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Journal articles on the topic "Himalaya Mountains Region – Wars"
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Awasthi, Ram Prasad, and Jeffrey S. Owen. "Observed Climate Extreme in Nepal." Geographic Base 7 (December 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v7i0.34262.
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The climate-induced disasters are causing more than half of the total economic and human losses annually due to natural disasters and that hampers the socioeconomic development of the country. In recent decades, these climate extreme induced disasters are increasingly becoming more pronounced and devastating, is further known to be intensified due to anthropogenic warming. In this context, this study endeavors to address the research gap on the spatial and temporal variability of temperature and precipitation extremes in Nepal. Here, 26 climate extreme indices of temperature (13) and precipitation (13) as recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) were calculated using RClimDex software for 90 meteorological stations. Then the statistical significance of the long-term trend of the indices was tested using the Mann-Kendall method, and true magnitude of the trend was identified utilizing Sens’ slope method for each index at each station. Overall, the hot (warm days, warm nights, summer days, tropical nights, and warm spells) and cold (cold days, cold nights, cold spells) extreme indices show significant positive and negative trends respectively. However, extreme precipitation indices also show an increasing trend, but the statistical significance and spatial coherence is low. Extreme temperatures increased more in the Mountain and Himalayan regions than the other regions. Extreme wet day precipitation events are significantly increasing in far western region, adjoining areas of mid-western and western Siwalik though Mountain regions and then again in the central and eastern Mountains and Himalayan regions.
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Kumar, Pramod, and Khushboo Sharma. "Snowfall Shift and Precipitation Variability over Sikkim Himalaya Attributed to Elevation-Dependent Warming." Journal of Atmospheric Science Research 6, no. 4 (September 28, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v6i4.5854.
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Sikkim Himalaya hosts critical water resources such as glacial, rain, and snow-fed springs and lakes. Climate change is adversely affecting these resources in various ways, and elevation-dependent warming is prominent among them. This study is a discussion of the elevation-dependent warming (EDW), snowfall shift, and precipitation variability over Sikkim Himalaya using a high-resolution ERA5-land dataset. Furthermore, the findings show that the Sikkim Himalaya region is experiencing a warming trend from south to north. The majority of the Sikkim Himalayan region shows a declining trend in snowfall. A positive advancement in snowfall trend (at a rate of 1 mm per decade) has been noticed above 4500 meters. The S/P ratio indicates a shift in snowfall patterns, moving from lower elevations to much higher regions. This suggests that snowfall has also transitioned from Lachung and Lachen (3600 m) to higher elevated areas. Moreover, the seasonal shifting of snowfall in the recent decade is seen from January-March (JFM) to February-April (FMA). Subsequently, the preceding 21 years are being marked by a significant spatiotemporal change in temperature, precipitation, and snowfall. The potent negative correlation coefficient between temperature and snowfall (–0.9), temperature and S/P ratio (–0.5) suggested the changing nature of snowfall from solid to liquid, which further resulted in increased lower elevation precipitation. The entire Sikkim region is transitioning from a cold-dry to a warm-wet weather pattern. In the climate change scenario, a drop in the S/P ratio with altitude will continue to explain the rise in temperature over mountainous regions.
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Ohsawa, M., P. H. J. Nainggolan, N. Tanaka, and C. Anwar. "Altitudinal zonation of forest vegetation on Mount Kerinci, Sumatra: with comparisons to zonation in the temperate region of east Asia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 1, no. 3 (August 1985): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400000286.
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ABSTRACTThe altitudinal zonation of forests on Mount Kerinci, Sumatra (3800 m) is described and compared with that in the temperate region of east Asia. Nine plots were selected between 1750 m in altitude and the upper limit of vegetation at 3250 m, at intervals of about 200 m in altitude. The plots are distinguished according to their main dominants, and the population structure of the dominant species is examined. The lower forests have species showing the whole range of size classes as well as solitary giants as dominants, but the upper forests lack these giants and are floristically poorer. Between 1750 m (the start of well preserved natural vegetation) and 2950 m (the forest limit) three forest zones are distinguished, and between 2950 and 3250 m a scrub zone. Upper forest zones tend to be dominated by species of the same genus or family which form important understory components of the zone below. Based on floristic comparisons with mountains of higher latitudes (i.e. Himalayas and Japan), the two lower forest zones (up to 2400 m) represent a subtropical zone, and the upper forest zone a warm-temperate zone. Climatic conditions at the forest limit on Mount Kerinci are similar to those at the latitudinal limit of warm-temperate evergreen trees; in the Himalayas the forest limit represents the latitudinal limit of the cool-temperate, and in Japan of the subarctic Altitudinal zonation patterns change with latitude, reaching their most complex on subtropical mountains where the two floristic realms, the Boreal and Palaeotropical, meet. A scheme for the pattern of vegetation zonation in east Asia is proposed.
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Pahari, Sagar, Rajeev Joshi, and Bishow Poudel. "Human-Wolf (Canis lupus) Conflict in Upper Mustang of Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.040208.
