rivers that drain the east Indo-Gangetic Plain have channels that are perched at a higher elevation relative to their floodplain, leading to more frequent channel avulsion and flooding. In contrast, those further west have channels that are incised into the floodplain and are historically less prone to flooding. Understanding the controls on these contrasting river forms is fundamental to determining the sensitivity of these systems to projected climate change and the growing water resource demands across the Plain. This thesis examines controls on river morphology across the central portion of the Indo-Gangetic Plain drained by the Ganga River (the Ganga Plain). Specifically, the relative roles of basin subsidence, sediment grain size and sediment flux have been explored in the context of large-scale alluvial river morphology over a range of timescales. Furthermore, this thesis has developed and tested techniques that can be utilised to help quantify these variables at catchment-wide scales. This analysis has been achieved through combining new sediment grain size, pebble lithology and cosmogenic radionuclide data with quantitative topographic and sedimentological analysis of the Ganga Plain. In the first part of this thesis, I examine the contrast in channel morphology between the east and west Ganga Plain. Using topographic analysis, basin subsidence rates and sediment grain size data, I propose that higher subsidence rates in the east Ganga Plain are responsible for a deeper basin, with perched low-gradient rivers systems that are relatively insensitive to climatically driven changes in base-level. In contrast, lower basin subsidence rates in the west are associated with a shallower basin with entrenched river systems that are capable of recording climatically induced lowering of river base-level during the Holocene. Through an analysis of fan geometry, sediment grain size and lithology, I then demonstrate that gravel flux from rivers draining the central Himalaya with contributing areas spanning three orders of magnitude is approximately constant. I show that the abrasion of gravel during fluvial transport can explain this observation, where gravel sourced from more than 100 km upstream is converted into sand by the time it reaches the Plain. I attribute the over-representation of quartzitic pebble lithologies in the Plain (relative to the proportion of the upstream catchment area likely to contribute quartzite pebbles) to the selective abrasion of weaker lithologies during transport in the mountainous catchment. This process places an upper limit on the amount of coarse sediment exported into the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Finally, I consider the use of cosmogenic 10Be derived erosion rates as a method to generate sediment flux estimates over timescales of 102-104 years. Cosmogenic radionuclide samples from modern channel and independently dated Holocene terrace and flood deposits in the Ganga River reveal a degree of natural variability in 10Be concentrations close to the mountain front. This is explored using a numerical analysis of processes which are likely to drive variability in catchment-averaged 10Be concentrations. I propose that the observed variability is explained by the nature of stochastic inputs of sediment (e.g. the dominant erosional process, surface production rates, depth of landsliding, degree of mixing), and secondly, by the evacuation timescales of individual sediment deposits which buffers their impact on catchment-averaged concentrations. In landscapes dominated by high topographic relief, spatially variable climate and multiple geomorphic process domains, the use of 10Be concentrations to generate sediment flux estimates may not be truly representative. The analysis presented here suggests that comparable mean catchment-averaged 10Be concentrations can be derived through different erosional processes. For a given 10Be concentration, volumetric sediment flux estimates may therefore differ.
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Faller, Matej. "Ecosystem engineering impacts of invasive species on river banks : signal crayfish and Himalayan balsam." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/43949.

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This thesis investigates the impact of two invasive ecosystem engineers on the river banks. Invasive species generate significant global environmental and economic costs and represent a particularly potent threat to freshwater ecosystems. Ecosystem engineers are organisms that modify their physical habitat. Therefore this thesis will explore the interaction of these two types of species and their impacts on the example of the impact of signal crayfish and Himalayan balsam The obtained results indicate that there are few avenues through which invasive ecosystem engineers can influence river bank processes. While many uncertainties remain, due to the intrinsic complexity of river ecosystems, a multitude of anthropogenic stressors that they are increasingly subjected to and a wide array of ecosystem services that rivers provide to people, it is important to consider the role of invasive ecosystem engineers in river management practices. on river banks. The work included analyses and development of conceptual models for the understanding of invasive ecosystem engineers, followed by four research chapters aimed at answering specific questions. A study of signal crayfish impact is primarily focused on the impact of burrows that crayfish dig as shelter and their influence on riverbank erosion. The interaction between habitat characteristics, the occurrence of burrows and erosion is analysed on three different levels of spatial scale: bank section in reach, reach in the catchment and bank section in the catchment. Bank section in reach survey (Chapter 4) focused on a reach heavily impacted by crayfish burrowing on the River Windrush, UK, in order to study the maximum effect of burrowing. Also, smaller spatial extent enabled detailed study of three sets of variables as well as an assessment of the impact that signal crayfish population density has on burrowing. Reach in catchment spatial scale expanded the survey to cover 103 river reaches in the Thames catchment and was based on a combination of habitat information from publicly available online data sets, primarily the River Habitat Survey database and rapid field surveys that recorded burrows and erosion. Bank section in catchment-scale was based on the same 103 sites, but the main focus of field observations were ten metres long bank sections for which habitat, burrows and erosion information were collected. Overall, burrowed banks were more likely to be characterised by cohesive bank material, steeper bank profiles with large areas of bare bank face, often on outer bend locations and were associated with bank profiles with signs of erosion. There were indications that signal crayfish burrowing is contributing to the river bank erosion, but no conclusive results have been made. Study of the impact of the Himalayan balsam was undertaken on eight sites at the River Brenta in Italy and it was focused on three main aspects. Firstly it was established that extent of Himalayan balsam domination over native vegetation varies widely depending on the habitat conditions and native plants encountered. Secondly, it was established that there are no conclusive differences in the extent of erosion and deposition on transects covered by native vegetation and Himalayan balsam. Thirdly, measurement of traits of individual plants showed significant differences in traits of individual plants that are known to have consequences for river bank erosion and deposition.
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Stahr, Donald William III. "Kinematic evolution, metamorphism, and exhumation of the Greater Himalayan Series, Sutlej River and Zanskar regions of NW India." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23081.

