Journal articles on the topic 'Himalaya Mountains Region – Economic conditions'
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1
Qamer, F. M., S. N. Pd Shah, M. S. R. Murthy, T. Baidar, K. Dhonju, and B. G. Hari. "Operationalizing crop monitoring system for informed decision making related to food security in Nepal." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1325-2014.
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In Nepal, two thirds of the total population depend on agriculture for their livelihoods and more than one third of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) comes from the agriculture sector. However, effective agriculture production across the country remains a serious challenge due to various factors, such as a high degree of spatial and temporal climate variability, irrigated and rain-fed agriculture systems, farmers' fragile social and economic fabric, and unique mountain practices. ICIMOD through SERVIR-Himalaya initiative with collaboration of Ministry of Agricultural Development (MoAD) is working on developing a comprehensive crop monitoring system which aims to provide timely information on crop growth and drought development conditions. This system analyzes historical climate and crop conditions patterns and compares this data with the current growing season to provide timely assessment of crop growth. Using remote sensing data for vegetation indices, temperature and rainfall, the system generated anomaly maps are inferred to predict the increase or shortfall in production. Comparisons can be made both spatially and in graphs and figures at district and Village Developmental Committee (VDC) levels. Timely information on possible anomaly in crop production is later used by the institutions like Ministry of Agricultural Development, Nepal and World Food Programme, Nepal to trigger appropriate management response. Future potential includes integrating data on agricultural inputs, socioeconomics, demographics, and transportation to holistically assess food security in the region served by SERVIR-Himalaya.
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Rai, Raju, Yili Zhang, Basanta Paudel, and Narendra Khanal. "Status of Farmland Abandonment and Its Determinants in the Transboundary Gandaki River Basin." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195267.
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Farmland abandonment is a common phenomenon worldwide, including in the Gandaki River Basin (GRB) in the central Himalayas. This study examined the status of farmland abandonment, along with its trends and determinants, based primarily on interviews with 639 households in different physiographic regions: Mountain, Hill, Tarai and Gangetic Plain (GP). Binary logistic regression was used to examine the contributions of various factors of farmland abandonment. The results indicate that nearly 48%, 15%, 4%, and 16% of total farmland (khet and bari) in the Mountain, Hill, Tarai and GP regions, respectively, has been abandoned. Such differences in the proportion of farmland abandonment among the regions are mainly due to variations in biophysical conditions, agricultural productivity, access to infrastructure facilities, off-farm employment opportunities, and the occurrence of natural hazards. The major determinants for farmland abandonment were also found to vary within the region. Distance from market centers to residence, reduction in the labor force as a result of migration, and household head age were found to be significant factors in farmland abandonment in the Mountain region. Similarly, in the Hill region, eight significant factors were identified: distance from market centers to residence, distance from residence to farmland, lack of irrigation facilities (p = 0.004), reduction in labor force (p = 0.000), household head occupation, lack of training for household head and size of bari land. Household head occupation and household head age were found to play significant roles for farmland abandonment in the Tarai region. In the GP region, distance to market centers and lack of irrigation facilities had positive relationships with farmland abandonment. It is suggested that specific policies addressing the differences in physiographic region, such as horticulture and agroforestry for the Mountain and Hill regions and crop diversification and the adaptation of drought tolerant species with improvement in irrigation systems for the GP region, need to be formulated and implemented in order to utilize the abandoned farmland and have environmental, economic, and sustainable benefits.
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Naithani, S., P. K. Champati ray, and R. C. Joshi. "A MULTI PARAMETRIC MICRO-LEVEL VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR MOUNTAIN HABITAT: A CASE EXAMPLE FROM BHILANGANA BLOCK, UTTARAKHAND HIMALAYA, INDIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W8 (August 21, 2019): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w8-267-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Although vulnerability is a relatively simple concept reflecting the degree of harm or adverse impacts on an individual, group or a system due to hazards, its implementation is rather complex due to underlying social, economic and physical dimensions of vulnerability along with coping capacity. This complex problem is addressed through a multi hazard vulnerability assessment model at a smallest human habitat i.e., village level in Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, India. The model can be effectively upscaled to higher administrative levels to present a multi-scalar view of the state of vulnerability in one of the worst disaster affected regions in India. It was tested for Bhilangana block of Uttarakhand state (India) set in multi-hazard prone North-west Himalaya. The analysis included elements of population, buildings and road infrastructure measured across dimensions of physical, social and economic conditions. A total of 32 factors were used to define vulnerability; data was normalized and aggregated to obtain a single index value for each village. Each component and overall comparative vulnerability were estimated using k-means clustering, where natural clusters of villages with similar vulnerability emerged as one class. Results show that remotely located villages like Pinswar, Gainwali, Banoli and Gangi exhibit highest vulnerability to multi-hazards. Least vulnerable villages are clustered around local business or tourist centres. The results highlight the spatial variation of vulnerability and its causative factors which are crucial for introducing appropriate policy measures to strengthen villages that are high on vulnerability parameters.</p>
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Ogra, M. V., and R. Badola. "Gender and climate change in the Indian Hindu-Kush Himalayas: global threats, local vulnerabilities." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 5, no. 2 (November 11, 2014): 1491–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-5-1491-2014.
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Abstract. Global climate change has numerous implications for members of mountain communities who feel the impacts in both physical and social dimensions. In the Western Himalayas of India, a majority of residents maintain a livelihood strategy that includes a combination of subsistence or small-scale agriculture, seasonal pastoral migration, male out-migration, and localized natural resource extraction. Particularly under conditions of heavy male outmigration, but throughout the region, mountain women play a key role in providing labor and knowledge related to the management of local natural resources, yet often lack authority in related political and economic decision-making processes. This gap has important implications for addressing the impacts of climate change: while warming temperatures, irregular patterns of precipitation and snowmelt, and changing biological systems present challenges to the viability of these traditional livelihood portfolios throughout the region, mountain women increasingly face new challenges in their roles as household managers that have not adequately been emphasized in larger scale planning for climate change adaptation and mitigation. These challenges are complex in nature, and are shaped not only by gender issues but also interacting factors such as class, caste, ethnicity, and age (among others). In this paper, we review the main arguments behind the discursive gender/climate change nexus, discuss the implications for gendered vulnerabilities and transformation of adaptive capacities in the region, and suggest ways that researchers and policymakers seeking to promote "climate justice" can benefit from the incorporation of gender-based perspectives and frameworks.
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Gruber, Stephan, Renate Fleiner, Emilie Guegan, Prajjwal Panday, Marc-Olivier Schmid, Dorothea Stumm, Philippus Wester, Yinsheng Zhang, and Lin Zhao. "Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2017): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017.
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Abstract. The cryosphere reacts sensitively to climate change, as evidenced by the widespread retreat of mountain glaciers. Subsurface ice contained in permafrost is similarly affected by climate change, causing persistent impacts on natural and human systems. In contrast to glaciers, permafrost is not observable spatially and therefore its presence and possible changes are frequently overlooked. Correspondingly, little is known about permafrost in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region, despite permafrost area exceeding that of glaciers in nearly all countries. Based on evidence and insight gained mostly in other permafrost areas globally, this review provides a synopsis on what is known or can be inferred about permafrost in the mountains of the HKH region. Given the extreme nature of the environment concerned, it is to be expected that the diversity of conditions and phenomena encountered in permafrost exceed what has previously been described and investigated. We further argue that climate change in concert with increasing development will bring about diverse permafrost-related impacts on vegetation, water quality, geohazards, and livelihoods. To better anticipate and mitigate these effects, a deepened understanding of high-elevation permafrost in subtropical latitudes as well as the pathways interconnecting environmental changes and human livelihoods are needed.
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Dovbenko, Svitlana. "Mountains Unite." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 1, no. 2-3 (December 22, 2014): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.1.2-3.53-55.
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Schools in the Ukrainian Carpathian mountain region work in specific conditions. Theyhave original traditions, a special nature of learning and work. Indeed, because of a remotelocation mountain village school becomes the center for a cultural and spiritual life. Of course, it isrelated to a present social and economic situation in the country and a slow progress of society.Therefore, we need to look at mountain school with a broader angle, help it in comprehensivedevelopment of an individual and ensure an availability of quality education for children living inmountainous areas. Here we should talk about learning as well as laying the foundations for a lifesuccess. The international research project Mountain School. Status. Problems. Prospects forDevelopment. Is established to help solve these problems. Precarpathian National University is anactive member of the project
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Lal, Mohan, Vaseem Ahmad, and Kevla Nand. "A Geographical Study of Rural Out migration and Demographic Changes in Hilly State Uttarakhand." Disaster Advances 15, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1501da3034.
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Migration and demographic changes are the major concerns of population geography. However, in other social disciplines, different aspects of migration and demographic changes are studied based on the subject's basic principles. The present study examines linkages between rural out-migration and demographic patterns (changes) in Himalayan State Uttarakhand where subsistence agriculture constitutes the main source of food and rural livelihoods although the availability of arable land is severely limited and crop productivity is very low. The constraints of the subsistence economy and basic facilities compel a large proportion of the adult male population to out migrate from the mountain region in search of livelihoods, employment and basic requirements. Hilly region of Uttarakhand has approximately 48% population with 86.08 km2 geographical area while 52 % population of the State resides in very low geographical area which is 13.93 km2.Also, the lack of basic facilities (communication, transportation, healthcare facilities, educational and recreational facilities), changing climatic conditions and natural disasters are becoming the major reasons for outbound migration of the rural working population. As per an analysis, the rate of population growth in 11 districts of the State has rapidly increased while two regions Pauri Garhwal and Almora have noted a negative decadal growth, with Pauri Garhwal, Rudraprayag and Pithoragarh having the highest number of uninhabited villages in Uttarakhand. Generally, negative growth affects growth, the demographic composition and population distribution as well as social, cultural and economic activities.
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Gamble, Ruth. "How dams climb mountains: China and India’s state-making hydropower contest in the Eastern-Himalaya watershed." Thesis Eleven 150, no. 1 (February 2019): 42–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513619826204.
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The dam rush in the upper-Brahmaputra River basin and local, minority resistance to it are the result of complex geopolitical and parochial causes. India and China’s competing claims for sovereignty over the watershed depend upon British and Qing Dynasty imperial precedents respectively. And the two nation-states have extended and enhanced their predecessors’ claims on the area by continuing to erase local sovereignty, enclose the commons, and extract natural resources on a large scale. Historically, the upper basin’s terrain forestalled the thorough integration of this region into both nation-states, but recent technological and economic advances have enabled the two states and their agents to dramatically transformed these landscapes. Many of their projects have perpetuated the interventionist hydrological regimes that India and China also inherited from their imperial forebears. Nevertheless, as with their definition of their borders, neither state has highlighted this historical contingency. Instead, both governments have consistently presented their hydropower projects as shining examples of necessary and benevolent development. Their economy-focused, monolithic development paradigms have, not coincidently, also enabled the systemic side-lining of non-majority cultures, religions and histories. The combination of this cultural exclusion and the nation-states’ late integration of this peripheral region has laid the ground for conflict with local groups over the dam rush. Local identities and experiences have evolved around complex religious, cultural and trade networks, many of which were heavily influenced by the now-defunct Tibetan polity, rather than via modern Chinese and Indian nationalist discourses of development. The dam clashes highlight both the basin’s complex cultural matrixes and the ambiguous relationship Asia’s two most populous nation-states have with their respective imperial pasts. And as the situation remains unresolved, the watershed is an ecological catastrophe in waiting.
