Journal articles on the topic 'Hills'
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1
DEV, INDER, SUDESH RADOTRA, ASHA RAM, J. P. SINGH, D. DEB, M. M. ROY, M. SRIVASTAVA, PARDEEP KUMAR, SUHEEL AHMAD, and R. S. CHAURASIA. "Species richness, productivity and quality assessment of grassland resources in hill agroecosystem of western Himalaya." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84145.
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Livestock contribution in agricultural economy is significantly higher in hilly regions of India. A detailed study was carried out to assess the productivity, species richness and diversity of grasses of the grasslands in different hill agro-ecosystems of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh in western Himalaya. Saccharum spontaneum (low hills), Chrysopogon echinulatus (mid hills) and Festuca spp. (high hills) were observed as the most dominant species in hill agro-ecosystems. Productivity assessment was done at five locations, viz. open forest area; enclosed forest area; community land; farmers’ field; and wasteland in each hill zone. High species richness and diversity was observed in mid hill zone as compared to low and high hills. The mean production level was recorded highest in low hills closely followed by mid hills; much less in high hills. Amongst the land-use systems, highest biomass production was recorded at farmers’ field followed by community land and least in wasteland situation. The average herbage production obtained through six cuts at periodic intervals (March to December) was 3,202 DM kg/ha, while in single harvest it was 2,249 DM kg/ha (low-hill conditions); 2,893 and 1,924 DM kg/ha (mid-hill conditions) and 1,399 and 850 DM kg/ha (high-hill conditions), respectively. Averaged over the different locations, 6.01, 6.64 and 10.87% crude protein (CP) was observed (in multicut situation) in low, mid and high hills respectively. Average herbage production obtained through six cuts at periodical intervals (March-December) was consistently higher as compared to single harvest in all the three zones.
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K, Arumugam. "The Legends and History of the Javadi Hills People." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-10 (August 10, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s101.
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Javadi Hills is the eastern chain of hills comprising Vellore district, Thiruvannamalai district, and Tirupattur district. The people living in these hills call themselves Malayalis. They have nothing to do with the Malayalis living in the state of Kerala. They live in the hills of Yelagiri Hill, Kolli Hills, Sitheri Hills, and Pachaimalai Hills in Tamil Nadu. But marriages happen between the people of these hill areas. They are the majority of the 37 tribes in Tamil Nadu. One hundred and four villages (184) in fourteen panchayats on this hill are the domains of this study. These Malayalis tell folktales as songs and stories. It can be seen that the custom of telling this as stories by men and songs by women can be seen. And they do not tell these stories all the time. It is noteworthy that they sing only during festivals or among researchers who conduct research on this community. Similarly, this review article explains that the songs narrating stories related to them are in circulation only among a few senior tribal people.
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Srinivasulu, B., C. Srinivasulu, T. A. Shah, G. Devender, and H. Kaur. "First confirmed record of Calodactylodes aureus (Reptilia) from Karnataka, India." TAPROBANICA 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2014): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v6i1.129.
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The Indian Golden Gecko Calodactylodes aureus (Beddome, 1870) was known originally from the Tirupati hills in the Seshachalam range and the Velikonda range. It is listed under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972) as it was considered rare, being found at the time only in the Seshachalam range. Subsequently, researchers have revealed the presence of this species from the Papikonda Hills (Perantalapally) in Khammam District, Maredumilli in East Godavari District, Araku Valley and Ananthagiri Hills in Vishakhapatnam District and Kadapa Hills from Andhra Pradesh, Niyamgiri hill ranges of Rayagada, Kalahandi Districts in Odhisha and Vellore and Balmathi Hill, Tamil Nadu. Furthermore, this species was recently reported from Sathgar Hill, Kailasagiri Hill (Ambur) and Valli Malai in Vellore District, Sayed Basha Malai in Krishnagiri District, Nedumkunam Hill, Melthiruvadathanur (Morambu), Karadi Parai and Sathanur Dam in Tiruvanamalai District and the Gingee Hills in Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu. Reddy et al. (2013) reported the occurrence of this species from Nigidi reserve forest area in the Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh and this is the westernmost locality record of this species to date.
