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Journal articles on the topic 'Himalayan newt'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Tshering, Chungdu, and Tshering Wangmo. "Evaluating Habitat Distributions and Conservation Challenges of Himalayan Newt (Tylototrinus verrucosus Anderson, 1871) in Thinleygang, Punakha District, Bhutan." Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry 9, no. 4 (September 27, 2023): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2023/v9i4244.

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Aims: This study reports the distribution of Tylototriton verrucosus in different habitats and its conservation challenges in the locality. Study Design: Opportunistic collection and measurements in diverse habitats (forest, stream, paddy fields, and roads) were gathered in the post-monsoon seasons. A semi-structured questionnaire survey was employed to gather perceptions and awareness of locals on the occurrence and survival of Himalayan newt. A 3200m2 area was surveyed by dividing it into 32 plots for sampling (8 plots per habitat type). Place and Duration of Study: The study area is located in Thinleygang (27.66°N by 89.83°E), in Punakha district. Methodology: Opportunistic sampling across diverse habitats (forest, stream, paddy field, and roads) recorded 70 newt individuals. Questionnaire surveys (n=30) gathered local perceptions. Data on habitat distribution, threats, and awareness were analyzed to inform conservation challenges faced by the species. Results: A population of 70 newts was observed. Female dominance was noted (1:1.45). Morphological traits showed minimal sexual dimorphism. The highest density occurred in paddy fields (31.05/100 m²). People were aware of newts, but habitat changes, pollution, and habitat loss were perceived threats. Altitude and slope showed no significant correlation with newt distribution in the study area. Conservation was deemed important due to cultural beliefs and habitat deterioration. Conclusion: Newts were prevalent in various habitats, with the highest occurrence in paddy fields (52%), followed by forests (24%), streams (22%), and roadsides (2%). Their activity was influenced by weather conditions, being more frequent during rainy periods and specific duration of the day. Habitat preferences and behavior varied during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Conservation concerns were evident, with perceptions of population decline attributed to human-induced threats like land use change, pollution, and habitat loss. Potential conservation strategies include preserving existing habitats, creating new aquatic environments, and promoting traditional agricultural practices.

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2

Pomchote, Porrawee, Parada Peerachidacho, Pitak Sapewisut, Axel Hernandez, Yasuho Onishi, and Kanto Nishikawa. "Description of the Himalayan newt Tylototriton verrucosus (Urodela: Salamandridae) in northern Thailand with its phylogenetic relationships, distribution, and conservation status." Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 15, no. 1 (March 2022): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2021.10.006.

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3

Crombie, M. D., R. R. Germain, and P. Arcese. "Nest-site preference and reproductive performance of Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) in historically extant and colonist shrub species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 2 (February 2017): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0189.

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Many studies report mixed results on the influence of invasive plants on native animals, partly due to uncertainties about habitat preference and reproductive performance in native animals before and after plant invasion. We used vegetation surveys 20 years apart and 18 years of breeding data from Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia (A. Wilson, 1810)) to compare nest-site preference and reproductive performance during the colonization of Mandarte Island, British Columbia, by one shrub species native to the region but historically absent from the island (red elderberry, Sambucus racemosa L.) and another species that is exotic to North America (Himalayan blackberry, Rubus armeniacus Focke = Rubus bifrons Vest). Nest-site preference declined where red elderberry increased but was unrelated to change in the cover of Himalayan blackberry. Song Sparrows nested in trailing blackberry (Rubus ursinus Cham. and Schltdl.) and its exotic congener Himalayan blackberry in preference to two common shrubs native to Mandarte Island (Nootka rose, Rosa nutkana C. Presl; snowberry, Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake) and built just 1 of 1051 nests in red elderberry. In contrast, reproductive performance was similar in all shrub species used regularly as nest substrates. Our results show that Song Sparrow nest-site preference and reproductive performance were independent of plant species origin.

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4

Joshi, Manoj Kumar, Mukesh Kumar Chalise, Anand Chaudhary, and Hem Bahadur Katuwal. "Himalayan Vultures in Khodpe, far-west Nepal: is there any threat?" Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, no. 14 (November 26, 2015): 8128. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2427.7.14.8128-8133.

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<p>There is evidence that Himalayan Vulture <em>Gyps himalayensis</em> is susceptible to the veterinary drug diclofenac, which is responsible for the decline of other <em>Gyps </em>species across South Asia. Unlike other <em>Gyps </em>species, there is little quantitative data to assess Himalayan Vultures population. Based on observation, we analyzed the flock size and breeding success of the Himalayan Vultures on two cliffs of Khodpe in Baitadi District, far-west Nepal. The mean flock size of Himalayan Vulture was 25.83±6.33. Overall breeding success was 90.9% based on active nests. We also conducted a questionnaire survey to assess the perceived threats in the view of local people to vultures and these threats include loss of food, veterinary drug, lack of proper nest sites, and lack of public awareness. Additionally, 76% of the respondents felt that vultures were decreasing in the area, 94.7% were not aware of the toxicity of diclofenac to vultures, and very few (2%) knew about the availability of meloxicam as a safe alternative drug. The colony we studied is one of the few remaining known breeding populations, which provide baseline information from far-west Nepal, thus we recommend for conservation and continuous monitoring of this species to understand their population change and breeding biology.</p><div> </div>

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5

Dadwal, Navjeevan, and Dinesh Bhatt. "Examination of Parental Investment in Nest Defence in a Tropical Songbird, the Pied Bush Chat (Saxicola Caprata)." Avian Biology Research 10, no. 1 (February 2017): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x14799886573020.

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Most animals that demonstrate parental care are also engaged in such behaviour that increases their offspring chance of survival when confronted by a predator. The present study is equipped with a detailed account of the parental investment in nest defence behaviour of a tropic zone (Haridwar, Himalayan foothills, India) inhabiting species, the Pied Bush Chat ( Saxicola caprata) (PBC). During simulated nest defence treatments, we recorded two distinct types of calls which were used during the display of parental aggression by PBCs, threat calls and alarm calls. Significant differences were noted for the usage of the threat calls over the alarm calls during nest defence. For the most part males were found to be more aggressive than females (on the basis of their call rates) during the simulated attacks of the decoy predator. Results also indicated that parental aggression was more inclined towards nestlings than that of the eggs. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the nest protection intensity increases with the progression of the nesting cycle.

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6

Biswas, Brototi, and Abinada Azyu. "Water Resources and Management System of the Himalayan Region: Case Study of Mizoram, India." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2021.v20i01.020.

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7

Altaf, Uzma, Upendra Singh, Komal Verma, and Yash Pal Sharma. "A new species of Abstoma (Agaricaceae) from Kashmir Himalaya, India." Nova Hedwigia 115, no. 1-2 (August 15, 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2022/0706.

