Journal articles: 'Himalayan animals'

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Haq, Shiekh Marifatul, Eduardo Soares Calixto, Umer Yaqoob, Riyaz Ahmed, Ahmed Hossam Mahmoud, Rainer W. Bussmann, Osama B. Mohammed, Khalid Ahmad, and Arshad Mehmood Abbasi. "Traditional Usage of Wild Fauna among the Local Inhabitants of Ladakh, Trans-Himalayan Region." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122317.

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Zootherapy is accepted all around the globe not only in ancient cultures but different animal derived medicines are also part of the practice in the modern health care systems. The present study assessed the traditional ethnozoological usage of wild animals by local inhabitants in Ladakh region, India, and the reference data for scientific approaches for protection of faunal diversity in trans-Himalayas. The ethnozoological documentation of the animals in Ladakh was carried out through semistructured and close-ended questionnaire surveys and interviews. Multivariate ecological community analysis was used to elucidate the relationship between ethnozoological usage and animal species. Our results showed three animal usage clusters with 32% similarity. Moreover, the similarity in animal usage between digging tools, trophy, handle of tools, decoration, and matting, showed less than 32% of similarity. The highest priority of local people was for food followed by decoration and medicinal usage. The most frequently used animal parts were meat followed by fur and horn. Medicinal uses of 48% of the reported species, i.e., Alectoris chukar (chukar), Cuon alpinus (Asiatic wild dog), Lepus oiostolus (hares), Marmota himalayana (marmots), Ovis aries vignei (Ladakh urial), Pantholops hodgsonii (Tibetan antelope), Procapra picticaudata (Tibetan gazelle), Pseudois nayaur (blue sheep), Tetraogallus himalayensis (Himalayan snow), Tetraogallus tibetanus (Tibetan snow cock), and Lutra lutra (common otter) were reported for the first time from this region. Our study provides innovative information regarding the ethnozoological knowledge in the Ladakh region and reference data for policymakers, researchers, land managers, common public, and the other stakeholders to develop logical and scientific approaches for sustainable use of faunal diversity in hotspot regions like trans-Himalayas and other similar biodiversity-rich sites.

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Bao, Ziqiang, Cheng Li, Cheng Guo, and Zuofu Xiang. "Convergent Evolution of Himalayan Marmot with Some High-Altitude Animals through ND3 Protein." Animals 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020251.

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The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) mainly lives on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and it adopts multiple strategies to adapt to high-altitude environments. According to the principle of convergent evolution as expressed in genes and traits, the Himalayan marmot might display similar changes to other local species at the molecular level. In this study, we obtained high-quality sequences of the CYTB gene, CYTB protein, ND3 gene, and ND3 protein of representative species (n = 20) from NCBI, and divided them into the marmot group (n = 11), the plateau group (n = 8), and the Himalayan marmot (n = 1). To explore whether plateau species have convergent evolution on the microscale level, we built a phylogenetic tree, calculated genetic distance, and analyzed the conservation and space structure of Himalayan marmot ND3 protein. The marmot group and Himalayan marmots were in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree for the CYTB gene and CYTB protein, and mean genetic distance was 0.106 and 0.055, respectively, which was significantly lower than the plateau group. However, the plateau group and the Himalayan marmot were in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, and the genetic distance was only 10% of the marmot group for the ND3 protein, except Marmota flaviventris. In addition, some sites of the ND3 amino acid sequence of Himalayan marmots were conserved from the plateau group, but not the marmot group. This could lead to different structures and functional diversifications. These findings indicate that Himalayan marmots have adapted to the plateau environment partly through convergent evolution of the ND3 protein with other plateau animals, however, this protein is not the only strategy to adapt to high altitudes, as there may have other methods to adapt to this environment.

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Zhang, Pinghu, Luyong Zhang, Zhenzhou Jiang, Yating Xiong, Hongkui Chen, Yuanqing Tao, Maozhi Hu, and Zhan Li. "Evaluation of Mitochondrial Toxicity in Marmota himalayana Treated with Metacavir, a Novel 2′,3′-Dideoxyguanosine Prodrug for Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 5 (January 31, 2011): 1930–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01520-10.

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ABSTRACTMetacavir (PNA) is a novel synthetic nucleoside analogue for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Our recent studies showed that PNA, a prodrug of 2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine (ddG), exhibited lower mitochondrial toxicity in long-term cultures of HepG2 cells. In the current study, we examined the long-term effects of PNA on mitochondrial toxicity inMarmota himalayana(Himalayan marmot). Himalayan marmots were treated daily with oral PNA (50 or 100 mg/kg), ziduvidine (AZT) (100 mg/kg), or water (control) for 90 days. PNA treatment did not alter the body weight or plasma lactate acid level. In livers from the animals treated with PNA at 100 mg/kg/day, histopathology showed mild steatosis or small focal liver cell necrosis. Electron microscopy also showed minor proliferation and partial mitochondrial swelling with crista reduction. Measurement of respiratory chain complex enzyme activity and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content revealed no significant differences in skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney tissues between animals treated with PNA and controls. In contrast, in Himalayan marmots treated with AZT we observed delayed toxicity, including lactic acidosis, severe hepatic steatosis, obvious mitochondrial damage, and significant decreases in respiratory chain complex enzyme activity and mtDNA content. This is similar to the delayed toxicity syndrome observed previously in animals and humans. In summary, PNA treatment did not alter mitochondrial enzyme activity or mtDNA content. This suggests that PNA could pose a very low risk for adverse mitochondrion-related effects. However, long-term hepatotoxic effects of PNA were observed, and this indicates a need for continued monitoring of PNA-associated hepatotoxicity in clinical trials.

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Haq, Shiekh Marifatul, Musheerul Hassan, Hammad Ahmad Jan, Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi, Khalid Ahmad, and Arshad Mehmood Abbasi. "Traditions for Future Cross-National Food Security—Food and Foraging Practices among Different Native Communities in the Western Himalayas." Biology 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030455.