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Human-wolf conflict has been one of the major issues in the Himalayan region of Nepal. It has obstructed the sustainable management initiatives in Annapurna Conservation Area. The aim of this study is to assess the status of human-wolf conflict, conservation threats to wolf and people’s perception towards this endangered carnivore. Questionnaire survey was conducted in different wards of three rural municipalities (RM) of the Upper Mustang. Similarly, key informants were interviewed followed by several discussions with stakeholders. The results indicate “wolf’s preference for domestic livestock” as the most probable cause of depredation with IRR value 0.91. The number of victims was found highest in Lomanthang RM (ward number 2) where 90% of respondents reported to be victims. However, in terms of the loss in monetary value, Lo-Ghekar Damodarkunda RM (ward number 4) ranked highest with the loss of NRs. 55,880 (≈$479.1)/HH/year and Barhagaun Muktichhetra (ward number 3) is the least affected. Similarly, by number, mountain goat casualties (172) were highest in last 5 years, but the maximum economic loss was due to the horse depredation (NRs. 68,00,000 or $57,347.20) among sampled households. The results indicate that the negative perception of local people is the major threat to wolf. Active participation of local people in conservation and awareness program can play a vital role to reduce and mitigate the human-wolf conflict at community level.
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Han, Bangshuai, Moayad Yacoub, Aihua Li, Kirsten Nicholson, Joshua Gruver, Klaus Neumann, and Subodh Sharma. "Human Activities Increased Microplastics Contamination in the Himalaya Mountains." Hydrology 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11010004.
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Microplastic pollution is an emerging environmental concern, and has been found in remote regions, including the high Himalaya mountains. However, the abundance and sources of microplastics in the region are not well documented. This research investigated the abundance, types, and potential sources of microplastics in the Sagarmatha National Park (SNP), a rural and sparsely populated region of Nepal on the southern side of the Himalaya mountains. Water samples were collected from streams and tributaries in SNP in May of 2022. The average microplastic concentration among all samples was 2.0 ± 1.7 pieces/L, similar to that of water samples collected in other high mountain areas and is in the lower range of that found in water samples across the globe. Microplastic abundance is higher in water samples collected near settlements than in streams far from human settlements, indicating the impact of human activities. The presence of microplastics in all samples, including headwaters immediately beneath glaciers, illustrates the widespread distribution of microplastics and suggests the potential for airborne sources. While the concentration of microplastics does not change dramatically from upstream tributaries to downstream rivers, the total load of microplastics increases due to higher discharge downstream. This research demonstrates the anthropogenic and air-borne influences on microplastics contamination on the southern side of the Himalayan range and contributes to filling the data gaps towards a better understanding of the global fate and transport of microplastics.
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Zhang, Jing, Xiaojuan Cheng, Peter W. Fritsch, Yirong Li, Shuda Yang, and Lu Lu. "Genetic Variation in Gaultheria nummularioides (Ericaceae: Gaultherieae) from the Sky Islands of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains." Diversity 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080652.
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Species diversity is high in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, particularly at the edges characterized by deep ravines and “sky islands”. Studies focused on sky-island species are sparse and the patterns observed in response to both geographic and climatic factors are inconsistent. Here phylogeographic and phylogenetic analyses of Gaultheria nummularioides, a species originating in the late Pliocene with its main distribution in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, were conducted to reveal the pattern of genetic dynamics in response to physical geography, glacial fluctuations, and monsoons. We found that in this species genetic variation is higher among populations than within populations, with a significant phylogeographic boundary between the central Himalaya and the eastern Himalaya and the Hengduan Mountains. We also found a high incidence of private alleles, possibly associated with strong habitat isolation. The phylogeographic pattern recovered is consistent with populations in glacial refugia that have experienced expansion after glaciation. The divergence times of most haplotypes coincide with the time of the weakening of the Asian monsoon in these regions. Models of geographic range size showed a significant decrease from the Last Interglacial through the Last Glacial Maximum to the Current, and a predicted increase from the Current to the year 2070. Our study provides insights for understanding speciation among sky islands in this region.
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Shekhar, M. S., H. Chand, S. Kumar, K. Srinivasan, and A. Ganju. "Climate-change studies in the western Himalaya." Annals of Glaciology 51, no. 54 (2010): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756410791386508.
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AbstractThe high Himalayan mountains in the north of India are important sources for generating and maintaining the climate over the entire northern belt of the Indian subcontinent. They also influence extreme weather events, such as the western disturbances over the region during winter. The work presented here describes some current trends in weather and climate over the western Himalaya and suggests some possible explanations in the context of climate change. The work also shows how the special features of Indian orography in the western Himalaya affect climate change in the long term, changing the pattern of precipitation over the region. Data analysis of different ranges of the western Himalaya shows significant variations in temperature and snowfall trends in the past few decades. Possible explanations for the changing climate over the western Himalaya are proposed, in terms of variations in cloudiness. The possible effects of climate change on the number of snowfall days and the occurrences of western disturbances over the western Himalaya are also analysed.
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Wangdi, Norbu, Mathias Mayer, Mani Prasad Nirola, Norbu Zangmo, Karma Orong, Iftekhar Uddin Ahmed, Andras Darabant, Robert Jandl, Georg Gratzer, and Andreas Schindlbacher. "Soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux from two mountain forests in the eastern Himalayas, Bhutan: components and controls." Biogeosciences 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-99-2017.