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The Himalayan orogen provides a natural laboratory to test models of orogenic development due to large-scale continental collision. The Greater Himalayan Series (GHS), a lithotectonic unit continuous along the entire length of the belt, comprises the metamorphic core of the Himalayan orogen and underlies the highest topography. GHS rocks are exposed as a moderately north-dipping slab bounded below by the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and above by the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) of normal faults. Coeval reverse- and normal-sense motion on the crustal-scale MCT and STDS ductile shear zones allows the GHS to be modeled as an extruded wedge or channel of mid-crustal material. Due to this unique tectonic setting, the deformation path of rocks within the bounding shear zones and throughout the core of the GHS profoundly influences the efficiency of extrusion and exhumation processes. Attempts to quantify GHS deformation and metamorphic evolution have provided significant insight into Himalayan orogenic development, but these structural and petrologic studies are often conducted in isolation. Penetrative deformation fabrics developed under mid-upper amphibolite facies conditions within the GHS argue that deformation and metamorphism were coupled, and this should be considered in studies aimed at quantifying GHS teconometamorphic evolution.

This work focuses on two projects related to the coupled deformation, thermal and metamorphic evolution during extrusion and exhumation of the GHS, focused on the lower and upper margins of the slab. A detailed examination of the P--T history of a schist collected from within the MCT zone of the Sutlej River, NW India, provides insight into the path experienced by these rocks as they traveled through the crust in response to the extreme shortening related to India-Asia collision. Combined forward thermodynamic and diffusion modeling indicates compositional zoning preserved in garnet has remained unmodified since growth and can be related directly to the P--T--X evolution of rocks from this zone. Classic porphyroblast--matrix relationships coupled with the above models provide a structural framework within which to interpret the microstructures and provide additional constraints on the relative timing of metamorphic and deformation events.

A combined microstructural and quartz petrofabric study of rocks from the highest structural levels of the GHS in the Zanskar region was completed. This work provides the first quantitative estimate of temperatures attending normal-sense shearing along the Zanskar Shear Zone, the westernmost strand of the STDS. Results indicate penetrative top-N (extensional) deformation occurred at elevated temperatures and resulted in the telescoping of isothermal surfaces present during shearing and extrusion of GHS rocks. Simple geometric models invoking heterogeneous simple shear parallel to the overlying detachment require dip-slip displacement magnitudes on the order of 15--40 km, identical to estimates derived from nearby barometric analyses.

Finally, focus is given to the rotational behavior of rigid inclusions suspended in a flowing viscous matrix from a theoretical perspective. Predictions of clast rotational behavior have been used to construct several kinematic vorticity estimation techniques that have become widely adopted for quantitative studies of naturally deformed rocks. Despite the popularity of the techniques, however, basic questions regarding clast-based analyses remain open. Therefore a numerical model was constructed and a systematic investigation of 2- and 3D clasts suspended in steady and non-steady plane-strain flows was undertaken to determine likely sources of error and the intrinsic strengths and limitations of the techniques.
Ph. D.
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Khanal, Subodha. "Upper crustal shortening and forward modeling of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt along the Budhi-Gandaki river, central Nepal." Thesis, [Tuscaloosa, Ala. : University of Alabama Libraries], 2009. http://purl.lib.ua.edu/2151.

