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1
Shen, Hong, and Christopher J. Poulsen. "Precipitation <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O on the Himalaya–Tibet orogeny and its relationship to surface elevation." Climate of the Past 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-169-2019.
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Abstract. The elevation history of the Himalaya–Tibet orogen is central to understanding the evolution and dynamics of both the India–Asia collision and the Asian monsoons. The surface elevation history of the region is largely deduced from stable isotope (δ18O, δD) paleoaltimetry. This method is based on the observed relationship between the isotopic composition of meteoric waters (δ18Op, δDp) and surface elevation, and the assumption that precipitation undergoes Rayleigh distillation under forced ascent. Here we evaluate how elevation-induced climate change influences the δ18Op–elevation relationship and whether Rayleigh distillation is the dominant process affecting δ18Op. We use an isotope-enabled climate model, ECHAM-wiso, to show that the Rayleigh distillation process is only dominant in the monsoonal regions of the Himalayas when the mountains are high. When the orogen is lowered, local surface recycling and convective processes become important, as forced ascent is weakened due to weaker Asian monsoons. As a result, the δ18Op lapse rate in the Himalayas increases from around −3 to above −0.1 ‰ km−1, and has little relationship with elevation. On the Tibetan Plateau, the meridional gradient of δ18O decreases from ∼1 to ∼0.3 ‰ ∘−1 with reduced elevation, primarily due to enhanced sub-cloud reevaporation under lower relative humidity. Overall, we report that using δ18Op or δDp to deduce surface elevation change in the Himalayan–Tibetan region has severe limitations and demonstrate that the processes that control annual-mean precipitation-weighted δ18Op vary by region and with surface elevation. In summary, we determine that the application of δ18O paleoaltimetry is only appropriate for 7 of the 50 sites from which δ18O records have been used to infer past elevations.
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Kundu, Jagadish, Kripamoy Sarkar, Ebrahim Ghaderpour, Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza, and Paolo Mazzanti. "A GIS-Based Kinematic Analysis for Jointed Rock Slope Stability: An Application to Himalayan Slopes." Land 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020402.
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GIS-based kinematic stability analysis in rock slopes is a rare practice in geological engineering despite its immense potential to delineate unstable zones in a mountainous region. In this article, we have used a GIS-based modified technique to assess the efficiency of kinematic analysis in predicting shallow landslides in the rock slopes of the Himalayan mountains on a regional scale. The limited use of this technique is primarily due to the complexities involved in its practical application. To make this technique more effective and convenient usability, we present modified methods and a new application, ‘GISMR’, that works with the aid of GIS software for the determination of kinematic susceptibility. A modified kinematic analysis method was implemented to define the stability in terms of failure susceptibility on a scale of 0 to 100 rather than a conservative result, such as failure or non-failure. We also present another functionality of the GISMR that provides optimised slope angles over a region. This functionality could aid the decision-making process when selecting a suitable location for a road path or other engineering constructions that are impacted by unstable mountain slopes. The applicability of this new method was demonstrated in a rock failure-prone region in the mountains of the Indian Himalayas. The outcomes delineate the unstable slopes in the region, which are intersected by a strategic National Highway 05 and have a long history of landslide-related hazards. It was found that 9.61% of the area is susceptible to failure. However, 2.28% is classified as a low susceptible region, and 2.58% of the area is very-low susceptible. The regions with moderately high, high, and very-high susceptibility cover 2.78%, 1.49%, and 0.46% of the whole area, respectively. The results were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve and a frequency ratio method to represent the association between kinematic susceptibility and the mass movement inventory in the area. It is concluded that kinematic susceptibility has a strong relationship with landslide activity in the rock slopes of the Himalayan region.
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GARDNER, KYLE. "MOVING WATERSHEDS, BORDERLESS MAPS, AND IMPERIAL GEOGRAPHY IN INDIA'S NORTHWESTERN HIMALAYA." Historical Journal 62, no. 1 (August 8, 2018): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x18000146.
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AbstractThis article uses the British colonial history of border making in northern India to examine the assumptions and contradictions at work in the theorizing, configuring, and mapping of frontiers and borders. It focuses, in particular, on the development of the ‘water-parting principle’ – wherein the edge of a watershed is considered to be the border – and how this principle was used to determine boundaries in the northwestern Himalaya, a region that had long-established notions of border points, but no borderlines. By the twentieth century, the water-parting principle would become the dominant boundary logic for demarcating borders in mountainous regions, and would be employed by statesmen, treaty editors, and boundary commissioners around the world. But for the northwestern Himalaya, a region that British colonial officials considered to be the ‘finest natural combination of boundary and barrier that exists in the world’, making a border proved much more difficult than anticipated.
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Rawat, Neelam, Shuchi Mitra, Usha Sharma, and Khem Chand Sharma. "GUGGULU AND SHILAJIT: UNREVEALING THE THERAPEUTIC SECRETS OF HIMALAYAN FLORA." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2023): 1430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj3611062023.
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India contains a great wealth of biological diversity in its forests, its wetlands, and its marine areas which are distributed all over the country. It is a distinct identity on the world map, not only because of its geography, history, and culture but also because of its great diversity of natural ecosystems. The great Himalayan region is one of the unique biogeography of the world. The Himalayan Mountain range extends across India, China, Nepal, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet, and Bhutan, where Nepal and India cover most of the Himalaya region. The diverse range in climate, altitude, and soil conditions of this renowned range supports a variety of distinct and valuable flora, which includes medicinal plants such as Artemisia, Rhododendron, Cinnamomum, Juniperus, Cymbopogon, Aegle, Swertia, Pinus, Origanum, Saussurea are some of the major plant genera and resins like Commiphora mukul, Asphaltum punjabianum are some medicinally important elements are found in the Himalayan forests. Thus, this chapter summarizes the two commonly used important Himalayan medicinal plants and their biological effects with incorporating the uniqueness of the Ayurvedic & Tibetan Systems of medicine.
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Shah, Rinan, and Shrinivas Badiger. "Conundrum or paradox: deconstructing the spurious case of water scarcity in the Himalayan Region through an institutional economics narrative." Water Policy 22, S1 (October 8, 2018): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.115.
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Abstract Water scarcity in mountain regions such as the Himalaya has been studied with a pre-existing notion of scarcity justified by decades of communities' suffering from physical water shortages combined by difficulties of access. The Eastern Himalayan Region (EHR) of India receives significantly high amounts of annual precipitation. Studies have nonetheless shown that this region faces a strange dissonance: an acute water scarcity in a supposedly ‘water-rich’ region. The main objective of this paper is to decipher various drivers of water scarcity by locating the contemporary history of water institutions within the development trajectory of the Darjeeling region, particularly Darjeeling Municipal Town in West Bengal, India. A key feature of the region's urban water governance that defines the water scarcity narrative is the multiplicity of water institutions and the intertwining of formal and informal institutions at various scales. These factors affect the availability of and basic access to domestic water by communities in various ways resulting in the creation of a preferred water bundle consisting of informal water markets over and above traditional sourcing from springs and the formal water supply from the town municipality.
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Gamble, Ruth. "How dams climb mountains: China and India’s state-making hydropower contest in the Eastern-Himalaya watershed." Thesis Eleven 150, no. 1 (February 2019): 42–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513619826204.
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The dam rush in the upper-Brahmaputra River basin and local, minority resistance to it are the result of complex geopolitical and parochial causes. India and China’s competing claims for sovereignty over the watershed depend upon British and Qing Dynasty imperial precedents respectively. And the two nation-states have extended and enhanced their predecessors’ claims on the area by continuing to erase local sovereignty, enclose the commons, and extract natural resources on a large scale. Historically, the upper basin’s terrain forestalled the thorough integration of this region into both nation-states, but recent technological and economic advances have enabled the two states and their agents to dramatically transformed these landscapes. Many of their projects have perpetuated the interventionist hydrological regimes that India and China also inherited from their imperial forebears. Nevertheless, as with their definition of their borders, neither state has highlighted this historical contingency. Instead, both governments have consistently presented their hydropower projects as shining examples of necessary and benevolent development. Their economy-focused, monolithic development paradigms have, not coincidently, also enabled the systemic side-lining of non-majority cultures, religions and histories. The combination of this cultural exclusion and the nation-states’ late integration of this peripheral region has laid the ground for conflict with local groups over the dam rush. Local identities and experiences have evolved around complex religious, cultural and trade networks, many of which were heavily influenced by the now-defunct Tibetan polity, rather than via modern Chinese and Indian nationalist discourses of development. The dam clashes highlight both the basin’s complex cultural matrixes and the ambiguous relationship Asia’s two most populous nation-states have with their respective imperial pasts. And as the situation remains unresolved, the watershed is an ecological catastrophe in waiting.