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Nuriyev, Mahammad, Jeyhun Mammadov, Aziz Nuriyev, and Joshgun Mammadov. "Selection of Renewables for Economic Regions with Diverse Conditions: The Case of Azerbaijan." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 2, 2022): 12548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912548.
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The objective of this paper is to study the specifics of the selection of renewables for regions of Azerbaijan with diverse conditions. Information is obtained through the analysis of the regions’ conditions and experts’ opinions. Analysis reveals that geographical position, diversity of natural resources, and a variety of other factors of the five economic regions of the country require subdivision of these regions in the selection of renewables. Given that the selection of renewables is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) task under a high degree of uncertainty, Z-number-based models have been developed, and Z-extension of the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method has been used. Solutions have been derived based on direct calculations with Z-numbers. In this paper, results obtained for two regions are presented. In the case of one region, for the first part (mountains and foothill) of the Karabakh economic region, renewables are ranked as hydro, solar, and wind. For the second part (plain), the ranking is as follows: solar, hydro, and wind. For the Guba-Khachmaz economic region, the rankings of renewables for parts of the region are also different: the wind is preferable for the seaside, and solar is more appropriate for the foothills. Results show that in the case of uneven distribution of renewables and significant differences in factors influencing decision-making, it is necessary to subdivide economic regions and use different models for the selection of renewables.
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Breiter, Karel. "800 years of mining activity and 450 years of geological research in the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge Mountains, Central Europe." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais 9, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v9i1.540.
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For over 800 years the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge Mountains were one of the most important European mining districts and source of Ag, Sn-W, As-Co-Ni, Pb-Zn, and U. The growth of mining activities set the conditions for the appearance of the first geological maps, printing of technical books and foundation of the first mining high school. Economic geology itself developed and established as a distinct discipline right there in the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge Mountains. Several chemical elements, namely U, Bi, W, Rb, In, Ge, Ra, Po, were discovered in ores or minerals from that region. More recently, based on extensive research database, evolutionary models of some types of granite-related deposits were also developed in this region.
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Antriyandarti, E., U. Barokah, and W. Rahayu. "Sustaining food security in the Karst Mountains through increasing household income: a case study of Gunungkidul Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1107, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012091.
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Abstract One of the poverty areas in Indonesia is in Gunungkidul district, an arid area in the karst mountain area. The scarcity of surface water is the main obstacle to economic development activities in the Karst Mountains of Gunungkidul, especially for agriculture and animal husbandry. The vulnerability of nature, agro-climate, and geographical conditions are not suitable for agricultural economic activities. The income of the agricultural community in the karst mountain area is minimal, which causes high poverty. The highly volatile rainfall in the region and extreme climate change can be destructive. Hence, poverty occurs in Gunungkidul, where dry land and Karst Mountains dominate geographical conditions exacerbate this condition. This study investigates the pattern of household expenditure and analyzes the factors that increase household income. This study applied descriptive analysis and income determination function. The results showed that more than half of household expenditure was for food needs. Non-farming activities have a high contribution to household income. Therefore, to increase household income, households must engage in off-farm jobs. The higher the household income, the food security will be sustained.
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Lata, Manju. "Medicinal and indigenous use of Morchella esculenta for socio-economic development of tehsil Thunag /Seraj block, district Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.1/51-57.
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Inhabitants of the Seraj valley largely depend on wild herbs for medicine, food and for economy. As the valley is the rich repository of wild medicinal herbs. Present study was carried out in theThunag Tehsil ( 31.55°N , 77.17°E) at an altitude of 2052m, of district Mandi (31.5892°N,76.9182°E). Morchella esculenta commonly known as growing gold of mountains because it fetch good price in market. Favourable environmental conditions like thick coniferous forest, loamy soil rich in humus, high altitude, cool climate. All these conditions favour the natural growth of this fungus. It is found in coniferous forest habitat at a height of about 2500-3500 m. It is commonly found as a mycorrhizal or saprobic relationship with hardwood and coniferous trees. Its growing season is from March to July. It contains carbohydrates, proteins, fibres, all important vitamins, minerals and aromatic compounds. Due to its unique flavour, taste and texture it is used in different recipes all over the world. It contains a wide range of pharmacological properties which includes antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, it also acts as an immune-stimulant due to the presence of various active constituents.The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional, medicinal and judicious use of this herb for socio-economic development of study area.
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Ibrahim, Hamid Mohammed. "The Importance of The Species of Genus Pine Scattered in The Mediterranean Region." Tikrit journal for agricultural sciences 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.22.2.17.
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Economic and useful forest trees belong to the group of Gymnospermae. This class includes four orders. One of the largest and most important order is Coniferales, to which belong 550 species spread all over the world. This order concentrated in the northern hemisphere, especially in cold regions. It grows in poor soils and has the ability to adapt to harsh environmental conditions. It also produces good timber for various purposes. For these reasons, there was great interest to study it in natural forests. One of the largest families under this order is Pinaceae. This family includes nine genera with up to 210 species. Pinus L. is considered one of the most important and largest genus, which contains more than 90 species. Its plants are found in cold and temperate regions. However, in hot areas, it is found only on high mountains. Brutian pine spreads at different altitudes (0 - 1600 meters) above sea level. It grows naturally in Iraq including the governorates of Nineveh and Dohuk. Particularly, areas such as Zawita and Atrush are involved. Pine spreads in cold and temperate regions. In the Arab world, there are types of pine and it is found in the mountains of the Levant. It is found in the regions of Mount Lebanon Matn, Kesrouan, Chouf and Aley, in Syria in the mountains of Lattakia and Mount Aleppo, and in the Syrian forest areas, and it is found in northern and central Palestine and Jordan. In the Maghreb, it is found in the forests northwest of Tunisia, in the mountains of Algeria and the Moroccan countryside, and is found in the areas adjacent to the city of Al-Bayda.
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Ahmad, Khalil. "GEOGRAPHIC, HISTORIC, POLITICAL, RIPARIAN, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT LEAD TO PAKISTAN AS A LAND OF PENTA MESOPOTAMIA." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 01 (March 31, 2022): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.656.
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The research aims to investigate Pakistan’s geographic, historic, political, riparian, and socio-economic factors that lead to Pakistan as a Land of Penta Mesopotamia. Pakistan is situated in South Asia along the coast of Arabian Sea, bordering Afghanistan in west, China in north, Iran in southwest, Arabian Sea in South and Hindustan (India) lies in the east. Historically, the land of Pakistan has been the host of Neolithic period’s South Asian multi Indus valley civilization (IVC) that includes Gandhara, Harappan, Mehrgarh, Mohenjo-Daro, Takht-i-Bahi and Texila civilizations that emerged during 3,300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Muslim Civilizations emerged from 712 to 1857 and British colonial culture also developed from 1857-1947 in this area. The Indus valley civilization flourished parallel to the Mesopotamian civilizations. Mesopotamian civilization includes the Assyrian and Babylonian Civilization that emerged in Iraq in between the two rivers of Euphrates and Tigris from 3,100 B.C. to 332 B.C. and is referred to the “Cradle of Civilizations”. Since Mesopotamian civilization attracted all the ancient civilizations in West Asia to nourish because of its friendly ecological environments, fertile land and rich alluvium soils. Pakistan’s geography also attracted the Indus valley civilizations that emerged in the confluence of seven perennial rivers i.e. Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum, Indus, Swat and Kabul rivers, credited as the “Cradle of South Asian Indus valley Civilizations”. Pakistan’s strategic location in the region, her favorable ecosystem for biodiversity, favorable multi seasons, fertile land, friendly ecological conditions, rich agricultural environment, rich alluvium soils, strategic multiple riparian potentials that originate from Himalayan, Karakorum, and Hindu-Kush mountain ranges, remained lucrative for South Asian Indus valley civilizations. Pakistan’s geography also remained very attractive to the sub regions of Asia i.e. Central, South and West Asia because it has provided and has been providing the Mesopotamians agrarian transit economy to landlocked countries of Afghanistan and Central Asian States from the shortest possible sea route of Arabian Sea and visa-vi to oil rich states of Middle East via China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Mesopotamian’s cultural, ecological, geographic, historic, riparian, socio-economic, socio-political equilibrium and similar factors are founded in the Indus valley civilizations that erect the sufficient evidence to prove that “Pakistan is a Land of Penta Mesopotamia”. Keywords: Civilizations, Confluence, Fertile land, Mesopotamia, Riparian potentials.
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Weilin, Ma, and Hu Ruji. "Relationship Between the Development of Depth Hoar and Avalanche Release in the Tian Shan Mountains, China." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 122 (1990): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000005529.
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AbstractIn spring and winter, there is a considerable amount of solid precipitation in the western part of the Tian Shan mountains. Avalanches frequently occur here, and often endanger national economic construction and human life. Observation shows that the avalanche occurrences are closely related to the physical characteristics of the snow, especially to the development of depth hoar in the snow cover. The conditions for the development of depth hoar are determined by thickness of the snow cover, air temperature, ground-temperature regime, and the duration of negative temperatures. The results of this study have revealed that the optimum depth of snow cover for the development of depth hoar is about 80 cm in the Tian Shan mountains, and the mean maximum depth of the snow cover in this region is 78 cm. Therefore, depth hoar develops extraordinarily well. The thickness of depth hoar can reach more than 80% of the total snow-cover depth. That is one of the main reasons why avalanches still occur frequently under the conditions of a limited snow-cover depth in the western part of the Tian Shan mountains.
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Weilin, Ma, and Hu Ruji. "Relationship Between the Development of Depth Hoar and Avalanche Release in the Tian Shan Mountains, China." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 122 (1990): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000005529.
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AbstractIn spring and winter, there is a considerable amount of solid precipitation in the western part of the Tian Shan mountains. Avalanches frequently occur here, and often endanger national economic construction and human life. Observation shows that the avalanche occurrences are closely related to the physical characteristics of the snow, especially to the development of depth hoar in the snow cover. The conditions for the development of depth hoar are determined by thickness of the snow cover, air temperature, ground-temperature regime, and the duration of negative temperatures. The results of this study have revealed that the optimum depth of snow cover for the development of depth hoar is about 80 cm in the Tian Shan mountains, and the mean maximum depth of the snow cover in this region is 78 cm. Therefore, depth hoar develops extraordinarily well. The thickness of depth hoar can reach more than 80% of the total snow-cover depth. That is one of the main reasons why avalanches still occur frequently under the conditions of a limited snow-cover depth in the western part of the Tian Shan mountains.
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Nepal, Santosh, Saurav Pradhananga, Narayan Kumar Shrestha, Sven Kralisch, Jayandra P. Shrestha, and Manfred Fink. "Space–time variability in soil moisture droughts in the Himalayan region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1761–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1761-2021.