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LIANG, WENDONG. "Petrology and multimineral fingerprinting of modern sand derived from the Himalayan orogen." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/271022.

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L’oggetto di questa tesi è stato lo studio della mineralogia dei sedimenti fluviali ed eolici attuali generati dall’erosione della catena Himalayana, con lo scopo di definire con precisione le segnature composizionali dei diversi domini tettono-stratigrafici dell’orogene. All’approccio basato sulla identificazione e quantificazione delle associazioni di minerali pesanti (densità > 2.90 g/cm3), sono stati affiancate diverse tecniche analitiche complementari, che comprendono la petrografia e la geochimica del sedimento totale, lo studio di dettaglio al microscopio elettronico a scansione e allo spettroscopio Raman delle caratteristiche minerochimiche dei quattro principali gruppi di minerali pesanti che caratterizzano i sedimenti himalayani e orogenici in generale (anfiboli, epidoti, granati, e pirosseni), l’ analisi dei rapporti isotopici di samario e neodimio scolta in collaborazione con Peter Clift presso l’ Istituto Oceanigrafico Woods Hole, oltre all’ analisi geocronologica su zirconi detritici svolta in collaborazione con Pieter Vermeesch presso l’Università di Londra (UCL) affiancata anche da dati analoghi su rutilo, monazite, e titanite ottenuti con la collaborazione di Xiumian Hu e Ronghua Guo presso l’ Università di Nanjing. Le principali aree di studio hanno compreso il Deserto di Thal nel Pakistan centro-settentrionale e gli affluenti del Fiume Indo nel suo corso di montagna dal Ladakh fino al Punjab e gli affluenti principali del Fiume Yarlung (il nome tibetano del Brahmaputra) in Tibet meridionale. Sono stati studiati anche campioni di arenarie Cenozoiche provenienti sia dalle Alpi Occidentali che dal Tibet meridionale. I risultati presentati in questa tesi sono stati pubblicati a primo nome in un volume speciale della rivista internazionale Minerals, sono stati sottomessi nel mese di Settembre e sempre a primo nome a Sedimentary Geology, o sono in preparazione per una prossima sottomissione ad altra prestigiosa rivista internazionale.
Sediments and sedimentary rocks can be considered as geological archives that faithfully reflect their provenance information if the bias introduced by physical and chemical processes during transport and deposition can be properly recognized and corrected for. The sediment provenance analysis both in modern and ancient settings is crucial to trace the sediment sources, reconstruct paleoclimate and paleoenvironment, and interpret the evolution of the Earth’s surface. Modern sediments, unaffected by diagenesis and eroded, tansported and deposited under climatic conditions that are fully known, can provide valuable information on the interactions among the different controlling factors that govern source-to-sink systems. Rivers draining the Himalayan orogen provide the good opportunity to trace the source fingerprinting that is documented in modern fluvial and eolian sand and how these signatures reflect the erosion patterns of the modern and paleo-river systems. A multidisciplinary approach based on petrography, minerology, geochemistry and geochronology is emphasized in this research, in order to obtain a comprehensive provenance information. Our research area focused on the modern sands from two river system: Yarlung River and Indus River. In the Yarlung River system, the Nian River was chosen to investigate the petrographic, mineralogical and chronological signature of sediments from Tethys Himalaya, Greater Himalaya, Kangmar gneiss dome and Transhimalayan ophiolitic suture. Different tectonic domains are characterized by distinct heavy mineral assemblages, e.g., the first-cycle sillimanite and garnet in Greater Himalaya, and clinopyroxene, olivine and enstatite in the forearc ophiolites. Sand carried by the Nian River and its major tributaries, mainly reflects Tethys Himalayan characteristics, consistent with the geochronological results. Erosion rates were also evaluated and circumscribed in the middle Yarlung River catchment. The average erosion rate in the Nianchu catchment is estimated at 0.07-0.10 mm/a, twice as that in the middle Yarlung and Lhasa River catchments, which is principally ascribed to the high erodibility of Tethys Himalayan strata. In the Indus River system, minerochemical analysis of amphibole, garnet, epidote and pyroxene grains, and geochronological analysis of detrital zircons, associated with analysis on petrography, bulk-sediment geochemistry and isotopic geochemistry, in aolian sand from Thal Desert and fluvial sand in selected tributaries draining one specific tectonic domain in the upper Indus catchment, were carried out to discriminate compositional signatures, decipher the provenance information, and trace the erosional evolution of the western Himalaya syntaxis. The compositional fingerprints of Thal Desert sand are characterized by litho-feldspatho-quartzose to quartzo-feldspatho-lithic detrital modes and very rich amphibole-dominated heavy-mineral assemblages. The high heavy mineral concentration, less negative εNd, abundant zircon ages at 40-100 Ma, and specific mineral varietal fingerprints, consistently reflect that the Kohistan arc has acted as the main sediment source. Karakorum appears to contribute less while Himalaya shows higher influence on the Thal Desert sands than modern river sands from the Indus. As a Quaternary repository of wind-reworked Indus River sand at the entry point in the Himalayan foreland basin, Thal Desert sands document higher erosion rates than today in the glaciated areas formed largely by batholites granitoids of the Asian active margin. The close compositional and chronological connection between the Thal Desert and the ancient Indus Delta and Fan deposits, shed new light on the reconstructing of paleodrainage and the understanding of relationship between climatic and tectonic forcing that controlled the erosional evolution of the western Himalayan-Karakorum orogen.
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Brezina, Cynthia A. "The detrital mineral record of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Central Burma Basin : implications for the evolution of the eastern Himalayan orogen and timing of large scale river capture." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6730.