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SEARLE, M. P., S. R. NOBLE, A. J. HURFORD, and D. C. REX. "Age of crustal melting, emplacement and exhumation history of the Shivling leucogranite, Garhwal Himalaya." Geological Magazine 136, no. 5 (September 1999): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756899002885.
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We report a U–Pb monazite age of 23.0±0.2 Ma for the Shivling leucogranite, a tourmaline+muscovite±biotite leucogranite at the top of the High Himalayan slab in the Garhwal Himalaya, north India. The Shivling–Bhagirathi leucogranite is a viscous near-minimum melt, emplaced as a foliation parallel laccolith via a dyke network not far from its source region. Prograde heating occurred soon after the India–Asia collision at c. 50 Ma up to melting at 23 Ma and high temperatures (>550 °C) were maintained for at least 15 Ma after garnet growth. The leucogranite was emplaced at mid-crustal depths along the footwall of the Jhala fault, a large-scale low-angle normal fault, part of the South Tibetan Detachment system, above kyanite and sillimanite grade gneisses. The geometry of the leucogranite laccolith shows biaxial extension and boudinage both perpendicular (north-northeast–south-southwest) and parallel to the strike (west-northwest–east-southeast) of the mountain range. Unroofing occurred by underthrusting beneath the High Himalayan slab along the Main Central Thrust zone, progressively ‘jacking up’ the leucogranites, removal of material above by low-angle normal faulting, and erosion. Very rapid cooling at rates of 200–350 °C/Ma between 23–21 Ma immediately followed crystallization, as tectonic unroofing and erosion removed 24–28 km of overburden during this time. K–Ar muscovite ages are 22±1.0 Ma and fission track ages of zircons from >5000 m on the North Ridge of Shivling are 14.2±2.1 and 8.8±1.2 Ma and apatites are 3.5±0.79 and 2.61±0.23 Ma. Slow steady state cooling at rates of 20–30 °C/Ma from 20–1 Ma shows that maximum erosion rates and unroofing of the leucogranite occurred during the early Miocene. This timing coincides with initiation of low-angle, north-dipping normal faulting along the South Tibetan Detachment system.
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Kandel, Samikshya, and Luna Thapa. "Study of Space Layout of Museum; A Case of International Mountain Museum at Pokhara, Nepal." Technical Journal 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v3i1.61942.
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Currently, the museum is one of the learning and pass time activities space for the public. A good layout of a museum can bring a wonderful visiting experience to the visitors. Overall, museums play an important role in preserving a town's cultural heritage, providing educational opportunities, attracting tourism, and promoting community engagement. Effective space distribution in a museum is critical for creating an engaging and informative experience for visitors. By carefully considering the needs and interests of different types of visitors, museums can create spaces that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. But there are very few designed museums in Pokhara, one of the growing cities of Nepal. Also, it is one of the tourist attracting places in Nepal. This paper explains the spatial layout of one of the designed museums of Pokhara. For this purpose, a well-known International Mountain Museum is taken as a case area by using observation and questionnaire survey methods. This museum displays a wide range of exhibits related to the Himalayan mountains, mountaineering, and the culture of the people who call the region home. In addition to the mountaineering exhibits, the museum also features displays of the history, culture, geology, flora, and fauna of the Himalayas. Overall, space distribution in a museum is designed to facilitate the flow of visitors through the space, while also highlighting the key messages and themes of the exhibits.
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Bhutia, Dechen Dolkar, and Namrata Chaturvedi. "Soldier Saints, Missionaries and the Mountains." International Journal of Asian Christianity 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-06010004.
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Abstract This paper intends to contextualise the life of Christianity in British India through the developments in military theology in the late eighteenth and through the nineteenth century that put forth the image of the ‘soldier saint’- a true Christian soldier, British in blood and in faith. This discourse intensified after the military turned civilian Indian rebellion of 1857 which was immediately coloured in Christian vs heathen terms, and following which, the spiritual needs of Christian soldiers came into focus with the East India Company. The deaths, rituals and continued traditions of burial of the Christian soldiers, officers, and civilians have been marked through some prominent cemeteries and war memorials in India. While studies of these sites of memory have focused on the graves, tombs, and memorials in parts of north, west and south India, the frontier region of northeast India has remained outside the focus of most studies. This paper has chosen the eastern Himalayan territories comprising Sikkim and Kalimpong that fall on or near the Silk route to bring attention to the history of territorial aggression and the resulting material memory of lesser-known cemeteries and memorials Further. This paper analyses lesser discussed fiction to bring into focus the region’s human geography. This paper recognises the need to study inter-religious relations through materiality and afterlives of Christianity in India that was shaped to a large extent by the soldiers-both British and native, and the chaplains, gravediggers, priests and nurses and caregivers whose lives are recorded in the memory of death. By doing so, this study hopes to bring new dimensions to the study of Christianity in India with the inclusion of the materiality of religion, the postcolonial gothic imaginary and military theology.
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Lixin, Yang, Huai Huyin, and Pei Shengji. "Medicinal Plants and Their Conservation in China with Reference to the Chinese Himalayan Region." Asian Medicine 5, no. 2 (2009): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342109x568810.
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The use of herbal medicine in China has a long history. Since ancient times, plants have been the main source of medicines for people’s healthcare all over China. Today, medicinal plants are widely used in different medical systems including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Tibetan Medicine (TM) for health care and functional food in China, and as supplies of natural products for industrial manufacturing for the international market. In the last half-century, great progress has been made in science and technology and there has been rapid social and economic development. The impact of this rapid development and population pressures on medicinal plants from wild habitats increases day by day. The modernization policy of traditional medicine in China is seen as a challenge to maintaining traditional medical systems. The Chinese Himalayan Region covers five provinces (Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan) in west China, with a land area of 2 million km², including the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the west and the Hengduan Mountains in the southwest. In this paper, we discuss the rich diversity of medicinal plants of China and the Chinese Himalayan Region; the diversity of medicinal plant utilization of China; threatened medicinal plants and threats to medicinal plants; the conservation status of medicinal plants in China; and proposed Important Plant Areas for medical plants in the Chinese Himalayan Region.
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Kharel, Narendra, and Manesh Choubey. "Effects of climate change on dairy farming in mountain economy: Micro-level perspectives from the milk producers of Sikkim." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2023): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n11.011.
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India has a long history of dairy farming. Agriculture and animal husbandry are inextricably linked in India, where the majority of the population lives in rural areas. Animals rely on crops for food and shelter, while farmers benefit from livestock through manure, draught power, and milk. The production of milk has developed from a rural pastime into a modern industrial enterprise. The tiny Himalayan state of Sikkim is no exception. The majority of the population relies on dairy farming despite the difficult topography. It helps raise both food quality and income levels for families. The impacts of global warming on mountain dairy farms are the focus of this research. Random Sample method has been applied to collect 360 samples from selected villages in Sikkim, the findings have been evaluated with a 3-point scale method to list the major constraints/effects impacting the climate change in mountain region. The untimely rainfall and change in spring shed water flows was ranked as first among the various other factors. It is quite an evident impact which has been experienced lately by local farmers and public in general. However, cyclone was seen to have the least impact of climate change in dairy farming in mountain region, it was ranked last in the study. Numerous factors threaten the livelihood of mountain communities who rely on dairy production. To lessen these effects, dairy farms in the mountains will need to adopt new practices and greener methods. Primary data both qualitative and quantitative were utilized. The findings are presented with supporting tables and figures. A review of related articles was conducted to gain a deeper familiarity with the issue.