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Traditional diets exist in all cultures and geographic regions, and they often represent healthy eating options. Traditional culinary preparations have, however, often undergone profound change, even in the isolated Himalayan region. Therefore, we adapted methods to identify traditional plant foraging activities to better understand their significance in food system sustainability, as well as to promote innovative local gastronomies. Information on wild food and foraging practices was gathered from varied ethnic groups such as Kashmiri, Gujjars, Pahari, Dogra, Bakarwal, Balti, Beda and Brokpa through interviews (n = 716) and group discussions (n = 67) in four bio-geographic regions of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalayas (J&KH). The data were subjected to ordination techniques (Principal Component Analysis) via R software Ver. 4.0.0. We documented 209 food species, of which 73% were plants and 27% animals, used by the inhabitants of four bio-geographic regions of J&KH. The highest number of food plant species was recorded in Indian Kashmir, followed by Jammu, Azad Kashmir and Ladakh (81, 65, 60 and 27 species, respectively), and the maximum number of animal species was reported in Indian Kashmir, followed by Azad Kashmir, Ladakh and Jammu (33, 21, 19 and 17 species, respectively). The Azad Kashmir and Indian Kashmir regions showed greater similarity, whereas the least overlap was observed between Kashmir and Ladakh. The PCA showed considerable variation between different regions, and specific groups of species were more related to one specific region than others. The reported uses of Abies pindrow, Acacia modesta, Bergenia ciliata, Bergenia stracheyi and Juglans regia among plants, and Jynx torquilla, Streptopelia orientalis and Tadorna ferruginea among animals, are novel for the gastronomy of this part of the Himalayan region. We also recorded for the first time from this region seven unique food preparations of wild animals. This study documented extensive traditional knowledge on the usage of wild species, and is the first scientific description of wild food species and their vernacular names in the Western Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir. Our findings can contribute significantly to combating food insecurity by revitalizing and reconsidering the rich bio-cultural food heritage around which local traditional communities have developed their food systems.

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BALKEMA, GRANT W., and SHANNON MacDONALD. "Increased absolute light sensitivity in Himalayan mice with cold-induced ocular pigmentation." Visual Neuroscience 15, no. 5 (May 1998): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523898155062.

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Controversy over the relationship between ocular pigmentation and absolute dark-adapted light sensitivity has persisted for over two decades. Previous electrophysiological experiments in hypopigmented mammals (mice, rats, rabbits) show increased thresholds in the dark-adapted state proportional to the deficit in ocular melanin. Animals with the least amount of ocular melanin have the most elevated thresholds. Dark-adapted thresholds in hypopigmented mice show similar threshold elevations in behavioral tests. The present study extends these findings to show that a specific increase in ocular pigmentation results in the converse effect, lowered absolute dark-adapted thresholds. The increase in ocular melanin was accomplished by keeping Himalayan mice in the cold (4°C) for 6 weeks. Himalayan mice (C57BL/6J cH/cH) were compared to black mice (C57BL/6J +/+) and albino mice (C57BL/6J c2J/c2J) after 6 weeks at either 4°C or 20°C in 12-h cycling light (<1 cd/m2). The Himalayan mice that were kept in the cold exhibited a 44% increase in ocular melanin compared to Himalayan mice kept at room temperature. Cold rearing did not effect ocular melanin or visual thresholds in control animals (black mice = 10−5.9 cd/m2 and albino mice = 10−4.4 cd/m2). In contrast, the Himalayan mice maintained at 4°C had thresholds of 10−5.7 cd/m2 compared to 10−5.1 cd/m2 for Himalayan mice kept at 20°C. This represents compelling evidence of a direct relationship between ocular melanin concentration and absolute dark-adapted light sensitivity.

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Kala, Chandra. "Grasslands and migratory birds of the Himalayan region." Indian Journal of Forestry 39, no. 2 (January 6, 2016): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2016-cv9806.

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The Himalayan grasslands from sub-tropical to temperate, alpine and steppe have been exploited historically by humans for multiple uses including grazing lands for livestock. Besides domestic and wild animals, a large number of migratory birds use these grasslands and wetland areas dotted in these grasslands during their vertical and horizontal migration in the Himalayan region during breeding season. Despite quite unique and sensitive ecosystems these grasslands are least studied. The present study, therefore, aims to study the structure and composition of Himalayan grasslands with respect to their multiple utilities, including breeding grounds for migratory birds.

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Koul, G. L., J. C. Biswas, and G. S. Bisht. "Cashmere production of the Himalayan Cheghus." Tropical Animal Health and Production 23, no. 1 (February 1991): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02361270.

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Lamsal, Min Raj. "A Brief Introduction of Physics of Glaciers and Avalanches." Himalayan Physics 3 (January 1, 2013): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v3i0.7307.

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This article deals with the introduction and types of snow as well as glaciers and the basic mechanism of glacial movement and avalanches which is one of the most burning issues on the context of our Himalayan region. Because of such avalanches, which are more frequently occurring in the Himalayan region, many animals, plants, farmer's small buildings etc. are being carried away and the death of many people is being caused which is due to lack of knowledge of the factors responsible for avalanche occurrence. This article also deals with such factors and the safest way to deal with the avalanche control.The Himalayan PhysicsVol. 3, No. 3, July 2012Page : 60-63

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Sharma, Meenu, Nisha Sharma, and Ananya Sharma. "Restoration And Preservation of Traditional Water Resources: A Study of Uttarakhand." West Science Social and Humanities Studies 1, no. 05 (November 27, 2023): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.58812/wsshs.v1i05.286.

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The essence of all life is water. Without water, nothing on our planet can grow. Traditional water resources, which were once the lifeblood of the Himalayan population, are disappearing alarmingly in Himalayan areas of Uttarakhand. In these steep regions of Uttarakhand, life cannot advance in the correct path without these natural water sources. Traditional water resources provided for many kinds of daily requirements, including drinking, cooking, cleaning, irrigation, and caring for animals. Water is becoming more scarce everywhere in the world, even in the Himalayan region. In an effort to prevent future generations from facing a shortage of potable water, efforts should be made to protect these ancient natural water sources.

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Dhakar, Kusum, and Anita Pandey. "Microbial Ecology from the Himalayan Cryosphere Perspective." Microorganisms 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020257.

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Cold-adapted microorganisms represent a large fraction of biomass on Earth because of the dominance of low-temperature environments. Extreme cold environments are mainly dependent on microbial activities because this climate restricts higher plants and animals. Himalaya is one of the most important cold environments on Earth as it shares climatic similarities with the polar regions. It includes a wide range of ecosystems, from temperate to extreme cold, distributed along the higher altitudes. These regions are characterized as stressful environments because of the heavy exposure to harmful rays, scarcity of nutrition, and freezing conditions. The microorganisms that colonize these regions are recognized as cold-tolerant (psychrotolerants) or/and cold-loving (psychrophiles) microorganisms. These microorganisms possess several structural and functional adaptations in order to perform normal life processes under the stressful low-temperature environments. Their biological activities maintain the nutrient flux in the environment and contribute to the global biogeochemical cycles. Limited culture-dependent and culture-independent studies have revealed their diversity in community structure and functional potential. Apart from the ecological importance, these microorganisms have been recognized as source of cold-active enzymes and novel bioactive compounds of industrial and biotechnological importance. Being an important part of the cryosphere, Himalaya needs to be explored at different dimensions related to the life of the inhabiting extremophiles. The present review discusses the distinct facts associated with microbial ecology from the Himalayan cryosphere perspective.

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Momot, Nadezhda, Igor’ Kamliya, Yulia Kolina, and Svetlana Terebova. "Anatomical structure of the skull of a Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus)." Hippology and Veterinary Sciences 1 (2023): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/2225-1537.2023.1.77-81.