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8

Muñoz, Jesús. "Grimmia ochyriana (Musci, Grimmiaceae), a new species from Nepalese Himalaya." Nova Hedwigia 66, no. 1-2 (March 13, 1998): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/66/1998/235.

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9

Ranade, Sachin, Jay Gore, and Ashwini Kumar. "Breeding of Himalayan Vulture Gyps himalayensis Hume, 1869 (Aves: Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in the Assam State Zoo, Guwahati, Assam, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 7 (July 26, 2023): 23601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8607.15.7.23601-23605.

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Himalayan Vulture Gyps himalayensis has been bred successfully at the Assam State Zoo, Guwahati in 2022. This is the first record of captive breeding of the species in India. The adults were kept in a display aviary in the Zoo where they constructed a nest on ground and laid an egg. The nestling was hand reared in temperature and humidity-controlled boxes and air-conditioned room. It was fed on goat meat and bone pieces and the consumption records maintained. The records of weight gain and body growth were maintained. It took about five months to fledge out.

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10

MaMing, Roller, Guohua Xu, Dao Caiwujiapu, Shan Jiafu, Aizijiang Maimaitiming, Rui Xing, Biao Luo, and Mardan Turghan. "Breeding Cycle and Nest Structure of Himalayan Griffon in Tien Shan Mountains, China." Raptors Conservation, no. 28 (November 12, 2014): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2014-28-29-37.

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11

Arya, M. K., A. Verma, and P. Tamta. "Diversity of Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in a Temperate Forest Ecosystem, Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary, Indian Himalayan Region." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2020.v19i03.025.

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12

Saha, S., A. K. Bhagabati, and R. Thakur. "Assessment of Drinking Water Accessibility and Quality in the Indo-Bhutan Himalayan Foothill Region of Assam, India." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1059–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i03.012.

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Despite fairly heavy rainfall, the Bhutan Himalayan foothill region of Assam has been facing serious water scarcity problems mainly due to the subsurface structure and soil condition. The local people of the region with their community efforts and traditional knowledge have developed a water management system locally known as Dong-bandh. This traditional canal water system provides the most reliable source of water to the people residing in the area. Besides the canals, they also collect water from the streams, natural springs, and wells. The quality of water is getting deteriorated over time under the influence of the growing population and their activities in the upstream areas. The present study is an attempt to investigate the status of water accessibility in the area and the quality of the drinking water used by the people. For this study, data and information have collected through field investigation, GPS survey, focus group discussion, and interviews with some key informants. A total of 14 drinking water samples were collected randomly from 14 foothill villages (both from the ground and surface) and tested to determine various physiochemical characteristics. The results were compared with the WHO and BIS/ ICMR water quality standards. Finally, the status of water quality was analyzed in terms of the Water Quality Index (WQI). The WQI values were found to lie between 21.75 to 502.38.

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13

Kumari, S., and A. Roy. "PARAMETRIZATION OF WEATHER RESEARCH FORECAST MODEL OVER WESTERN HIMALAYAN REGION – INDIA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-M-3-2023 (September 5, 2023): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-m-3-2023-121-2023.

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Abstract. In this study geospatial forecast model WRF (Weather Research & Forecast) has been used to simulate weather variables over Western Himalaya, India. WRF produces simulation which is based on idealized condition or actual atmospheric conditions includes both observation and analyses. WRF Pre-Processing System setup is a collection of Fortran and C programs which requires static and meteorological input data having specific resolution and can be used for nested domain i.e., for more than one grid. For the simulation purpose of the model real time atmospheric data has been used and the result has been compared with existing products. The output generated was for a single time-period with 30 km and 10 km of spatial resolution for outer and inner nest respectively which cover the study area. Mid of May month has been preferred for this study and analysis of the result carried out. Accumulated precipitation and surface soil moisture is very less in lower region whereas as we move up, there is inflation of these two parameters. Similarly, the temperature is very high in lower region in both cases of surface temperature as well as temperature at 2 m above the earth surface.

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14

Wagley, Kopila, Ravi Prasad Devkota, and Krishna Prasad Bhusal. "Breeding success of the Himalayan griffon (Gyps himalayensis) in Upper Mustang, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v4i2.33891.

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Long-term conservation of the species requires the availability of their natural habitat along with all those factors that support their viability. Understanding the breeding success of vulture and different factors affecting it is important to line up species conservation, although very less is known about the reproductive and behavioral ecology of Himalayan griffon (Gyps himalayensis). Therefore, the present study was carried out in Upper Mustang areas of Nepal, a prime habitat for the species. For the determination of the factors influencing breeding success, exploratory research design was used. Identification of vulture’s nests was done by direct observation. Altogether 78 nests were identified with 41.02% breeding success with occupied nest as the primary unit. Almost all the productive nests were found in steep cliffs facing north direction. Nesting sites were located near water sources. Grazing and noise respectively have positive and negative impacts on the breeding success. Developmental activities like road construction, distribution of power lines is proven threat to vulture as per locals' perception and require development activities to be carried out with proper planning.

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15

Tiwana, Anupreet Singh, Siva Prathap Thummalakunta, Saurabh Gupta, Vijay Singh, and Ramesh Chand Kataria. "The Influence of Geographical Factors on Polyploidy in Angiosperms with Cartographic Evidence from the Northwestern Himalayas: A Review." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i01.029.

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The review paper comprised the impact of geographical and environmental factors on polyploidy and vice versa. The review covers different effects of geographical factors, like spatial isolation, altitude, and local climate on polyploidy, and the behavior of polyploid(s) in abiotic factors, such as temperature and light with a few examples of northwest Himalayas. The paper concludes that polyploid plants behave differently in environmental conditions, as polyploids are more prominent in higher altitudes, colder environments, and nutrient-rich soil than diploid progenitors, but have a mixed distribution in different geographical conditions. Further, polyploidy is more common among perennials than annuals, while niche differentiation depends more on the local environment. The virtual case study results from North and North Western India have been shown with the help of ArcGIS online software. The scrutiny of spatial distribution on maps highlights the fact that polyploidy is still a complex research puzzle with interesting perspectives.

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16

Singh, Manjeet, Pankaj Kumar Chauhan, and Pankaj Kumar. "Bio-fortification of underutilized Himalayan pear and plum- A next hotspot for nutritional strategies of the “neglected” micronutrients." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7050.

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17

Yadav, Maharshi, Govind Pandey, and Pradeep Kumar. "Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA) of Tawi River Discharge at the Jammu Location Using the Global Environmental Flow Calculator (GEFC)." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 1063–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i02.054.