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This study contributes to the understanding of major river evolution in Southeast Asia during the Cenozoic. In order to trace the evolution of a hypothesized palaeo-Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy River, this work undertakes the first systematic provenance study of detrital minerals from Cenozoic synorogenic fluvial and deltaic sedimentary rocks of the Central Burma Basin, employing a combination of high precision geochronology, thermochronology, and geochemistry analytical techniques on single grain detrital zircon and white mica. The dataset is compared to published isotopic data from potential source terranes in order to determine source provenance and exhumation history from source to sink. A Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy connection existed as far back as ca. 42 Ma and disconnection occurred at 18–20 Ma, based on provenance changes detected using a combination of U-Pb ages and εHf(t) values on detrital zircons, and ⁴ºAr/³⁹Ar dating on detrital micas. During the Eocene and Oligocene, units are dominated by U-Pb age and high positive εHf(t) values, characteristic of a southern Lhasa Gangdese magmatic arc source. An antecedent Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy River system formed the major river draining the eastern Himalaya at this time. A significant change in provenance is seen in the early Miocene, where detritus is predominantly derived from bedrock of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, western Yunnan and Burma, a region drained by the modern Irrawaddy-Chindwin river system characterized by Cenozoic U-Pb ages and negative εHf(t) values. This is attributed to the disconnection of the Yarlung-Irrawaddy River and capture by the proto-Brahmaputra River, re-routing Tibetan Transhimalayan detritus to the eastern Himalayan foreland basin. Re-set zircon fission track ages of 14-8 Ma present in all units is used to infer post-depositional basin evolution related to changes in the stress regime accommodating the continued northward migration of India. The early Miocene initiation of the Jiali-Parlung-Gaoligong-Sagaing dextral shear zone and the continued northward movement of the coupled India-Burma plate aided in focusing deformation inside the syntaxis contributing to the disconnection of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy system, linking surface deformation and denudation with processes occurring at deeper crustal levels.
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Tuladhar, Dinesh. "Factors influencing river discharge variability in the Himalayan mountain region: a case study of two catchments with contrasting geographical settings." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/89144.

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This study examined variabilities in precipitation, temperature, river discharge and land use/land cover in two of the Ganges sub-catchments in the Himalayan mountains region of Nepal using historical data between 1970 and 2017. Urban land increased substantially in Bagmati catchment while snow/glacier cover decreased in the Marsyangdi catchment. Precipitation showed decreasing trend while minimum and maximum temperatures as well as diurnal temperature range were increasing. Consequently, river discharge in Bagmati catchment was decreasing but was increasing in Marsyangdi basin.
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Palin, Richard Mark. "Using metamorphic modelling techniques to investigate the thermal and structural evolution of the Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibetan orogen." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f86580ad-c183-4ecd-bcbd-17f3a1b74548.