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Unfortunately, extremely insufficient attention is paid to the anatomy of wild animals in modern morphology. Among the available literature, we were able to find only one source that describes the anatomy of a Himalayan bear. The purpose of our work was to study the structure of the skull of a Himalayan bear. Osteological preparations made by us independently were used for the work. As a result of the work carried out, we were able to establish the characteristic features of the brown bear in the structure of both the facial and cerebral parts of the skull, and individual bones that are part of these departments. The information we have obtained can be used when writing the relevant sections of textbooks on the anatomy of wild animals.

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Borkin, Leo J. "The Sixth Interdisciplinary Biogeographic Expedition of the St. Petersburg Association of Scientists & Scholars to the Western Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India (October 2022)." Biota and Environment of Natural Areas 11, no. 4 (December 14, 2023): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/2782-1978_2023_4_5.

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A biogeographic expedition to the state of Himachal Pradesh (India) in October 2022 is briefl y described. It was organized by the Center for Himalayan Research of the St. Petersburg Association of Scientists & Scholars (SPASS) and also took place under the auspices of the Russian Association of Researchers of the Himalaya and Tibet. In a row, this was the 6th interdisciplinary SPASS expedition to the Western Himalaya and the 4th SPASS expedition to Himachal Pradesh. Participants explored the central and eastern parts of this state. Particular interest was shown in the transition zone from the Indus basin (Sutlej River and tributaries) to the Ganges basin (Tons River and tributaries). Observations were made in the fi eld of botany, zoology (herpetology, ornithology, entomology) and veterinary science. Attention was paid to the distribution of Oriental and Palearctic species of plants and animals, plant communities of various types. The vertical zonation from subtropical forest to the cold high-mountain desert near Tibet was studied.

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Lowther, David A. "The art of classification: Brian Houghton Hodgson and the “Zoology of Nipal” (Patron's review)." Archives of Natural History 46, no. 1 (April 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2019.0549.

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Brian Houghton Hodgson's “Zoology of Nipal” is one of the great “what ifs” of nineteenth-century natural history. The product of over 20 years' research, incorporating thousands of pages of notes and drawings that detailed many species new to European science, it was intended to be the standard work on Himalayan animals. However, it was never published, and Hodgson gave up his zoological studies after 1859. Based on research at the Zoological Society of London, which holds eight albums of Hodgson's drawings, this paper explores and analyses the scientific and institutional factors that shaped Hodgson's work on Himalayan fauna. It sets Hodgson in the context of colonial natural history, demonstrating that he was able to keep up-to-date with the fierce debates that transformed zoology in London's scientific institutions. In particular, Hodgson's admiration for the Quinarian ideas of William Sharp Macleay, Nicholas Aylward Vigors and William Swainson is identified as key to his own attempts to classify Himalayan animals, supported by an analysis of the form and content of his collections of zoological illustrations. As well as seeking to broaden our understanding of Hodgson himself, this review seeks to demonstrate the potential of zoological imagery to throw a new light on pre-Darwinian natural history, a complex field with considerable scope for further study.

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Crombie, M. D., R. R. Germain, and P. Arcese. "Nest-site preference and reproductive performance of Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) in historically extant and colonist shrub species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 2 (February 2017): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0189.

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Many studies report mixed results on the influence of invasive plants on native animals, partly due to uncertainties about habitat preference and reproductive performance in native animals before and after plant invasion. We used vegetation surveys 20 years apart and 18 years of breeding data from Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia (A. Wilson, 1810)) to compare nest-site preference and reproductive performance during the colonization of Mandarte Island, British Columbia, by one shrub species native to the region but historically absent from the island (red elderberry, Sambucus racemosa L.) and another species that is exotic to North America (Himalayan blackberry, Rubus armeniacus Focke = Rubus bifrons Vest). Nest-site preference declined where red elderberry increased but was unrelated to change in the cover of Himalayan blackberry. Song Sparrows nested in trailing blackberry (Rubus ursinus Cham. and Schltdl.) and its exotic congener Himalayan blackberry in preference to two common shrubs native to Mandarte Island (Nootka rose, Rosa nutkana C. Presl; snowberry, Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake) and built just 1 of 1051 nests in red elderberry. In contrast, reproductive performance was similar in all shrub species used regularly as nest substrates. Our results show that Song Sparrow nest-site preference and reproductive performance were independent of plant species origin.

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Sanyal, Aparesh, Kinnari A. V. Rawat, Sanjoy Das, Sanjay Dvivedi, Manu Rajan, and Rihan Zaidi. "Are humans encroaching too much? man versus bear." International Surgery Journal 5, no. 3 (February 26, 2018): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20180803.

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Background: Uttarakhand is a hilly state inhabited by various wild animals. Human encroachment into the forest areas has increased the encounters between humans and wild animals. Encounters have been on the rise and bear mauling seems to be one of the leading causes of wild animal attacks with grievous results.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences (HIMS), Swami Ram Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India from November 2016 to February 2017. After obtaining written informed consent from the patient a data pertaining to history of injury, time of hospital arrival, number of operative procedures, time of hospital stay, complications were recorded.Results: The injury timing of bear mauling was maximum during 12pm-8pm in 3 cases. Mean length of hospital stay was 19 days. Three cases (42.85%) of wound dehiscence were due to margin necrosis. Amongst the permanent damages suffered, were loss of vision in one eye in 1 case (14.28%), facial disfigurement in the form of contour deformities in 2 cases (28.57%), ectropion and facial nerve palsy in 1 case (14.28%) and parotid fistula in 1 case (14.28%).Conclusions: Encroachment and deforestation have led to an increase in injuries caused by the Himalayan black bears. Ominous effects seen in the changing climatic pattern largely due to global warming could be a possibility of causing altered living habitat for the bears in this Garhwal region getting more aggressive day by day.

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Garg, Rajat, and C. L. Yadav. "Genotyping of benzimidazole susceptible and resistant alleles in different populations of Haemonchus contortus from Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions of North-West India." Tropical Animal Health and Production 41, no. 7 (December 20, 2008): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9292-5.

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Bharti, Meenakshi. "Diversity of Calliphoridae and Polleniidae (Diptera) in the Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 10 (October 26, 2023): 24104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8603.15.10.24104-24115.

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The family Calliphoridae (Diptera: Calyptratae: Oestroidea) is primarily known for its synanthropic, necrophagous, and myiasis–causing species. This study presents an updated checklist of blow fly species recorded in the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal, and Pakistan. The dataset includes 23 genera and 69 Species from Indian Himalayas, 18 genera and 52 species from the Pakistani Himalayas, and 22 genera and 74 species from Nepalese Himalaya. The data is categorised into three elevation zones: the Shivalik range (350–1,200 m), Lesser Himalaya (1200-2,200 m), and Upper Himalaya (2,200 m and above) taking into consideration factors such as vegetation, temperature, and other environmental variables. The Sorensen Similarity Index was utilized to quantify the degree of species overlap and similarity among blow fly communities within these elevation ranges.