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Abstract. The biogeochemistry of mountain forests in the Hindu Kush Himalaya range is poorly studied, although climate change is expected to disproportionally affect the region. We measured the soil CO2 efflux (Rs) at a high-elevation (3260 m) mixed forest and a lower-elevation (2460 m) broadleaf forest in Bhutan, eastern Himalayas, during 2015. Trenching was applied to estimate the contribution of autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) soil respiration. The temperature (Q10) and the moisture sensitivities of Rh were determined under controlled laboratory conditions and were used to model Rh in the field. The higher-elevation mixed forest had a higher standing tree stock, reflected in higher soil C stocks and basal soil respiration. Annual Rs was similar between the two forest sites (14.5 ± 1.2 t C ha−1 for broadleaf; 12.8 ± 1.0 t C ha−1 for mixed). Modelled annual contribution of Rh was ∼ 65 % of Rs at both sites with a higher heterotrophic contribution during winter and lower contribution during the monsoon season. Rh, estimated from trenching, was in the range of modelled Rh but showed higher temporal variability. The measured temperature sensitivity of Rh was similar at the mixed and broadleaf forest sites (Q10 2.2–2.3) under intermediate soil moisture but decreased (Q10 1.5 at both sites) in dry soil. Rs closely followed the annual course of field soil temperature at both sites. Covariation between soil temperature and moisture (cold dry winters and warm wet summers) was likely the main cause for this close relationship. Under the prevailing weather conditions, a simple temperature-driven model was able to explain more than 90 % of the temporal variation in Rs. A longer time series and/or experimental climate manipulations are required to understand the effects of eventually occurring climate extremes such as monsoon failures.
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Yu, Wen-Bin, and Hong Wang. "Pollen Morphology ofPedicularissect.Cyathophora, a Group Endemic to the Eastern Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains Region." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50, no. 2 (February 2008): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00364.x.
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Kumar, Saurav, and Vishwambhar Prasad Sati. "Depopulating Villages and Mobility of People in the Garhwal Himalaya." Migration and Diversity 2, no. 2 (July 5, 2023): 149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/md.v2i2.2855.
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Rural out-migration is a worldwide phenomenon that is also visible in many mountainous regions, creating the impression of an abandoned landscape. In order to achieve sustainable mountain development, it is crucial to understand the various drivers and implications of out-migration in the mountains. Using both secondary and primary data on migration, this study examines different aspects of migration in the Garhwal Himalaya. Secondary data on migration were derived from a report published by the Rural Development and Migration Commission of Uttarakhand in 2018 that included migration statistics for the Garhwal region from 2011 to 2018. Primary data were collected through field surveys. Several types of migration were observed in the region, including semi-permanent migration, permanent migration, and in-migration. The study reveals that out-migration is a serious problem in the Garhwal Himalaya, as it has caused many socio-economic problems in the region. If these problems are not addressed immediately, the number of uninhabited/ghost villages in the region will increase rapidly, and the population of many villages will decline significantly. Finally, various policy measures were proposed to minimize the high rate of out-migration from the Garhwal Himalaya.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Himalaya Mountains Region – Wars"
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Gautam, Ritesh. "Aerosol-radiation-climate interactions over the Gangetic-Himalayan region." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3353.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.Vita: p. 167. Thesis director: Menas Kafatos. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Systems an GeoInformation Sciences. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jan. 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-166). Also issued in print.
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Brezina, Cynthia A. "The detrital mineral record of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Central Burma Basin : implications for the evolution of the eastern Himalayan orogen and timing of large scale river capture." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6730.
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This study contributes to the understanding of major river evolution in Southeast Asia during the Cenozoic. In order to trace the evolution of a hypothesized palaeo-Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy River, this work undertakes the first systematic provenance study of detrital minerals from Cenozoic synorogenic fluvial and deltaic sedimentary rocks of the Central Burma Basin, employing a combination of high precision geochronology, thermochronology, and geochemistry analytical techniques on single grain detrital zircon and white mica. The dataset is compared to published isotopic data from potential source terranes in order to determine source provenance and exhumation history from source to sink. A Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy connection existed as far back as ca. 42 Ma and disconnection occurred at 18–20 Ma, based on provenance changes detected using a combination of U-Pb ages and εHf(t) values on detrital zircons, and ⁴ºAr/³⁹Ar dating on detrital micas. During the Eocene and Oligocene, units are dominated by U-Pb age and high positive εHf(t) values, characteristic of a southern Lhasa Gangdese magmatic arc source. An antecedent Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy River system formed the major river draining the eastern Himalaya at this time. A significant change in provenance is seen in the early Miocene, where detritus is predominantly derived from bedrock of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, western Yunnan and Burma, a region drained by the modern Irrawaddy-Chindwin river system characterized by Cenozoic U-Pb ages and negative εHf(t) values. This is attributed to the disconnection of the Yarlung-Irrawaddy River and capture by the proto-Brahmaputra River, re-routing Tibetan Transhimalayan detritus to the eastern Himalayan foreland basin. Re-set zircon fission track ages of 14-8 Ma present in all units is used to infer post-depositional basin evolution related to changes in the stress regime accommodating the continued northward migration of India. The early Miocene initiation of the Jiali-Parlung-Gaoligong-Sagaing dextral shear zone and the continued northward movement of the coupled India-Burma plate aided in focusing deformation inside the syntaxis contributing to the disconnection of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy system, linking surface deformation and denudation with processes occurring at deeper crustal levels.
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Lee, Jia-Urnn. "Tectonic episodicity in the greater Himalaya, NW India." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155946.