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Devkota, P., and S. Mishra. "Comparative Study of Vegetable Biodiversity in Terai and Hilly Belts of Chitwan, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 19, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v19i1.29731.
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The study was conducted to assess biodiversity and conservation aspects of vegetable crops in two different geographical areas of the Chitwan district. The household survey was carried out in Kailash (hill) and Nayabasti (terai) of Chitwan. Descriptive analysis, mean comparison, correlations, and biodiversity indices were used for data analysis. On the basis of biodiversity index, evenness, the adequate number of species, and Sorenson’s coefficient, open-pollinated (OP) (nonhybrid) vegetables were more diverse in hills than in terai, while hybrid vegetables are more diverse in terai than in hills. Hybrid vegetables were mostly grown in terai, where the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides was also higher. OP vegetables dominated hilly areas. Gurung ethnic community had a significant role in the conservation of indigenous vegetable biodiversity. The primary source of seed was home storage in the case of OP vegetables in hills. However, in terai, agro-concerns were used as a significant source of seeds, followed by co-operatives. Co-operatives’ involvement was high in terai as compared to hills, but the role was not significant in vegetable farming.
In contrast, assistance in vegetable farming from agriculture service provider organizations was higher in hills as compared to terai. The major problem in vegetable farming was lack of irrigation in both areas, followed by market inaccessibility in hills, whereas climate change was rising as a problem in terai. Markets of produced goods were farm gate, local markets, and distant markets. A middleman mostly did the price determination of the products. Off-season vegetable farming was not practiced in the study areas. However, off-farm vegetable production was typical in hilly areas. Indigenous and OP vegetable biodiversity has been facing various challenges despite their roles in nutrition, indigenous knowledge promotion, and food security. Hence, it is suggested to strengthen government policy toward irrigation facility development, gene bank establishment, marketing facilities, and technology transfer and develop on-farm community based intense organizations for sustainable vegetable diversity conservation.
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Naher, Habibon, Noor Jahan Sarker, and Shawkat Imam Khan. "A comparison of the breeding biology of White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Linnaeus, 1758 in plains and hilly areas of Bangladesh." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): 21936–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7565.14.10.21936-21945.
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The breeding biology of White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis was studied in plains and hilly areas from September 2008 to August 2011. Four villages under Savar upazilla were selected for plains, and Chittagong University Campus, Chattagram for the hilly area. The breeding season started in February in hills and April on plain. Mean (SD) time required to build a new nest was 11.3 (3.9) days in plains and 15.3 (0.57) days in hills. Clutch size was 3–4 in hills and 3–7 in plains. Mean egg parameters (length, width, and weight) and mean egg volume and surface area were similar in both areas. The mean incubation period on plains was 16.4 (1.2) days, in hills 14.1 (0.7) days. On plains fledging success was 52%, compared to 57% in hills. Theft by local inhabitants was a major reason for fledgling loss in plains, hence increased public awareness may reduce nestling mortality and increase breeding success.
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P, Suresh. "Oral Customs of Javvaadhumalai Malayalis." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-17 (December 17, 2022): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1728.
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Tamil Nadu consists of the Eastern and Western Ghats. There are thirty-six tribal people living in these hills including "Adiyaan, Aranaadan, Eravaalan, Irular, Oorali, and Kaniyan." The Eastern Ghats have Javvaadhumalai, Yelagirimalai, Kalvarayanmalai, Servarayanmalai, Chitherimalai, Pachaimalai, Paalamalai, Vattalmalai, Neyyaamalai, Jarugumalai, Parukkurmalai, Kaalimalai, Kadakadalai, and Kollimalai hills. The divisions of the population living in the Western Ghats cannot be seen in these hills. The hills are mainly inhabited by Malayali tribes. The life of these javvaadhu hill people is a simple life. They are also preserving the arts according to the environment in which they live. The oral literature in their case helps to know the life and culture of the hill people.
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Kalaimani, A., and A. Nath. "The Indian Golden Gecko, Calodactylodes aureus (Beddome, 1870) in Tamil Nadu, India." TAPROBANICA 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2013): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v5i1.98.