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Mohan, Snigdha, Joy Dey, and Dharmdeo Rai. "Standardization of anesthetic dose for immobilization of captive-bred Red Panda in Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India." Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 10, no. 1 (2021): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53562/ajcb.zxqt9898.

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The present study was done to get a standard dose of xylazine/ketamine with minimum recovery time. Ten healthy red pandas were anesthetized for the blood collection for their blood biochemistry and hematological studies at the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling. The animals were administered with xylazine/ketamine according to their body weight and recovery time was calculated. We found that immobilization was successful with a low dose of ketamine which was found very low as compared to other authors. The lower anesthetic dose was effective in young animals but there was no relation between age and recovery time. Based on the findings of the present study we can conclude that red pandas between 4-7 kg body weight could be easily immobile with the dose of xylazine/ketamine between 2-5 mg/kg and can be recovered in 25 minutes. The conclusion is completely based on the study of the captive-bred red pandas in the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park. The results of this study may vary from other zoos due to geographical and regional differences.

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Okopińska, Anna. "Himalaje Sikkimu własnością ludu Lepcza." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 14 (August 18, 2021): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.14.21.

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Lepchas are an indigenous people inhabiting the foothills of the eastern Himalaya. Their myths and narratives provide evidence that they belong to this land, and had not migrated from any other region. Presently the Lepchas reside in remote Himalayan valleys, where they were gradually driven by successive waves of immigrants from Tibet, Nepal and West Bengal. Lepchas are intrinsically devoted to nature. The rivers, lakes, rocks, forests and all animals seem to be sacred to them. They worship the Himalayan peaks towering over their villages. Every clan has his own sacred mountain and lake. The most important goddess is the mighty eight-thousander peak of Kangchenjunga that is clearly visible from every Lepcha village. Lepchas believe that their ancestors were created from the snows of the Kangchenjunga. Now, they are living together with gods in the Mayel Lyang — the mythical paradise hidden somewhere on the slopes of the mountain, inaccessible for mortal beings. Over the generations, the Lepchas have accumulated an extraordinary amount of knowledge about the climate, meteorological phenomena, geography of the region, and agriculture on steep slopes. These people fulfil their needs with natural resources as well as the help of hard work, and have great care for nature. Lepchas know all the animals and wildly growing plants there, and their rich language has names for even the smallest of them. The most impressive is their adaptation to life in extremely difficult geographic and climatic conditions with the constant risk of earthquakes, floods and landslides caused by heavy rainfalls of the monsoon season. Their farms are small and modest, but well adapted to those threats. Family and clan ties are very strong. They help each other with houses construction, sickness care, and agricultural harvest. Lepchas do not care for material goods and despite extremely difficult conditions they are happy and content with their life. Their attitude towards life may be an inspiration for us, inhabitants of the “first world”, addicted to consumerism and materialistic values.

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Adhikari, P. B., A. Adhikari, and A. K. Tiwari. "Effects of lightning as a disaster in Himalayan region." BIBECHANA 18, no. 2 (May 29, 2021): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v18i2.29168.

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In Nepal, the main disasters are floods, lightning, fire, epidemics, and landslides. Among the several disasters in the Himalayan region, lightning is an important one. Because of the short distance (about 160 km) between the low land and peak Mount Everest from South to North, there is a variation of about 950C temperature in these regions. The topographical features of the southern slopes and variation of temperature within this short distance influences the features of lightning and in this scenario, we get the positive cloud to ground lightning frequently which is more dangerous for human beings, animals, and property. In the Himalayan region, thunderstorms occur near the mountains due to which more positive charge can easily transfer from cloud to ground. Hence positive lightning occurs in the Himalayan region. The majority of the lightning-affected people are unaware of lightning safety and they should know the measures to protect life and property from lightning hazards. Hence by conducting awareness programs for the people of potential hazard areas, the number of injured people can be reduced as well as electrical, medical, military equipment can be somewhat protected from lightning. BIBECHANA 18 (2) (2021) 116-128

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Joshi, B. R., L. M. Gibbons, and D. E. Jacobs. "Ostertagia nianqingtanggulaensis K'ung & Li, 1965 (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from sheep and goats at high altitudes in Nepal." Journal of Helminthology 71, no. 1 (March 1997): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00000742.

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AbstractThe trichostrongyloid nematode Ostertagia nianqingtanggulaensis K'ung & Li, 1965, previously recorded only from sheep in Tibet, is redescribed and is shown to be a common parasite of both sheep and goats at higher altitudes in the Himalayan foothills of western Nepal. Herbage examination indicated that infective larvae can overwinter on snow covered slopes. Use of tracer animals confirmed that migratory flocks are exposed to infection when grazing on alpine pastures during the summer months. In contrast, nearby non-migratory flocks kept at lower altitudes did not harbour O. nianqingtanggulaensis and tracer animals grazed with these flocks did not become infected with this species.

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Stoneham, Anne E., Jennifer Graham, Elizabeth A. Rozanski, and John Edward Rush. "Pregnancy-Associated Congestive Heart Failure in a Cat." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 42, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0420457.

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A 4-year-old, late-term pregnant Himalayan queen was diagnosed with biventricular congestive heart failure characterized by pleural effusion and pulmonary edema. A cesarean section was performed, resulting in the birth of four live kittens, with one surviving to discharge. Congestive heart failure resolved rapidly following surgery. The queen remained asymptomatic for 9 years postoperatively. Volume expansion secondary to pregnancy was thought to result in cardiovascular volume overload and subsequent congestive heart failure.

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Khoo, Amy ML, Andrew M. Marchevsky, Vanessa R. Barrs, and Julia A. Beatty. "Choanal atresia in a Himalayan cat – first reported case and successful treatment." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 9, no. 4 (August 2007): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.01.006.

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A 2-year-old Himalayan cat was presented for investigation of chronic, persistent, unilateral nasal discharge that was unresponsive to antibiotics. Unilateral choanal atresia was diagnosed on nasopharyngoscopy. Following surgical repair using the transnasal route and temporary stenting all clinical signs resolved. This is the first reported case of choanal atresia in a cat. It serves to alert practitioners to the occurrence of this unusual condition which should be included in the differential diagnoses of upper respiratory tract signs in young cats.

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Lange, Gerrit. "Cobra Deities and Divine Cobras: The Ambiguous Animality of Nāgas." Religions 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10080454.