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Abstract. Soil water is a major requirement for biomass production and, therefore, one of the most important factors for agriculture productivity. As agricultural droughts are related to declining soil moisture, this paper examines soil moisture drought in the transboundary Koshi River basin (KRB) in the central Himalayan region. By applying the J2000 hydrological model, daily spatially distributed soil moisture is derived for the entire basin over a 28-year period (1980–2007). A multi-site and multi-variable approach – streamflow data at one station and evapotranspiration data at three stations – was used for the calibration and validation of the J2000 model. In order to identify drought conditions based on the simulated soil moisture, the soil moisture deficit index (SMDI) was then calculated, considering the derivation of actual soil moisture from long-term soil moisture on a weekly timescale. To spatially subdivide the variations in soil moisture, the river basin is partitioned into three distinct geographical regions, namely trans-Himalaya, the mountains, and the plains. Further, the SMDI is aggregated temporally to four seasons – winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon – based on wetness and dryness patterns observed in the study area. This has enabled us to look at the magnitude, extent, and duration of soil moisture drought. The results indicated that the J2000 model can simulate the hydrological processes of the basin with good accuracy. Considerable variation in soil moisture was observed in the three physiographic regions and across the four seasons due to high variation in precipitation and temperature conditions. The year 1992 was the driest year and 1998 was the wettest at the basin scale in both magnitude and duration. Similarly, the year 1992 also has the highest number of weeks under drought. Comparing the SMDI with the standardised precipitation index (SPI) suggested that SMDI can reflect a higher variation in drought conditions than SPI. Our results suggested that both the occurrence and severity of droughts have increased in the Koshi River basin over the last 3 decades, especially in the winter and pre-monsoon seasons. The insights provided into the frequency, spatial coverage, and severity of drought conditions can provide valuable contributions towards an improved management of water resources and greater agricultural productivity in the region.
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Ahmad, Maqbool, Khadim Hussain, Jawad Nasir, Zhongwei Huang, Khan Alam, Samreen Liaquat, Peng Wang, et al. "Air Quality Assessment along China-Pakistan Economic Corridor at the Confluence of Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindukush." Atmosphere 13, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121994.
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Recently, analyses of the air quality in Pakistan have received significant interest, especially regarding the impact of air pollutant concentrations on human health. The Atlas of Baseline Environmental Profiling along the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) at five locations in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) is a major landmark in this regard due to the presence of massive glaciers in the region, which are considered as water reserves for the country. Using various statistical measurements, the air quality was analyzed at the studied geographic locations. Further, air quality was evaluated based on air pollutant data acquired from ambient air monitoring laboratories. For example, 24 h concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) were found to range from 25.4 to 60.1 µg/m3, with peaks in the winter season at Gilgit. It was found that PM2.5 values were 1.7 and 1.3 times greater than National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) standards only at Gilgit and Chilas, respectively, and 1.5 to 4 times greater than the World Health Organization (WHO) standards at all locations. Similarly, PM2.5 concentrations were found to range from 31.4 to 63.9 µg/m3, peaking at Chilas in summer 2020. The observed values were 1.1 to 1.8 times and 2 to 4.2 times greater than the NEQS and WHO standards, respectively, at all locations. In addition, the average peaks of black carbon (BC) were measured at Gilgit, both in winter (16.21 µg/m3) and summer (7.83 µg/m3). These elevated levels could be attributed to the use of heavy diesel vehicles, various road activities and different meteorological conditions. Pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and ozone (O3) were found to be within NEQS and WHO limits. Based on air quality metrics, the effect of PM2.5 on air quality was found to be moderate in Sost, Hunza and Jaglot, while it was at unhealthy levels at Gilgit and Chilas in the winter of 2019; moderate levels were observed at Sost while unhealthy levels were detected at the remaining locations in the summer of 2020. There are no specific guidelines for BC. However, it is associated with PM2.5, which was found to be a major pollutant at all locations. The concentrations of CO, SO2 and O3 were found to be at safe levels at all locations. The major fraction of air masses is received either locally or from transboundary emissions. This study demonstrates that PM2.5 and BC are the major and prevailing air pollutants within the study region, while other air pollutants were found to be within the permissible limits of the WHO and NEQS.
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Carter, Vachel A., Jacqueline J. Shinker, and Jonathon Preece. "Drought and vegetation change in the central Rocky Mountains and western Great Plains: potential climatic mechanisms associated with megadrought conditions at 4200 cal yr BP." Climate of the Past 14, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 1195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1195-2018.
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Abstract. Droughts are a naturally re-occurring phenomena that result in economic and societal losses. Yet, the most historic droughts that occurred in the 1930s and 1950s in the Great Plains and western United States were both shorter in duration and less severe than megadroughts that have plagued the region in the past. Roughly 4200 years ago, a ∼150-year long megadrought occurred in the central Rocky Mountains, as indicated by sedimentary pollen evidence documenting a brief and unique change in vegetation composition from Long Lake, southeastern Wyoming. Neighbouring the central Rocky Mountains, several dune fields reactivated in the western Great Plains around this time period illustrating a severe regional drought. While sedimentary pollen provides evidence of past drought, paleoecological evidence does not provide context for the climate mechanisms that may have caused the drought. Thus, a modern climate analogue technique was applied to the sedimentary pollen and regional dune reactivation evidence identified from the region to provide a conceptual framework for exploring possible mechanisms responsible for the observed ecological changes. The modern climate analogues of 2002/2012 illustrate that warm and dry conditions persisted through the growing season and were associated with anomalously higher-than-normal geopotential heights centred over the Great Plains. In the spring, higher-than-normal heights suppressed moisture transport via the low-level jet from the Gulf of Mexico creating a more southwesterly component of flow. In the summer, higher-than-normal heights persisted over the northern Great Plains resulting in a wind shift with an easterly component of flow, drawing in dry continental air into the study region. In both cases, lower-than-normal moisture in the atmosphere (via 850 mbar specific humidity) inhibited uplift and potential precipitation. Thus, if the present scenario existed during the 4.2 ka drought, the associated climatic responses are consistent with local and regional proxy data suggesting regional drought conditions in the central Rocky Mountains and western Great Plains.
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Kalov, R. O., T. H. Toguzaev, and G. A. Bekarov. "ESTIMATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF INCLUDING THE MALKINSKY IRON ORE DEPOSIT IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ECONOMIC FRAME." EurasianUnionScientists 5, no. 8(77) (September 16, 2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.5.77.990.
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An adaptive economic framework is being designed within the framework of an ecological-economic zone with specified properties in the mountains of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (KBR), designed by the authors. Among the tasks in this direction is the search and assessment of functionally unencumbered natural conditions and resources of the region. Among the reserves not involved in economic activity, an important place is occupied by the Malkinskoe deposit of naturally alloyed iron ores. The purpose of the study is to probe the relevance of the issue for management structures and business, a preliminary assessment of the possibility of embedding the considered field in the constructed economic framework of the republic. In accordance with the designated goal, the following tasks have been set: - study of archival materials from Giprozem on the iron ore deposit for the purpose of realizing its technical and economic potential in relation to the conditions of modern market realities; - conducting field geophysical studies to test the author's hypothesis about a larger area of distribution of the serpentinite massif; - clarification of the mineralogical form of nickel in the ore and the identification of regularities in the distribution of alloying impurities in the open part of the ore strata; - assessment of the current intensity of contact of exposed ore layers with mountain streams.
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Xue, Dong Jian, Zheng Wei He, and Xiang Dong Zheng. "The Distribution Regularity of Geohazard in the Dry-Hot Valley of Jinsha River: Case Study in Derong County." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 5754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5754.
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Derong County is located in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in southern part of Sichuan Province, in the upper of the Jinsha River, where there is a subtropical plateau monsoon climate, abundant sunshine, and large amount of evaporation, so it is a typical dry-hot valleys region. Derong County is the area of more ups and downs in the terrain, deep valleys, steep mountains, complex geological conditions, intense tectonic activity, various climate types, and has obvious vertical zone effect by temperature, serious physical weathering of rock, and landslide, debris flow, collapse and other geohazards are easily induced under the influence of rainfall and human engineering activities. These geohazards have brought serious harm to the people's lives and property, and have a great impact on the socio-economic development. Through the analysis of geohazards in the study area to investigate its distribution and development trends, this paper provide a basis for geohazard prevention and economic development.
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Falovych, Natalіia, Volodymyr Falovich, Oksana Shevchuk, Pavlo Popovich, Pavlo Progniy, and Vasil Melnichenko. "Logistics Infrastructure of Ternopil Region." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences 2, no. 5(36) (2022): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2022.5(36).2.274-283.
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A study of the transport network of Ternopil region was conducted. The existing transport network for all types of transport operating in the region, in particular, railway, road, aviation, river, pipeline in terms of traffic volumes is analyzed. The dynamics of passenger traffic in the region by mode of transport in the period from 2016 to 2020 is analyzed and conclusions are drawn on its operation. An analysis of the volume of freight traffic in the Ternopil region by mode of transport in the period 2016-2020. The transport industry is characterized in terms of railway, automobile, aviation and pipeline complex in terms of the availability of fleet, stations, waiting rooms and other necessary infrastructure. The logistics infrastructure of Ternopil region is represented by rail, road, river, pipeline and air transport. The main factors that reflect the peculiarities of the formation of transport infrastructure of Ternopil region are as follows: 1. Location in the center of the Western region of Ukraine, as well as proximity to the borders with EU countries provides a unique economic and geographical position of the region. 2. Favorable physical-geographical and favorable natural and climatic conditions for the development of transport infrastructure (most of the region is a flat area, only in the north are the Kremenets Mountains). 3. Availability of the required amount of transport, warehousing infrastructure, communication lines and power lines. 4.The economic potential of the region contributes to the development of transport infrastructure that provides transportation of passengers and raw materials, finished products in the required volumes. 5. International transport highways pass through the region, which contributes to the development of the infrastructure of the surrounding areas. 6. Proximity to major centers of business cooperation and border cities. Railway transport in Ternopil region is widely used in both domestic and international relations. In 2020, its share in the structure of freight turnover was 22%, and passenger turnover - 2%. If we compare these data with the volume of traffic in 2016 (24% and 7%, respectively), we can conclude that the quarantine restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic have a significant impact on the volume of rail transport.
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Baldan, T., P. Myagmardulam, Т. Ankhbayar, D. Jambatsadmid, and B. Khosbayar. "Research results on the use of frozen yak sperm." Grand Altai Research & Education / Наука и образование Большого Алтая, no. 1(17) (July 11, 2022): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25712/astu.2410-485x.2022.01.008.