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The Himalaya is an orogenic welt within the Alpine-Tethyan mountain chain. The extant tectonic model for the Himalayan terrane stack entails continuous post-collisional convergence and persistent heating during burial and subsequent exhumation. An alternative hypothesis to this "continuous evolution" scenario involves episodic tectonic mode switching, a concept that has been documented in other orogens along the Alpine-Tethyan belt. This thesis therefore tests the possibility that there is episodic mode switching in respect to the evolution of the Greater Himalaya in its topographically high crystalline core, in Himachal Pradesh, NW India. The approach adopted employs microstructurally-focused 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, across key tectonic contacts and geological terranes of the Greater Himalaya, to constrain the timing and temperature evolution of individual deformation and metamorphic events. In the leading edge of the Greater Himalaya, geological structures in the Shimla klippe and Narkanda syncline were examined with the intent of structurally and geochronologically characterising the Main Central Thrust (MCT). However, argon geochronology of fabrics structurally above and below the tectonic contact revealed that these fabrics formed in the Eocene period or earlier, during the Mesozoic. Therefore, these shear zones, although they had previously been intimately linked with the MCT, are in fact significantly older structures. In the root zone of the Phojal fold nappe, microstructural analysis revealed the influence of two distinct thermal excursions at upper greenschist grade that occurred towards the cessation of spatially associated ductile shearing events. Mica samples from the recumbently folded fabric of the supposed 'nappe' yield complex argon apparent age spectra, from which it can be inferred that: i) there were two distinct extensional shearing events that had terminated respectively by ~35 Ma and ~24-21 Ma; ii) the Phojal fold appears to have developed some time in the Oligocene, and not in the Miocene as is now supposed; iii) the fold recumbently folded the first Eocene-Oligocene ductile shear zone before itself being overprinted and attenuated in the Miocene by extensional ductile shear zones; iv) tectonic sequence diagrams inferred from those rocks are incompatible with a structural location in the hanging wall close to a thrust. Consequently the MCT as described today was not evident as a thrust in the Kullu region during the formation of the Phojal fold. From the character and timing of tectonic sequences, it is inferred that the fold geometry developed as a result of tectonic mode switching. Argon diffusion modelling supports the conclusion based on microstructures that the M1 and M2 metamorphic events cannot have occurred as part of a single protracted heating event. There must have been cooling (and possible exhumation) in between. The research in this thesis demonstrates that the tectonic evolution of the Greater Himalaya is consistent with multiple episodes of crustal shortening followed by regional extension events. The timing of the tectonic mode switches is broadly compatible with mode switches as observed in orogens elsewhere along the Alpine-Tethyan chain.
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White, Lloyd Thomas. "The India-Asia pile up." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150797.
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Many ideas about the tectonic history of the Himalayan orogen hinge on the arguments about the timing of collision (~70 Ma, ~50 Ma or ~34 Ma). One of these is whether the tectono-thermal evolution of the Himalaya involved dominantly episodic processes or continuous protracted deformation/heating. This thesis reviews the definitions proposed for the India-Asia collision and investigates whether the evolution of the Himalayan orogen involved episodic or continuous tectonic processes.
This study used SHRIMP U/Pb geochronology to determine if the granitoids of the Ladakh and Karakorum batholiths of NW India were emplaced episodically or continuously during the Himalayan orogeny. The SHRIMP results indicate that magmatism was episodic. However, we also found that zircons with high-uranium concentrations produce older apparent ages when analysed with SHRIMP. This presented a problem when interpreting the age of particular granitoid samples. We therefore investigated the cause of this problem and found that older apparent ages were related to matrix effects associated with radiation damage in the zircon.
One of the most widely used definitions to determine the timing of India-Asia collision suggests that this event is marked by a switch from 1- to S-type magmatism in the Trans-Himalayan batholith. Many consider this to occur at ~50 Ma. However, the work that is presented here suggests there was no switch from 1- to S-type magmatism where it is proposed to occur in NW India. However, U/ Pb SHRIMP and petrological data suggest there is potentially a switch from 1- to S-type magmatism in the Karakorum Batholith between 32 Ma and 18 Ma. This indicates that India-Asia collision occurred much later than many consider, or the I-S classification scheme should not be used to define the timing of collision.
This thesis also reviews the published rotation data for the India-Eurasia plate circuit and presents a new methodology for presenting the data and decisions that are adopted in plate reconstructions. The review shows the problems associated with existing plate reconstructions of the Indian plate, and highlights the need to ensure the highest resolution data is used in a given plate reconstruction. The most appropriate rotation data was compiled to build a new plate reconstruction of India's motion relative to Eurasia. This reconstruction implies the velocity of the Indian plate was episodic over the past 100 Ma. The episodes of plate acceleration and deceleration correspond with the timing of many tectonic events recognised along the Alpine-Tethyan orogen. However, the changes in plate velocity are not necessarily related to the India-Asia collision as other geodynamic scenarios explain these changes in velocity.
This thesis also questions the use of inherited/detrital age spectra of zircon to define the location of plate boundaries. New U/Pb data from the Karakorum Terrane suggests that it has a similar age spectra to the Himalayan Terrane to the south and the Pamir to the north. These results indicate that the Karakorum Terrane was once a component of Gondwana (or derived from Gondwanan material) and highlights the problems associated with using age spectra to "fingerprint" terranes.
A synthesis of all of the results indicates that the Himalayan orogen involved multiple accretion events, not just one collision between India and Asia. Its evolution is therefore analogous to a multi-vehicle freeway pile-up, rather than a head-on collision between two vehicles.
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Celerier, Julien. "The structural and thermal evolution of the Kumaun and Garwhal [i.e. Garhwal] Lesser Himalaya, India." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149627.
Full textBooks on the topic "Himalaya Mountains Region – Wars"
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Mountains of the God: [spiritual ecology of Himalaya region]. Delhi: Isha Books, 2007.