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The water, food, and energy demands are the basic requirements of society. These demands are increasing daily due to an increase in population or lifestyle changes. To fulfill these ever-increasing demands, several water resource projects have come up which require the storage or diversion of river water. These interventions have caused widespread degradation of aquatic ecosystems. Due to the degradation of the aquatic ecosystem, several programs all around the globe began. In this series, Brisbane Declaration (2007) provided a more holistic definition of Environmental Flows (EFs) as the quantity, timing, duration, frequency, and quality of flows required to sustain freshwater, estuarine and near-shore ecosystems and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on them. The present study was envisaged to assess for environmental flows of the Tawi river with a major objective of assessing the environmental flows of the Tawi river using the Global Environmental Flow Calculator developed by IWMI. The method provides E-Flows for different Environmental Management Classes. For the western Himalayan region, the river stretches in Environmental Management Class ‘B’ and ‘C’. The assessment provides E-Flows in two ways: (i) the percentage of Mean Annual Runoff and (ii) average monthly environmental flows. E-Flows were estimated as 42.34% to 56.96% of Mean Annual Runoff and varied from 5.73 cumecs during November to 68.23 during August.

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18

Arya, Shikha, Prabhawati Tiwari, Alok Sagar Gautam, and Manish Sharma. "Aeropalynology of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Relation to Meteorological Parameters from Srinagar Valley of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.033.

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Parthenium hysterophorus (congress grass) is a harmful weed and its pollen grains are important allergens. Due to its minute size and allergenic activity, this particular type of pollen is selected for the study. The aeropalynological survey was conducted for the year 2019 at Chauras Campus, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand. It is located on the right bank of the Alaknanda river (30°13’35.81”N & 78°48’11.05”E; 560 m amsl). A Rotarod sampler was used for air sampling. The maximum pollen count was observed in July. To evaluate the correlation matrix in R software, correlations (Pearson’s and Spearsman’s) between pollen count and meteorological parameters have been calculated. Back trajectory analysis has also been done using NOAA HYSPLIT MODEL.

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19

Chaturvedi, Priyank, Shivom Singh, and Kajal S. Rathore. "Multivariant Assessment of Metals Using Liverworts as an Appealing Tool in Catchment Sites of Uttarakhand, India." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 1921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i04.018.

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This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to analyze heavy metals seasonal concentrations in Uttarakhand tourist hotspot cities (Almora, Nainital, Ranikhet, Mussoorie, and Dhanaulti). A total of 45 samples of liverwort Dumotiera hirsuta were collected from five different cities during winter (Dry deposition) and monsoon (Wet deposition) in the year 2021. The concentrations of Zn, As, Cd, and Pb due to anthropogenic pollution load in the selected locations were analyzed by active biomonitoring using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentration loading of zinc, arsenic, cadmium, and lead was observed to be 79%, 71%, 48%, and 33%, respectively, higher during the dry (winter) season when compared with the monsoon dataset. Multivariant data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with three components explaining maximum variation in data by factor loading through varimax rotation. The rapid growth and development have connected tourists to the mountain of the western Himalayas. Thus, a monitoring program is needed in these areas for further assessment. So that necessary action can be taken to conserve the eco-sensitive zones of Uttarakhand.

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20

Kichloo, Muzaffar A., Sudesh Kumar, and Neeraj Sharma. "Breeding site records of three sympatric vultures in a mountainous cliff in Kahara-Thathri, Jammu & Kashmir, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 16166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5537.12.9.16166-16169.

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The current communication deals with the breeding records of three sympatric vultures, viz., Himalayan Vulture Gyps himalayensis, Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, and Bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus from a mountain cliff in Kahara, Thathri, a part of upper Chenab catchment in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Made of twigs and lined by dry grass, the nests mostly east-facing, were built on the ledges or in cavities and small caves on cliffs well protected from predators. The inaccessibility, rugged topography (for nesting) and the abundant food base (gorals, monkeys, langurs, pikas, and rodents) make it an ideal nesting location for the vultures. Authors suggested that intensive studies are required to be taken up on the resource apportionment and influence of habitat variables (climate, terrain, disturbance) on the nest site characteristics in such rugged landscapes.

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21

Ghimire, Maya Nath, and Dasarath Neupane. "An Exploratory Study on Status of Homestays from Lamjung." Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 5, no. 5 (December 31, 2022): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v5i5.51812.

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This is a preliminary assessment on the situation of homestays in Lamjung, Nepal. This study is a comparison of international, national, and local home stays in Nepal's Lamjung district. The core topic of the study was an investigation of the guest's desired and existing facilities, biodiversity (agriculture, forest, and wild life), conservation role, income, and interest in stays. In-depth interviews were used in a qualitative study. The study was carried out in three home stay locations: SAARC village home stay Ghalegaun, national home stay Kaulepani Gaunsahar, and local home stay Rainaskot in Nepal's Lamjung district. The guest desired a variety of facilities such as an attached bathroom with hot and cold water, traditional food and cultural programs and attire. There are a neat and clean atmosphere with beautiful Himalaya views. It is suggested to visit these places at least once.

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22

Das, Sudipta Kumar, Cheran Radhakrishnan, J. Patrick Kociolek, and Balasubramanian Karthick. "Three new species of Gomphonema Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta), from Eastern Himalayas, with a note on the unique girdle band structure." Nova Hedwigia, Beihefte 147 (October 4, 2018): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova-suppl/2018/025.

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23

Subedi, Tulsi Ram, José D. Anadón, Hem Sagar Baral, Munir Z. Virani, and Shahrul Anuar Mohd Sah. "Breeding habitat and nest‐site selection of Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus in the Annapurna Himalaya Range of Nepal." Ibis 162, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12698.

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24

Kumar, Jitender, and N. S. Atri. "Morphology and phylogeny of one new species of Lactarius (Family Russulaceae) associated with Shorea from the foothills of Himalayas, India." Nova Hedwigia 112, no. 3-4 (May 27, 2021): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2021/0621.

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25

Jain, Prachi. "Use of Molecular Diagnostic Test in new AFB Smear Positive Tuberculosis Isolates to Study Multidrug Resistance in Sub Himalayan Region of North India-A Pilot Study." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 05 (May 28, 2017): 22290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i5.164.

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26

JHA, Kaushalendra K., Michael O. CAMPBELL, and Radhika JHA. "Vultures, their population status and some ecological aspects in an Indian stronghold." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12110547.