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Mongolians have specific, historical traditions of nomadic ways for pastoral animal breeding. Since ancient times they are bred the five kinds of livestock with unique capabilities, adapted to four seasons grazing under harsh natural and climatic conditions of Central Asian mountainous and used their benefits. Unique biological quality of Mongolian livestock that helps the animal withstand the cold and feed shortage seasons in despite of feeding pasture plants only for all year round is an evidence of its pasture usability. Better growth of hair and wool of hardy Mongolian livestock, which are able to grow under severe natural and climatic conditions, during summer and autumn, and fibers appeared around the hair base during cold season make the animals resistant to cold. Mongolian livestock are the animals, which withstand very well the fluctuations of both heat and cold, have better maintenance of body heat and ecological adaptation, stronger body conformation, resist various diseases, and have alive behavior, better sociability and genetic capacity. Livestock in Mongolia are considered to be part of the nation’s wealth and are subject to state protection under the country’s constitution. Agriculture, particularly animal husbandry is one of the basic economic sectors of Mongolia and the sector comprises 84.2% of the country’s Gross Agricultural Product and is the only source of income for 18.5% of total households (Mongolian Statistical Yearbook, 2016). In addition, livestock and livestock-derived processed exports account for about 8.7% of foreign exchange earnings. In 2020, Mongolia has recorded the highest number of livestock at 67.1 million, of which 4.1 million are horses, 4.7 million are cattle, 0.47 million are camels, 30.0 million are sheep and 27.7 million are goats. The action plan of the Mongolian government, set a goal “In addition to increasing the number of high-yielding livestock, implementing a policy to support rural development by creating an appropriate herd structure, improving productivity and quality, and developing intensive animal husbandry, and raising highly productive livestock and milk, to protect the gene found of good beef cattle and to expand the breeding and selection of nuclear herds”. Therefore, important to protect the high-productive yak's gene found are to take semen from yak bull. The yak is bred in Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, the Gorno-Altai region of the Russian Federation, the Himalayas, the Altai, and the Pamirs, and in the surrounding mountainous areas at an altitude of about 2,000 meters above sea level.
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Saha, Sunil, Anik Saha, Tusar Kanti Hembram, Biswajeet Pradhan, and Abdullah M. Alamri. "Evaluating the Performance of Individual and Novel Ensemble of Machine Learning and Statistical Models for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment at Rudraprayag District of Garhwal Himalaya." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 3772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113772.
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Landslides are known as the world’s most dangerous threat in mountainous regions and pose a critical obstacle for both economic and infrastructural progress. It is, therefore, quite relevant to discuss the pattern of spatial incidence of this phenomenon. The current research manifests a set of individual and ensemble of machine learning and probabilistic approaches like an artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), and their ensembles such as ANN-RF, ANN-SVM, SVM-RF, SVM-LR, LR-RF, LR-ANN, ANN-LR-RF, ANN-RF-SVM, ANN-SVM-LR, RF-SVM-LR, and ANN-RF-SVM-LR for mapping landslide susceptibility in Rudraprayag district of Garhwal Himalaya, India. A landslide inventory map along with sixteen landslide conditioning factors (LCFs) was used. Randomly partitioned sets of 70%:30% were used to ascertain the goodness of fit and predictive ability of the models. The contribution of LCFs was analyzed using the RF model. The altitude and drainage density were found to be the responsible factors in causing the landslide in the study area according to the RF model. The robustness of models was assessed through three threshold dependent measures, i.e., receiver operating characteristic (ROC), precision and accuracy, and two threshold independent measures, i.e., mean-absolute-error (MAE) and root-mean-square-error (RMSE). Finally, using the compound factor (CF) method, the models were prioritized based on the results of the validation methods to choose best model. Results show that ANN-RF-LR indicated a realistic finding, concentrating only on 17.74% of the study area as highly susceptible to landslide. The ANN-RF-LR ensemble demonstrated the highest goodness of fit and predictive capacity with respective values of 87.83% (area under the success rate curve) and 93.98% (area under prediction rate curve), and the highest robustness correspondingly. These attempts will play a significant role in ensemble modeling, in building reliable and comprehensive models. The proposed ANN-RF-LR ensemble model may be used in the other geographic areas having similar geo-environmental conditions. It may also be used in other types of geo-hazard modeling.
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KAYMARAZOV, Gani Shikhvalievich, and Leyla Ganievna KAYMARAZOVA. "“EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN, WHO LIVED IN MOUNTAINS, AS A QUESTION OF SOCIALISTIC BUILDING”: INITIATIVES OF THE SOVIET AUTHORITY FOR INVOLVING WOMEN OF DAGHESTAN IN PUBLIC AND POLITICAL LIFE IN THE BEGGINING OF 1930s." Herald of Daghestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, no. 76 (April 24, 2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestdnc76/5.
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In the article the activity of the Soviet state for involving women of Daghestan in public and political life in the beginning of 1930s is briefly shown with the usage of new reliable and actual documents and modern historiographic materials. Through the prism of social history, the complex process of creating economic, political, legal and cultural conditions for the formation of factual equality of men and women in multinational traditional region, where Islam was one of the influential factors of spiritual life, was examined.
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Helis, Marek, Maria Strzelczyk, Wojciech Golimowski, Aleksandra Steinhoff-Wrześniewska, Anna Paszkiewicz-Jasińska, Małgorzata Hawrot-Paw, Adam Koniuszy, and Marek Hryniewicz. "Biomass Potential of the Marginal Land of the Polish Sudetes Mountain Range." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 7156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217156.
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Marginal land is the area remaining in agricultural use, which is not suitable for food production because of its unfavorable ecological, anthropological, and economic conditions. A certain amount of such land exists in mountainous areas. An analysis was undertaken on the example of the Polish Sudeten mountain range of energy use. The study aimed to estimate the biomass potential for the efficient use of agricultural land in mountain areas. The characteristics of the Polish Sudeten Mountains mountain range were characterized using Geographic Information System (GIS) methods. The Polish Sudeten Mountains covers an area of 370,392 ha, 95,341 ha of which is arable land, 35,726 ha of which is class 5 bonitation land with a northern exposure of 19,030 ha and southern exposure of 16,696 ha. Depending on the sowing structure, we can obtain 331,639 tons/year of dry biomass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus on the southern and Helianthus tuberoses on northern exposure). Fertilization levels will significantly affect low yielding plants, and water stress significantly reduced yields in all cases. Due to the steep slope of the 5th-grade halves and intensive rainfall in the mountain region, the establishment of perennial plantations is recommended. The research shows that after the first year of cultivation, yields of 9.27 tons/ha of dry matter can be obtained with a low yield of trees, shrubs and perennials.
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Evstropieva, Oksana, Petr Popov, Aleksei Cherenev, and Aleksandr Bardash. "Development of tourism in the Southern Baikal Region (by the example of the Slyudyansky District)." InterCarto. InterGIS 28, no. 2 (2022): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-474-483.
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The article discusses the prerequisites and limitations for the development of the tourism sector in the Slyudyansky District of the Irkutsk region. Emphasizes the role of cartographic research methods in recreational geography, both in the collection of information in the field, and in the laboratory processing of statistical data. The Baikal position, high mountains, mountain rivers and lakes, deposits of minerals of decorative value, a plant species endemic to the southern coast of Baikal, a seasonal migration corridor of birds of prey, the non-freezing source of the Angara, the only river flowing from Baikal—all these are strong prerequisites for the development of various types of tourism associated with the natural environment. There are artificial objects in the region that attract the attention of tourists—the Circum-Baikal Railway, the closed Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, which was widely known in the past due to environmental problems. At the same time, there are a number of environmental and socio-economic factors hindering the development of tourism in the region. Fluctuations in the water level in Baikal create a risk of flooding of tourist and recreational facilities and, in part, affect the development of the coastal zone. In a number of places there is a danger of mudflows. The socio-economic development of the region is taking place in the regime of severe environmental restrictions, determined by the Federal Law “On the Protection of Lake Baikal”, as well as the position of a significant part of the territory within the boundaries of the Pribaikalsky National Park. The local population participates little in the distribution of material benefits received from the use of the tourist and recreational resources of the region. It is noted that the contrast of conditions for the development of the tourism and recreational sphere (the presence of advantages and obstacles) requires special attention from regional authorities.
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Gunya, Alexey, Evgenii Kolbovsky, and Umar Gairabekov. "GIS-modeling and mapping for sustainable development of mountain regions." InterCarto. InterGIS 25, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2019-1-25-47-65.
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The elaboration of the sustainable regional development concepts for mountain areas requires special attention to the specifics of the formation and existence of society in the areas of the surrounding landscape. The close connection between natural conditions, inherited unique types of environmental management and rooted forms of self-government in the mountains continues to be maintained even under the pressure of global modernization. Therefore, any efforts undertaken in the direction of general and sectoral types of planning should be based on a preliminary study and modeling of the essence of the relationship between nature and the society of mountains. It seems appropriate to identify the following basic properties of mountainous areas, which, on the one hand, are crucial for the sustainable development of regions, on the other hand, can be characterized using GIS modeling and mapping: 1) GIS-modeling of the «highlands features» of the region and the specifics of mountain landscapes, in particular the delimitation of the boundaries of high-altitude belts (the lower boundary of the mountain region, the upper ecotone’s boundaries between the tree vegetation and alpine meadows, etc.); 2) reflection of the polystructural and fractal properties of natural (landscapes, watersheds) and socio-cultural (cultural landscapes, groups of settlements, areals of subethnoses) entities; 3) assessment of the capacity and resistance (tolerance) of mountain natural and inherited cultural landscapes, identification of different risks and limitations of economic growth and development; 4) analysis of the mountain landscapes dynamics, both spatial, manifested in the transformation of altitudinal belts and shifts of the boundaries of ecotones, and “chronostructural” expressed in changes of typical seasonal and multiyear conditions; 5) selection of adequate parameters to characterize the specifics of mountain areas in the “mountain—plain” dichotomy. Therefore, GIS-modeling based on “big data” and allowing, on the one hand, to update our understanding of the landscapes of the North Caucasus, their state and modern dynamics, on the other hand, to describe a reliable picture of economic management, and first of all—the true mosaic of land use and resource distribution. The representation of trends in the average annual dynamics of landscapes will allow to correctly assess the potential and resistance of natural landscapes, as well as the state and availability of rehabilitation for abandoned cultural landscapes in the high belt of mountains. The integration of such parameters can be carried out within the framework of various matrices of operational-territorial units, the most important of which is the matrix of river watersheds, which allows to directly record changes in the material-energy flows that control the functioning of mountain landscapes. The example of the Chechen Republic illustrates the possibilities of GIS-modelling and mapping in solving problems of sustainable development.
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Aryal, Sugam, Narayan Prasad Gaire, Nawa Raj Pokhrel, Prabina Rana, Basant Sharma, Deepak Kumar Kharal, Buddi Sagar Poudel, et al. "Spring Season in Western Nepal Himalaya is not yet Warming: A 400-Year Temperature Reconstruction Based on Tree-Ring Widths of Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa)." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020132.
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The Himalayan region has already witnessed profound climate changes detectable in the cryosphere and the hydrological cycle, already resulting in drastic socio-economic impacts. We developed a 619-yea-long tree-ring-width chronology from the central Nepal Himalaya, spanning the period 1399–2017 CE. However, due to low replication of the early part of the chronology, only the section after 1600 CE was used for climate reconstruction. Proxy climate relationships indicate that temperature conditions during spring (March–May) are the main forcing factor for tree growth of Tsuga dumosa at the study site. We developed a robust climate reconstruction model and reconstructed spring temperatures for the period 1600–2017 CE. Our reconstruction showed cooler conditions during 1658–1681 CE, 1705–1722 CE, 1753–1773 CE, 1796–1874 CE, 1900–1936 CE, and 1973 CE. Periods with comparably warmer conditions occurred in 1600–1625 CE, 1633–1657 CE, 1682–1704 CE, 1740–1752 CE, 1779–1795 CE, 1936–1945 CE, 1956–1972 CE, and at the beginning of the 21st century. Tropical volcanic eruptions showed only a sporadic impact on the reconstructed temperature. Also, no consistent temperature trend was evident since 1600 CE. Our temperature reconstruction showed positive teleconnections with March–May averaged gridded temperature data for far west Nepal and adjacent areas in Northwest India and on the Southwest Tibetan plateau. We found spectral periodicities of 2.75–4 and 40–65 years frequencies in our temperature reconstruction, indicating that past climate variability in central Nepal might have been influenced by large-scale climate modes, like the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.