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In South Asia, cobras are the animals most dangerous to humans—as humans are to cobras. Paradoxically, one threat to cobras is their worship by feeding them milk, which is harmful to them, but religiously prescribed as an act of love and tenderness towards a deity. Across cultural and religious contexts, the Nāgas, mostly cobra-shaped beings, are prominent among Hindu and Buddhist deities. Are they seen as animals? Doing ethnographic fieldwork on a Himalayan female Nāga Goddess, this question has long accompanied me during my participant observation and interviews, and I have found at least as many possible answers as I have had interview partners. In this article, I trace the ambiguous relationship between humans, serpents and serpent deities through the classical Sanskrit literature, Hindu and Buddhist iconographies and the retelling of myths in modern movies, short stories, and fantasy novels. In these narrations and portrayals, Nāgas are often “real” snakes, i.e., members of the animal kingdom—only bigger, shape-shifting or multi-headed and, curiously, thirsty for milk. The article focuses on those traits of Nāgas which set them apart from animals, and on those traits that characterize them as snakes.

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Thapa, Amrita, and Kesari Singh. "NTFP Contribution in Livelihood of Rural Area of Western Himalayan Region of Himachal Pradesh." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1269, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1269/1/012016.

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Abstract Non-timber forest goods (NTFPs) refer to the various goods obtained from plants and animals inside forest ecosystems, which possess tangible values that are often not accounted for in a nation’s fiscal records. Throughout the course of human history, these items have been utilized for a diverse range of reasons, including but not limited to sustenance, animal feed, textile production, traditional medicine, agricultural resources, household goods, construction materials, and similar applications. These products are often intertwined with several traditional beliefs and cultural practices. The current investigation was conducted in three districts within the Himachal Pradesh region of northern India, with the aim of comprehending the significance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the everyday livelihoods of rural communities residing in the Himalayan area. A total of 700 participants were surveyed using a prepared questionnaire.

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Semevolos, Stacy A., Alan J. Nixon, Laurie R. Goodrich, and Norm G. Ducharme. "Shoulder joint luxation in large animals: 14 cases (1976-1997)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 1608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1998.213.11.1608.

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Objective To determine clinical and radiographic findings in and treatment and outcome of large animals with shoulder joint luxations. Design Retrospective study. Animals 5 horses, 3 goats, 1 calf, 1 sheep, 1 Himalayan tahr, 1 pot-bellied pig, 1 reindeer, and 1 white-tailed deer. Procedure Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to determine signalment, history, physical examination findings, type of luxation, treatment, and outcome. Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up information. Results Goats, sexually intact males, and animals < 1 year old were overrepresented, compared with the general hospital population during the study period. Closed reduction was attempted in 3 animals and was successful in 1. Open reduction and internal stabilization was attempted in 4 animals, including 1 in which closed reduction was unsuccessful. Long-term stabilization of the joint was achieved in 3 animals, but overall results were poor because of osteoarthritis and chronic lameness. Three animals were not treated, and 5 were euthanatized because of a poor prognosis. Clinical Implications Large animals with shoulder joint luxation and concurrent fractures had a poorer prognosis than did those with shoulder joint luxation alone. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1608–1611)

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Tsunenari, Ichiro, and Alexander Kast. "Developmental and regressive changes in the testes of the Himalayan rabbit." Laboratory Animals 26, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367792780740576.

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The testes of 81 Himalayan rabbits, controls in toxicity studies, and 113 purpose-bred rabbits of various age groups from birth to 2 years were studied. In mature male rabbits, regressive changes in the seminiferous tubules including the multinucleated spermatid giant cells were common and showed a tendency for age-related and seasonal differences. The finding is considered as a remnant of the previous seasonal and possibly also social testicular regression in wild living animals. The giant cells develop from the syncytium of the germinative epithelium and have parallels in phylogenesis.

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RATHI, ROBIN, AMAR SINGH, and DINESH BHATT. "Status of crop raiding caused by wild animals in Lansdowne forest division, Uttarakhand." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 8 (October 14, 2020): 1622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i8.105979.

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The human-wildlife conflict is one of the serious problems faced by people living in forest fringe villages. This has been a major problem since ages especially for the people residing near the wildlife protected areas but the problem has aggravated over the period of time. After the mid 19th century, it is being considered as a major problem, affecting the social, economic and cultural life of the people especially in the Himalayan region of our country. The aim of our study was to access crop damage by the wild animals in the agricultural areas of Lansdowne forest division of Pauri district of Uttarakhand. Crop damage by the wild animals was found in almost all the study sites (ranges) during the study period.

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Karki, JB, and BB Thapa. "Status of blue sheep and Himalayan tahr in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal." Banko Janakari 21, no. 1 (October 30, 2013): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i1.9060.

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A survey of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) was conducted in six blocks of Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve (DHR), Nepal. A total of 852 blue sheep were recorded in 73 different groups. The average group size was found to be 11.7 individuals. The average population density of blue sheep in the reserve was found to be 1.28 animals per km2. There were 263 rams, 307 ewes, 89 yearlings and 39 lambs. Among the rams, 126 were classified as trophy rams, 92 as medium rams and 45 as young rams. The ratio of trophy rams to other rams was found to be higher than those found in the earlier studies. The mean sex ratio was 86 males per 100 females and the yearling to ewes ratio was 29 per 100 ewes. The survey of Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in Sundaha block recorded 53 individuals with 30 males, 14 females, eight yearlings, and one lamb. The results indicated that the existing quota of blue sheep hunting can be safely continued. In case of higher demands, two more quotas can be added to Barse, Dogadi and Sundaha blocks for the next five years (2008-2012). Himalayan tahrs can be hunted in all the blocks. Sundaha block can sustain four while the rest of the blocks can sustain two Himalayan tahrs per year. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i1.9060 Banko Janakari, Vol. 21, No. 1 2011; 25-30

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Mithileshwari, Chandrasekhar, Tanushree Srivastava, Vinod Kumar, Ajith Kumar, and Govindhaswamy Umapathy. "Non-invasive assessment of fecal progestagens and pregnancy detection in Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster)." Theriogenology 85, no. 2 (January 2016): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.009.

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Parray, Oveas Rafiq, Mohd Iqbal Yatoo, Muheet, Riyaz Ahmed Bhat, Hamid Ullah Malik, Shah Tauseef Bashir, and Suhail Nabi Magray. "Seroepidemiology and risk factor analysis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Himalayan Pashmina Goats." Small Ruminant Research 171 (February 2019): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.12.004.

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Kumar, Rakesh. "Gut Microbiota of Salmo trutta fario and Oncorhynchus mykiss: Implications for Fish Health and Aquaculture Management." International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture 7, no. 2 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijoac-16000242.