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Indian vultures have important ecological and socio-economic functions and are increasingly studied, per their ecological role and recently, their catastrophic populations’ decline. However, there are few studies of vultures in central India, a vulture stronghold. The present paper examined the presence, distribution per landcover variation, roosting and nesting habits of vultures in this region. Both quantitative (total count) and qualitative (questionnaire survey) methods of research were applied. The hypotheses were that vulture presence is higher in forested areas, unaffected by agricultural development (excepting the Egyptian vulture); as well as that vultures are more likely to roost and nest in large trees and on cliffs in open landcover. Vulture species recorded in summer and winter counts were the Long-billed vulture (Gyps indicus, Scopoli, 1786), Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus, Linnaeus, 1758), White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis, Gmelin, 1788), Eurasian Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus, Hablizl, 1783), Red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus, Scopoli, 1786), Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus, Linnaeus, 1766) and Himalayan Griffon vulture (Gyps himalayensis, Hume, 1869). Their average total abundance was of 7,028 individuals, maximum being Long-billed vulture (3,351) and minimum being Cinereous vulture (39). Thematic maps documented distributions in different agroclimatic regions and ecozones. Orography and forest structure influenced vulture presence, but human disturbance did not. Vulture protection, food monitoring and human-induced disturbances are manageable with critical, informed and flexible policies. These findings contribute to monitoring and management planning for vulture conservation in Central India and elsewhere.

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Medda, Pradyot Kumar, and Semiran Chakrabarti. "Zwei neue Blattlaus-Arten aus dem westlichen Himalaya und Anmerkungen zu den an Pyrus lebenden Generationen von Melanaphis pahanensis (Homoptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae)." Entomologia Generalis 17, no. 2 (August 1, 1992): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/17/1992/139.

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28

Gültər Nəsibova, Mehriban İsmayılova, Gültər Nəsibova, Mehriban İsmayılova, and Sahilə Nəsibova, Fərəh Qarayeva Sahilə Nəsibova, Fərəh Qarayeva. "KÜR ÇÖKƏKLİYİNİN ÇÖKMƏ QATININ FORMALAŞMASININ GEODİNAMİK VƏ TEKTONİK ŞƏRAİTİ." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 26, no. 03 (March 14, 2023): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei26032023-297.

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Kür dağarası çökəkliyinin çökmə qatının formalaşma şəraitinin öyrənilməsi, kəsiliş boyu neft və qazın toplanmasına vəsilə olan tələlərin və kollektorların seçilməsində mühüm rol oynayır. Kür depresiyası Alp-Himalay qırışıqlıq sisteminin mərkəzində yer tutan Cənubi Xəzər meqa-çökəkliyinin tərkibinə daxildir. Azərbaycan territoriyasında yerləşən Tetis okeanına aid şimal qitə kənarı orta Yura əsrinə kimi passiv qitə xüsusiyyətinə malik olmuşdur. Təxmini olaraq 220 milyon il bundan qabaq burada birinci fəal qitə kənarı formalaşır və bunu bu ərazidə elə həmin vaxtda mövcud olan Kimmeriy ada qövsü də sübut edir. Yeni əsrə kimi, keçmiş Tetis okeanı hövzəsinin qitə kənarı zonasında Kimmeriy ada qövsü ilə yanaşı Pont, Kiçik Qafqaz, Böyük Qafqaz və təxmini olaraq 99 milyon il bundan qabaq Acar-Trialet ada qövsləri yaranmışdır. Bu da sübut edir ki, Tetis hövzəsinin şimali qitə kənarı təxmini 220 mln il müddətində fəal və zəncirvari ada qövslərinin təzahürü qeyd edilən subduksiya zonasına malik olmuşdur. Okean qabığının qitə qabığı altına batması zamanı yaranan subduksiya zonası boyu okean qabığının üzərini neft, qaz əmələgəlməsi prosesi baş verir. Beləliklə əmələ gəlmiş karbohidrogenlər həmin örtən çöküntülər tamamən və ya qismən qazınaraq akkresiya formaları yaradırlar. Bu formalar üzvi qalıqlarla zəngin olduqda və uyğun termobarik mühitdə olduqlarına görə onlarda akkresiya linzalarında, prizmalarında və yaxud adalarında sənaye cəhətdən əhəmiyyət kəsb edən neft və qaz yığımlar əmələ gəlir. Miosen əsrinin sonuna Qırmızı dəniz rifti açılmıdır. Bu vəziyyət Ərəbistan plitəsi şimal istiqamətdə hərəkət edərək, şimal-şərq burnu ilə İran və Əfqan tektonik plitəsinin ensiz şimal-qərb hissəsində, şimal-şərqə doğru sıxılma gərginliyi yaratdığından İran və Əfqan plitəsi boyu onun bu hissəsində qeyd edilən istiqamətdə əyilmə deformasiyaları yaranmağa başlayır. Bunun nəticəsində, Sarmat dövrünün sonu da daxil olmaqla Cənubi-Xəzər və Qara-dəniz hövzəsini qovuşduran Sarmat dəniz hövzəsi dibinin qalxması ilə əlaqədar qərbdə Qara-dənizə, şərq hissədə isə Xəzər dənizi hövzəsinə tərəf reqresiya edərək,müasir dağarası Kür çökəkliyinin formalaşmasına vəsilə olmuşdur. İndiyə qədər Qafqazarxası massivinin bazalt layı şimal tərəfdə Böyük Qafqazın, cənub hissədə isə Kiçik Qafqazın, Talışdağları arasında baş verən kolliziyası altına sürüşməsi davam edir. Nəticədə, Kür çökəkliyinin yüksək tektonik fəallığı onun kristallik bünövrəsinin müxtəlif miqyaslı, sıx qırılmalar şəbəkəsi ilə mürəkkəbləşməsinə səbəb olmuşdur. Depresiyanın çökmə qatında isə depresiya boyunca dəyişik intensivliklə geodinamik şəraiti xarakterizə edən sıxılma gərginliyi təzahür etmişdir. Orta Kür çökəkliyinin şimal- qərb qurtaracağında yerləşən Kür-Qabırrı çökəkliyi Böyük və Kiçik Qafqaz toqquşmasının bir-birinə daha yaxın olan məkanında yerləşdiyindən sıxılma gərginliklərinin daha intensiv təsrinə məruz qalmışdır. Kür-Qabırrı depresiyasının üst qatında çoxlu sayda ümumqafqaz istiqamətində uzununa xətti, uzun braxiformalı qırışıqlar və regionun neft-qazlılıq perspektivliyini və eləcə də sıxılma gərginliyinin təsirinə məruz qaldığını sübut edən palçıq vulkanizmi inkişaf etmişdir. Kür dağarası çökəkliyi sıxılma gərginliklərinə məruz qalmış iri depressiya zonalarını təşkil edən və Böyük, Kiçik Qafqaz, Talış dağları qırışıqlıq sistemindən, yer qabığını kəsib keçən, mantiyayanın üst hissəsinə qədər uzanan dərinlik yarılması vasitəsilə ayrılmışdır. Bunlar şimal-qərbdə Şimali-Acınohur, Acıçay-Ələt, cənub-qərbdə Kiçikqafqazqarşısı dərinlik yarılmalarıdır. Aydındır ki, tektonik qırılmalar və onlarla birlikdə yaranan çat şəbəkəsi, dərində formalaşan qırılmalar və palçıq vulkanı, eləcə də qrifonlar, salzlar bir çox hallarda flüidlərin əsas miqrasiya yolunu təşkil edirlər. Açar sözlər: Kür çökəkliyi, subduksiya, sıxılma gərginliyi, qitəkənarı, çökmə qat, geodinamik rejim, neft, qaz.