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Trenkov, I. P., and A. P. Saveljev. "The formation and current state of the beaver population in the Kuznetskiy Alatau Mountains, South Siberia." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 21, no. 5 (October 22, 2020): 605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.5.605-613.
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The chronology of extinction and restoration of the Eurasian beaver population in the Kemerovo region is analyzed. The beavers exterminated at this territory at the end of the 18th century were reintroduced 60 years ago. The animals of Voronezh, Smolensk and Belarusian origin were used as the pedigree material. The stages of formation of the Castor fiber population through artificial and natural resettlement and the vectors of dispersion over the main rivers of the region are investigated. The first stage of formation of the Kuzbass population lasted more than 30 years, until 1995. There was the formation, enlargement and closure of isolated colonies into a meta-population. The animals actively settled and developed the most favorable habitats. The second period, which lasted almost 20 years, can be conveniently classified into three stages of rapid growth in numbers, which alternated with stages of relative stabilization. During this time, beavers settled in all large river basins, began to explore anthropogenic landscapes and began to appear near of human settlements. The assessment of the current spatial distribution of beavers in the conditions of the foothills of southern Siberia is made. On the model territory in the east of Kuzbass - the Kuznetskiy Alatau Nature Reserve and adjacent areas - the dynamics of the development of mountain streams by beavers in the absence and/or minimum hunting pressure is shown. Specialized protected area have played an important role in the formation of the modern Kuzbass beaver population. Now beavers have formed stable settlements even in the zone of subalpine meadows at altitudes up to 1350 m a. s. l. and migrate through mountain passes to the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Republic of Khakassia. The current population of the Eurasian beavers in the Kuzbass exceeds 18,000 individuals, however, this important hunting resource is not exploited efficiently enough. If this trend persists, supported by the weak economic interest of trappers, the further development of the Kuzbass population of the Eurasian beaver will largely be determined by natural factors.
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Wang, Lei, Bo Yu, Fang Chen, Ning Wang, and Congrong Li. "An Analysis of Eco–Environmental Changes in Rural Areas in China Based on Sustainability Indicators between 2000 and 2015." Land 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2022): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081321.
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Ecological zoning and green–development assessment at the village–town scale in China are significant tasks for sustainable planning in China. In this study, we build an index system to calculate the eco–environmental vulnerability score and divide the results into extreme, heavy, moderate, light, and slight levels based on evidence from 43,046 villages and towns in China from 2000 to 2015; then, we build a sustainable–development score calculation criterion to perform sustainability assessments. The results show that nine indexes (digital elevation model (DEM), slope, net primary productivity (NPP), total rainfall per year, per capita cultivated land, farmland proportion, grassland proportion, forestland proportion, and construction–land proportion) are the main factors in the variation in eco–environmental vulnerability under the conditions of urbanization. The eco–environment is found to have worsened from 2000 to 2015, and the deterioration areas are mainly concentrated in Tibet, the eastern area of Xinjiang and the Xing’an Mountains region. Economic growth and ecological protection can achieve common development when eco–environmental vulnerability is at light and slight levels, while when eco–environmental vulnerability is fragile, the inhibitory effect of economic growth is obvious in rural areas. The results can provide useful information for village–town planning.
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Kizyun, Alla. "TRANSNISTRIA OF PODILLIA AS A MODEL REGION FOR THE EXTREME TOURISM DEVELOPMENT." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 62 (2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2021.62.18-25.
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The purpose of the study – substantiate the possibilities for the development of extreme tourism within the Transnistria of Podillia, taking into account modern socio-economic conditions and the state of natural conditions and resources of the region. Research methodology. Analysis and generalization of available literary and cartographic sources and materials of own field landscape and tourism research using the principles of historicism and natural-anthropogenic combination. Processing, storage and visualization of analytical information by geoinformation methods using Delta software (version 5). Results. It is shown that the development of extreme tourism within the Transnistria of Podillia is facilitated by the «low-mountain» landscape in the structure of which there are deep (up to 200-220 m) canyon-like valleys of the Dniester and its left tributaries, almost «mountainous character» of rivers with waterfalls and numerous rapids, unique climatic conditions and vegetation. The relief and its forms are of particular importance for the development of extreme tourism here: the absolute heights of the surface decrease from north to south from 340 to 100 m, and the depth of incision of canyon-like river valleys from 60 to 220 m. The presence of steep (up to 400) slopes and cliffs up to 20 m high. The nature and landscape of Transnistria of Podillia is everywhere supplemented by numerous historical and architectural monuments, and is also reflected in the numerous and original traditions and customs of the local population. All together, it makes it possible to develop the tourism and recreational sphere, and extreme tourism in its structure, much more actively within the Transnistria of Podillia. Scientific novelty. Its essence is in a complex descriptionof natural and socio-economic conditions of Transnistria of Podillia suitable for the development of various types of extreme tourism, substantiation of their development, identification of priority types of extreme tourism in modern conditions and in the future. various types of extreme tourism, including training for children of middle and senior school age. The Tovtry of Podillia and Murafa are kind of «extreme» rest for elderly, especially a section of the Grand Canyon of the Dniester, the Kremenets and Podillia Mountains, the hollow sections of the channel of the Southern Bug and its tributaries.Their development in order to develop extreme types of tourism requires further detailed recreational and tourist research. Practical significance. The development of such types of extreme tourism as hot air ballooning, delta and paragliding tourism, parachuting, equestrian sports, Bicycle and hiking tourism, rafting tourism in the future, kayaking and jailoo tourism, hunting tourism and water tourism is justified. Territories in the area of the towns of Zalishchyky, Khotyn, Novodnistrovsk towns, as well as villages confined to the Dniester valley (Okopy, Bila, Busha) and its tributaries (Nyrkiv, Zavallia, Zaluchia, Stina) have similar natural and social conditions to this center of aeronautics. The rest of these types of extreme tourism, although developing within the Transnistria of Podillia, but still at a slow pace. Types of limited development include such types of extreme tourism as jail tourism, motorcycle racing in deserted terrain and extreme racing. It is noted that gradually extreme tourism can become a leader in the development of tourism and recreation not only in Transnistria of Podillia but also Podillia in general. This will allow not only to use more rationally public funds and funds of local communities, which are already allocated for the development of certain types of extreme tourism, jailoo tourism, motorcycle racing and extreme racing are classified as limited development but also to streamline their spontaneous manifestation and prevent injuries.
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Gramajo-Bühler, M. C., F. J. Pucci, and G. Sanchez-Toranzo. "Histological and morphometric study of the epididymus of Chinchilla lanigera Grey under controlled conditions in captivity." Zygote 24, no. 3 (July 21, 2015): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096719941500026x.
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SummaryChinchilla lanigera, native to the Andean Mountains of Perú, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, is a specimen of great economic importance because of its fur. In mammals, spermatozoa originate in testes and are transported to the epididymis, where they undergo morphological and biochemical modifications known as sperm maturation, a basic step in the acquisition of their fertilizing ability. The aim of this work is the macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the epididymis of Chinchilla lanigera Grey and its sectorization based on a histomorphological study. The epididymis presents a clear segmentation into four regions: initial segment, caput, corpus and cauda. The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules is pseudostratified, with principal cells with stereocilia and basal, clear, apical, narrow and halo cells. The histological analysis showed that principal and basal cells are the prevailing populations in all regions, also revealing narrow cells and the absence of clear cells in the initial segment. Each segment presents its different histological and morphometric characteristics, which supports the idea of the specific behaviour of each region, giving a segment-specific character to the process of sperm maturation in this species. No significant differences were found in the morphometric measurements or in the histological evaluation of the epididymis of samples collected in April and October. The fact that no differences were found between the samples collected during the two periods when the reproductive ability in nature is different suggests the importance of external factors in the control of the reproductive cycle of Chinchilla lanigera.
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Lancaster, Jeremy T., Brian J. Swanson, Stefani G. Lukashov, Nina S. Oakley, Jacob B. Lee, Eleanor R. Spangler, Janis L. Hernandez, et al. "Observations and Analyses of the 9 January 2018 Debris-Flow Disaster, Santa Barbara County, California." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-d-20-00015.
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ABSTRACT The post–Thomas Fire debris flows of 9 January 2018 killed 23 people, damaged 558 structures, and caused severe damage to infrastructure in Montecito and Carpinteria, CA. U.S. Highway 101 was closed for 13 days, significantly impacting transportation and commerce in the region. A narrow cold frontal rain band generated extreme rainfall rates within the western burn area, triggering runoff-driven debris flows that inundated 5.6 km2 of coastal land in eastern Santa Barbara County. Collectively, this series of debris flows is comparable in magnitude to the largest documented post-fire debris flows in the state and cost over a billion dollars in debris removal and damages to homes and infrastructure. This study summarizes observations and analyses on the extent and magnitude of inundation areas, debris-flow velocity and volume, and sources of debris-flow material on the south flank of the Santa Ynez Mountains. Additionally, we describe the atmospheric conditions that generated intense rainfall and use precipitation data to compare debris-flow source areas with spatially associated peak 15 minute rainfall amounts. We then couple the physical characterization of the event with a compilation of debris-flow damages to summarize economic impacts.
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Nelson, Peter B. "Migration and the Regional Redistribution of Nonearnings Income in the United States: Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Perspectives from 1975 to 2000." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 9 (September 2005): 1613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37170.
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Many advanced economies have an aging population that relies heavily on government pensions, social security, and privately held investment-based income. In the United States the geography of social security and investment income (collectively called nonearnings income) is uneven. Furthermore, the ways in which migration serves to redistribute such income across space remain unstudied. This paper highlights regions in the United States that are becoming increasingly attractive to nonearnings income through migration. Overall, there is a consistent Rustbelt-to-Sunbelt shift in nonearnings income due to migration. These income shifts, however, are quite distinct between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Starting in the late 1980s, nonmetropolitan portions of the Rustbelt enjoyed net gains in nonearnings income through migration processes. Therefore, it appears that the migration systems which drew income away from the nonmetropolitan north during the 1970s are now shifting to some degree. Analysis further indicates that migration contributes to greater levels of economic disparity across space. Whereas flows of social security income are highly influenced by the aggregate level of migration, flows of investment income are more influenced by differentials in migrants' per capita income levels. Regions such as the Plains are attracting migrants with relatively low per capita nonearnings income whereas the Rocky Mountain and New England regions are attracting individuals with high per capita income. Destinations such as the Rocky Mountains and New England are likely to enjoy significant economic benefits as new sources of income arrive which are tied to migration, but the Plains region is left with less-well-off populations, which pose significant social and economic problems in such sending regions. As the population in the United States and other advanced economies ages, these processes of nonearnings income migration become increasingly important in shaping local and regional economic conditions.
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Sigdel, Krishna Prasad, Narayan Prasad Ghimire, Bhopal Pandeya, and Binod Dawadi. "Historical and Projected Variations of Precipitation and Temperature and Their Extremes in Relation to Climatic Indices over the Gandaki River Basin, Central Himalaya." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111866.