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Metamorphic rocks constitute a vast volumetric proportion of the Earth’s continental lithosphere and are invaluable recorders of the mechanisms and rates of deformation and metamorphism that occur at the micro-, meso- and macro-scale. As such, they have the potential to provide detailed insight into important tectonic processes such as the subductive transport of material into, and back from, mantle depths and also folding, faulting and thickening of crust that occurs during collisional orogeny. The Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibetan orogen is the youngest and most prominent example of a continent-continent collisional mountain belt on Earth today and is a product of the on-going convergence of the Indian and Asian plates that initiated in the Early Eocene. Thus, it provides an exceptional natural laboratory for the investigation of such processes. Recent advances in the computational ability to replicate natural mineral assemblages through a variety of metamorphic modelling techniques have led to improvements in the amount (and quality) of petrographic data that may be obtained from a typical metamorphic rock. In this study, phase equilibria modelling (pseudosection construction) using THERMOCALC, amongst other techniques, has been integrated with in-situ U–Pb and Th–Pb geochronology of accessory monazite in order to constrain the tectonothermal evolution of four regions intimately associated with the Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibetan orogen. These regions comprise the Karakoram metamorphic complex (north Pakistan), the Tso Morari massif (north-west India), the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (south-east Tibet) and the Day Nui Con Voi metamorphic core complex of the Red River shear zone (North Vietnam). Each case study documents previously unreported metamorphic, magmatic or deformational events that are associated with the India-Asia collision. These data have allowed original interpretations to be made regarding the tectonic evolution of each individual region as well as the large-scale evolution of the Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibetan orogenic system as a whole.
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Beerling, David John. "The ecology and control of Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) and Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle.) on river banks in South Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358067.

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The distribution of R. japonica and I. glandulifera on river banks within the Welsh Region of the National Rivers Authority is described. R. japonica and I. glandulifora were found to be widespread along most of the rivers in the region, occurring on 84% and 71% respectively of the rivers surveyed. The distribution of R. japonica on selected rivers was also investigated in relation to land use. The results showed that on riparian wasteground and land drainage works, R. japonica occurred more frequently than expected and at a higher abundance: on grazed land or in natural/semi-natural communities of river banks it occurred less frequently and in low abundance. The results of a general soil survey to describe the nutrient status of soils on which both species typically grew in South Wales are presented. The survey results suggested that both species are capable of growing on fertile and relatively infertile soils, although from the sites sampled, I. glandulifera tended to exist in nature on soils with a higher nitrogen and phosphorus content than R. japonica. Aspects of the ecology of R. japonica were investigated, these included (i) above-ground growth analysis at open and shaded sites; (ii) below-ground growth measurements (expansion of clumps and growth of rhizomes); and (iii) rhizome fragment viability. R. japonica responded to shade with reduced biomass and stem height, and an increased Leaf Area Ratio compared with plants grown at open sites. These responses were consistent during the two years when observations were made (1988 and 1990). Clump expansion (expressed as radius of the clump) was independent of clump size, but dependent on environmental conditions. Cutting clumps down increased the lateral spread of the plant relative to the uncut clumps. Rhizome fragments of ≥ 7.8g (wet weight) were viable and produced shoots above-ground within 50 days. Aspects of the ecology of I. glandulifera were also investigated, these included (i) growth analysis in open and shaded sites; (ii) germination of seedlings; (iii) seedling mortality; (iv) effect of plant density on seed production; and (v) seed dispersal. I. glandulifera responded to shade with reduced biomass (but similar Relative Growth Rates and stem heights) compared with plants growing at the open sites. Seeds collected from plants of I. glandulifera had high ( > 79%) germination success, and were mostly dispersed within 3.5m of the parent stand. Seedling mortality was density dependent within the range measured in the study (80-300 plants m⁻²). Increased plant density also resulted in reduced seed production per plant. A simple model to describe temporal population changes using the results from investigations (ii) to (v) above was developed. The model simulated population changes in numbers of adult plants over a 10 year period. Field trials were conducted to assess quantitatively the effectiveness of foliar applications of non-persistent herbicides (approved for use in or near water courses) at controlling riparian stands of both species. The results suggested that one application of 2,4-D amine at 2790g active ingredient ha⁻¹ early in the season (May-June) would control I. glandulifera and prevent the development of a viable seed bank. Two applications per season at the same dose using 2,4-D amine or glyphosate with 2154 g a.i. ha⁻¹ would control R. japonica, but 2,4-D amine was preferable because it allowed grass swards to persist after treatment. The extent to which treated stands might recover in succeeding years has not been established and needs further study. On the banks of the River Cynon, Aberdare, South Wales, seven designs of flood revetment blocks were tested for resistance to penetration and displacement by R. japonica. With the subsequent failure of all designs tested, the development and testing of a new block is described. Its success is attributed to a microporous structure and interlocking/overlapping edges. The invertebrates associated with the foliage and litter of two introduced (R. japonica and I. glandulifera) and two indigenous (Urtica dioica and Epilobium hirsutum) species were surveyed in May, July and September 1988 to provide comparative estimates of family diversity, and attempt to assess the likely conservation impact of these introduced plants where they are widespread and abundant. The invertebrate faunal assemblages associated with the foliage of the two introduced species were impoverished relative to the foliage of the two native species sampled, with fewer taxa and fewer individuals. In the leaf litter the effect of the introduced plant species was less marked, with numbers of animals and taxa being reduced in the September samples only. An initial assessment of the flooding hazard, which R. japonica represents on river banks, was made. The results suggested that flooding might occur September-October when living plants had a high biomass and river flows are relatively high. Local authority estimates are given for the cost of repairing damage caused by the plant and for its control. It was concluded that when control measures are undertaken costs are high, even when the affected areas are small, due in part to the continued management required in subsequent seasons to ensure eradication of the plant. Aspects of the study relevant to local authorities are discussed in relation to improved management practices which may prevent or restrict the spread of the plant more effectively. Opportunities for further research are outlined.
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Books on the topic "Himalayan river"