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This review compares the gut microbiota of two economically significant freshwater fish species from India’s Himalayas, Salmo trutta fario and Oncorhynchus mykiss. Knowing the composition and variety of gut microbiota in these two species is crucial to their health and productivity. Recent sequencing advances have helped to find and characterize different microbial communities in numerous habitats, including fish gut microbiota. The gut microbiota of these two fish has been compared using Himalayan literature. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria dominate both species’ gut microbiota, but their relative abundance differs. S. trutta fario has a more metabolically varied gut microbiota than O. mykiss. Scientific literature reveals that diet, water quality, seasonality, and host genetics influence the fish gut microbiome. Nutrition greatly affects the intestinal microbiome of animals. This study examines how the gut microbiota affects these fish’s immune systems and probiotics’ ability to boost their health and performance. This review reveals how changing the gut microbiota of these species might increase their health and production. In order to enhance the health of these commercially important fish species, there is a need for more research to understand the complex interaction between gut microbiota, host genetics, and environmental factors.

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Di Mauro, Francesca M., Ameet Singh, Debbie Reynolds, and Alice Defarges. "Combined Use of Intravesicular Ureteroneocystostomy Techniques to Correct Ureteral Ectopia in a Male Cat." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5968.

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A 2 yr old castrated male Himalayan presented for evaluation and treatment of persistent urinary incontinence that had been present since birth. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the urinary tract revealed suspected bilateral, extramural, ureteral ectopia that was confirmed at the time of surgical exploration. Marked left hydroureter and a normal right ureter were found entering the urethra ∼ 2 cm caudal to the bladder neck. An intravesicular mucosal apposition (modified Leadbetter-Politano) and “drop-in” ureteroneocystostomy techniques were used for reimplantation of the left and right ureter, respectively. Postoperatively, the cat gained urinary continence and remained continent and clinically normal 6 mo following surgery.

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Jolli, V., and M. Pandit. "Influence of Human Disturbance on the Abundance of Himalayan Pheasant (Aves, Galliformes) in the Temperate Forest of Western Himalaya, India." Vestnik Zoologii 45, no. 6 (January 1, 2011): e-40-e-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10058-011-0035-0.

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Influence of Human Disturbance on the Abundance of Himalayan Pheasant (Aves, Galliformes) in the Temperate Forest of Western Himalaya, India We conducted field studies in the Jiwa valley (Indian Himalayas) to examine the influence of human disturbance on Himalayan pheasants. We used the "call count" and "line transect" methods to estimate the abundance of pheasants in Jiwa valley. A human disturbance gradient defined by human population, agriculture activity, forest wood collection, grazing, vehicle, use of heavy machines, human settlements, dumping ground, and blasting was prepared. We assessed the pheasant numbers under two conditions (1) a decline in the gradient of human activity during two consecutive years (2009-2010) (2) in the presence of hydroelectric development activities. The numbers of koklass pheasants, Himalayan monal, cheer pheasant and Western tragopan declined significantly with anthropogenic activities. During spring 2010, hydroelectric construction activity was temporarily suspended in Manjhan adit, and a positive response was noted in terms of an increase in the pheasant numbers near the site. The response of pheasants to human disturbance has inferred that large scale development can lead to decline of Himalayan pheasant in Himalayan region.

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Yatoo, Mohd Iqbal, Oveas Raffiq Parray, Muheet Mir, Riyaz Ahmed Bhat, Hamid Ullah Malik, Mujeeb ur Rehman Fazili, Sabia Qureshi, et al. "Comparative evaluation of different therapeutic protocols for contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Himalayan Pashmina goats." Tropical Animal Health and Production 51, no. 8 (May 10, 2019): 2127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01913-2.

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Parkes, J. P. "Management of Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in New Zealand: the influence of Graeme Caughley." Wildlife Research 36, no. 1 (2009): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08053.

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Graeme Caughley developed many of his ideas on wildlife management, and how it should be underpinned by evidence rather than by dogma, during the mid-1960s when he was working for the New Zealand Forest Service and doing the fieldwork for his Ph.D. on the population dynamics of Himalayan thar in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. However, there was a 30-year lag between the advice on the management of wild animals Caughley was providing to the New Zealand Government in the 1960s and its uptake in a national plan to manage thar in the 1990s. Eventually his ideas of setting measurable goals that were based on science, in this case on his ideas on interactive systems between herbivores and their food supply, and on management systems that led to stable outcomes were at least partially taken up. This paper reviews how some of Caughley’s ideas were, or were not, included in a plan developed in 1993 and its subsequent application to manage Himalayan thar in New Zealand.

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Wang, Ming-Shan, Sheng Wang, Yan Li, Yadvendradev Jhala, Mukesh Thakur, Newton O. Otecko, Jing-Fang Si, et al. "Ancient Hybridization with an Unknown Population Facilitated High-Altitude Adaptation of Canids." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 2616–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa113.

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Abstract Genetic introgression not only provides material for adaptive evolution but also confounds our understanding of evolutionary history. This is particularly true for canids, a species complex in which genome sequencing and analysis has revealed a complex history of admixture and introgression. Here, we sequence 19 new whole genomes from high-altitude Tibetan and Himalayan wolves and dogs and combine these into a larger data set of 166 whole canid genomes. Using these data, we explore the evolutionary history and adaptation of these and other canid lineages. We find that Tibetan and Himalayan wolves are closely related to each other, and that ∼39% of their nuclear genome is derived from an as-yet-unrecognized wolf-like lineage that is deeply diverged from living Holarctic wolves and dogs. The EPAS1 haplotype, which is present at high frequencies in Tibetan dog breeds and wolves and confers an adaptive advantage to animals living at high altitudes, was probably derived from this ancient lineage. Our study underscores the complexity of canid evolution and demonstrates how admixture and introgression can shape the evolutionary trajectories of species.

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Sharma, Sanjay Kumar, and R. R. Choyal. "Conservation of alpine pasture in Himachal Pradesh, India." Environment Conservation Journal 12, no. 3 (December 22, 2011): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2011.120320.

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Himalayan Alpine pasture occurs at high altitude mountains in between the tree line and perpetual snow line. These constitute one of the important land cover. These pastures contain very good grasses and medicinal plants thus traditionally tribal people depend on these pastures for grazing their animals during summer. 75% of the total alpine pastures in Himalayan region are situated in Himachal Pradesh.The alpine pasture of Himachal Pradesh provides a matchless wealth of highly priced medicinal, aromatic plants and known as a natural reservoir of these herbs. In alpine pasture and meadows due to continuous loss of forest land, uncontrolled grazing and irregular exploitation of medicinal herbs by commercial enterprises have resulted in depletion of valuable medicinal plants used since ancient times. There are many medicinal plants which have become rare in several tracts while a few others have fallen in the list of endangered species. Therefore it has been felt that there is an urgent need for ex-situ and in-situ conservation of these valuable and threatened species.

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LaFond, Elizabeth, Walter E. Weirich, and S. Kathleen Salisbury. "Omentalization of the Thorax for Treatment of Idiopathic Chylothorax With Constrictive Pleuritis in a Cat." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0380074.