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Wendler, Ines, Helmut Willems, Kai-Uwe Gräfe, Lin Ding, and Hui Luo. "Upper Cretaceous inter-hemispheric correlation between the Southern Tethys and the Boreal: chemo- and biostratigraphy and paleoclimatic reconstructions from a new section in the Tethys Himalaya, S-Tibet." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 137–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2011/0010.

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Bhattacharya, Amit. "Landscapes Mythicized:." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 10 (August 1, 2019): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v10i.76.

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The lay of a people is often tethered to the lay of the land that they live in or leave behind; for the land holds all the associations of ancestry, heritage, and environment that constitute what Emile Durkheim would call “the collective conscious.” Landscapes may assume near mythical dimensions in forming and framing the creative impulse of writers who draw their images and symbols, themes and motifs, and aspirations and apprehensions from their terrestrial roots and routes. In the present paper, I seek to reread a few poems of the famous Kashmiri-American poet Agha Shahid Ali with a view to highlighting his poetics of place that remains true to the kindred points of haven (America, the adopted land) and home (Kashmir, the homeland). Attempts will be made to shed light on the re-creative dynamics of his poetry that helps him to mythicize these two landscapes with the aid of “memory” and “imagination.” My objective here is to foreground the process through which the poet’s re-creation of place combines with the reader’s focus on spatiality to situate Ali’s poems such as “Postcard from Kashmir,” “Snowmen,” “A Wrong Turn,” “Snow on the Desert,” “Farewell,” etc. In the poem, “Postcard from Kashmir” for example, the speaker holds the postcard that represents to him the land of his birth – “Kashmir shrinks into my mailbox,/ my home a neat four by six inches.” The persistent pains of “exile” lead him to proximate the half-inch Himalayas to this “home,” because he realizes “This is home. And this the closest I’ll ever be to home.” Similarly, in the poem “Snow on the Desert,” the poet brings to bear all his imaginative elasticity to re-create the Papago’s way of living in the Sonoran desert in the South Western part of the United States. His poetic narrative brings to the surface the native history of the Papagos people whose long lost lives are imaginatively re-created by a diasporic poet, keenly aware of the ancient glory of his own homeland as contrasted with its recent abjection.

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Karyakin, I. V., E. G. Nikolenko, and E. P. Shnayder. "Steppe Eagle in the Altai-Sayan Region – research results 2019–2023." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-233-241.