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Hummer, Kim E. "History of the Origin and Dispersal of White Pine Blister Rust." HortTechnology 10, no. 3 (January 2000): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.3.515.
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The center of diversity for white pine blister rust (WPBR) (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer) most likely stretches from central Siberia east of the Ural Mountains to Asia, possibly bounded by the Himalayas to the south. The alternate hosts for WPBR, Asian five-needled pines (Pinus L.) and Ribes L. native to that region have developed WPBR resistance. Because the dispersal of C. ribicola to Europe and North America occurred within the last several hundred years, the North American five-needled white pines, Pinus subsections, Strobus and Parya, had no previous selection pressure to develop resistance. Establishment of WPBR in North American resulted when plants were transported both ways across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1705, Lord Weymouth had white pine (P. strobis L.), also called weymouth pine in Europe, seed and seedlings brought to England. These trees were planted throughout eastern Europe. In the mid-1800s, WPBR outbreaks were reported in Ribes and then in white pines in eastern Europe. The pathogen may have been brought to Europe on an infected pine from Russia. In the late 1800s American nurserymen, unaware of the European rust incidence, imported many infected white pine seedlings from France and Germany for reforestation efforts. By 1914, rust-infected white pine nursery stock was imported into Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin, and in the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. The range of WPBR is established in eastern North America and the Pacific Northwest. New infection sites in Nevada, South Dakota, New Mexico and Colorado have been observed during the 1990s.
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Kaspar, Markus, and D. Scott Kieffer. "The Geomechanics of the Dangkhar Landslide, Himachal Pradesh, India." Geotechnics 4, no. 2 (June 14, 2024): 655–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4020035.
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The Dangkhar Landslide is an extremely large landslide located in the Spiti Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India. The landslide is situated in a remote high mountain desert within the Tethys Himalaya at elevations between 3400 m and 5600 m. It is amongst the five largest continental landslides on earth, covering an area of approximately 54 km2 and having an estimated volume of 15–20 km3. Geomechanical evaluations based on the block theory indicate that the Dangkhar Landslide formed as a result of unfavorable combinations of structural geological features and complex surface morphology. A massive kinematically removable block is created by a regional synclinal flexure that is crosscut and kinematically liberated by bounding side valleys. Three-dimensional block kinematics are necessary to permit the release of the giant block and its sliding along the synclinal flexure. Pseudostatic slope stability sensitivity analyses incorporating estimates of site seismicity and shear strength parameters suggest that earthquake shaking could have triggered instability if the static factor of safety was less than or in the range of about 1.5–1.9. Considering the glacial history of the region, ice debuttressing represents an additional potential triggering mechanism.
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Zaman Dar, Qamar UZ, Pu Renhai, Zulqarnain Sajid, Mubashir Mehmood, Abdul Wahab Abdul Wahab, Muhammad Jehangir Khan, and Tajjamal Latif. "The Provenance and Tectonic Settings of the Greywacke Member of the Late Neoproterozoic Hazara Formation Lesser Himalayas, Northern Pakistan: Evidence from Geochemistry and Petrography." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 3505–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5012-04.
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The petrographic and geochemical analysis of the greywacke horizon of the late Neoproterozoic Hazara Formation from the Hazara Mountains has been investigated to determine the provenance, tectonic settings and weathering history of the sediments. The Late Neoproterozoic Hazara Formation is a thick sedimentary sequence comprising of greywacke, shale, argillites, siltstone, and limestone. The greywackes are characterized by fine to medium-grained, moderately sorted and sub-angular to sub-rounded framework grains. They are rich in quartz, lithic fragments and clay minerals. The petrographic investigation of the greywackes categorized them as feldspathic greywacke in the QFR diagram. The quartz content is higher in sandstone and may reach to 70%, which indicates a weathered felsic source. Chemical Index of Alteration values of greywacke suggests that the source region has experienced highly weathering conditions with a warm and moist climate. Various geochemical interpretations, elemental ratios like Th/Sc, La/Sc,Th/Cr, and positive Eu anomalies indicate that the greywackes of the Hazara formation derived from a felsic source and were deposited within an active continental margin tectonic settings. The main source area of the sediments of the greywackes was located to south to southeast, which may possibly be the Aravali orogeny, central Indian craton and Bundelkhand craton. Finally, the geochemical data of the major elements point to a felsic igneous provenance for the greywacke.
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Wang, Yi-Gang, and Dong-Li Sun. "The Triassic and Jurassic paleogeography and evolution of the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibet) Plateau." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-017.
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The Kunlun, Qilian, and Qinling mountains already existed in embryonic form as coastal ranges in Triassic times. Marine conditions predominated to the south. The southern coastline is demarcated by the northern margin of the Tertiary Siwalik sediments. The paleo-landmass of Longmenshan–Sichuan–Yunnan separated this sea from that of southwest China. By Jurassic times, the coastline of the Eurasian continent within what is now China had already moved southwards to a line along the Kunlun and Hengduan mountains.Mainly on the basis of differences between continental and oceanic crust, several different seas can be distinguished: the Himalayan, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Hengduan, and Triangle seas, together with the Qaidam Peninsula and Xining Bay. Triassic and Jurassic transgressions and regressions of these seas are discussed in detail.During Carboniferous and Permian times the Lhasa and Himalayan seas were joined together with the main Gondwana Plate to the south. In Triassic times, when the India–Pakistan Subcontinent split from Gondwanaland, the Lhasa Sea was a small microplate, which separated from the Himalayan Sea along a deep fracture that follows the line of the Yarlung Zangbo (River). It drifted northeastwards relatively rapidly. The Triangle Sea was a similar microplate that drifted northwards. In Late Triassic times the Triangle Microplate collided with Eurasia along the margin of the Qaidam–Qinling fault belt. The Bangong Co – Nu Jiang deep fracture is regarded as the boundary between the northern and southern margins of the eastern Tethys, on the basis of Carboniferous to Jurassic paleobiogeographical provinces within the region studied.During Triassic and Early and Middle Jurassic times, an oceanic basin separated the Lhasa Sea from the Qiangtang and Hengduan seas. In the Late Jurassic Epoch, the Lhasa Microplate converged with the Qingtang Microplate, which had become attached to Eurasia. The former was subducted northwards. As a result, the boundary between the southern and northern margins of East Tethys was shifted southwards during Cretaceous times to the line of the Yarlung Zangbo (River) deep fracture. At the end of the Cretaceous and on into Eocene times, the Himalayan Sea closed with the collision of the India–Pakistan Subcontinent and the Lhasa Plate. Folding and faulting followed and the paleo-oceanic history of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau came to an end.
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Jadoon, Umar Farooq, Baochun Huang, Qian Zhao, Syed Anjum Shah, and Yasin Rahim. "Remagnetization of Jutal dykes in Gilgit area of the Kohistan Island Arc: Perspectives from the India–Asia collision." Geophysical Journal International 226, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab091.
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SUMMARY The Kohistan Island Arc (KIA) occupies the northwestern region of the Himalayan Mountains, sandwiched between Asia and India plates. Its formation, collision with plate boundaries, and evolution has been controversially discussed for a couple of decades. To better understand this, a palaeomagnetic study has been conducted on the Jutal dykes (ca. 75 Ma), intruded in the northeastern part of the KIA. Comprehensive rock magnetic investigations reveal that the magnetic carrier minerals are pyrrhotite and magnetite. An intermediate temperature component (ITC) predominates the natural remanent magnetization and shows good coincidence within-site; it is carried by pyrrhotite and is considered reliable, yielding a mean direction at Dg/Ig = 11.5°/39.9° (kg = 28.4, α95 = 3.5°) before and Ds/Is = 8.6°/12.1° (ks = 5.1, α95 = 9.1°) after tilt correction. A high-temperature component that is carried by magnetite exhibits random distribution within-site. The fold test for the ITC is negative, indicating a post-folding origin. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicates that the magnetic carrier minerals were influenced by metamorphism or thermochemical fluids. The comparison of mean palaeolatitude (22.6 ± 3.5°N) of the ITC with the collisional settings and thermal history of the study area implies that the remagnetization occurred at ∼50–35 Ma, consistent with the previous reported palaeomagnetic data of the KIA. We propose a tectonic model that shows the evolution of the Jutal dykes, supporting the concept that India collided with the KIA first, followed by a later collision with Asia.