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Sharma, Chandra K. Geology of Nepal Himalaya and adjacent countries. Kathmandu: Sangeeta Sharma, 1990.
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Sharma, Chandra K. Geology of Nepal Himalaya and adjacent countries. Kathmandu, Nepal: Sangeeta Sharma, 1990.
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Environmental Information System on Himalayan Ecology., ed. Natural resource management and development in Himalaya: A resource to issues and strategies. Almora: Environmental Information System on Himalayan Ecology, 1997.
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Kapadia, Geeta. The Himalaya in my sketchbook. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co., 1996.
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Gravity field, seismicity, and tectonics of the Indian peninsula and the Himalayas. Dordrecht, [Netherlands]: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1985.
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1951-, Harris Brian, and Wardle Heather, eds. Tibetan voices: A traditional memoir. San Francisco: Pomegranate Artbooks, 1996.
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Sharma, Man Mohan. Yatra: Pilgrimages in the western Himalayas. Noida: Trishul Publications, 1989.
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Sharma, Man Mohan. Yatra: Pilgrimages in the western Himalayas. Noida: Trishul Publications, 1992.
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P, Karan Pradyumna, and Pacheco Julsun, eds. Himalaya: Life on the edge of the world. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Himalaya Mountains Region – Wars"
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Searle, Mike. "Continents in Collision: Kashmir, Ladakh, Zanskar." In Colliding Continents. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199653003.003.0007.
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To understand how the Himalaya were formed it seemed logical to start at the actual zone of plate collision, the Indus suture zone. Most of this collision zone runs across southern Tibet, which in the 1970s was almost impossible to travel through. Following Mao Tse-tung’s Red Army’s invasion and occupation of Tibet in October 1950, that region had remained firmly closed to all foreigners. In the western Himalaya the Indus suture zone runs right across the northernmost province of Ladakh. Ladakh used to be a part of southwestern Tibet before the British annexed it during the Raj. Leh, the ancient capital of Ladakh at 3,500 metres in the Indus Valley, was the final outpost of British India before the great trans-Himalayan barrier of the Karakoram Range. Only the Nubra Valley and the Tangtse Valley north of Leh were beyond the Indus, and these valleys led directly up to the desolate high plateau of Tibet. Leh was a major caravan route and a crossroads of high Asia, with double-humped dromedary camel caravans coming south from the Silk Route towns of Yarkhand and Khotan; Kashmiris and Baltis came from the west and Indian traders from the Hindu regions of Himachal and Chamba to the south. Ladakh, Zanskar, and Zangla were three ancient Himalayan kingdoms ruled by a Giapo, or King, each from a palace that resembled a small version of the Potala Palace in Lhasa. In 1978, when we were climbing in the mountains of Kulu, I had looked from our high summits across to the desert mountains of Lahoul and Zanskar, north of the main Himalayan watershed. Here, in the ancient Buddhist kingdoms of Zanskar and Ladakh lay wave upon wave of unexplored and unclimbed mountains. They lay north of the monsoon limits and in the rain shadow of the main Himalaya, so the vegetation was sparse, and the geology was laid bare. Flying north from Delhi, or east from Kashmir into Leh, the views were simply mesmerizing.
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Searle, Mike. "Around the Bend: Nanga Parbat, Namche Barwa." In Colliding Continents. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199653003.003.0015.
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From the geological mapping, structural, and metamorphic investigations along the main Himalayan Range from Zanskar in the west through the Himachal Pradesh and Kumaon regions of India and along the whole of Nepal to Sikkim, a similar story was emerging. The overall structure and distribution of metamorphic rocks and granites was remarkably similar from one geological profile to the next. The Lesser Himalaya, above the Main Boundary Thrust was composed of generally older sedimentary and igneous rocks, unaffected by the young Tertiary metamorphism. Travelling north towards the high peaks, the inverted metamorphism along the Main Central Thrust marked the lower boundary of the Tertiary metamorphic rocks formed as a result of the India–Asia collision. The large Himalayan granites, many forming the highest peaks, lay towards the upper boundary of the ‘Greater Himalayan sequence’. North of this, the sedimentary rocks of the Tethyan Himalaya crop out above the low-angle normal fault, the South Tibetan Detachment. The northern ranges of the Himalaya comprise the sedimentary rocks of the northern margin of India. The two corner regions of the Himalaya, however, appeared to be somewhat different. The Indian plate has two major syntaxes, where the structural grain of the mountains swings around through ninety degrees: the western syntaxis, centred on the mountain of Nanga Parbat in Pakistan, and the eastern syntaxis, centred on the mountain of Namche Barwa in south-east Tibet. Nanga Parbat (8,125 m) is a huge mountain massif at the north-western end of the great Himalayan chain. It is most prominent seen from the Indus Valley and the hills of Kohistan to the west, where it seems to stand in glorious isolation, ringed by the deep gorges carved by the Indus and Astor Rivers, before the great wall of snowy peaks forming the Karakoram to the north.
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Searle, Mike. "The Dreaming Spires of the Karakoram." In Colliding Continents. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199653003.003.0008.