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Changes in precipitation and temperature, especially in the Himalayan region, will have repercussions for socio-economic conditions in the future. Thus, this study aimed to understand the climatic trend and changes in one of the Himalayan River basins, i.e., Gandaki River Basin (GRB), Nepal. In particular, we analysed the historical (1985–2014) and projected (2015–2100) precipitation and temperature trend and their extremes using observation and 13 bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets. Additionally, the relationship between extreme precipitation/temperature indices and ocean-atmospheric circulation patterns were also analysed. The results showed an increasing trend of precipitation amount and temperature at annual and seasonal scales with the highest upward trend for precipitation in monsoon season and temperature in winter season. Among nine precipitation indices analysed, the wet extremes are projected to increase in all Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios; with the highest increment of high-intensity related extremes (R10 mm and R20 mm). In contrast, dry spells will decline in the distant-future (2075–2100) as compared to near (2015–2044) and mid-future (2045–2074). Further, increment in temperature trend resulted in a decrease in cold related temperature extremes and an increase in warm related extremes. Furthermore, it was observed that the changes in precipitation and temperature extremes over GRB were influenced by large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation patterns. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were found to have a major role in driving precipitation extremes while AMO, SST and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) have strong influence on temperature extremes. The results of this study will be useful for better understanding the implications of historical and future changes in precipitation and temperature and their extremes over the GRB.
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Lasabuda, Susilaningsih ,., Hengki Djemie Walangitan, and Nordy ,. Waney. "KAJIAN SISTEM PERLADANGAN DI KABUPATEN BOLAANG MOGONDOW (STUDI KASUS PERLADANGAN DI KPHP WILAYAH II KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW)." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 13, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.13.1.2017.14919.
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The study aimed to (1) describe the characteristics of the socio-economic, (2) describe the characteristic of ecological farming in the region KPHP unit II Bolaang Mongondow district, and (3) analyze the development strategy KPHP Unit II in the district based on empowerment Bolaang Mongondow cultivators. This research was conducted with descriptive and semi-quantitative approach. Data analysing for the development of management strategies used SWOT analysis. The primary data obtained through interviews in three (3) villages namely Pindolili, Village Pindol and Village Totabuan to 20 informants, consisting of 3 (three) the village chief, two religious leaders in the two (2) village, 2 (two) historians the formation of the village and 12 (twelve) cultivators in three (3) villages. While the secondary data obtained through statistical data and information obtained from the forestry policy forestry official website. Results of research on (1) socio-economic condition around the area KPHP unit II Bolaang Mongondow district shows that the agricultural sector is still the main source of livelihood of society. Socio-cultural conditions of communities in the study area are a heterogeneous society with different ethnic groups. They are still implement a culture or tradition that can threaten the sustainability of their livelihoods; (2) Ecological condition in the area KPHP unit II shows that the high danger of erosion due to geography land that shaped mountains with slope ranging from moderate to steep and the actions of farming and poor land management on critical land of steep hills. (3) Based on the results of the SWOT analysis for development strategy is the designation of priority and urgency, the development of nature tourism potential for increased use of environmental services, increased perception and participation of the formal integration of development and the development of food security by reforestation and forest conservation. The implementation strategy of forest management in the region KPHP unit II Bolaang Mongondow needs to be done in the form of maintenance of the water catchment area to ensure the availability of water production for the dam in the village Pindol, increasing role in the development of tourism and recreation participation of the parties primarily concerned to control encroachment and set the direction and strategy of development associated with the function of the ministry of forestry.
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Lasabuda, Susilaningsih ,., Hengki Djemie Walangitan, and Nordy ,. Waney. "KAJIAN SISTEM PERLADANGAN DI KABUPATEN BOLAANG MOGONDOW (STUDI KASUS PERLADANGAN DI KPHP WILAYAH II KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW)." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 13, no. 1 (January 25, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.13.1.2017.15456.
Full textAbstract:
The study aimed to (1) describe the characteristics of the socio-economic, (2) describe the characteristic of ecological farming in the region KPHP unit II Bolaang Mongondow district, and (3) analyze the development strategy KPHP Unit II in the district based on empowerment Bolaang Mongondow cultivators. This research was conducted with descriptive and semi-quantitative approach. Data analysing for the development of management strategies used SWOT analysis. The primary data obtained through interviews in three (3) villages namely Pindolili, Village Pindol and Village Totabuan to 20 informants, consisting of 3 (three) the village chief, two religious leaders in the two (2) village, 2 (two) historians the formation of the village and 12 (twelve) cultivators in three (3) villages. While the secondary data obtained through statistical data and information obtained from the forestry policy forestry official website. Results of research on (1) socio-economic condition around the area KPHP unit II Bolaang Mongondow district shows that the agricultural sector is still the main source of livelihood of society. Socio-cultural conditions of communities in the study area are a heterogeneous society with different ethnic groups. They are still implement a culture or tradition that can threaten the sustainability of their livelihoods; (2) Ecological condition in the area KPHP unit II shows that the high danger of erosion due to geography land that shaped mountains with slope ranging from moderate to steep and the actions of farming and poor land management on critical land of steep hills. (3) Based on the results of the SWOT analysis for development strategy is the designation of priority and urgency, the development of nature tourism potential for increased use of environmental services, increased perception and participation of the formal integration of development and the development of food security by reforestation and forest conservation. The implementation strategy of forest management in the region KPHP unit II Bolaang Mongondow needs to be done in the form of maintenance of the water catchment area to ensure the availability of water production for the dam in the village Pindol, increasing role in the development of tourism and recreation participation of the parties primarily concerned to control encroachment and set the direction and strategy of development associated with the function of the ministry of forestry.
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Dnistryanskyy, Myroslav, and Natalia Dnistryanska. "The problem of the settlement of the mountainous area of the Ukrainian Carpathians: contradictions of methodological approaches and interpretations." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 52 (June 27, 2018): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10172.
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The most controversial questions in research of settlement problems of the Ukrainian Carpathians are settling time, the role of different migratory movements and ethnic composition of immigrants. Historical records show that until the XIII century there was not an overall network of settlements in the mountainous areas of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Nevertheless, on the eve of that time, the Ukrainians quite rapidly adjusted directly to the foothills, Transcarpathian ways, they created defensive points in the highlands and carried out various nature use. Considering the socio-economic and security needs of the population of ancient foothill areas main migratory movement coming from the plains to mountain rivers flow to their origins, including the territory of Transcarpathia and Carpathian and Volyn and Podillya. The similarity place names on both sides of the Carpathians Ukrainian Transcarpathian confirm the influence of colonization movements that have left their traces in the mountains. Various historical and ethnographic artifacts indicate an important role in the settlement of the Carpathian mountain region south of colonization, i.e. relocation to the region population from the territory on the border of the middle and lower Danube, historic Transylvania and Moldova during the XIII-XVI centuries, which in the Commonwealth and some other states politically identified as “land Wlachs”. The main component of ethnic-social colonization was humanity southern Slavic-Rusyn origin. Settling mountain areas of Ukrainian Carpathians influenced the formation of the social structure of Ukrainian society, particularly on the spread of Ukrainian gentry, which was originally founding villages and their families. Value of different groups of immigrants from the south, north, west and east, as well as instituting the characteristics of the traditional economy and traditional culture under various environmental conditions and led to the formation of ethnic groups of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Boyko, Lemko, Hutsuls). Key words: settlement of the Ukrainian Carpathians, South colonization, Ukrainian ethnographic groups, toponymy of the Ukrainian Carpathians, Transcarpathian relocation.
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Vorovka, V. "Paradynamic landscape system of the azov sea region as a form of landscape space organization." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 64 (2016): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.64.5.
Full textAbstract:
One of the forms of landscape space organization, a paradynamic landscape system, is considered by the example of the Azov Sea coast. It is based on the idea of the existence of a specific type of landscape systems formed on the border of contrast environments. In this case – on the border of land and water (coastal zone), in other cases – on the border between mountains and plains, highlands and lowlands, forest and deforested landscapes, etc. The existence of such systems is grounded on the functional principle and strength of contrast-based interrelations. As opposed to the traditional landscape science, paradynamic systems are formed on the basis of interacting types of environments, distinct in their properties. In the study area, they are represented by the patches of land and sea bottom adjacent to the shoreline. The functioning of such a system depends not only on the interactions between natural but also on those between man-made landscapes of adjacent land and marine areas and their various modifications. The publication describes the rationale for distinguishing the borders of the paradynamic landscape system. Such a border between land and sea bottom is represented by the line, to which extends the land impact on the sea and that of the marine environment on the coastal land. For the Ukrainian part of the Azov Sea coast these borders are distinguished as follows: on land it is a line of the watershed and climatic influence of the sea, in marine waters it is an isobath, to which extends the effect of waves on the treatment and redeposition of sediments. The structure shaping links in the Azov Sea paradynamic landscape system are defined. The main land impacts on the sea are referred to the river runoff, coastal processes, and human activities. The sea effects on the land are classified as the climate impact, breeze circulation, and migration of living organisms. Specific examples of various links in the system are given. An essential role in the functioning of these systems is played by human actions, which primarily manifests themselves in such coastal activities as fishing, marine transport, recreation and tourism, aquaculture. For the effective management of the shoreline, the borders of paradynamic coastal systems and their system-forming factors should be taken into consideration. A detailed knowledge of the functioning of the Azov paradynamic landscape system is the basis for the integrated management of the coastal zone of the Sea of Azov. The latter, in addition to economic and social matters, requires a deep understanding of specific properties of the coastal environment. We cannot apply here a unified approach, since each coastal zone is characterized by its own unique conditions of the formation, development, and its own resource base thus requiring individual solutions and approaches to its integrated management. Basing on the long-term scientific data, this will enable the implementation of a comprehensive, well-planned and sustainable use of resources, functions and services of coastal zones. As a result, the maximum environmental and socio-economic efficiency of using the area can be reached. The knowledge of the intensity of coastal erosion and accumulation, characteristics of wind and hydrological regimes, characteristics of pollution and migration of contaminants etc. will assist in making adequate management decisions and preventing many unexpected problems in the future.
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Spalazzi, Florencia, Paula A. Tecco, and Guillermo Funes. "Overcoming lag phase: do regenerative attributes onset Acacia dealbata spread in a newly invaded system?" Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 1 (2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18097.
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Ecological theory predicts that the success of exotic plants in new environments depends on a combination of ecological attributes. Requirements for germination and seedling traits are the main components in the regenerative niche, and largely determine the success of exotic species in a new environment. Acacia dealbata Link is an Australian species with a great invasive potential. In Chaco Mountains (central Argentina), it seems to be undergoing a lag phase, as some local dominance in the form of dense monospecific patches has been recorded, although restricted to few disperse populations. In the present study we assessed which functional traits would allow this global invader to successfully overcome its lag phase, and what conditions could benefit or limit this process. Imbibition and germination experiments were designed, and included four temperature regimes in light and in continuous darkness. Additionally, germination response to light quality and simulation fire experiment was also conducted. Further, soil samples were taken to determine the size of the soil seed bank, and a morpho-functional characterisation of seedlings was conducted. Despite the absence of a consistent fire-stimulated germination response, our findings were in line with generalist germination requirements. Physical seed dormancy, large seed bank, broad temperature and light germination requirements, and fast-growing seedlings make this species a potential invader in this mountain system, and suggest that these regenerative attributes might help A. dealbata to overcome its present lag phase. Findings show that the efficiency of management decreases and the related economic cost increases as the time since invasion increases, so early intervention will be key in preventing spread of this species thorough this mountain region.