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Tiwari, Achyut. "Age-dependent growth responses to climate from trees in Himalayan treeline." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 4, no. 1 (August 16, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v4i1.30669.
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Tree rings provide an important biological archive for climate history in relation to the physiological mechanism of tree growth. Higher elevation forests including treelines are reliable indicators of climatic changes, and tree growth at most elevational treelines are sensitive to temperature at moist regions, while it is sensitive to moisture in semi-arid regions. However, there has been very less pieces of evidence regarding the age-related growth sensitivity of high mountain tree species. This study identified the key difference on the growth response of younger (<30 years of age) and older (>30 years) Abeis spectabilis trees from treeline ecotone of the Trans-Himalayan region in central Nepal. The adult trees showed a stronger positive correlation with precipitation (moisture) over juveniles giving the evidence of higher demand of water for adult trees, particularly in early growth seasons (March to May). The relationship between tree ring width indices and mean temperature was also different in juveniles and adult individuals, indicating that the juveniles are more sensitive to temperature whereas the adults are more sensitive to moisture availability. It is emphasized that the age-dependent growth response to climate has to be considered while analyzing the growth-climate relationship of high mountain tree populations.
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Han, Bangshuai, Moayad Yacoub, Aihua Li, Kirsten Nicholson, Joshua Gruver, Klaus Neumann, and Subodh Sharma. "Human Activities Increased Microplastics Contamination in the Himalaya Mountains." Hydrology 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11010004.
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Microplastic pollution is an emerging environmental concern, and has been found in remote regions, including the high Himalaya mountains. However, the abundance and sources of microplastics in the region are not well documented. This research investigated the abundance, types, and potential sources of microplastics in the Sagarmatha National Park (SNP), a rural and sparsely populated region of Nepal on the southern side of the Himalaya mountains. Water samples were collected from streams and tributaries in SNP in May of 2022. The average microplastic concentration among all samples was 2.0 ± 1.7 pieces/L, similar to that of water samples collected in other high mountain areas and is in the lower range of that found in water samples across the globe. Microplastic abundance is higher in water samples collected near settlements than in streams far from human settlements, indicating the impact of human activities. The presence of microplastics in all samples, including headwaters immediately beneath glaciers, illustrates the widespread distribution of microplastics and suggests the potential for airborne sources. While the concentration of microplastics does not change dramatically from upstream tributaries to downstream rivers, the total load of microplastics increases due to higher discharge downstream. This research demonstrates the anthropogenic and air-borne influences on microplastics contamination on the southern side of the Himalayan range and contributes to filling the data gaps towards a better understanding of the global fate and transport of microplastics.
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Zhang, Jing, Xiaojuan Cheng, Peter W. Fritsch, Yirong Li, Shuda Yang, and Lu Lu. "Genetic Variation in Gaultheria nummularioides (Ericaceae: Gaultherieae) from the Sky Islands of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains." Diversity 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080652.
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Species diversity is high in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, particularly at the edges characterized by deep ravines and “sky islands”. Studies focused on sky-island species are sparse and the patterns observed in response to both geographic and climatic factors are inconsistent. Here phylogeographic and phylogenetic analyses of Gaultheria nummularioides, a species originating in the late Pliocene with its main distribution in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, were conducted to reveal the pattern of genetic dynamics in response to physical geography, glacial fluctuations, and monsoons. We found that in this species genetic variation is higher among populations than within populations, with a significant phylogeographic boundary between the central Himalaya and the eastern Himalaya and the Hengduan Mountains. We also found a high incidence of private alleles, possibly associated with strong habitat isolation. The phylogeographic pattern recovered is consistent with populations in glacial refugia that have experienced expansion after glaciation. The divergence times of most haplotypes coincide with the time of the weakening of the Asian monsoon in these regions. Models of geographic range size showed a significant decrease from the Last Interglacial through the Last Glacial Maximum to the Current, and a predicted increase from the Current to the year 2070. Our study provides insights for understanding speciation among sky islands in this region.
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Shekhar, M. S., H. Chand, S. Kumar, K. Srinivasan, and A. Ganju. "Climate-change studies in the western Himalaya." Annals of Glaciology 51, no. 54 (2010): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756410791386508.
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AbstractThe high Himalayan mountains in the north of India are important sources for generating and maintaining the climate over the entire northern belt of the Indian subcontinent. They also influence extreme weather events, such as the western disturbances over the region during winter. The work presented here describes some current trends in weather and climate over the western Himalaya and suggests some possible explanations in the context of climate change. The work also shows how the special features of Indian orography in the western Himalaya affect climate change in the long term, changing the pattern of precipitation over the region. Data analysis of different ranges of the western Himalaya shows significant variations in temperature and snowfall trends in the past few decades. Possible explanations for the changing climate over the western Himalaya are proposed, in terms of variations in cloudiness. The possible effects of climate change on the number of snowfall days and the occurrences of western disturbances over the western Himalaya are also analysed.
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Yu, Wen-Bin, and Hong Wang. "Pollen Morphology ofPedicularissect.Cyathophora, a Group Endemic to the Eastern Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains Region." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50, no. 2 (February 2008): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00364.x.
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Kumar, Saurav, and Vishwambhar Prasad Sati. "Depopulating Villages and Mobility of People in the Garhwal Himalaya." Migration and Diversity 2, no. 2 (July 5, 2023): 149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/md.v2i2.2855.
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Rural out-migration is a worldwide phenomenon that is also visible in many mountainous regions, creating the impression of an abandoned landscape. In order to achieve sustainable mountain development, it is crucial to understand the various drivers and implications of out-migration in the mountains. Using both secondary and primary data on migration, this study examines different aspects of migration in the Garhwal Himalaya. Secondary data on migration were derived from a report published by the Rural Development and Migration Commission of Uttarakhand in 2018 that included migration statistics for the Garhwal region from 2011 to 2018. Primary data were collected through field surveys. Several types of migration were observed in the region, including semi-permanent migration, permanent migration, and in-migration. The study reveals that out-migration is a serious problem in the Garhwal Himalaya, as it has caused many socio-economic problems in the region. If these problems are not addressed immediately, the number of uninhabited/ghost villages in the region will increase rapidly, and the population of many villages will decline significantly. Finally, various policy measures were proposed to minimize the high rate of out-migration from the Garhwal Himalaya.
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WU, CHAO, XIN-YI LI, and CHUN-XIANG LIU. "A new species of Elimaea (Poaefoliana) Ingrisch (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from China." Zootaxa 5397, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5397.1.8.
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One new species of leaf katydids, Elimaea (Poaefoliana) kiukiangensis sp. nov. from the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region, is described, based on recently collected material. Illustrations of mounted specimens including male genitalia, and habitat images are provided. A distribution map is also provided. The types are deposited in Insect Collection of Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS).
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Sahota, I. "P110: Acute mountain sickness in the Himalayas: preliminary report." CJEM 19, S1 (May 2017): S115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.312.