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Travelling by bus across the northern areas of Pakistan on my way back to England after our first climbing expedition to Kulu in 1978, I remember it being hot, dry, and dusty down in the plains of the Peshawar basin, but the distant sight of glinting snowfields way to the north of Swat and Gilgit heralded the mightiest mountain range of them all. The Karakoram Range has the highest concentration of mountains over 7,000 metres anywhere in the world including K2, at 8,614 metres high the second highest peak, and three other mountains which are over 8 kilometres above sea level (Broad Peak 8,047 m, Gasherbrum II 8,034 m, Gasherbrum I also called Hidden Peak, 8,068 m). Literally hundreds of peaks over 6 kilometres high are clustered along the length and breadth of the range, which spans the borders of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Chinese province of Xinjiang, also just clipping the far northern Indian state of Ladakh. The Karakoram Range contains the longest continental glaciers outside the polar regions, the four longest being the Siachen (73 km long), and the Hispar, Biafo, and Baltoro Glaciers, all about 60 km long. In the middle of the Karakoram is a huge continental icecap, Snow Lake or the Lukpe-lawa, surrounded by glistening, improbably steep and high granite spires. The mountains here leap out of the glacier like the wildly imaginative lines of a child’s drawing. During the later stages of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, the chaotic array of contours and mountain ranges around the north-western Himalaya was surveyed. The main Himalayan Ranges extend west into the Zanskar and Kashmir regions, but to the north of the Indus River lie another whole series of ranges, the Ladakh Range (the ‘Transhimalaya’ of Sven Hedin, the greatest of all Tibetan explorers), the Karakoram, and the Pamir Ranges. In 1856, Colonel T. G. Montgomery first spied the great peaks bordering the Baltoro Glacier from the distant Kashmir foothills over 150 km away. Two giants stood above the rest, K1 (Masherbrum) and K2. Everest had just been computed as the highest mountain at 29,002 feet (8,829 m), later increased to its now widely accepted height of 29,064 feet (8,848 m).
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Devi, Hawaibam Jhalari, and Soumendra Nath Biswas. "Promotion of Homestay for the Sustainable Livelihood of the Local Community in the North Eastern Himalayan Region of India." In Mountain Tourism and Ecological Impacts, 134–42. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0823-3.ch013.
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Northeastern India is a region with unique culture and traditions and a varied landscape offering a greater potential to promote homestays. It is a locally owned and operated family business that provides visitors with a more enriched experience of nature as well as amenities like local cuisine, traditional culture, lifestyle, and local resources. This idea is ideal for the Northeastern Himalayan region of India. This paper will concentrate on understanding the importance of homestay in developing Community-based tourism and comprehending the potential of sustainable Community-based tourism in the Northeastern Himalayan region of India. A review was undertaken and the paper is designed to identify the key areas for the promotion of homestays and their contribution to the growth of sustainable community-based tourism and the benefits it offers in the Northeastern Himalayan Region of India.
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Prakash Yadav, Ram, Suresh Chandra Panday, Jitendra Kumar, Jaideep Kumar Bisht, Vijay Singh Meena, Mahipal Choudhary, Shyam Nath, Manoj Parihar, and Rajendra Prasad Meena. "Climatic Variation and Its Impacts on Yield and Water Requirement of Crops in Indian Central Himalaya." In Agrometeorology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94076.
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Climate is most important factor affecting agriculture, and issues related to climate and its implications have attracted attention of policy makers globally. The farm sector, particularly marginal ecosystems in mountains are vulnerable because of unpredictable variation and severe sink limitations. Efforts to impart resilience to farm and its allied sector are an urgent need. The climatic parameters play very important role to determine type of crops, cattle rearing and the life style adopted by the people. Moreover, weather has a significant impact on crop growth and development. Weather plays a vital role and affects the production and productivity of the crops. According to an estimate, weather contributes 67% variation in productivity and rest of the factors (soil, nutrient and management practices etc.) accounts for 33%. Therefore, there is a need of in-depth analysis of each meteorological parameters and identification of their trend over the years in order to identify and adapt suitable agriculture practices, better adaptable crops, varieties and their duration, time of field preparation, sowing time and irrigation as per the climatic conditions of the region. This will lead farming community to plan strategies of agriculture operation to obtain optimum yield. The climatic data from the meteorological observatory of ICAR-VPKAS, Hawalbagh located at mid hill condition (1250 m amsl) were analyzed for different periods (annual, seasonal, monthly, weekly). It was revealed that rainfall is decreasing over the years but significant (P < 0.05) decrease was recorded at mid hills. The maximum temperature is increasing significantly (P < 0.05) during post-monsoon and winter season however decreasing in monsoon season whereas minimum temperature is decreasing round the year. These changes in rainfall and temperatures are affecting production and productivity of the crops, as hills are largely rainfed. In terms of crop water demand, there is no need to apply irrigation during the rainy season except the transplanted rice. However, during the winter season as there is more than 60% of water deficit to irrigate the crops. The proper understanding of climate is necessary to bring sustainability in hill agriculture by adjusting crop sowing window and other operations as per suitability of the climate.
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Colopy, Cheryl. "The Shrinking Third Pole." In Dirty, Sacred Rivers. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199845019.003.0012.