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A 6-year-old, spayed female Himalayan cat with idiopathic chylothorax, which failed to respond to medical management, was successfully treated by advancement of the omentum into the thorax. Exploratory thoracotomy revealed severe, constrictive pleuritis as a sequela to chylothorax. Because of the poor prognosis for recovery from chylothorax in cats with thoracic duct ligation alone, and the lack of success in performing thoracic duct ligation in this cat, the omentum was advanced into the thorax through a hole created in the diaphragm and sutured within the thoracic cavity. The cat recovered from surgery and is clinically normal 13 months postoperatively. Omental advancement may be an effective surgical management technique for this challenging disease in cats.

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Xue, Long, Rong Rong Zhang, Wei Zong, Jia Feng Song, and Meng Zou. "Bionic Design for Mars Sampling Scoop Inspired by Himalayan Marmot Claw." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5713683.

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Cave animals are often adapted to digging and life underground, with claw toes similar in structure and function to a sampling scoop. In this paper, the clawed toes of the Himalayan marmot were selected as a biological prototype for bionic research. Based on geometric parameter optimization of the clawed toes, a bionic sampling scoop for use on Mars was designed. Using a 3D laser scanner, the point cloud data of the second front claw toe was acquired. Parametric equations and contour curves for the claw were then built with cubic polynomial fitting. We obtained 18 characteristic curve equations for the internal and external contours of the claw. A bionic sampling scoop was designed according to the structural parameters of Curiosity’s sampling shovel and the contours of the Himalayan marmot’s claw. Verifying test results showed that when the penetration angle was 45° and the sampling speed was 0.33 r/min, the bionic sampling scoops’ resistance torque was 49.6% less than that of the prototype sampling scoop. When the penetration angle was 60° and the sampling speed was 0.22 r/min, the resistance torque of the bionic sampling scoop was 28.8% lower than that of the prototype sampling scoop.

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BENNETT, M. "Bats and human emerging diseases." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 5 (June 2, 2006): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806006674.

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Recently, two independent research teams reported evidence of infection with SARS-like coronaviruses in insectivorous horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus) in China [1, 2]. SARS emerged in China in 2002, and eventually infected over 8000 people around the world, killing about 10% of them. Early epidemiological studies suggested that the human disease may have originated in Chinese live-animal food markets, and the hunt for a source of the virus quickly identified apparently healthy Himalayan palm civets (Paguma larvata) as prime suspects [3]. Other studies, however, failed to find any evidence of widespread infection in civets [4] or a variety of other animals traditionally used as food in China. Rather, palm civets, like human beings, seem to be only accidental hosts of the virus, becoming infected, again like people, when mixed with other species in markets. More structured hunts for the reservoir continued, although not before thousands of palm civets had been slaughtered.

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Pathak, V., S. Vij, and R. Rajput. "Biometrical and histological studies on blood-air barrier of gaddi goats and sheep of Himalayan region." Indian Journal of Small Ruminants (The) 29, no. 2 (2023): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9718.2023.00032.6.

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Qin, Hexuan, Lei Feng, Xin Zhao, Congnan Sun, Jiang Feng, and Tinglei Jiang. "Great Himalayan Leaf-Nosed Bats Produce Different Territorial Calls to Respond to Sympatric Species and Non-Living Objects." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112040.

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Territorial signals are important for reducing the cost of territory defense. Normally, male animals will produce keep-out signals to repel intruders from entering their territory. However, there is currently no evidence that bats can adjust their territorial calls to respond differently to sympatric species or non-living objects. In this study, we simulated the process of territory defense in male Great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros armiger) toward two sympatric species (Hipposideros pratti and Rhinolophus sinicus) and four different non-living objects (a fur specimen of H. armiger, a bat model, a speaker, and a speaker with playback of H. armiger echolocation calls) to investigate their acoustic responses. There were significant differences in the territorial call complexity, syllable rate, and syllable ratio produced by H. armiger under the different experimental conditions. Our results confirmed that bats can adjust their territorial calls to respond to different sympatric species and non-living objects. The results will further our understanding of animal cognition and interactions among bat species from an acoustic perspective.

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Jamloki, Abhishek, Vijay Laxmi Trivedi, M. C. Nautiyal, Prabhakar Semwal, and Natália Cruz-Martins. "Poisonous Plants of the Indian Himalaya: An Overview." Metabolites 12, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12060540.

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Indian Himalayan region (IHR) supports a wide diversity of plants and most of them are known for their medicinal value. Humankind has been using medicinal plants since the inception of civilization. Various types of bioactive compounds are found in plants, which are directly and indirectly beneficial for plants as well as humans. These bioactive compounds are highly useful and being used as a strong source of medicines, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food additives, fragrances, and flavoring agents. Apart from this, several plant species contain some toxic compounds that affect the health of many forms of life as well as cause their death. These plants are known as poisonous plants, because of their toxicity to both humans and animals. Therefore, it is necessary to know in what quantity they should be taken so that it does not have a negative impact on health. Recent studies on poisonous plants have raised awareness among people who are at risk of plant toxicity in different parts of the world. The main aim of this review article is to explore the current knowledge about the poisonous plants of the Indian Himalayas along with the importance of these poisonous plants to treat different ailments. The findings of the present review will be helpful to different pharmaceutical industries, the scientific community and researchers around the world.

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Awasthi, Bairam, and Nanda Bahadur Singh. "Status of Human-Wildlife Conflict and Assessment of Crop Damage by Wild Animals in Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v20i1.13918.

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This study tries to explore the status of Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) within the Gaurishankar Conservation Area (GCA), Nepal. The maximum damage of maize (39%) and potato (30%) crops were reported due to wildlife in the study area. Major wildlife pests were monkey, porcupine, goral, barking deer, jackal and Himalayan black bear. About ninety five percent of respondents reported crop damage problem was increasing in the area after GCA establishment. Fair and quick disbursement of compensation for crop loss and regular monitoring of the wild animal needed to be adopted to reduce human-wildlife conflicts. Change in cropping and crop composition, particularly cultivation of high value medicinal plants were also suggested. The findings suggest participatory approach to manage problematic animal species in GCA.Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2015, 20(1): 107-111

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Kadirvel, G., N. Manoranjan Singh, T. Banitya Mohan, and B. K. Kandpal. "Season specific feed formulations for ameliorating climate stress in grower pigs reared under subtropical eastern Himalayan region." Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 22, no. 2 (2022): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-181x.2022.00035.x.

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Yousufi, Mahmood Khan. "The Hunt for Himalayan Traditional Medicine Parasitic Treasure: ‘Caterpillar Fungi’." Algerian Journal of Biosciences 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.57056/ajb.v4i1.104.