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Introduction: Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is a high-altitude medical emergency that requires prompt treatment. If left untreated AMS can progress to high-altitude cerebral edema or pulmonary edema, both of which can be fatal. As the popularity of high altitude trekking increases in the Himalayas we were interested in determining what rates of AMS are on popular routes in this region. Methods: AMS was diagnosed using a standardized Lake Louise Symptom Score (LLSS) where scores 3-5 denoted mild AMS and >5 denoted severe AMS. Forms were distributed to trekkers prior to departure and symptoms scores were determined daily. Data on medical history and patient demographics were also collected. All data are expressed as mean ±SEM. Results: Preliminary results are reported from N=17 (4 female) participants. Mean age was 43.7±3.9y. Most subjects, 68.8%, had trekked above 2500 m in the past. Only 6.25% reported having no knowledge of AMS, with the others having limited or expert knowledge. 25% of subjects had previously suffered from AMS. Most subjects, 82.4%, took prophylactic AMS medication, acetazolamide; at a dose of 250 mg/d. Subjects trekked at a mean altitude of 3650±85 m and ascended to a maximum altitude of 5012±103 m. The mean LLSS was 1.48±0.31 with a maximal LLSS of 4.76±0.75. Within our sample, 70.86% suffered from AMS at some point during their trek. Of those who suffered from AMS, the mean number of days affected was 3.17±0.61, and of those with severe AMS, mean number of days affected was 2.14±0.7. Conclusion: Over 70% of trekkers to the Himalayas experience AMS for an average of 3d, despite the use of prophylactic medication that most participants take. Almost 95% of trekkers have working knowledge of AMS and most have prior experience trekking at high-altitude. Given the dangers of high altitude trekking, pre-departure education for patients, especially those with chronic diseases, alongside prophylactic medication for AMS may help mitigate the risk.
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McClung, D. M. "Avalanche character and fatalities in the high mountains of Asia." Annals of Glaciology 57, no. 71 (January 2016): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2016aog71a075.
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Abstract.With the exception of northern India, there are few, if any, consistent data records relating to avalanche activity in the high mountains of Asia. However, records do exist of avalanche fatalities in the region, contained in mountaineering expedition reports. In this paper, I review and analyze statistics of avalanche fatalities (both snow and ice) in the high mountains of Asia (Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir, Hindu Kush, Tien Shan, Dazu Shan) from 1895 to 2014. The data are stratified according to accident cause, geographical region (Nepal-Tibet (Xizang), Pakistan, India, China, Central Asia), mountain range, personnel (hired or expedition members) and terrain. The character of the accidents is compared with data from North America and Europe. The data show that the important risk components are the temporal and spatial exposure probabilities. It is shown that human actions and decisions govern the pattern of fatal avalanches in the high mountains of Asia.
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Feng, Han, Huayu Lu, Barbara Carrapa, Hanzhi Zhang, Jun Chen, Ying Wang, and Peter D. Clift. "Erosion of the Himalaya-Karakoram recorded by Indus Fan deposits since the Oligocene." Geology 49, no. 9 (June 3, 2021): 1126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48445.1.
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Abstract The Cenozoic erosion history of the Himalaya-Karakoram, which is a function of tectonically driven uplift and monsoon climatic evolution in South Asia, remains elusive, especially prior to the Miocene. Here, we present a multiproxy geochemical and thermochronological analysis of the oldest samples available from the Arabian Sea, which we used to investigate the erosion history of the Himalayan and Karakoram orogenic system. The Indus Fan records rapid and sustained erosion of the Himalayan-Karakoram mountains from before 24 Ma (ca. 30) to ca. 16 Ma concurrent with changing provenance from the Indian (Himalayan) and Eurasian plates. Our data, combined with previous studies of younger Indus Fan deposits, indicate that the mid-to-late Cenozoic erosion history of the Himalayan-Karakoram mountains is overall consistent with a vigorous monsoonal climate from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene and with changes in global climate in the late Miocene, whereas erosion and deposition are relatively insensitive to changes in sources and rock erodibility. Although tectonic processes were active throughout, we suggest that the erosional signatures of the Himalayan-Karakoram mountains from the Indus Fan largely preserve a record of climate changes since the Oligocene.
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Wilson, Alāna M., Sierra Gladfelter, Mark W. Williams, Sonika Shahi, Prashant Baral, Richard Armstrong, and Adina Racoviteanu. "High Asia: The International Dynamics of Climate Change and Water Security." Journal of Asian Studies 76, no. 2 (May 2017): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911817000092.
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Asia, a region grappling with the impacts of climate change, increasing natural disasters, and transboundary water issues, faces major challenges to water security. Water resources there are closely tied to the dramatic Hindu-Kush Himalayan (HKH) mountain range, where over 46,000 glaciers hold some of the largest repositories of fresh water on earth (Qiu 2010). Often described as the water tower of Asia, the HKH harbors the snow and ice that form the headwaters of the continent's major rivers (Bandyopadhyay 2013). Downstream, this network of river systems sustains more than 1.3 billion people who depend on these freshwater sources for their consumption and agricultural production, and increasingly as a source of hydropower (Immerzeel, Van Beek, and Bierkens 2010; National Research Council 2012; Rasul 2014).
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Gruber, Stephan, Renate Fleiner, Emilie Guegan, Prajjwal Panday, Marc-Olivier Schmid, Dorothea Stumm, Philippus Wester, Yinsheng Zhang, and Lin Zhao. "Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2017): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017.
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Abstract. The cryosphere reacts sensitively to climate change, as evidenced by the widespread retreat of mountain glaciers. Subsurface ice contained in permafrost is similarly affected by climate change, causing persistent impacts on natural and human systems. In contrast to glaciers, permafrost is not observable spatially and therefore its presence and possible changes are frequently overlooked. Correspondingly, little is known about permafrost in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region, despite permafrost area exceeding that of glaciers in nearly all countries. Based on evidence and insight gained mostly in other permafrost areas globally, this review provides a synopsis on what is known or can be inferred about permafrost in the mountains of the HKH region. Given the extreme nature of the environment concerned, it is to be expected that the diversity of conditions and phenomena encountered in permafrost exceed what has previously been described and investigated. We further argue that climate change in concert with increasing development will bring about diverse permafrost-related impacts on vegetation, water quality, geohazards, and livelihoods. To better anticipate and mitigate these effects, a deepened understanding of high-elevation permafrost in subtropical latitudes as well as the pathways interconnecting environmental changes and human livelihoods are needed.
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Ding, Wen-Na, Richard H. Ree, Robert A. Spicer, and Yao-Wu Xing. "Ancient orogenic and monsoon-driven assembly of the world’s richest temperate alpine flora." Science 369, no. 6503 (July 30, 2020): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4484.
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Understanding how alpine biotas formed in response to historical environmental change may improve our ability to predict and mitigate the threats to alpine species posed by global warming. In the world’s richest temperate alpine flora, that of the Tibet-Himalaya-Hengduan region, phylogenetic reconstructions of biome and geographic range evolution show that extant lineages emerged by the early Oligocene and diversified first in the Hengduan Mountains. By the early to middle Miocene, accelerated diversification and colonization of adjacent regions were likely driven jointly by mountain building and intensification of the Asian monsoon. The alpine flora of the Hengduan Mountains has continuously existed far longer than any other alpine flora on Earth and illustrates how modern biotas have been shaped by past geological and climatic events.
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Fleetwood, Lachlan. "“No former travellers having attained such a height on the Earth’s surface”: Instruments, inscriptions, and bodies in the Himalaya, 1800–1830." History of Science 56, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275317732254.
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East India Company surveyors began gaining access to the high Himalaya in the 1810s, at a time when the mountains were taking on increasing political significance as the northern borderlands of British India. Though never as idiosyncratic as surveyors insisted, these were spaces in which instruments, fieldbook inscriptions, and bodies were all highly prone to failure. The ways surveyors managed these failures (both rhetorically and in practice) demonstrate the social performances required to establish credible knowledge in a world in which the senses were scrambled. The resulting tensions reveal an ongoing disconnect in understanding between those displaced not only from London, but also from Calcutta, something insufficiently emphasized in previous histories of colonial science. By focusing on the early nineteenth century, often overlooked in favor of the later period, this article shows the extent to which the scientific, imaginative, and political constitution of the Himalaya was haphazard and contested.
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He, Xie, Kevin S. Burgess, Xue‐Fei Yang, Antje Ahrends, Lian‐Ming Gao, and De‐Zhu Li. "Upward elevation and northwest range shifts for alpine Meconopsis species in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains region." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 7 (March 11, 2019): 4055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5034.
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Xu, Jianzhong, Guangming Yu, Shichang Kang, Shugui Hou, Qianggong Zhang, Jiawen Ren, and Dahe Qin. "Sr-Nd isotope evidence for modern aeolian dust sources in mountain glaciers of western China." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 211 (2012): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog12j006.