1

Andrew, Blackmore-Dobbyn, ed. Return to the rivers: Recipes and memories of the Himalayan river valleys. New York: Lake Isle Press, 2013.

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B, Dey, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Snow cover, snowmelt and runoff in the Himalayan river basins. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Upreti, B. C. Politics of Himalayan river waters: An analysis of the river water issues of Nepal, India, and Bangladesh. Jaipur, India: Nirala Publications, 1993.

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Shrestha, Tej Kumar. The Ganges river dolphin: A study of the wilderness and biodiversity in the Himalayan waters of Nepal. Kathmandu: Bimala Shrestha, 1995.

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Dr, Sharma J. C., Sharma I. P, Raina J. N, and Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry., eds. Land resource management in river valley and flood prone areas of Himalayan region: Land degradation, floods, runoff, sediment yields, soil and water conservation. Dehradun: Published by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh [for the] Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh and State Dept. of Forest, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 2008.

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Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co., 1991.

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Negi, Sharad Singh. Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co., 2009.

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Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co., 2009.

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G, Verghese B., Iyer Ramaswamy R, and Centre for Policy Research (New Delhi, India), eds. Harnessing the eastern Himalayan rivers: Regional cooperation in South Asia. Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1993.

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G, Verghese B., Centre for Policy Research (New Delhi, India), Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad, and Institute for Integrated Development Studies (Kathmandu, Nepal), eds. Converting water into wealth: Regional cooperation in harnessing the eastern Himalayan rivers. Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Himalayan river"

1

Sarma, Jogendra Nath. "The Brahmaputra River in Assam: The Outsized Braided Himalayan River." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 165–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8029-2_16.

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Wirsing, Robert G., Daniel C. Stoll, and Christopher Jasparro. "Cooperative River Basin Management." In International Conflict over Water Resources in Himalayan Asia, 133–72. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137292193_6.

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Sarkar, Archana, Nayan Sharma, and R. D. Singh. "Sediment Runoff Modelling Using ANNs in an Eastern Himalayan Basin, India." In River System Analysis and Management, 73–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1472-7_5.

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Das, Balai Chandra, Suman Deb Barman, and Aznarul Islam. "Influence of Neotectonics on Channel Evolution of Kameng River, North–East Himalaya." In Himalayan Neotectonics and Channel Evolution, 397–417. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95435-2_15.

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Kaushik, Kavita, Arvind Chandra Pandey, Bikash Ranjan Parida, and Navneet Kumar. "Flood Monitoring and Assessment over the Himalayan River Catchment." In Handbook of Himalayan Ecosystems and Sustainability, Volume 2, 69–87. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003265160-6.

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Kumar, Ravi, and S. K. Singal. "An Analysis of Operational Life Cycle of SHP Plant Components: A Study in Himalayan Region." In River and Coastal Engineering, 287–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05057-2_25.

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Semwal, Sapna, and D. D. Chauniyal. "Tectonic Control on the Meanders Pattern of Alaknanda River in Srinagar Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India." In Himalayan Neotectonics and Channel Evolution, 133–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95435-2_5.

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Bhattacherjee, Saheli, Sunando Bandyopadhyay, and Sunil Kumar De. "Significance of Channel Planform Change and Morphometric Indices in the Buri River Basin, India and Bangladesh." In Himalayan Neotectonics and Channel Evolution, 151–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95435-2_6.

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Patel, Narendra K., and Pitambar Pati. "Geomorphic Response of the Solani River Basin to Neotectonics: A Study from the Western Himalayan Foothills, India." In Himalayan Neotectonics and Channel Evolution, 111–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95435-2_4.

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Raha, Adrija, Suraj Gupta, and Mery Biswas. "Flood Risk Assessment of Himalayan Foothill Rivers: A Study of Jaldhaka River, India." In Springer Geography, 63–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21086-0_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Himalayan river"

1

Ghosh, Kausik, Francisco Munoz-Arriola, and Tapan Chakraborty. "THE IMPACT OF RIVER REGULATION ON STREAMFLOW AND SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN THE EASTERN HIMALAYAN RIVER BASIN." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-355053.