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Dig Tsho is another glacial lake high in the Himalaya of Nepal. On a summer afternoon in 1985, the lake’s waters burst from their bowl of ice and rock. An inland tsunami flooded the valleys below, sweeping away potato fields, yaks, and a hydropower plant. It was a Buddhist festival day in the Sherpa village of Thamo. Thamo’s residents are descendants of families that five hundred years ago came over the mountains from nearby Tibet to settle the region known as the Khumbu, below what Westerners call Mt. Everest. People were drinking chang, laughing and having fun. At four o’clock in the afternoon one woman, standing on a ridge above the Bhote Koshi, heard a sound like the roar of an airplane, then felt the ground begin to shake. The woman yelled to the other villagers, who came down to see a wall of water approaching from upriver. Those who lived on the slope closest to the river ran into their houses, grabbed religious items—portraits of monks, statues from family chapels, and Buddhist texts—along with leather trunks holding money and family jewelry. Some ran uphill to neighbors’ houses and waited, while others carried images of Buddhist deities down to the riverbank and pointed them at the advancing flood, pleading for the river to change its course. Elderly men and women in Thamo and nearby villages believe they know what caused the flood. They say a Sherpa man was tending his yaks in the high, sparse pastures near Dig Tsho that August. The morning of the flood, a stray dog ate his bowl of curd. The herder was so angry he grabbed the dog, tied its legs so it couldn’t swim, and threw it into the lake. The act of cruelty angered a local deity, who caused a big chunk of the glacier to break off and fall into the lake. The water surged out. There were no human casualties in the Sherpa villages high in the Khumbu, but lower down the channel, along the Dudh Koshi, people drowned in the churning river.
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Desmond, Ray. "The Himalayas." In The European Discovery of the Indian Flora, 123–53. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198546849.003.0011.
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Abstract While apathy or, at best, subdued activity prevailed in botanical circles in western India, the Himalayas beckoned the adventurous and the curious, among them surveyors and scientists who observed in a casual note or expansive report the indigenous plant and animal life of this complex mountain range which separates India from Central Asia, extending from Afghanistan for 1700 miles to Assam in the East, and continues into China. A diversity of soils and climates, especially the summer monsoons, support what the plant collector, Frank Kingdon Ward succinctly described as an ‘immense reservoir of hardy plants’. A fertile jungle strip, ten to twenty miles wide-the terai-which skirts its eastern ranges is home to slender evergreens such as the sal (Shorea robusta) and tall bamboos. The abundant sal yields to conifers and oaks in a gradual ascent of four or five vertical miles through a progression of rain forest, temperate vegetation, conifers, and rhododendrons to the alpine zone above the tree-line at about 10 000 feet. Everywhere plants have adapted to their environment, a delicate ecological balance which man’s intervention through cultivation, grazing and logging is swiftly destroying with consequent erosion and lowland flooding. The phytogeographical variations range between the arid zones of the Hindu Kush and the warmer, wetter regions of the east, with Kashmir, Nepal, and Sikkim offering bumper harvests for botanist and plant collector.
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Mylliemngap, Wishfully. "Agrobiodiversity and Natural Resource Management in Traditional Agricultural Systems of Northeast India." In Mountain Ecosystems and Resources Management, 199–224. The Grassroots Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/mount.a/11.
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North-East India, which falls under the Indian Eastern Himalayan region and forms part of two global biodiversity hotspots, is well-known for its rich diversity of flora, fauna, cultures, and traditional knowledge systems. Agriculture is the main occupation of the communities living in this mountainous region supplemented by the utilization of wild useful species from the nearby forests. Traditional agriculture in North-East India follows a mixed cropping pattern through multi-cropping, crop rotation, and use of multipurpose nitrogen (N)-fixing trees, along with protection of semi-domesticated and wild biodiversity, including medicinal plants, wild edible fruits and vegetables, fodder plants and other useful species. Presently, there has been a gradual shift from subsistence cultivation to commercial agriculture driven by market forces and modernization, leading to a transition from traditional to intensive agriculture and monoculture of cash crops. This has resulted in reduced cultivation of local crop varieties and the disappearance of the associated traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). Therefore, the present study attempts to review the contribution of traditional agricultural practices to agrobiodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management. Traditional practices such as shifting (Jhum) cultivation systems, bamboo-drip irrigation, paddy-cum-fish cultivation, traditional agroforestry systems of different Indigenous communities residing in different states of North-East India were mentioned in this review. It is undeniable that TEK was developed by communities through many centuries by trial-and-error methods to conform to the local climate, topography, ecology, and socio-cultural relevance to the concerned Indigenous communities. This knowledge, therefore, has a great scope for improvement by integration with scientific knowledge for transforming into sustainable agricultural systems in the face of climate change adaptation and mitigation of the vulnerable mountain communities of the Himalayan region.
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Oreskes, Naomi. "Drift Mechanisms in the 1920s." In The Rejection of Continental Drift. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117325.003.0010.
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The final chapter of the third edition of The Origin of Continents and Oceans was devoted to the dynamic causes of drift, and Wegener’s tone in these final fifteen pages was decidedly more tentative than in the rest. Frankly acknowledging the huge uncertainties surrounding this issue, he proceeded on the basis of a phenomenological argument. Mountains, Wegener pointed out, are not randomly distributed: they are concentrated on the western and equatorial margins of continents. The Andes and Rockies, for example, trace the western margins of North and South America; the Alps and the Himalayas follow a latitudinal trend on their equatorial sides of Europe and Asia. If mountains are the result of compression on the leading edges of drifting continents, then the overall direction of continental drift must be westward and equatorial. Continental displacements are not random, as the English word drift might imply, but coherent. This coherence had been the inspiration for an earlier version of drift proposed by the American geologist Frank Bursley Taylor (1860–1938). A geologist in the Glacial Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under T. C. Chamberlin, Taylor was primaril known for his work on the Pleistocene geology of the Great Lakes region. But his knowledge extended beyond regional studies: as a special student at Harvard, he had studied geology and astronomy; as a survey geologist under the influence of Chamberlin and G. K. Gilbert, he had published a number of articles on theoretical problems. One of these was an 1898 pamphlet outlining a theory of the origin of the moon by planetary capture; in 1903, Taylor developed his theoretical ideas more fully in a privately published book. Turning the Darwin–Fisher fissiparturition hypothesis on its head, Taylor proposed that the moon had not come from the earth but had been captured by it after the close approach of a cornet. Once caught, (lie tidal effect of the moon increased the speed of the earth’s rotation and pulled the continents away from the poles toward the equator. In 1910, Taylor pursued the geological implications of this idea in an article in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America entitled “Bearing of the Tertiary Mountain Belt on the Origin of the Earth’s Plan.”