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Бурыкина, Людмила Васильевна, and Лариса Дмитриевна Федосеева. "On the impact of local natural and climatic conditions of the North-West Caucasus on the vital activities of the population in the context of the observations of I.N. Klingen." Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Регионоведение», no. 2(279) (November 12, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3691-2021-2-279-27-35.
Full textAbstract:
В статье предпринят анализ сведений о климате Северо-Западного Кавказа на базе монографии И.Н. Клингена, основанной на материалах комиссии И.С. Хатисова - А.Д. Ротиньянца и других исследователей Причерноморья и содержавшей компетентную и ценную информацию по истории сельского хозяйства шапсугов и убыхов. Несмотря на благоприятные природно-климатические условия, данная территория очень специфична, но это была естественная среда обитания адыгских племен, разработавших самобытные приемы агротехники и особые орудия труда, позволившие им возделывать землю, как на склонах гор, так и в низинах, и собирать значительные урожаи. Адыгскими племенами были выработаны собственные формы адаптации к среде обитания, представлены оригинальные способы жизнедеятельности в сложных климатических условиях, позволившие поддерживать региональную модель стабильного социально-экономического развития со своей этнокультурной спецификой. Проблема воздействия локальных природно-климатических условий на антропогенную деятельность и его отражение на процесс формирования традиции природопользования, земледельческий опыт адыгских племен, изложенный в отчете И.С. Хатисова и монографии И.Н. Клингена, не утратили актуальности и в современных условиях, поскольку сходы селевых потоков, водная эрозия с разрушительными последствиями стали настоящим бичом для хозяйств, курортов и простых граждан. Культура земледелия причерноморских адыгов была и остается самой разумной для этой территории и имеет не только научно-познавательное, но и практическое значение. The paper undertakes an attempt to analyze information about the climate of the North-West Caucasus basing on a monograph by I.N. Klingen. This monograph was based on the materials of the Commission of I.S. Khatisov-A.D. Rotinyants and other researchers of the Black Sea region. It contains competent and valuable information on the history of agriculture of the Shapsugs and Ubykhs. Despite favorable natural and climatic conditions, this territory is very specific. In this natural habitat, the Adyghe tribes developed original techniques of agricultural machinery and special tools that allowed them to cultivate land both on the slopes of the mountains and in the lowlands, and take significant crops. The Adyghe tribes developed their own forms of adaptation to the habitat, presented original ways of living in difficult climatic conditions, which made it possible to maintain a regional model of stable socio-economic development with its ethnocultural specificity. The problem of the impact of local natural and climatic conditions on anthropogenic activity and its reflection on the process of forming the tradition of nature management, the agricultural experience of the Adyghe tribes, set out in the report of I.S. Khatisov and the monograph by I.N. Klingen, have not lost their relevance in modern conditions. Rural mudflows, water erosion with destructive consequences have become a real scourge for farms, resorts and simple citizens. The culture of agriculture of the Adyghes living in the Black Sea region was and remains the most reasonable for this territory and has not only scientific and cognitive, but also practical significance.
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Ali, Fayaz, Nasrullah Khan, and Oimahmad Rahmonov. "Ecosystem Services and Linkages of Naturally Managed Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. Forests with Local Communities across Contiguous Mountainous Ranges in Pakistan." Biology 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11101469.
Full textAbstract:
The local community of the Suleiman and Hindukush mountain systems in Pakistan has largely depended on the natural resources of the environment since ancient times. The ecosystem of these regions is under huge pressure due to a lack of awareness and the uncontrolled interference of communal, commercial, security, political, and ecological conditions. The present study was designed to illuminate the link between mountain society and the consumption of the benefits from Monotheca phytocoenoses using the ecosystem services concept from the sphere of the socio-ecological system to cultural relations. The use of this approach is very important due to the visible role and dominant status of Monotheca vegetation within the ecological system of the region. M. buxifolia is strongly connected with both local and cultural traditions and is counted as a key species, particularly for high-mountain inhabitants. We report that Monotheca phytocoenoses provide several services including shelter, food, fodder, medicines, and wood, etc., to the indigenous community and is highly valued in the local culture because of the poor economic condition of the society. The concept of this cultural keystone species is crucial for understanding ecosystem services and must be considered for the protection and conservation of these habitats. The results of field and social studies have shown that the stable maintenance of Monotheca phytocoenosis forests ensures the existence of key species as the most important providers of ecosystem services, e.g., provisioning, regulation, maintenance and cultural services, indicating the close relations between society and the protection of mountain areas. According to the results obtained, the mountains community of the studied area believes that tree species like M. buxifolia, F. palmata, O. ferruginea, P. granatum, A. modesta, J. regia, etc., are the key components contributing to the function of both the mountain ecosystem and communities’ well-being. This approach will be extremely useful for ensuring an inclusive management of the socio-ecological system of the Hindukush and Suleiman Mountain ranges of Pakistan.
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McNally, Amy, Jossy Jacob, Kristi Arsenault, Kimberly Slinski, Daniel P. Sarmiento, Andrew Hoell, Shahriar Pervez, et al. "A Central Asia hydrologic monitoring dataset for food and water security applications in Afghanistan." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 3115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3115-2022.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. From the Hindu Kush mountains to the Registan Desert, Afghanistan is a diverse landscape where droughts, floods, conflict, and economic market accessibility pose challenges for agricultural livelihoods and food security. The ability to remotely monitor environmental conditions is critical to support decision making for humanitarian assistance. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) Land Data Assimilation System (FLDAS) global and Central Asia data streams provide information on hydrologic states for routine integrated food security analysis. While developed for a specific project, these data are publicly available and useful for other applications that require hydrologic estimates of the water and energy balance. These two data streams are unique because of their suitability for routine monitoring, as well as for being a historical record for computing relative indicators of water availability. The global stream is available at ∼ 1-month latency, and monthly average outputs are on a 10 km grid from 1982–present. The second data stream, Central Asia (21–56∘ N, 30–100∘ E), at ∼ 1 d latency, provides daily average outputs on a 1 km grid from 2000–present. This paper describes the configuration of the two FLDAS data streams, background on the software modeling framework, selected meteorological inputs and parameters, and results from previous evaluation studies. We also provide additional analysis of precipitation and snow cover over Afghanistan. We conclude with an example of how these data are used in integrated food security analysis. For use in new and innovative studies that will improve understanding of this region, these data are hosted by U.S. Geological Survey data portals and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Central Asia data described in this paper can be accessed via the NASA repository at https://doi.org/10.5067/VQ4CD3Y9YC0R (Jacob and Slinski, 2021), and the global data described in this paper can be accessed via the NASA repository at https://doi.org/10.5067/5NHC22T9375G (McNally, 2018).
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STERIAN, RADU-ANDREI, VIOREL ION, CORNELIA MURARU-IONEL, SEBASTIAN MURARU, RALUCA SFIRU, PAULA CONDRUZ, and VERGIL MURARU. "STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF ARIZONA AND BELLAROSA POTATO VARIETIES." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 51, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.2021.02.56.
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The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the nightshade family. They are edible, rich in starch so they are used in human nutrition in various forms, serve as animal feed, but can also be used as a raw material in various industries (Toader and Roman, 2014). Originally from South America, more precisely from the Andes Mountains region, potatoes are the 4th largest source of food energy after corn, rice and wheat (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_cartofului_%C3%AEn_imperiul_inca%C 8%99). At maturity, the tubers have a dry matter composed of 70% starch, 2-4% cellulose, 2.5% pectins, 0.5-2% reducing carbohydrates and 0.5-1% sugars (Berindei, 1984). The objective was represented by the study of two potato varieties, namely Arizona (white potato) and Bellarosa (red potato) grown on two different plots analyzing both their productivity and profitability, both being two early varieties. The crops were studied during the entire vegetation period, also following the economic analysis and implicitly the profit of each variety. The first determination was related to planting density, respectively to the number of nests per hectare. All the technological works that were undertaken within the studied plots were noted, the vegetation phases from the moment of execution of each work with the help of the BBCH scale, the consumption of materials, time and fuel that each intervention involved. In the end, we also found out the costs of the works performed in order to be able to establish the profit obtained from the sale of each variety in order to be able to establish which of the two is more profitable. Prior to harvesting, two sets of samples representing 10 potato nests were extracted from the two plots in order to analyze the productivity of each variety. These determinations were performed under laboratory conditions and involved the following: number of tubers / nest, weight of tubers / nest (g), stem height Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. 51/2/2021 472 (cm), largest tuber / nest (g), smallest tuber / nest (g), their diameter in section (cm).
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Zubko, Andrii. "Systems of Weight of Ancient Mongolian and Tibetan Civilizations." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 68 (2022): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.12.
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Ancient Mongolian and Tibetan civilizations have appeared in the mountainous areas, steppes and deserts of a huge region of the Earth, Central Asia. Their advent was preceded by a lengthy process of developing social relationships, material and spiritual culture of various peoples who lived in those lands. In ancient times, the forebears of Mongolian and Tibetan peoples were hunters and gatherers, and later on, they began breeding livestock and as a result, adopted nomadic lifestyle. To the southeast of this region, Chinese civilization has been developing during five thousand years in the valleys of the Yangtze and the Yellow River based on land cultivation, and later artisan and trade economy. The first political entities in the Far East – China, Korea and Japan – have created unified measures of length, weight and volume, without which successful economic development was impossible. Natural conditions of particular regions of the Earth largely define material and spiritual culture of their population. In addition, natural factor significantly influences the processes of social and political development in the countries that have appeared and asserted themselves in those regions over time. Mongolia is mostly a steppe and desert country, but nevertheless, the average elevation of its terrain over sea level is almost 1550 meters. The Mongolian territory includes four mountain ranges: the Altai, Sayan, Khangai and Khentii Mountains. In terms of the size, Mongolia’s Gobi Desert is the second-largest on the Earth, after the Sahara. Tibet also represents a huge plateau, surrounded by mountain ranges with deep valleys. Since Mongolia and Tibet are located far away from oceans and high above sea level, they have a dry and extreme continental climate. In certain areas of Mongolia, temperatures in wintertime can drop to 60 degrees centigrade below freezing, and in summertime, can reach 45 degrees above zero. In turn, climate in Tibet changes depending on elevation: close to subtropical in deep valleys and resembling tundra climate in highlands. Harsh climatic conditions did not favor fast growth of manufacture and trade in the lands of Mongolia and Tibet. This factor seriously impeded the process of creating their own systems of measurement, particularly systems of weight. In Mongolia, Manchuria and Tibet, political entities established on the basis of military democracy have appeared later than in the Far East. Afterwards, Mongolia and Tibet have developed into theocracies governed by Buddhist clergy. For millenniums, the influence of material and spiritual culture of China and other Far Eastern civilizations on political entities in Central Asia was very significant. However, having borrowed extensively from the Chinese system of measurement, Mongolia and Tibet have created their own systems of measurement. Mongolia’s and Tibet’s own systems of weight reflected the way manufacture and trade were organized in those lands. This article analyzes the degree of influence Chinese measures have had on formation of Mongolia’s and Tibet’s systems of weight, and determines the degree of their uniqueness. It also determines the scope of Mongolia’s and Tibet’s particular units of weight and the ratio between them in the structure of the systems of measurement.