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The gekkonid lizard genus Calodactylodes Strand, 1926 is endemic to peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Calodactylodes aureus (Beddome, 1870), the first described species in the genus, was originally recorded from the Tirupati Hills, Andhra Pradesh state in India. In Andhra Pradesh, in addition to the type locality, it is recorded from the Araku Valley and the Ananthagiri Hills both in the Visakhapatnam District, from Perantalapally in the Khammam District, from Maredumilli in the East Godavari District, the Seshachalam Hills in Chittoor and Kadapa Districts and the Tirumala Hills in Chittoor District. In Orissa state the species has been reported from Rayagada and Kalahandi Districts in the Niyamgiri Hills. Finally, in the state of Tamil Nadu the species has been recorded from the Balamathi, Valli Malai and Sathgar Hills in Vellore District, Nedumkunam Hill in Tiruvannamalai District and Shyed Basha Malai in Krishnagiri District.
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Daniel Anderson. "The Hills, Beautiful Hills." Missouri Review 32, no. 4 (2009): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.0.0200.
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Fadjarajani, S., and R. As’ari. "Disaster mitigation-based environmental management model: a study on ten thousand hills, Tasikmalaya City, West Java." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 986, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/986/1/012020.
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Abstract Tasikmalaya seen from the physiographical aspect has its own uniqueness because it has many hills known as the ten thousand hills. The Ten thousand has functions, namely: geological, ecological, hydrological, aesthetic, economic, micro-climatological, natural defense/fortress (buffer zone), as well as education and tourism functions. The method used in this research is descriptive with field observation data collection techniques based on Satellite Imagery analysis.. The method used in this research is descriptive with field observation data collection techniques based on Satellite Imagery analysis. Data analysis is based on satellite imagery data processing with ArcGIS which was developed. The facts on the ground show that the extinction rate of the hill reaches 70%. One of the driving factors for the extinction of the hill was the mining of mineral. The distribution pattern and factual conditions in the field showed that 41.67% of the hills experienced extinction and 58.33% of the hills were heavily damaged by sand mining. This disaster mitigation-based environmental management model includes: 1) Zoning of hill areas based on conservation functions, 2) community participation based on economic improvement. Ten thousand hill zoning and community participation based on economic improvement can be used as role models for environmental management based on disaster mitigation in Tasikmalaya which is located in the ten thousand hill area.
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Alfin, A. S., H. E. Wibowo, and A. Harijoko. "Morphometric Characteristic and Distribution of Hummocky Hills in Debris Avalanche Deposit of Galunggung Volcano, West Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012012.
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Abstract Sector collapse of a volcanic body produces topography of horseshoe-shaped caldera incisions and a widespread hummocky hill resembling debris avalanche deposit. The study of morphometry, distribution, and the alignment of the hummocky hills is necessary to understand the source and deposition process of the debris-avalanche deposit. Galunggung volcano is, one of the volcanoes in Java Island, attributed with 7 km wide of caldera opens towards the east direction (N 135° E) where hummocky hills cover an area of ~32 km2. Morphometry of the hummocky hills is 500-700,000 m2 in size, elongation ratio of 1.3-3.9. Hummocky hills are distributed 0.5 to 20 km distance from the summit of the Galunggung volcano. The elongation orientation of the hummocky hills is deviated from the main flow direction forming various angles. We divide the deviation angle into parallel (0-45°) and perpendicular orientation (45-90°). The maximum size of the hummocky hills generally decreases towards increasing distance from the summit. These hills also show changes in alignment from perpendicular to parallel, suggesting a typical free flow pattern of debris-avalanche deposits.
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Liu, Hu, and Wang. "Large Eddy Simulations of the Flow Fields over Simplified Hills with Different Roughness Conditions, Slopes, and Hill Shapes: A Systematical Study." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 4, 2019): 3413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183413.