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Dube, K. C., and Narendar Kumar. "IPSS: Agra, India." In Recovery from Schizophrenia, 77–84. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313673.003.0008.
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Abstract Situated on the banks of the river Yamuna, 200 km southeast of Delhi, Agra is the third largest city (1.2 million population) in the northern province of Uttar Pradesh (UP), the largest Indian state with over 160 million population. The area lies in the fertile region of the Indo-Gangetic plains bounded on the north by the Himalayan mountains. In the 25 years since IPSS (1967), the city and other parts of the catchment area have had phenomenal growth and have developed industrially; the decennial growth rate between 1981 and 1991 was 25%. Consequently, Agra is very densely populated, and its narrow roads are choked with traffic of all sorts—automotive vehicles, rickshaws, scooters, cycles, bullock carts, horse-drawn carriages, and stray cattle, all with their various pollutants. The nearby town of Mathura has one of the biggest petroleum refineries in India, and the agricultural sector of the area is undergoing a green revolution with farmers converting to modern methods. Agra has two universities and scores of colleges and has become a tourist center.
Conference papers on the topic "Himalaya Mountains Region – Wars"
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Groeli, Robert. "Building 8500+ Trail Bridges in the Himalayas." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.125.
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<p>Mobility is one of the most challenging fundamentals of rural livelihood in the Himalayan hills and mountains. More than 8500 trail bridges, comprising an overall span-length of about 650 kilometers have been constructed to date, saving millions of walking hours for people living in the rural Himalayan areas. Previously, crossing rivers was dangerous and sometimes impossible, especially in the rainy season. These bridges created vital connections which enabled children to go to school and people to access public services and visit medical centers and sanctuaries. They also boost local economic output by reducing the effort required to run local farms, gather crops and visit regional markets.</p><p>Fig. 1:The struggles and dangers of crossing a river and its solution</p><p>Swiss technical assistance for rural trail bridges started in the early sixties with the construction of a few suspension bridges in the hill areas of Nepal. In 1964 the Nepalese Government established the Suspension Bridge Division (SBD), and starting in 1972 the Swiss Government began providing continuous technical and financial assistance. Similarly, the Public Works Department in Bhutan initiated a country wide trail bridge construction program in 1971 for which assistance was provided from 1985-2010. Exchanges of experiences between these programs created a collaborative environment where new ideas could be evaluated and tested in the field. After SBD initially developed the basic technical norms, design parameters and standard designs suitable for long-span bridges, demand for simpler shorter span bridges rose tremendously. This prompted the program to develop “community executable bridge designs” adapted to the local skills and materials while conforming to established engineering standards. As a result, cost-effective, easy to implement technologies and community-based approaches were developed, which have been replicated in numerous countries leading to multiple successful partnerships in international development cooperation.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to highlight the following outcomes of the trail bridge-program:</p><ul><li><p>Standardized cost-effective trail bridge designs based on local capabilities and bridge-building techniques</p></li><li><p>Published of manuals, technical drawings and teaching resources for design, construction and fabrication</p></li><li><p>Engaged local communities in the construction, operation and maintenance of trail bridges</p></li><li><p>Compiled comprehensive trail bridge directory for planning, monitoring and maintenance</p></li><li><p>Established Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) with institutional frameworks at national and local level</p></li><li><p>‘South-South Cooperation’ with Bhutan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Laos, Burundi, Honduras, Guatemala</p></li></ul>
Reports on the topic "Himalaya Mountains Region – Wars"
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The HKH Call to Action to sustain mountain environments and improve livelihoods in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1.
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This HKH Call to Action is based on the HKH Assessment, which was drafted in response to requests from governments in the region, meeting a demand for a comprehensive assessment of the region’s mountains, environments, and livelihoods and proposes actions towards a shared vision for the future of the HKH region, in which its societies and its people are prosperous, healthy, peaceful, and resilient in a healthy environment. To realize this vision, this HKH Call to Action elaborates six urgent actions, including: 1) promote and strengthen regional cooperation at all levels to sustain mountain environment and livelihoods; 2) recognize and prioritize the uniqueness of the HKH mountain people; 3) take concerted climate actions; 4) take accelerated actions to achieve the SDGs, consistent with the nine mountain priorities; 5) take decisive actions to enhance ecosystem resilience; and 6) promote regional data and information sharing.
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Towns in the Mountains; Report of the International Workshop on Planned Urbanisation and Rural-Urban Linkages in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Region. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.25.
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Towns in the Mountains; Report of the International Workshop on Planned Urbanisation and Rural-Urban Linkages in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Region. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.25.
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People and Jobs in the Mountains; Report of the International Workshop on Off-Farm Employment Generation in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Region. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.23.
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