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Kalynii, T., and V. Omelchenko. "GEOMORPHOLOGY, NEOTECHONICS AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NATURAL GEOLOGICAL MONUMENTSON "STARUNIA" TERRITORY." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (86) (2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.86.01.
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A survey of geomorphological and neotectonic features around "The Starunia paleontological site" allows to produce a complete description of paleogeographic conditions and geological age of the Pleistocene mammals. The floodplain terraces I and II and a redevelopment valley have been distinguished on the geomorphological map and a sketch of cross-section of the Velyky Lukavets River valley. The location of fossil fauna (mammoth and rhinoceroses) has been indicated. The prospect of finding new extinct Pleistocene mammals preserved in bitumen and salt has been substantiated. In the late Pliocene, the northeast macro-slope of the Carpathians was dissected by many parallel river valleys transverse to the main Carpathian direction of structures and longitudinal valleys. The rivers took down coarse-grained material from the mountains that formed the high terraces and debris cones (inland delta) of the ancient Dniester valley. The latter was formed at the foot of the Carpathians, in the area of the modern village of Loyeva and the Dniester, then gradually retreated 30–40 km to the northeast and took its present location on the longitude of the town of Halych. Its block mass alluvium formed two ancient terrace plains – Krasna and Loyeva. The climate was subtropical, the type of the present Mediterranean, as evidenced by the red-brown color of the clayey cement of coarse-grained alluvium and cover clays with active migration of iron and manganese. In the early Pleistocene, in the wide swampy valley of the river Lukavets Velykyi, the winding beds of the last stage of river valleys development were quietly meandered. Monotonous dark gray to black marsh accumulations, silt clays, biogenic silts with numerous plant remains accumulated. Landscapes – tundra with dwarf birch, alder, willow etc. The climate was severe, consistent with Wurm (Valdai) glaciation (59–13 thousand years ago). Perhaps just then herds of mammoths and rhinos grazed in the valleys of the Starunia territory and our ancestors Cro-Magnons lived here. The extremely important practical value of Starunia is that further expansion of research and creation of an international ecological-tourist center – the Geopark of the Ice Age will significantly improve the socio-economic status of the village of Starunia, provide the population with new jobs and raise the level of tourism in the Ivano-Frankivsk region. The authors hope that the unique phenomenon of Starunia will be preserved for future generations.
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Qin, Wei Rong. "Study on the Extraction of the Water Bodies from Remote Sensing Image Using ENVI Software – Applied to the River Environmental Protection in Qinzhou." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1200–1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1200.
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In this study, the main water body of remote sensing image was extracted with the maximum likelihood algorithm of ENVI software based on Qinzhou's remote sensing images 2008 and 2011. From the remote sensing images, it was found that the area of the water body was greatly reduced, and also the water body has been polluted differently. In this paper, the urgent environmental protections of Qinzhou's main rivers are analyzed in view of the reduced water body, and also some suggestions on water body conservation are proposed. Overview of Qinzhou Qinzhou is located between V20°52 and 22°41 N, and 107°27 and 109°56 S. The total area of Qinzhou is about 10842.73 square kilometers. It is in the corner of the South China Sea, and is the core base of the north gulf economic region. Thus, it takes an absolute advantage in logistics. The national patriotism education bases for elementary and middle schools in Qinzhou are the former homes of two national heroes (Yongfu LIU, and Zicai FENG). In Qinzhou, there is a coastline of more than 520 kilometers, and many excellently natural harbors such as Qinzhou Port, Longmen Port, Shajing Port, and Siluo Port are available here. Also, there are abundant product advantages. The climate is hot. Many rivers and water reservoirs are available. Soil and plants are flourishing greatly. Since the new century, Qinzhou government as well as the governments of all counties greatly invest Qinzhou, carry out urban and rural clean engineering, urban infrastructure project construction, and agricultural preferential policies, and establish multi-form and multi-dimensional economic and technical cooperation with foreign and domestic companies, in which business is easy to process and the procedures are simple to handle. In 2013, the high-speed rail has brought a new era to Qinzhou. Qinzhou's advantages in climate conditions, rain conditions, and water resources Qinzhou is located in the subtropical zone and features a transitional marine monsoon climate. The overall terrain forms are mountains, hills, terraces plains, and coastal mud flats from northwest to southeast. From east to north, the main mountain is LIUWAN Mountain. From west to north, the main mountain is SHIWAN Mountain. The annual average temperature is 22°C; the absolute maximum temperature was 37.5°C (July 28, 1968), and the absolute lowest temperature was-1.8°C (January 12, 1955). The average annual rainfall is about 1600mm; the average sunshine period is about 1800 hours, and the frost-free period is more than 350 days. The solar radiation amount is 104.6~108.8 kilocalorie/cm2; the annual sunshine duration is 1633.6~1801.4 hours; the annual average temperature is 21.4°C~22°C; the annual total accumulated temperature is 7800°C~ 8200°C. The average frost-free period of previous years was 329~354 days. The water resources advantages of Qinzhou include humid temperature, abundant rain, and annual rainfall of 1600mm~1900mm. Major rivers include Qinjiang, Maolingjiang, Nanliujiang, and Dafengjiang, and the annual runoff is 11.728 billion cubic meters. The gross storage capacity of small, middle, and large reservoirs has reached 805 million cubic meters. Qinzhou's remote sensing image and the river remote sensing images of recent years The water yield of the main rivers in Qinzhou is abundant and falls greatly, so the hydropower resource is rich. The rivers in Qinzhou are small and medium-sized, own a large quantity of flow, and flow into the sea, but do not form drainage.
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TRNKA, M., J. EITZINGER, M. DUBROVSKÝ, D. SEMERÁDOVÁ, P. ŠTĚPÁNEK, P. HLAVINKA, J. BALEK, et al. "Is rainfed crop production in central Europe at risk? Using a regional climate model to produce high resolution agroclimatic information for decision makers." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 6 (August 16, 2010): 639–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000638.
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SUMMARYThe reality of climate change has rarely been questioned in Europe in the last few years as a consensus has emerged amongst a wide range of national to local environmental and resource policy makers and stakeholders that climate change has been sufficiently demonstrated in a number of sectors. A number of site-based studies evaluating change of attainable yields of various crops have been conducted in Central Europe, but studies that evaluate agroclimatic potential across more countries in the region are rare. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to develop and test a technique for a comprehensive evaluation of agroclimatic conditions under expected climate conditions over all of Central Europe with a high spatial resolution in order to answer the question posed in the title of the paper ‘Is rainfed crop production in central Europe at risk?’ The domain covers the entire area of Central Europe between latitudes 45° and 51·5°N and longitudes 8° and 27°E, including at least part of the territories of Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine. The study is based on a range of agroclimatic indices that are designed to capture complex relations existing between climate and crops (their development and/or production) as well as the agrosystems as a whole. They provide information about various aspects of crop production, but they are not meant to compete with other and sometimes more suitable tools (e.g. process-based crop models, soil workability models, etc.). Instead, the selected indices can be seen as complementary to crop modelling tools that describe aspects not fully addressed or covered by crop models for an overall assessment of crop production conditions. The set of indices includes: sum of effective global radiation, number of effective growing days, Huglin index, water balance during the period from April to June (AMJ) and during the summer (JJA), proportion of days suitable for harvesting of field crops in June and July, and proportion of days suitable for sowing in early spring as well as during the autumn. The study concluded that while the uncertainties about future climate change impacts remain, the increase in the mean production potential of the domain as a whole (expressed in terms of effective global radiation and number of effective growing days) is likely a result of climate change, while inter-annual yield variability and risk may also increase. However, this is not true for the Pannonian (the lowlands between the Alps, the Carpathian Mountains and the Dinaric Alps) and Mediterranean parts of the domain, where increases in the water deficit will further limit rainfed agriculture but will probably lead to an increase in irrigation agriculture if local water resources are dwindling. Increases in the severity of the 20-year drought deficit and more substantial water deficits during the critical part of the growing season are very likely over the central and western part of the domain. Similarly, the inter-annual variability of water balance is likely to increase over the domain. There is also a chance of conditions for sowing during spring deteriorating due to unfavourable weather, which might increase the preference given to winter crops. This is already likely due to their ability to withstand spring drought stress events. Harvesting conditions in June (when harvest of some crops might take place in the future) are not improving beyond the present level, making the planning of the effective harvest time more challenging. Based on the evidence provided by the present study, it could be concluded that rainfed agriculture might indeed face more climate-related risks, but the overall conditions will probably allow for acceptable yield levels in most seasons. However, the evidence also suggests that the risk of extremely unfavourable years, resulting in poor economic returns, is likely to increase.
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Ayzikova, Irina A. "Strategies for Understanding and Representing the Cross-Border Territories of Siberia in Nikolay Kostrov’s Essays." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 24 (2020): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/24/2.
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The article discusses the problem of understanding and representation of the crossborder territories of Siberia in Nikolay Kostrov’s essays as laying a foundation for the theory and methodology of cross-border studies. The author analyzes descriptions of cross-border territories that are numerous in Kostrov’s publications, Kostrov’s ideas about the border, cross-border territories and their functions, the models and types of cross-border interactions Kostrov created, and the life styles of the population of these territories. The author proves that Kostrov’s essays on the problems of the cross-border territories of Siberia fit into the context of the then contemporary studies and clearly show that it is mechanisms of influence of the spatial conditions of cross-border territories (resulting from the features of climate, geographical location, historical development) on the behavior of people living and migrating there, rather than the territories themselves, that are significant for analysis. Concretizing the problem of strategies for understanding cross-border territories laid down in Kostrov’s essays, one should first note his attention to the formation and development of cross-border spaces, which is in demand and updated within the framework of modern sociology of space and cultural geography. The algorithm of stating and understanding the problem that Kostrov proposed (taking into account the essay nature of his articles intended for the general reader) includes: (1) representation of empirical material about cross-border space, often collected by Kostrov himself during his trips to Siberia or gleaned from authoritative sources; (2) typification and classification of cross-border spaces based on a certain system of signs (symbols, concepts): river, road, border, mountains, etc. Kostrov’s essays mainly describe practices of cross-border interactions, for he sees cross-border territories as a localization of sociocultural ties and relations of residents of such regions. rather than as a geographical and geopolitical space. This allows building a dialogue of cultures and preserving one’s identity. In general, it can be argued that Kostrov made a significant contribution to the initial stage of the formation of the methodology for the study of cross-border territories on the Siberian material. This stage was characterized by the coexistence of approaches already tested by researchers from Western Europe and Central Russia and new theories. In particular, Kostrov organically combines historical-geographical and partly political-economic approaches with anthropological ones. He thus strengthens the understanding of cross-border territories as sociocultural phenomena that are constantly changing and developing (and these are the essential features of the Siberian cross-border region according to Kostrov), and, accordingly, emphasizes the significance of an interdisciplinary approach to their understanding and representation.