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In recent times the demand for conventional medicines is rising day by day in urban cities of the globe. Different sorts of folk meds are widely employed in various therapies by the global communities. Excessive exploration and exploitation of folk meds has alarmingly damaged the ecological diversity around the world. The folk meds are largely created through plants animals and even microbes. In this study an expensive conventional medicinal fungi often alluded to as ‘caterpillar fungi’ that is found in the Himalayan region has been evaluated for its sorted traits pertaining to its origin, morphology, lifecycle, therapeutics, bio-molecules and its trade values. This fungus has been an integral compound of traditional medicines in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, India and China. It was inferenced in this study that the hunt for this Himalayan medicinal treasure has raised tremendously. In recent times studies reveal that the caterpillar fungus has been widely employed as a nutritional supplement or tonic and as a herbal medication. The volume of this medicinal fungus is decreasing due to it’s over exploitation. Over exploration of this pricey med is contributing towards its degradation. It was evaluated through this investigation, that the caterpillar fungi possesses rich aboriginal medicinal traits that has resulted in its excessive exploration and even smuggling in the states of its origin. It is concluded in this study that, strict measures must be taken by the global states to safeguard this valuable fungi that could be loaded with medicinal properties to cure many chronic health ailments. It is inferred in this study that lack of proper concerns on this significant fungi has labelled this fungi under vulnerable species.

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Arun Bhatt, Piyusha Singh, Vineet Kumar, and Mamta Baunthiyal. "Documentation of Ethno - Veterinary Practices used for Treatments of Different Ailments in Garhwal Himalayan Region." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 2, (Special Issue) (January 11, 2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2013.02.nciset34.

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This study aims to document information about ethanobotanical information of plant used by the people for the treatment of livestock in different parts of Garhwal region of Uttarakhand state. The documentation of biodiversity and its traditional use(s) by the local inhabitant of this region have assumed priority due to the rampant loss of biodiversity, the increasing patent wars on bio-resources. Traditional use of plant and plant resources has a long history in Uttarakhand and its use is rapidly increasing due to having no side effects, easily available at affordable prices and some time only available to the poor especially in remote regions of Garhwal region. The methods employed during the present study were designed with the sole purpose of eliciting the precious wealth of information on the ethno-veterinary uses of medicinal plants by the people of Garhwal region. Field surveys were conducted in the various thickly populated live-stocks rich places of Garhwal region between 2007-11.Key informants were identified after preliminary discussion with the people. Information on ethanobotanical uses of the plants was collected by interviewing key informants of the community using a semi-structured open –ended questionnaire. Usually, the elderly and experienced members of the society, locally known as ‘Vaidyas’,were interviewed.Often,they were accompanied to the field for the identification of plant species used and their preferred habitats. All the relevant information, in particular the mode of preparation, method of use and dosage of each medicinal plant species was recorded. Echno-veterinary practices used by the people are interesting, and have been practiced since long back. In general bleeding, foot and mouth disease, gastrointestinal helminthiasis, mange, myiasis, pain, pediculosis, pneumonia, tick infestation and uterine prolapsed were ten common conditions/ailments of animals for which traditional ethno-veterinary prescriptions are usually being used in the area. The data generated by this study will be helpful for making the maximum and sustainable use of plants as well as animal resources. The disappearance of these practices will not only affect poor villagers and their livestock but also be a permanent loss of our culture, heritage and biodiversity .It is finally hoped that ethno-veterinary practices will be useful to the Department of Animal Husbandry, extension workers, scientists, and policy makers in their efforts towards sustainable livestock farming system and might be able to offer a broader range of animal healthcare options in the different regions of Garhwal Himalaya.

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Jamwal, Pushpinder S., Jigmet Takpa, and Michael H. Parsons. "Factors contributing to a striking shift in human–wildlife dynamics in Hemis National Park, India: 22 years of reported snow leopard depredation." Oryx 53, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001892.

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AbstractHemis National Park of the Trans-Himalayas is home to a large population of the snow leopard Panthera uncia and increasing numbers of agro-pastoralists. To persist in this harsh terrain, farmers have to either farm livestock or hunt free-ranging, native ungulates. The availability of more livestock and fewer natural prey created a dynamic whereby snow leopards depredated livestock, followed by retaliatory killing of snow leopards. In 1992, to assist farmers and wildlife, the government enacted a cost-compensation scheme. Following a decade with marginally fewer depredation events, in 2002, two additional strategies were implemented: predator-proof holding pens and the Himalayan Homestay Programme. We assessed 22 years (1992–2013) of depredation data, comparing the periods before and after the additional initiatives. Government records showed that during 1992–2013, 1,624 livestock were depredated from 339 sites, with c. USD 15,000 paid as compensation. There were significantly more kills annually before (a mean of 41) than after (3.5) the initiatives, and mass killings (≥ 5 animals killed per attack) were significantly reduced from 5.5 to 0.5 events per year. Goats and sheep (57%) and horses (13%) comprised the majority of losses. The marked reduction in depredation occurred whilst regulations against hunting were being enforced, probably resulting in an increase in the number of wild prey as alternative food. We conclude that together, cost-compensation, tighter hunting regulations, improved holding pens and the Homestay Programme helped support the well-being of the community while aiding conservation efforts.

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Nithilan K. M., Asha Sundaram, and Girija Anil. "Wildlife Preservation and Public Enlightenment: An In-Depth Analysis of Kanpur Zoological Park's Contribution to Conservation and Education." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 6 (March 18, 2024): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i63958.

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Abstract:

Sprawling over 76.56 hectares, the Kanpur Zoological Park (KZP) is the largest open green space in Kanpur and the largest zoological park in North India. Housing over 1,400 animals representing nearly 125 species, KZP serves as a crucial sanctuary for endangered wildlife. Notably, they participate in breeding programs for critically endangered species like the white tiger (with a captive population of 3 at KZP) and the Himalayan black bear (currently housing 5 individuals). KZP's rehabilitation efforts have successfully released 23 Indian pangolins back into their natural habitat since 2010, contributing directly to the conservation of this threatened species.In the realm of education, KZP offers a diverse range of programs, reaching over 800,000 students annually. These programs include interactive exhibits, guided tours, and educational workshops, fostering environmental awareness and appreciation for biodiversity. However, challenges remain, including ensuring the ethical welfare of animals in captivity and measuring the long-term impact of educational programs on visitor behavior.By embracing new technologies, fostering collaboration with other organisations, and prioritising ethical practices, KZP has the potential to significantly improve its impact. This can include initiatives like utilising VR technology to enhance visitor engagement with animal habitats (studies suggest VR experiences can increase knowledge retention by up to 20%) and developing standardised assessment methods to measure the effectiveness of educational programs. By addressing these challenges and leveraging its strengths as a prominent green space and conservation centre, KZP can become a leading force in inspiring future generations to become stewards of the environment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Himalayan animals'

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