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Turbulent flow fields over topographies are important in the area of wind energy. The roughness, slope, and shape of a hill are important parameters affecting the flow fields over topographies. However, these effects are always examined separately. The systematic investigations of these effects are limited, the coupling between these effects is still unrevealed, and the turbulence structures as a function of these effects are still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, the flow fields over twelve simplified isolated hills with different roughness conditions, slopes, and hill shapes are examined using large eddy simulations. The mean velocities, velocity fluctuations, fractional speed-up ratios, and visualizations of the turbulent flow fields are presented. It is found that as the hill slope increases, the roughness effects become weaker, and the roughness effects will further weaken as the hill changes from 3D to 2D. In addition, the fractional speed-up ratio at the summit of rough hills can even reach to three times as large as that over the corresponding smooth hills. Furthermore, the underestimation of the ratios of spanwise fluctuation to the streamwise fluctuation by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-1 is quite obvious when the hill shape is 3D. Finally, coherent turbulence structures can be identified for smooth hills, and as the hill slope increases, the coherent turbulence structures will experience clear evolutions. After introducing the ground roughness, the coherent turbulence structures break into small eddies.
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Ulak, S., B. Lama, D. K. Pradhan, and S. Bhattarai. "Exploring agroforestry systems and practices in the Terai and hill regions of Nepal." Banko Janakari 31, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v31i2.41885.
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This paper explores the status of agroforestry systems and practices in the Terai and hill regions of Nepal. Field survey, semi-structured interview and focus group discussions with the local farmers and stakeholders were conducted to explore the status of the agroforestry system and practices. The study covers forty-three districts, and represents agroforestry systems and practices in the Terai and hill regions of Nepal. Altogether, twelve agroforestry systems and forty-three agroforestry practices were documented in the Terai and hills of Nepal- ten systems in the Terai and seven systems in the hills. Agrisilviculture, agrisilvihorticulture, agrosilvopastoral, agrohortosilvopastoral, homegarden, hortiagriculture, silvofishery, agrosilvifishery, hortisilviculture and apiculture were the major agroforestry systems adopted in the Terai whereas those adopted in the hills included hortiagriculture, agrisilviculture, agrisilvihorticulture, agrosilvopastoral, homegarden, hortosilvipastoral and silvopastoral. The study revealed a gradual emerging scenario of commercial agroforestry systems in these regions although the continuation of traditional agroforestry systems was observed in most of the Terai and hill regions. Insufficient labour availability, fragmentation of land, market price fluctuation, lack of technical knowledge, and wild animal disturbances were some of the major challenges observed in the Terai and hills of Nepal.
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Gupta, Neelam, S. C. Gupta, N. D. Verma, RK Pundir, B. IK Joshi, A. E. Nivsarkar, and R. Sahai. "MITHUN - AN IMPORTANT BOVINE SPECIES OF INDIAN ORIGIN." Animal Genetic Resources Information 18 (April 1996): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000699.
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SUMMARYThe Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a heavily built semi domesticated bovine species originated in north eastern hill region of India. In some folklore, Mithun have been referred to as the descendent of the Sun. There are interesting and divergent legends about the orig of mithun among different in tribes. Even today, mithun is used as a holy sacrificial animal to appease the Gods by the tribesman. It is a woodland animal found at an elevation of between 2 000 and 9 000 feet. The habitat of mithun extends like a long curved belt of hills from the Akasan hill and Chin Hills of Burma through the Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh and the Lushai (Mizo) hills of Manipur and Naga hills of India. The geographic zone is covered with tropical evergreen rain forests. At higher elevations mithun territories are also shared by yak (Poephagus grunniens), while at lower altitudes domestic cattle and mithun co-habit. The information contained in the article is primarily based on a field survey carried out on mithun of Porba village of Nagaland. Some data collated and published by other departments is also included.
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Kapai, Yuimirin. "Spatial Organisation of Northeast India: Colonial Politics, Power Structure and Hills–Plains Relationship." Indian Historical Review 47, no. 1 (June 2020): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620925591.