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"SNOWMELT RUNOFF MODELING AND IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE HIMALAYAN RIVER BASIN." In 2016 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20162460606.

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Dahal, Swaechchha, Thomas Øyvang, Gunne John Hegglid, Shailendra Kumar Jha, and Bhupendra Bimal Chhetri. "Himalayan Run-Off River Power Generation Modelling for Power Security in Evolving Weather Conditions." In 63rd International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2022, Trondheim, Norway, September 20-21, 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp192022.

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Extreme black-swan occurrences like earthquakes, glacial lake outbursts, flash floods, landslides, etc. are important concerns in Himalayan countries like Nepal, which are highly susceptible, geologically active, and exquisitely fragile. Nepal generates 97 percent of its electricity from hydropower, where 56.08 percent of it is coming from seasonal run-off-river (RoR) hydro plants. Landslides and mudflows are common in the monsoon, and low discharge is common in the winter season. These RoR plants must be able to withstand high-impact events like earthquakes and lengthy droughts in order for the Nepalese grid to remain secure. This study gives a presentation and overview of previously occured natural hazards in Nepal related to hydropower plants. In particular, the 2014 Sunkoshi landslide and the 2021 Melamchi flood are evaluated as extreme events and their impacts on hydropower plant has been studied. In addition, an in-depth investigation on a ROR plant is carried out. Moreover, the water discharge and extreme rainfall peaks in time series data is evaluated using an ARIMA-based model. This paper shows the feasibility of predicting the energy produced by a run-off river hydropower plant. The purpose is to forecast discharge and hence the ROR power generation with the aim to facilitate the hydropower operators for their availability declaration which will again help in the overall energy planning. The results are discussed together with performance metrics, and indicates that the implemented technique is promising.These predictions can be further used for planning and estimating the power generation on a more complex level.
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Joshi, Suneel, Somil Swarnkar, and Sandeep Shukla. "VARIABILITY IN SNOW/ICE MELT, SURFACE RUNOFF AND GROUNDWATER TO SUTLEJ RIVER RUNOFF IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAN REGION." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-355211.

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Wong, Kaufui V., and Sarmad Chaudhry. "Climate Change Aggravates the Energy-Water-Food Nexus." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36502.

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There are regions in the world experiencing the energy-food-water nexus problems. These regions tend to have high population density, economy that depends on agriculture and climates with lower annual rainfall that may have been adversely affected by climate change. A case in point is the river basin of the Indus. The Indus River is a large and important river running through four countries in East Asia and South Asia: China, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The region is highly dependent on water for both food and energy. The interlinkage of these three components is the cause for the energy-water-food nexus. The difficulty in effectively managing the use of these resources is their very interdependence. For instance, water availability and policies may influence food production, which is governed by agricultural policies, which will further affect energy production from both water and biofuel sources, which will in turn require the usage of water. The situation is further complicated when climate change is taken into account. On the surface, an increase in temperatures would be devastating during the dry season for a region that uses up to 70% of the total land for agriculture. There are predictions that crop production in the region would decrease; the Threedegreeswarmer organization estimated that crop production in the region could decrease by up to 30% come 2050. Unfortunately, the suspected effects of climate change are more than just changes in temperature, precipitation, monsoon patterns, and drought frequencies. A huge concern is the accelerating melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. Some models predict that a global increase in temperature of just 1°C can decrease glacial volume by 50%. The loss of meltwaters from the Himalayan glaciers during the dry season will be crippling for the Indus River and Valley. In a region where up to 90% of accessible water is used for agriculture, there will be an increased strain on food supply. This will further deteriorate the current situation in the region, where almost half of the world’s hungry and undernourished people reside. While the use of hydropower to generate electricity is already many times lower than the potential use, future scarcity of water will limit the potential ability of hydropower to supply energy to people who already experience less than 50% access to electricity. In the current work, suggestions have been put forward to save the increased glacier melt for current and future use where necessary, improve electricity generation efficiency, use sea water for Rankine power cycle cooling and combined cycle cooling, and increase use desalination for drinking water. Energy conservation practices should also be practiced. All of these suggestions must be considered to address the rising issues in the energy-water-food nexus.
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Jonell, Tara N., Andrew Carter, Hella Wittmann, Philipp Boning, and Peter D. Clift. "APPLICATION OF SEDIMENT PROVENANCE TECHNIQUES IN THE HIMALAYAN RAIN SHADOW: FOCUSED DENUDATION AND GLACIAL CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE ZANSKAR RIVER, NORTHWEST INDIA." In 50th Annual GSA South-Central Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016sc-273320.