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According to the Red List of IUCN, Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) is a globally Endangered (EN) species, included in the Red Data Book of Russia and protected throughout the country. Steppe Eagle breeding range in Russia covers semi-desert and steppe areas from Kalmykia in the west to Dauria in the east. The Altai-Sayan Ecoregion (ASER) is key for Steppe Eagle: about half of the entire breeding population of the species in Russia is concentrated here. Therefore, monitoring Altai-Sayan Steppe Eagle breeding groups is very important. In ASER Steppe Egle nests in steppe basins, except for Kuznetsk, including narrow steppe valleys of the Chuya and Katun rivers in Central Altai, as well as in the highlands of Southeastern Altai, partly Tanu-Ola and Western Sayan, including the high-mountain Ukok plateau. The total number of the species nesting in the ASER, considering the foothills of Altai Territory, in 2018 was estimated at 1400–1800 pairs. Currently population does not show a fundamental change, despite various negative and positive dynamics in different ASER breeding groups. By 2022, 756 eagle breeding territories have been identified in the region, which is 47.25% of the estimated species population. About 50% of favorable Steppe Eagle habitats identified during GIS modeling are not covered by survey, although nesting of the species was established in all clusters of modeled habitats during irregular visits. Thus, we know the entire Steppe Eagle breeding range in ASER, including areas where isolated pairs breed in suboptimal conditions. Annual monitoring is carried out in 68 Steppe Eagle breeding territories, which is 9% of the known breeding territories; over a three-year period, 256 breeding territories (33.9%) were monitored, over five years – 312 (41.3%). We regularly monitor breeding groups in the most problematic areas in terms of anthropogenic influence, and in those less impacted by human economic activity: on the left bank of Tes River in the Ubsunur basin, on the Tanu-Ola ridge, in Tuva basin of the Republic of Tyva, in Minusinsk Basin in the Republic of Khakassia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the periphery of the Chui steppe, on the Sailyugem ridge and Ust-Kan basin of the Altai Republic, and in the foothills of Altai within the Altai Territory. Ukok and Southwestern Tyva where main Steppe Eagle breeding groups are less susceptible to anthropogenic factors have not been visited in recent years. Diet analysis showed that Steppe Eagles are quite flexible in managing prey resources and using a wide food range, both typical steppe and intrazonal species, diurnal and nocturnal (the latter are represented mainly by roadkill: Jerboas, Hedgehogs, and other species). In particular, eagles nesting in steppe and highlands above forests have such species as Squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris), Woodpeckers (Picidae sp.), and Bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrhula), possibly picked up from roads as well. As eagles most often nest within sight of farms and roads, eagles regularly use them to obtain food, picking up animals that that have died due to various reasons. It increases the threat of poisoning, collision with vehicles, or shooting. Despite the plasticity of Steppe Eagle hunting behaviour, they are closely connected to the mass colonial burrowing rodents (mainly Ground Squirrels Spermophilus sp. and Pikas Ochotona sp.), and high abundance and/or availability of these species in the spring determine both nest occupation and breeding success. If the spring abundance or availability (due to late spring) of basic food items is insufficient, Steppe Eagles do not begin to breed, and in half of the cases leave their breeding territories by mid-summer. Recently we have begun to study Steppe Eagle migration and philopatry not only by ringing, but using transmitters too, in addition to classical monitoring of breeding groups and control of breeding territories occupancy, partner change using photo and video observation of nests, molecular methods, breeding success, productivity, diet. In order to study migrations, 30 Steppe Eagles were tagged with transmitters (Aquila – 22 ind., Druid – 5 ind., Ecotone – 2 ind., GPS-Collars – 1 ind.). Tracking showed that most juvenile birds migrate in the western Circum-Himalayan Corridor, bypassing the high mountains of Central Asia. Only two birds migrated south through Tibet, and both died (one bird crossed the Himalayas but died in Nepal during the winter). Most eagles do not return to natal region in the first year, but wander during their first summer in Kazakhstan, and therefore this country plays a key role in the viability of the Altai-Sayan Steppe Eagle breeding groups. Visits to natal areas are observed from the second to third summer, and during fourth summer eagles begin to select territories and form pairs. Of the five eagles tagged with transmitters (one female and four males) whose home territories were visited during the fourth summer, four males had partners and nest outlines in chosen breeding territories, but only one male bred successfully (female did not have a partner and roamed widely). All eagles returned to their natal region for the summer by sexual maturity and occupied areas no further than 50 km (3, 36, 43 and 50 km) from nests in which they were born. Reproduction of a pair lasts four years on average in control areas, meaning that every four years reproduction is paused for one to four years due to death of one of the partners. It is noteworthy that out of five fledglings tagged with transmitters and returned to the natal region by puberty, not one of them found their parents alive – all parents died during this period and were replaced by young eagles. Over a five-year period, the loss of breeding territories where pairs disbanded was compensated by the formation of new territories by younger birds in almost all control areas. The exception is Sailyugem ridge in the Altai Republic, where anti-plague service carried out the so-called village deratization outside populated areas (on outposts and farms), which led to loss of 30% of nesting pairs in the local Steppe Eagle breeding group due to poisoning with anticoagulants (half of them have not yet recovered). An increase in the Steppe Eagle abundance was noted in Khakassia – by 7.14% between 2011 and 2018, which was initially associated with redistribution of Steppe Eagle breeding pairs to abandoned Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) territories, but recalculation of accounting indicators for all Khakass territories showed the remaining real increase in the species abundance. However, in 2019–2022, this increase was reversed (-3.16% of the 2018 estimate) due to displacement of Steppe Eagles from breeding territories by Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and the dissolution of some pairs for unknown reasons. In the Republic of Tyva, Steppe Eagle abundance 2008–2018 after a decline due to poisoning with bromadialone in Mongolia in 2001–2002. By 2013, Steppe Eagle abundance in Tyva was estimated at 300–400 breeding pairs (Karyakin, 2013; Nikolenko, Karyakin, 2013), by 2019 – at 311–422 pairs. It was suggested that by 2020 Steppe Eagle would have fully recovered its abundance in Tyva to the 2000 estimate of 373–453 pairs (Karyakin et al., 2018; 2019). However, it did not happen, and the abundance have stabilized at 305–410 pairs. Even though Steppe Eagle began to occupy artificial forest plantations and nest in trees and threat of mortality on power lines in Tyva has been almost completely eliminated in recent years, restoration of the former Steppe Eagle breeding territories has slowed down for a number of reasons: an increase in the number of summer livestock stops in suitable habitats (because of government subsidies), the climate factor (fully feathered nestlings die in thunderstorms with hail, which became regular in July, and excessive moisture leads to intense vegetation, making prey and fledglings die of hunger), local residents killing eagles on purpose (shooting at nests) or accidentally (death under car wheels), and predation by herding dogs. At the same time, Steppe Eagle abundance has remained stable in the highlands of Tanu-Ola during these years. Despite a certain influence of local negative factors on the Altai-Sayan Steppe Eagle breeding groups, the main reason for the frequent dissolution of pairs lies outside the breeding range. We assume that the main contributor to such a short eagle life expectancy is poisoning in wintering grounds. It is already known that Steppe Eagles form aggregations in landfills and cattle burials, where they can accumulate various toxic substances, from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to anticoagulants and heavy metals. But so far chemical contamination of the species has not been studied at all. Another problem for at least some eagles flying to wintering grounds in India is the increasing mortality observed in eagles that were ringed and tagged with transmitters due to avian botulism, which is increasingly occurring on the salt lakes and sores of Northwest India. More than 23,500 birds died from avian botulism in 2019 on the lake Sambar and its vicinity (in Jaipur and Nagaur districts) in Rajasthan (Singh, Sen, 2023). Steppe Eagle fed on bird remains and died as well. This major disaster has received publicity, but eagle death on the smaller scale occurs regularly and is growing every year. Botulism outbreaks are likely to become more frequent as climate change alters wetland conditions in favor of the pathogen, as seen in large salt water bodies of Kutch in Gujarat and Sambar in Rajasthan. If the situation does not change, these areas may become “ecological traps” for Steppe Eagle. Considering the enormous mortality of adult birds, which occurs mainly outside of the ASER, it is necessary to understand its causes. Since we assume the leading role of poisoning in Steppe Eagle mortality, further studies of chemical contamination of birds and clarification of their immune status regarding botulism is urgently needed.

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Karyakin, I. V. "Raptors and Wind Energy in Kazakhstan: What are the Prospects for Eagles?" Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-428-433.