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The article examines the ideological framework and the principal concerns and interests that underline the colonial policy towards the hill ‘tribes’ of Northeast India. It elaborates on an argument that the colonial spatial ordering of the region privileges the valleys over the hills. The colonial rule establishes and maintains the structural imbalance of the region by making the plains the centres and by relegating the hills to the peripheral ‘others’, thereby perpetuating the power configuration implicit in the spatial organisation. Emphasis on paternalistic reasoning of the British policy towards the hills has clouded the stamp of indifference and insensitivity that underlay the policies. The policy also ‘excluded’ the hill peoples from access to education, engagement in modern economy, and development of infrastructures. The practice of reading the history of the British policy towards the hills appears to be essentially concerned with the elucidation of the hill peoples’ separatist attitude. By reading the history through the lens of categories such as centre-periphery, power relations and uneven development, the article contends that the colonial policy of segregation charts a historical trajectory, which is at variance with what the hegemonic discourse has established.
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Telbisz, Tamás. "Lidar-Based Morphometry of Conical Hills in Temperate Karst Areas in Slovenia." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 2668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142668.
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Conical hills, or residual hills, are frequently mentioned landforms in the context of humid tropical karsts as they are dominant surface elements there. Residual hills are also present in temperate karsts, but generally in a less remarkable way. These landforms have not been thoroughly addressed in the literature to date, therefore the present article is the first attempt to morphometrically characterize temperate zone residual karst hills. We use the methods already developed for doline morphometry, and we apply them to the “inverse” topography using LiDAR-based digital terrain models (DTMs) of three Slovenian sample areas. The characteristics of hills and depressions are analysed in parallel, taking into account the rank of the forms. A common feature of hills and dolines is that, for both types, the empirical distribution of planform areas has a strongly positive skew. After logarithmic transformation, these distributions can be approximated by Inverse Gaussian, Normal, and Weibull distributions. Along with the rank, the planform area and vertical extent of the hills and dolines increase similarly. High circularity is characteristic only of the first-rank forms for both dolines and hills. For the sample areas, the the hill area ratios and the doline area ratios have similar values, but the total extent of the hills is slightly larger in each case. A difference between dolines and hills is that the shapes of hills are more similar to one another than those of dolines. The reason for this is that the larger, closed depressions are created by lateral coalescence, while the hills are residual forms carved from large blocks. Another significant difference is that the density of dolines is much higher than that of hills. This article is intended as a methodological starting point for a new topic, aiming at the comprehensive study of residual karst hills across different climatic areas.
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Wirasanti, Niken, and Helmi Murwanto. "The Reconstruction of a Javanese Civilization Cultural Landscape in 8 AD based on Canggal Inscription in Gendol Hill Complex, Magelang, Central Java." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.44294.
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The research took place in the Gendol Hill complex, Magelang, Central Java. One of the peaks in the hills complex is Mount Wukir, where a Canggal Inscription was found. The Canggal Inscription mentions an area named Java, rich in agricultural products with many sacred buildings. The term Javanese refers to an area of Gendol Hill complex, which is part of the Kedu–Central Java region. This paper aims to 1) interpret the cultural landscape of the Gendol Hill complex, 2) reconstruct the spatial structure (layout), and its utilization as a settlement area for Javanese society in the 8th century. This paper interprets the Canggal Inscription and collates information about the potential of both biotic and non-biotic resources. Data processing is conducted through inductive–explanatory analysis. The results suggest that the Cultural Landscape of Gunung Wukir Temple was in a place protecting it from disaster. The complex was protected by Gendol Hills, acting as a barrier against volcanic eruptions from Mount Merapi. Gendol Hill complex was located in an environment that flourished with both biotic and non-biotic resources. The community cultivated its alluvial plains and established settlements in this area. The denuded structural hills were also perceived as sacred spaces to erect temples with natural resources close by such as andesite rocks available from rivers around the hills.
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Elavarasan, K., P. B. Pushpalatha, P. Jocob John, K. B. Sheela, and C. Narayanankutty. "Studies on the Performance of Different Genotypes of Cauliflower Grown in Plains and Higher Altitude of Kerala." International Letters of Natural Sciences 6 (November 2013): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.6.25.