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AbstractIn order to apportion the dust sources of mountain glaciers in western China, the Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of insoluble particles were determined in snow samples collected from 13 sites. The combined plot of 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(0) demonstrates a distinctive geographic pattern over western China, which can be classified into three regions from north to south. Samples from the Altai mountains show the lowest 87Sr/86Sr ratio and the highest εNd(0) value, similar to the data of deserts in the north of China such as the Gurbantunggut desert. Samples from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Himalaya show the highest 87Sr/86Sr and lowest εNd(0) values, resembling the local and regional dust sources found in the southern TP and Himalaya-India region. Samples from the Tien Shan and northern Tibetan Plateau exhibit intermediate 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(0) values, similar to the data reported for the northern margin of the TP (NM_TP). However, three sampling sites, JMYZ (Jiemayangzong) located in the Himalaya and ZD (Zadang) and YL (Yulong) located in the southeast TP, presented distinctive Sr-Nd isotopic signatures typical of the NM_TP, suggesting potential long-range and high-altitude dust transport across the TP.
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Rai, Ishwari Datt, Gajendra Singh, and Gopal Singh Rawat. "Anemone trullifolia and Berberis angulosa as new records to the flora of the western Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2018): 11679. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3961.10.5.11679-11682.
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The western Himalaya represent an important and distinct botanical sub-region and biogeographic zone in the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot. There is a long history of floral exploration in this region as compared to the eastern Himalaya; however, recent additions of several species to western Himalayan flora reveal remote areas yet to be explored intensively. The present reports on Anemone trullifolia and Berberis angulosa from the subalpine-alpine areas of western Himalaya also emphasize the need for further exploration. In this article, a brief description of these species is presented along with distribution, ecology, phytogeographical notes and photographs are provided for easy identification.
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Alford, D., and R. Armstrong. "The role of glaciers in stream flow from the Nepal Himalaya." Cryosphere Discussions 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-4-469-2010.
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Abstract. Recent concerns related to the potential impacts of the retreat of Himalayan glaciers on the hydrology of rivers originating in the catchment basins of the Himalaya have been accompanied by few analyses describing the role of glaciers in the hydrologic regime of these mountains. This is, at least in part, a result of the relative inaccessibility of the glaciers of the Himalaya, at altitudes generally between 4000–7000 m, and the extreme logistical difficulties of: 1) reaching the glaciers, and 2) conducting meaningful research once they have been reached. It is apparent that an alternative to traditional "Alpine" glaciology is required in the mountains of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region. The objectives of the study discussed here have been to develop methodologies that will begin to quantify the role of complete glacier systems in the hydrologic regime of the Nepal Himalaya, and to develop estimates of the potential impact of a continued retreat of these glacier, based on the use of disaggregated low-altitude data bases, topography derived from satellite imagery, and simple process models of water and energy exchange in mountain regions. While the extent of mesoscale variability has not been established by studies to date, it is clear that the dominant control on the hydrologic regime of the tributaries to the Ganges Basin from the eastern Himalaya is the interaction between the summer monsoon and the 8000 m of topographic relief represented by the Himalayan wall. All the available evidence indicates that the gradient of specific runoff with altitude resulting from this interaction is moderately to strongly curvilinear, with maximum runoff occurring at mid-altitudes, and minima at the altitudinal extremes. At the upper minimum of this gradient, Himalayan glaciers exist in what has been characterized as an "arctic desert". The methodologies developed for this study involve the relationship between area-altitude distributions of catchment basins and glaciers, based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM3) data and water and energy exchange gradients. Based on these methodologies, it is estimated that the contribution of glacier annual melt water to annual stream flow into the Ganges Basin from the glacierized catchments of the Nepal Himalaya represents approximately 4% of the total annual stream flow volume of the rivers of Nepal, and thus, is a minor component of the annual flow of the Ganges River. The models developed for this study indicate that neither stream flow timing nor volume of the rivers flowing into the Ganges Basin from Nepal will be affected materially by a continued retreat of the glaciers of the Nepal Himalaya.
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Liu, Hai-rui, Qing-bo Gao, Fa-qi Zhang, Gulzar Khan, and Shi-long Chen. "Westwards and northwards dispersal ofTriosteum himalayanum(Caprifoliaceae) from the Hengduan Mountains region based on chloroplast DNA phylogeography." PeerJ 6 (May 11, 2018): e4748. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4748.
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The varying topography and environment that resulted from paleoorogeny and climate fluctuations of the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains (HHM) areas had a considerable impact on the evolution of biota during the Quaternary. To understand the phylogeographic pattern and historical dynamics ofTriosteum himalayanum(Caprifoliaceae), we sequenced three chloroplast DNA fragments (rbcL-accD,rps15-ycf1, andtrnH-psbA) from 238 individuals representing 20 populations. Nineteen haplotypes (H1–H19) were identified based on 23 single-site mutations and eight indels. Most haplotypes were restricted to a single population or neighboring populations. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that variations among populations were much higher than that within populations for the overall gene pool, as well as for the East Himalayan group (EH group) and the North Hengduan group (NHM group), but not for the Hengduan Mountains group (HM group). Ecoregions representing relatively high genetic diversity or high frequencies of private haplotypes were discovered, suggesting that this alpine herbaceous plant underwent enhanced allopatric divergence in isolated and fragmented locations during the Quaternary glaciations. The current phylogeographic structure ofT. himalayanummight be due to heterogeneous habitats and Quaternary climatic oscillations. Based on the phylogeographic structure ofT. himalayanumpopulations, the phylogenetic relationship of identified haplotypes and palaeodistributional reconstruction, we postulated both westwards and northwards expansion from the HM group for this species. The westwards dispersal corridor could be long, narrow mountain areas and/or the Yarlung Zangbo Valley, while the northwards movement path could be south–north oriented mountains and low-elevation valleys.
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YANG, Hu, Chun ZHAN, Mingyuan ZHANG, Tao HE, Jia WANG, and Jun LIANG. "Regional Geological and Tectonic Environment and Evolutionary Characteristics of the Yangbajing-Gedaxiang Basin,Tibet." Chinese Earth Sciences Review 3, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.48014/cesr.20231201001.
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Gedaxiang Basin in Tibet is located in the south-eastern section of Gangdisi structural belt, with a typical geological and tectonic environment and a commonly developed tectonic pattern in plateau area. By studying the structural geological environment of Geda Township area and analyzing its internal geology, it can be seen that: (1) Six large-scale faults developed in the area control the basic geological and tectonic structure of the working area and affect the spatial structure of the area; The fault development direction is mainly north-south, mostly brittle faults at shallow surface level, and a few of them are east-west orientated. Most of the faults in the region are caused by the development of geological and tectonic activities in the Himalayan period, and the ones that developed later are the north-south oriented positive faults formed by the extension movement in the late Himalayan period. (2) There are three periods of tectonic environment evolution in the area of the evolutionary history, since Jurassic: the first period is the late Yanshan period, tectonic activity for the extrusion environment, the formation of north-south fold deformation under the compression environment; The second stage is early to middle mountain stage, which formed large scale EW-trending nappe structure and thrust fault, and the regional stress background is compressional environment. The third stage is the late Alpine stage, forming a series of tectonic systems of grabens and normal faults with SN strike, which were mainly formed by geological activities under the extensional system. The results of this study provide a reference for distinguishing the trace of geological rock group in the tectonic evolution of the Himalayan tectonic period.
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Bobrowsky, Peter, and Nathaniel W. Rutter. "The Quaternary Geologic History of the Canadian Rocky Mountains." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 46, no. 1 (November 23, 2007): 5–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032887ar.