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Wind energy is one of the most affordable energy sources worldwide and represents one of the most climate and environmentally friendly options for energy production. However, wind power plants (WPP) can have negative impacts on biodiversity, especially on flying animals (birds and bats), through direct mortality due to collisions and indirectly due to habitat degradation and loss of food resources. Wind Power Plants also create barrier effects for migratory birds. One study showed that the representatives of Accipitriformes (57% of species in this order) were the most vulnerable to death in WPP and had the highest predicted collision rate of all taxonomic orders (0.001–0.288, averaging 0.073±0.064 collisions per turbine per year (Thaxter et al., 2017). Kazakhstan is still quite densely populated by birds of prey of the Accipitriformes, including eagles. Such large species as Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) nest here, and for the last two species Kazakhstan is the country where more than 50% of the world population is concentrated. More than 50% of the world population of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga), which breeds in Siberia, also migrates through Kazakhstan. All of these species are extremely vulnerable to collisions with WPP blades, and excess mortality of even a few percent can cause serious damage to their populations, especially the Steppe Eagle, which has been declining rapidly in recent decades for a variety of reasons. So far, Kazakhstan does not have an acute problem of eagle deaths at WPP, as wind energy occupies only 2% of the country's energy balance (2.28 TWhr vs. 112.78 TWhr), but things can change quite quickly. In the last 8 years alone, wind energy production in Kazakhstan has rapidly increased by more than 200 times – from 0.01 TWhr in 2014 to 2.28 TWhr in 2022. And the country has the capacity to continue to increase wind power generation on the same scale for the next 10 years without any difficulty. And that could spell disaster for the eagle population. That is why the most interesting areas for wind power generation, the most profitable in terms of return on investment and profit, coincide with the densest eagle breeding grounds and/or migration corridors. The legislation of Kazakhstan does not restrict economic activities in the habitats of rare species, there are no regulations on buffer zones around the nests of species listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan, in which the construction of facilities dangerous for birds is prohibited, there is no prohibition on the construction of wind power plants in migration corridors, there are no requirements for bird protection measures at wind power plants. Thus, with the intensive development of wind energy in Kazakhstan, eagles and many other species of birds of Already now, the Zhanatas WPP has been built on the Karatau Ridge, through which about one million birds of prey and 32.3 to 40.6 thousand eagles of three species (Steppe Eagle, Imperial Eagle, Greater Spotted Eagle) fly on their autumn migration. In the same migration corridor in the Chu-Ili Mountains near Mirny settlement of Zhambyl Region, it is planned to construct a new WPP with a capacity of 1GW. An agreement of principles for the implementation of this project was signed by the head of the Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan, the chairmen of Samruk-Kazyna and KazMunaiGas, the vice president for business development in Asia of Total Еren S.A. and the CEO of TotalEnergies on June 9, 2022. There are plans to construct a WPP between the Chokpak Pass and the Aschibulak Reservoir. These three WPPs could already cause serious damage to eagles migrating in the Western Circum-Himalayan Migration Corridor (WCHMC). In addition, the development of WPP is planned in Ustyurt, which may cause serious damage to the populations of eagles breeding in the Aral-Caspian region, as well as migrating from the steppes of Western Kazakhstan and the Volga-Ural region – which is more than half of the world population of the Steppe Eagle and a third of the world population of the Imperial Eagle. While WPPs in Kazakhstan have been actively constructed and commissioned since 2015, there are no studies that preceded the construction of WPPs and there are no studies on the impact of already constructed WPPs on flying animals. Most of the operating WPPs are built without taking into account information on rare species both breeding in the project plots and migrating through them. In fact, an imitation EIA has been written for them. A survey of the Zhanatas WPP in 2022 showed that during construction and after commissioning, breeding territories of Golden Eagle, Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) were destroyed, and several territories of these species are threatened as the birds regularly move through the WPP in search of prey during the breeding season. Also, as a result of the construction of the Zhanatas WPP, the area has completely lost its importance for migrating Great Bustards (Otis tarda) as a permanent stopover location, and the operation of the WPP poses a threat of death to migrating great bustards as a result of collision with the blades. During the analysis of migration data of Siberian eagles flying through Karatau, it was found out that the Zhanatasskaya WPP was built outside the eagle stopping zone, however 8.7% of eagles passed through the WPP. When extrapolating the data to the entire population of migrating eagles, we get an average of 5 thousand WPP near Zhangiztobe, also constructed in the WCHMC, through which Eastern Kazakhstani and Siberian eagles migrate, showed a complete loss of the Steppe Eagle from the list of the breeding species in the 7 km zone around the plant. Although before the construction of the WPP, the area provided habitat for at least 6 pairs of steppe eagles. The impact of WPP on birds varies significantly by region, season and species. Therefore, it is unclear to what extent bird mortality assessments and mitigation proposals developed in other countries can be applied to the conditions of Kazakhstan. It is urgent to develop Kazakhstan's practice of assessing the impact of WPP on biodiversity and to use the best practices developed by the world community for mitigation. It is urgently necessary to amend the legislation of Kazakhstan in terms of limiting the construction of WPP in migration corridors, as it is done in the EU. We need for clear regulations to ensure bird safety at WPPs and the development of turbine shutdown schedules for WPPs built in migration corridors. To understand the specifics and modelling of the migration of birds of prey through the territories of East Kazakhstan Region, promising for wind energy development, within the framework of the project “Endangered Raptors Conservation on the Indo-Palearctic Migration Flyway”, implemented with the support of The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), work has begun to create a map of raptor migration, highlighting areas at risk from energy infrastructure.

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Różański, Józef Jakub, and Krystyna D. Żuwała. "Morphology of Gustatory Organs of the Himalayan Newt Tylototriton Verrucosus (Salamandridae, Caudata)." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4342095.

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Wanninger, Marion, Thomas Schwaha, and Egon Heiss. "Form and Function of the skin glands in the Himalayan newt Tylototriton verrucosus." Zoological Letters 4, no. 1 (June 13, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0095-x.

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Das, Biplab, Ashoke Das, and Kanak Kanti Baishya. "Predicting impressions of climate change on the distribution of Crocodile newt (Tylototriton verrucosus), a rare Amphibian in the Darjeeling Himalayan sub-region, India." International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 49, no. 1 (November 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2023.2419.

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Niazi, Abdul Rehman, Aneeqa Ghafoor, Muhammad Ali, Misbah Ayyub, Isaac Garrido-Benavent, and Rafael Mahiques. "Cortinarius himalayanus, a new species from Pakistan’s part of Himalayan moist temperate forests." Nova Hedwigia, March 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2022/0685.

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Yang, Canchao, Qihong Li, Tongping Su, Anders Pape Møller, and Wei Liang. "Coevolution between Himalayan cuckoos and two sympatric Pycnonotidae hosts." Current Zoology, September 1, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoab073.

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Abstract Selection due to cuckoo parasitism is responsible for the evolution of anti-parasitism defenses in hosts. Different host species breeding sympatrically with a single parasitic cuckoo may evolve different strategies to reduce the risk or counter cuckoo parasitism, resulting in different interactions between cuckoos and hosts in areas of sympatry. Here, we studied the coevolutionary interactions between Himalayan cuckoos Cuculus saturatus and two sympatric and closely related potential hosts belonging to the family Pycnonotidae, the brown-breasted bulbul Cuculus saturatus and the collared finchbill Spizixos semitorques. We investigated parasitism rates and nest site selection (nest height, nest cover, human disturbance, perch height, forest distance, and degree of concealment) related to parasitism risk, nest defense against a cuckoo dummy, and egg rejection against cuckoo model eggs. Bulbuls used specific nest sites that were further away from forests than those of finchbills, and they behaved more aggressively toward cuckoos than finchbills. In contrast, bulbuls possessed moderate egg rejection ability, while the finchbill rejected 100% of cuckoo model eggs. We suggest that selection of a nest site away from forests by the bulbul explains the absence of parasitism by Himalayan cuckoos. We suggest that these interspecific differences in nest site selection and nest defense indicate alternative responses to selection due to cuckoos.

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Charles, Katrina. "A picture of climate change in the Himalayas." Nature, August 20, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/news.2008.1055.

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Sheth, Chintan, Aparajita Datta, and Devathi Parashuram. "Persistent loss of biologically-rich tropical forests in the Indian Eastern Himalaya." Silva Fennica 54, no. 3 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/sf.10373.

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Using fine-resolution satellite imagery from multiple satellite data products, we assessed the change in forest cover of a state-managed Reserve Forest (RF) located in Indiaâs Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hot-spot. 4.6% of forest cover was lost from Papum RF between 2013 and 2017 at the rate of 8.2 km2 yearâ1. Three species of hornbills: Great Hornbill Linnaeus, 1758, Wreathed Hornbill (Shaw, 1811) and Oriental Pied Hornbill (Shaw, 1808), that are functionally important are found here with nesting habitat in the areas affected by illegal logging. Therefore, we assessed the habitat loss within a 1 km radius around 29 nest trees. From 2011 to 2019, forest cover declined from 38.55 km to 21.94 km around these hornbill nest trees. Illegal logging is the main driver that is depleting forest cover within this important bird area. Our results highlight the ongoing threats to biologically-rich forests and the need for urgent measures to halt this loss. We suggest that this study has practical implications for the monitoring and governance of state-managed forests in Arunachal Pradesh.Buceros bicornisRhyticeros undulatusAnthracoceros albirostris22

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Garg, Dr Ashok. "Lip Leishmaniasis: A New Emerging Clinical form of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis from sub Himalayan Region." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 6, no. 8 (August 2, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i8.12.