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Cauliflower is grown in all the agro climatic zones of India, accounting for an area of 3.9 lakh hectares with production of 73.4 lakh tones. Hence, studies are to be undertaken to identify genotype and analyze the physical characteristics among the cultivated genotypes (Namdhari Seeds 60 N, Namdhari Seeds 133, Pusa Meghna and Basant) grown under hills and plains of Kerala, India. In this study, significant differences were observed in yield of cauliflower which ranged from 21 – 26.4 kg /16 m2 in hills and 0.78 – 1.43 kg /16 m2 in plains. Among the cauliflower genotypes, NS 133 was found to be the best for hilly region in early yield and yield attributes. The cauliflower genotype NS 133 exhibited better performance in hills in terms of high curd yield (26.4 Kg /16 m2), curd weight (800 g) and curd height (13.93 cm). In general, harvest maturity was delayed by 39 – 45 days in the plains as compared to higher altitudes. The cauliflower genotypes which exhibited superior performance in hills and plains were selected for further sensory evaluation studies. In this study cauliflower genotype NS 60N recorded superior organoleptic qualities when grown in plains than hilly region. However in the case of genotype NS 133, the differences in sensory qualities between produce from hills and plains were not significant.
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Elavarasan, K., P. B. Pushpalatha, P. Jocob John, K. B. Sheela, and C. Narayanankutty. "Studies on the Performance of Different Genotypes of Cauliflower Grown in Plains and Higher Altitude of Kerala." International Letters of Natural Sciences 6 (November 29, 2013): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-tzsx8a.
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Cauliflower is grown in all the agro climatic zones of India, accounting for an area of 3.9 lakh hectares with production of 73.4 lakh tones. Hence, studies are to be undertaken to identify genotype and analyze the physical characteristics among the cultivated genotypes (Namdhari Seeds 60 N, Namdhari Seeds 133, Pusa Meghna and Basant) grown under hills and plains of Kerala, India. In this study, significant differences were observed in yield of cauliflower which ranged from 21 – 26.4 kg /16 m2 in hills and 0.78 – 1.43 kg /16 m2 in plains. Among the cauliflower genotypes, NS 133 was found to be the best for hilly region in early yield and yield attributes. The cauliflower genotype NS 133 exhibited better performance in hills in terms of high curd yield (26.4 Kg /16 m2), curd weight (800 g) and curd height (13.93 cm). In general, harvest maturity was delayed by 39 – 45 days in the plains as compared to higher altitudes. The cauliflower genotypes which exhibited superior performance in hills and plains were selected for further sensory evaluation studies. In this study cauliflower genotype NS 60N recorded superior organoleptic qualities when grown in plains than hilly region. However in the case of genotype NS 133, the differences in sensory qualities between produce from hills and plains were not significant.
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Giri, Y. P., R. B. Thapa, N. Dangi, S. Aryal, S. M. Shrestha, S. B. Pradhan, and M. Sporleder. "Distribution and Seasonal Abundance of Potato Tuber Moth: Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (September 25, 2014): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10794.
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Annual monitoring of potato tuber moth (PTM) was made in 2008/09 in15 districts of Nepal to understand the distribution and seasonal abundance. The locally made pheromone trap was installed and observed in 24 hours intervals. The activity of PTM was observed in plain, mid hills (below 2200 masl) and high hill districts. The population of PTM was found more in mid-hills than in plain whereas PTM was absent in high hill districts. The highest average number of PTM was observed in May (480±238 moth/month) with no adult moths in October to December in plain whereas 522±174 moth/month was observed in July and 18±4 moth/month in December in mid-hills of Nepal. The seasonal abundance of PTM observed from March to July (74±63 to 126±100 moth/month) in Plain and March to October (191±157 to 104±60 moth/month) in mid-hills. The understanding of PTM population dynamics could be useful to make suitable management decision. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10794 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(3): 270-274
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V. Balamurugan, Arivarasan, and T. Anitha M. Balakrishnan. "Assessment of Livelihood Security of Cassava Farmers in Hill Areas of Western Tamil Nadu – An Economic Analysis." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1109.017.