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ABSTRACT The Canadian Rocky Mountains figured prominently during the glacial history of western Canada. First as a western limit or boundary to the Laurentide Ice Sheet, second as an eastern margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and finally as a centre of local Montane ice. Throughout the Quaternary, complex interactions of glacier ice from these three ice sources markedly changed the physical form of the Rocky Mountains, Trench and Foothills areas. Investigations into the Quaternary history of this region have been ongoing since the beginning of the last century. Since about 1950, the number of studies performed in this area have increased significantly. This paper briefly reviews the historical accomplishments of Quaternary work in the region up to the period of about 1950. From this time to the present, individual study efforts are examined in detail according to the three geographic regions: 1) the northern Rocky Mountains (from the Liard Plateau south to the McGregor Plateau), 2) the central Rocky Mountains (from the McGregor Plateau south to the Porcupine Hills) and 3) the southern Rocky Mountains (from the Porcupine Hills south to the international border). In the northern region, geologic data suggest a maximum of two Rocky Mountain glaciations and only one Laurentide glaciation and no ice coalescence. In the central region, three of four Rocky Mountain events, and at least two Laurentide events are known. Only in the central region is there good evidence for ice coalescence, but the timing of this event is not clearly established. In the south, at least three Rocky Mountain episodes and a variable number of Laurentide episodes are recognized. There is no evidence for ice coalescence. A number of facts support the proposal that Cordilleran ice crossed the Continental Divide and joined with local Montane ice at several locations. However, this expansion of western ice occurred before the Late Wisconsinan in all areas but Jasper. In general, the chronological data presented suggest that the Late Wisconsinan glaciation in the Rocky Mountains was a short-lived event which started around or after 20 ka years ago and ended before 12 ka ago.
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Hughes, P. D., J. C. Woodward, and P. L. Gibbard. "Quaternary glacial history of the Mediterranean mountains." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 3 (July 2006): 334–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp481ra.
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Glacial and periglacial landforms are widespread in the mountains of the Mediterranean region. The evidence for glacial and periglacial activity has been studied for over 120 years and it is possible to identify three phases of development in this area of research. First, a pioneer phase characterized by initial descriptive observations of glacial landforms; second, a mapping phase whereby the detailed distribution of glacial landforms and sediments have been depicted on geomorphological maps; and, third, an advanced phase characterized by detailed understanding of the geochronology of glacial sequences using radiometric dating alongside detailed sedimentological and stratigraphical analyses. It is only relatively recently that studies of glaciated mountain terrains in the Mediterranean region have reached an advanced phase and it is now clear from radiometric dating programmes that the Mediterranean mountains have been glaciated during multiple glacial cycles. The most extensive phases of glaciation appear to have occurred during the Middle Pleistocene. This represents a major shift from earlier work whereby many glacial sequences were assumed to have formed during the last cold stage. Glacial and periglacial deposits from multiple Quaternary cold stages constitute a valuable palaeoclimatic record. This is especially so in the Mediterranean mountains, since mountain glaciers in this latitudinal zone would have been particularly sensitive to changes in the global climate system.
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Singh, Arun Pratap, and Gaurav Chand Ramola. "Outbreak and life cycle of the hook tip moth, Deroca inconclusa (Walker,1856) (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae) on Himalayan Dogwood, Cornus capitata Wall. ex Roxb. (Cornaceae) in Garhwal region of Western Himalaya, India." ENTOMON 45, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v45i4.576.
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During the course of survey carried out in Chakrata hills (Chakrata Forest Division, Dehradun district, Uttarakhand (Western Himalaya), sporadic infestation by the hook tip moth, Deroca inconclusa (Walker,1856) (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae : Drepaninae) was recorded on Cornus capitata Wall. ex Roxb. trees in Chakrata Reserve Forest at several locations. Outbreak of the hook tip moth is being reported for the first time from this region along with its life history on C. capitata from the Garhwal region of the Western Himalaya.
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Zhang, Xin, Gao Chen, Yong-peng Ma, Jia Ge, and Wei-bang Sun. "Genetic diversity and population structure of Buddleja crispa Bentham in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region revealed by AFLP." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 58 (February 2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2014.10.015.
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Karna, Manoj Kumar. "A New Historical Approach to Learn the Madheshi People in Nepal." Historical Journal 14, no. 2 (October 4, 2023): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v14i2.59063.
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Nepal is a multicultural country with a different physical geography. The people living in Himalayan; mountain and valley, and in the flat plain/Terai (Madhesh) regions have their mother tongue and even the different dialects in the same Nepali language. Despite the contribution of the Madheshi people in the nation-building and their continuous effort to maintain harmony with the other communities, some ruling people from non-Madheshi communities continuously have been denying their presence by ignoring cultural assimilation in the sectors like history, university texts, media, bureaucracy, security, the power structure in the nation, and so on which creates sometimes unrest and the hostility. The anti-Madheshi narrative used by many historians has left the Madheshi people always a suspicious community in Nepal in terms of nationality for those citizens who are unaware of the truth of Nepali history. So, this academic writing uses new theoretical tools like new historicism with some other marginal theories for the historical truths and to counterfeit the pre-histories to maintain cultural assimilation. It is a qualitative research rendering through historical text, article, theoretical text, and news media to crosscheck the facts of either community of Nepal.
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DiPietro, Joseph A., Alex Pullen, and Michael A. Krol. "Geologic history and thermal evolution in the hinterland region, western Himalaya, Pakistan." Earth-Science Reviews 223 (December 2021): 103817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103817.
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Fidaev, D. T., Yu P. Isomatov, and Kh A. Riskulov. "History of formation of the hercynan structures of the northern Nuratau ridge on the regional background." E3S Web of Conferences 538 (2024): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453803022.
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The geological structure of the Nurata Mountains contains formational rock complexes from the Upper Proterozoic to the Upper Paleozoic, which experienced the Caledonian and Hercynian eras of folding and nappe formation. The history of the development and formation of tectonic structures of the Nurata Mountains is closely connected with the general development of the grandiose region of Central Asia - the Tien Shan folded mountain region.
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Dvivedi, Jyoti, and Sanjay Dvivedi. "A clinical and demographic profile of the cleft lip and palate in Sub-Himalayan India: A hospital-based study." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 45, no. 01 (January 2012): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.96602.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: To study the cleft lip and cleft palate in the poverty stricken Sub-Himalayan Garhwal region of India, being a commonly seen congenital abnormality and scarcity of studies about the demography of cleft in this region. Design: A prospective cohort observational case series was performed on 4657 cleft patients at a Tertiary care Hospital in Dehradun, India, over a period of 5 years. Outcome measures: The authors investigated the differences between age and sex with cleft status and family history of clefts, birth order, religion, socioeconomic status, parent literacy, source of information for treatment, haematological investigations showing the status of infection and coagulation in such children and satisfaction after treatment. Results: Seventy-two percent parents of cleft lip patients were illiterate, and only 8% were graduates, the majority of patients were from the low socioeconomic class. The siblings of 1.1% of the cleft patients had similar deformity. Anemia was seen in 83.16% cases which was commonly microcytic hypochromic type and eosinophilia was seen in 25.50% of cases. In the coagulation profile, International Nationalized Ratio was found to be raised in 52.12%. Almost 95% of the families were fully satisfied by the treatment and results. Conclusion: This study will provide baseline information on the status of these less privileged cleft patients in this mountainous region for future reference to health workers.
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Maharjan, Sanjay Singh, and Naresh Kazi Tamrakar. "Textural and mineralogical maturities and provenance of sands from the Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi, central Nepal." Bulletin of the Department of Geology 22 (December 15, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v22i0.33408.
Full textAbstract:
The Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi in the Central Nepal flows across fold-thrust belts of the Tethys Himalaya, Higher Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, and the Sub-Himalaya, and is located in sub-tropical to humid sub-tropical climatic zone. Within the Higher Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas, a high mountain and hilly region give way the long high-gradient, the Budhi Gandaki Nadi in the northern region. At the southern region within the Sub-Himalayas, having a wide Dun Valley, gives way the long low-gradient Narayani Nadi. Sands from Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi were obtained and analysed for textural maturity and compositional maturity. The textural analyses consisted of determining roundness and sphere city of quartz grains for shape, and determining size of sand for matrix percent and various statistical measures including sorting. The analysis indicates that the textural maturity of the majority of sands lies in sub mature category though few textural inversions are also remarkable. Sands from upstream to downstream stretches of the main stem river show depositional processes by graded suspension in highly turbulent (saltation) current to fluvial tractive current, as confirmed from the C-M patterns.