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Payra, Arajush, and Nawang G. Bhutia. "Some New Records of Odonata (Insecta) fauna from Sikkim Himalaya, India." AMBIENT SCIENCE 04, Sp1, & 02 (July 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ambi.2017.04.2.nn01.

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"Weather prediction using traditional knowledge in cold arid high altitude region of Ladakh in India." Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 22, no. 4 (December 13, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.56042/ijtk.v22i4.7242.

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The Union territory of Ladakh in India is a cold arid high altitude region. The subsistence nature of agriculture being practiced (by majority of farmers) in the region is solely dependent on melted glacier water. The present study was undertaken in Leh district of Ladakh to identify, prioritize and understand the traditional knowledge (TK) used by the farming community for prediction of weather. The primary data were collected from 320 households from 20 villages in Leh district from 2015 to 2020. The primary data were aided and validated by Focused Group Discussions with key informants and stakeholders working in the region such as scientists from research institutions and officials from agriculture and line departments. Farmers used combination of indicators including behavioral changes of birds and animals, change in atmospheric events and inferences drawn from Lotho (almanac) to predict weather. Migration pattern of birds was the most ancient, common and widely prevalent TK used for prediction of onset and extent of snowfall and winter season by farmers. Building of nest by birds on poplar tree (Poplus sp.) at different heights and directions was used to predict temperatures in the forthcoming summer season. The duration of hibernation of Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) was an indication of duration of snowfall and winter temperatures. Timing and extent of precipitation (rainfall and snowfall) was used to predict the distribution of snowfall and winter temperatures. Lotho was extensively used for planning agricultural operations till a decade ago. The farming community used different TK in totality to enhance the accuracy of weather prediction. It was found that improved connectivity of the region with the mainland, introduction of modern communication technologies and decreasing dependence on agriculture as a primary livelihood option (because of the emergence of non-farm based opportunities such as services and tourism) have made the use of TK less prevalent among young generation farmers. However, the majority of the farmers expressed the need for blending TK and modern science for addressing location-specific problems.

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., Akash, M. Zakir, Navneet ., and B. S. Bhandari. "Species Diversity, Soil Nutrients Dynamics and Regeneration Status of Sal (Shorea robusta) Forests in Western Himalayan Region of India." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2021.v20i03.008.

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Sal (Shorea robusta) forest is found in an extensive array of conditions in Western Himalaya. It has been heavily used for commercial purposes. Thus, we did a study to gather the information on sal forests occupying a broad range of the Rajaji Tiger Reserve which spans across an extensive range in the Western Himalaya. We tested the species diversity, soil nutrients status, and regeneration potential of the Sal forest. Vegetation was sampled in 10 transects zone of 20×20 m2 plots covering an area of 10.0 ha area. Trees, saplings, seedlings, shrubs, and herbs were sampled along the transects in the Chilla forest division of the tiger reserve. Samplings were done every 200 m along the transect with the help of the Nested quadrat method. Altogether 64 species were recorded: 24 trees, 12 shrubs, and 28 herbs. Environmental variables like pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorous, and soil texture were also recorded to observe the effects of these environmental variables into diversity attributes. The Shannon Weiner index for trees was 1.350, for saplings 1.774, for seedlings 1.679. For shrub species, it was1.96. The Shannon Weiner index for herbaceous species in the rainy season was 2.8, in winter it was 2.36 whereas in summer it was 2.46. We concluded that the management of sal has enhanced the diversity and soil nutrients dynamics in the study area. Sal diversity also has enhanced the growth of co-dominant species like Mallotus philippensis, Aegle marmelos, Listea chinensis, Naringi crenulata, Ehretia laevis, Cassia fistula, etc. in the study area. Although we did not find any seedlings of the sal during the present study, the regeneration potential of sal forest increasing with a greater number of associated species provide a favorable environment for sal species.

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Prasad, Chandi, Ramesh C. Sharma, and Rahul Kumar. "Ethnobotanical Study and Plant Diversity in the Forest of Kedarnath Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2021.v20i03.002.

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The present study was carried out in the forest of Kedarnath valley in Garhwal Himalaya. The aim of the study was to access the diversity status and ecological status. The study was conducted following the stratified sampling techniques by placing quadrates (1m×1m) for herbs, (5m×5m) for shrubs, and (10m×10m) size for trees in the forest area. A total number of 221 plant species were recorded during the floristic survey in the project area. Plant diversity of the project area encompasses 49 species of trees, 28 species of shrubs, and 144 species of herbs. Important value index, the Shannon diversity index, and total basal area species were recorded. The tree density in the present study was highest in the Kedarnath valley which ranged from 0.3 to 8.5 no./ha. Shrub density in the present study varied from 0.4 to 13.5 no./ha, whereas herb density ranged between 0.2 to 22.4 no.ha-1. Total basal cover (TBC) for trees showed a range of 9.542 to 0.075 m2.ha-1, and the Shannon diversity index (H) for tree species was recorded from a minimum of 0.976 to a maximum of 3.048. The horrific disaster in the Kedarnath valley in 2013 caused a lot of damage to the bugyals (High altitude grass) and forests of the valley. About 500 species of vesicular medicinal plants, fodder plants, and other important plant species were washed away (Botanical Survey of India 2015). The current study is a pioneer in the aspect and can be helpful in making district forest plans, protocols, and implementation of forest policy to protect the forest by local people.

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Afshan, Najam-ul-Sehar, Maria Riaz, Irsa Zafar, Mohammad Aijaz Ahmad, and Abdul Nasir Khalid. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Phragmidium himalayanum, a new species of rust fungi from Pakistan." Nova Hedwigia, October 24, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2022/0719.

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Ahmed, Sheikh Sajad, Zafar A. Reshi, Kare Liimatainen, and Khurshid I. Andrabi. "Cortinarius himalayensis (Cortinariaceae), a new species of Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia section Brunnei, from the coniferous forests of Kashmir Himalaya, India." Nova Hedwigia, January 13, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2023/0726.

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Radhakrishnan, Cheran, Pratyasha Nayak, David M. Williams, and Balasubramanian Karthick. "Genkalia aravindia sp. nov.: a new diatom (Bacillariophyta) associated with wet wall habitats from Eastern Himalayas and comments on the related genera." Nova Hedwigia, November 7, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2023/0867.

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