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Groeli, Robert. "Building 8500+ Trail Bridges in the Himalayas." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.125.

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<p>Mobility is one of the most challenging fundamentals of rural livelihood in the Himalayan hills and mountains. More than 8500 trail bridges, comprising an overall span-length of about 650 kilometers have been constructed to date, saving millions of walking hours for people living in the rural Himalayan areas. Previously, crossing rivers was dangerous and sometimes impossible, especially in the rainy season. These bridges created vital connections which enabled children to go to school and people to access public services and visit medical centers and sanctuaries. They also boost local economic output by reducing the effort required to run local farms, gather crops and visit regional markets.</p><p>Fig. 1:The struggles and dangers of crossing a river and its solution</p><p>Swiss technical assistance for rural trail bridges started in the early sixties with the construction of a few suspension bridges in the hill areas of Nepal. In 1964 the Nepalese Government established the Suspension Bridge Division (SBD), and starting in 1972 the Swiss Government began providing continuous technical and financial assistance. Similarly, the Public Works Department in Bhutan initiated a country wide trail bridge construction program in 1971 for which assistance was provided from 1985-2010. Exchanges of experiences between these programs created a collaborative environment where new ideas could be evaluated and tested in the field. After SBD initially developed the basic technical norms, design parameters and standard designs suitable for long-span bridges, demand for simpler shorter span bridges rose tremendously. This prompted the program to develop “community executable bridge designs” adapted to the local skills and materials while conforming to established engineering standards. As a result, cost-effective, easy to implement technologies and community-based approaches were developed, which have been replicated in numerous countries leading to multiple successful partnerships in international development cooperation.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to highlight the following outcomes of the trail bridge-program:</p><ul><li><p>Standardized cost-effective trail bridge designs based on local capabilities and bridge-building techniques</p></li><li><p>Published of manuals, technical drawings and teaching resources for design, construction and fabrication</p></li><li><p>Engaged local communities in the construction, operation and maintenance of trail bridges</p></li><li><p>Compiled comprehensive trail bridge directory for planning, monitoring and maintenance</p></li><li><p>Established Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) with institutional frameworks at national and local level</p></li><li><p>‘South-South Cooperation’ with Bhutan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Laos, Burundi, Honduras, Guatemala</p></li></ul>
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Ghosh, Kausik, and Tapan Chakraborty. "A NOVEL APPROACH TO STUDY THE IMPACT OF HUMAN INTERVENTION STRUCTURES ON THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE IN THE EASTERN HIMALAYAN RIVER TISTA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-338025.

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Villasenor, Gabriel, Karl Lang, Paul Betka, Raghupratim Rakshit, and Daniel F. Stockli. "OLIGO-MIOCENE REORGANIZATION OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN RIVER SYSTEMS: NEW CONSTRAINTS FROM DETRITAL ZIRCON (U-TH)/PB PROVENANCE ANALYSIS OF THE BARAIL GROUP, NORTHERN INDO-BURMAN RANGES." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-366549.

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Hughes, Genevieve, Edward Tipper, Michael Bickle, and Christoff Andermann. "Evolution & Stability of Sediment Chemistry in Himalayan Rivers." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1107.

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Reports on the topic "Himalayan river"

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Nepal, S., A. B. Shrestha, C. G. Goodrich, A. Mishra, A. Prakash, S. Bhuchar, L. A. Vasily, and V. Khadgi. Multiscale Integrated River Basin Management from a Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective; Resource Book. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.757.

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Nepal, S., A. B. Shrestha, C. G. Goodrich, A. Mishra, A. Prakash, S. Bhuchar, L. A. Vasily, and V. Khadgi. Multiscale Integrated River Basin Management from a Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective; Resource Book. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.757.

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Maharjan, A., A. Hussain, S. Bhadwal, S. Ishaq, B. A. Saeed, I. Sachdeva, B. Ahmad, S. M. T. Hassan, and J. Ferdous. Migration in the Lives of Environmentally Vulnerable Populations in Four River Basins of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region; HI-AWARE Working Paper 20. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.729.

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Maharjan, A., A. Hussain, S. Bhadwal, S. Ishaq, B. A. Saeed, I. Sachdeva, B. Ahmad, S. M. T. Hassan, and J. Ferdous. Migration in the Lives of Environmentally Vulnerable Populations in Four River Basins of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region; HI-AWARE Working Paper 20. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.729.

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Bridging Boundaries: Strengthening Regional Cooperation Across Transboundary River Basins and Landscapes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya; Workshop Proceedings 2019/4. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.904.

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