The compositional variation includes quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, mica, etc. The quartz grain percent slightly increases from the mountains to the lower relief areas. The percent feldspar decreases rapidly whereas the percent rock fragment decreases gradually along the downstream transport of sediment. The Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi sands range from sublitharenite to lithic arenite composition in QFL diagram, and are remarkably poorer in feldspar compared to rock fragment. Among the rock fragments, the high-grade metamorphic rock fragmentsare dominant in the upstream stretch of the main stem Narayani Nadi stretch while the sedimentary lithics are remarkable in the downstream stretch. The QFL plots also show that the studied sands belong to recycled orogeny provenance and agree with the current tectonic setting of the Himalayas. Mineralogically, the sands (MMI=100%–203%) are not as matured as the normal sands. MMI fluctuates along downstream distance due to mixing of sediments from the major tributaries at various places along the main stem river.
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Maharjan, Sanjay Singh, and Naresh Kazi Tamrakar. "Textural and mineralogical maturities and provenance of sands from the Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi, central Nepal." Bulletin of the Department of Geology 22 (December 15, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v22i0.33408.
Full textAbstract:
The Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi in the Central Nepal flows across fold-thrust belts of the Tethys Himalaya, Higher Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, and the Sub-Himalaya, and is located in sub-tropical to humid sub-tropical climatic zone. Within the Higher Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas, a high mountain and hilly region give way the long high-gradient, the Budhi Gandaki Nadi in the northern region. At the southern region within the Sub-Himalayas, having a wide Dun Valley, gives way the long low-gradient Narayani Nadi. Sands from Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi were obtained and analysed for textural maturity and compositional maturity. The textural analyses consisted of determining roundness and sphere city of quartz grains for shape, and determining size of sand for matrix percent and various statistical measures including sorting. The analysis indicates that the textural maturity of the majority of sands lies in sub mature category though few textural inversions are also remarkable. Sands from upstream to downstream stretches of the main stem river show depositional processes by graded suspension in highly turbulent (saltation) current to fluvial tractive current, as confirmed from the C-M patterns.
The compositional variation includes quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, mica, etc. The quartz grain percent slightly increases from the mountains to the lower relief areas. The percent feldspar decreases rapidly whereas the percent rock fragment decreases gradually along the downstream transport of sediment. The Budhi Gandaki-Narayani Nadi sands range from sublitharenite to lithic arenite composition in QFL diagram, and are remarkably poorer in feldspar compared to rock fragment. Among the rock fragments, the high-grade metamorphic rock fragmentsare dominant in the upstream stretch of the main stem Narayani Nadi stretch while the sedimentary lithics are remarkable in the downstream stretch. The QFL plots also show that the studied sands belong to recycled orogeny provenance and agree with the current tectonic setting of the Himalayas. Mineralogically, the sands (MMI=100%–203%) are not as matured as the normal sands. MMI fluctuates along downstream distance due to mixing of sediments from the major tributaries at various places along the main stem river.
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Namgail, Tsewang, Sipke E. van Wieren, and Herbert H. T. Prins. "Distributional congruence of mammalian herbivores in the Trans-Himalayan Mountains." Current Zoology 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.1.116.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Large-scale distribution and diversity patterns of mammalian herbivores, especially less charismatic species in alpine environments remain little understood. We studied distributional congruence of mammalian herbivores in the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh to see if the distributions of less prominent and smaller herbivores can be determined from those of larger and more prominent herbivores like ungulates. Using a similarity index, we assessed shared distributions of species in 20×20 km2grid-cells in an area of about 80,000 km2. We used the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) to classify mammalian herbivores into groups with similar distributions. We then used the G-test of independence to look for statistical significance of the groups obtained. We identified six groups of mammalian herbivores with distributions more similar than expected at random. The largest group was composed of nine species whereas the other large group comprised six species. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), used to relate the groups with environmental features, showed that the largest group occurred in higher and flatter areas, while the other large group occurred in lower and steeper areas. Large herbivores like ungulates can be used as surrogate for less prominent small herbivores while identifying areas for latter’s protection in the inaccessible mountainous regions of the Trans-Himalaya.
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Schmidt, Ruth Laila. "The Transformation of a Naga Prince Tale." Archiv orientální 81, no. 1 (May 12, 2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.81.1.1-15.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyses a traditional folktale recorded in the Shina language of Indus Kohistan in Pakistan. The tale features as its main protagonist an intelligent, resourceful and courageous woman. Other versions of the tale can be found in Kashmir, the Western Himalayas and the Panjab, but these either do not have a female protagonist, or do not give such a prominent role to the heroine. This strong depiction of female agency contrasts with the subordinate role of women in Kohistani society, who are relegated to domestic and agricultural work – a role which has been reinforced by the Islamic beliefs of the Deobandi sect. Most versions of the story describe a supernatural serpent that turns into a prince or brings fortune to its rescuer. In the Kohistani tale, this magic serpent is interpreted as a mountain fairy, thus linking the tale to pre-Islamic beliefs found in the region of the Hindu Kush, defined as “Peristan” by Alberto and Augusto Cacopardo (Gates of Peristan. History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush, 2001). At the same time, many devices are used to give the story a more acceptably Islamic flavor.
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Singh, Amrita, Rakesh K. Ranjan, and Uttam Lal. "Snow Cover Area Changes in the Changme Khangpu Basin during 2002-2019, North Sikkim Himalaya, India." Journal of Climate Change 7, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc210009.
Full textAbstract:
The Himalayan region is characterised by snow-covered mountains and glacierised basins which directly or indirectly regulates many large to small rivers downstream. To simulate and forecast stream-flow in these glacierised basins, an accurate snow cover area (SCA) estimation is of utmost importance. The present study assesses the snow cover dynamics (monthly, annual and seasonal) in the Changme Khangpu Basin (CKB) for almost two decades, from 2002 to 2019. The spatial and temporal variations in the SCA have been estimated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) 8-day maximum composite snow cover products from Terra (MOD10A2). Further, the SCA change has been compared with a remotely sensed meteorological parameter like temperature. The result shows a decreasing trend in annual mean SCA of the basin in the last two decades and an increase in seasonal mean SCA in the ablation period (May, June, July, August and September), whereas a decrease in seasonal mean SCA in accumulation period has been observed. The seasonal change in SCA will help in estimating the availability of water in the region for the people residing downward in the valley.
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Wu, Zhonghai, Patrick J. Barosh, Guanghao Ha, Xin Yao, Yongqiang Xu, and Jie Liu. "Damage induced by the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake in the Tibetan border region of China and increased post-seismic hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 873–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-873-2019.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The seismic effects in Nyalam, Gyirong, Tingri and Dinggye counties along the southern border of Tibet were investigated during 2–8 May 2015, a week after the great Nepal earthquake along the Main Himalaya Thrust. The intensity was VIII in the region and reached IX at two towns on the Nepal border, resulting in the destruction of 2700 buildings, seriously damaging over 40 000 others, while killing 27 people and injuring 856 in this sparsely populated region. The main geologic effects in this steep rugged region are collapses, landslides, rockfalls, and ground fissures, many of which are reactivations of older land slips. These did great damage to the buildings, roads, and bridges in the region. Most of the effects are along four incised valleys which are controlled by N-trending rifts and contain rivers that pass through the Himalaya Mountains and flow into Nepal; at least two of the larger aftershocks occurred along the normal faults. And, the damage is not related to the faulting of N-trending rifts but rather is distributed along the intensity of Nepal earthquake. Areas weakened by the earthquake pose post-seismic hazards. Another main characteristic of damage is the recurrence of the old landslide and rockfalls. In addition, there is an increased seismic hazard along active N-trending grabens in southern Tibet due to the shift in stress resulting from the thrust movement that caused the Nepal earthquake. NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults also may be susceptible to movement. The results of the findings are incorporated in some principle recommendations for the repair and reconstruction after the earthquake.