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The present study is concerned with the livelihood security of cassava farmers in hill areas of western Tamil Nadu. Salem and Namakkal districts were purposively selected since these are the major cassava growing districts of western Tamil Nadu. The multi-stage random sampling procedure was adopted to choose 180 sample farmers.The methodology used for the study was Gini coefficient, Livelihood Security index, Composite index and Tobit model. The results of Gini coefficient of Kalvarayan and Kolli hills were 0.56 and 0.66 respectively. It is evident that income inequality was higher in Kolli hills when compared to that of Kalvarayan hills. The results of livelihood security index revealed that the overall livelihood security of both Kalvarayan and Kolli hills was just around 50 per cent, indicating that welfare of the cassava farmers were under deprived situation. The Tobit analysis revealed that only education level, farm size and annual income are positively significant in case of Kalvarayan hills. While in case of Kolli hills, age, education level, farming experience, farm size and annual income are positively significant.
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Glasier, James, Scott Nielsen, John Acorn, and Jaime Pinzon. "Boreal Sand Hills are Areas of High Diversity for Boreal Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Diversity 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11020022.
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The boreal forest in Canada comprises a wide variety of ecosystems, including stabilized (overgrown) sand dunes, often referred to as sand hills. Globally, sandy soils are known for supporting a high diversity of invertebrates, including ants, but little is known for boreal systems. We used pitfall trap sampling in sand hill, aspen parkland and peatland ecosystems to compare their ant diversity and test the prediction that areas with sandy soils have higher invertebrate diversity compared to more mesic/organic soils. Overall, sand hills had ~45% more ant species compared to other sampled ecosystems from Alberta. Similar to other studies, local canopy cover within sand hills was found to be inversely related to ant species richness and diversity. Although sand hills are rare across the region, they are high biodiversity areas for ants, with the sand hills of north-central Alberta having higher species richness of ants compared to other studied areas in Canada.
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Paunikar, Sanjay. "Coleoptera fauna in forest ecosystem of Shivalik hills region of India - A mini Review." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 6, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2021.v06.i06.028.
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A review is given on documentation of important and major insect order coleoptera in forest ecosystem of Shivalik Hill regions of India. Shivalik Hills are situated in north Indian region to foot hills of North-West Himalaya due to position make itsunique bio geographic location, diversified climatic conditions and enormous eco-diversity and geo-diversity of flora and fauna. Several renowned workers contributed and documented number of species of coleoptera of the Shivalik Hills region of India. After reviewing the literature on coleoptera fauna in the Shivalik Hills areas indicates some fragmentary work on different aspects of coleoptera such as taxonomic, bioecology, species diversity, seasonal abundance, distribution and pest status. Though, it was found that some documents published but, it is needed to explore more coleopteran fauna and prepare consolidate documents from forest ecosystem of Shivalik Hills and detailed study on taxonomy, bioecology, species diversity, abundance and distribution in forest ecosystem due to current changing climatic condition
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Banik, Ratan Lal. "Melocanna baccifera Bamboo Forests and Impact on Hill Ecosystem of the Indian Sub-Continent." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 27, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2020-i67ezh.
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Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz is a versatile NTFP resource. It forms natural bamboo vegetation extended over about 35,86,410 ha of hilly forests distributed only in the geographical region of northeast India, Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) and Sylhet of Bangladesh, and Arakan hills of Myanmar. The major biological attributes of M.baccifera that strengthen the species capability in competing other bamboo and tree species in colonizing the hills of the above region are identified. These are underground extensive rhizome net-work with much elongated rhizome necks, the diffused nature of clump to provide room for more number of culms annually, rapid expansion rate of clump, tolerance to biotic interference including fire, huge production of fertile seeds with faster seedling growth, etc. The higher density of pagoda like erect solitary culms with radiating unequal numerous branches provide better mechanism in intercepting the rain water to the ground by throughfall and stemflow. The bamboo forest (BF) has profuse root growth and dense root distribution in the 0-66cm of soil depth and as a result ground is more porous in terms of non-capillary and total porosity of the soil mass. The large scale death of M.baccifera forests due to recent (2002-2010) flowering has mixed impact on the hill ecosystem, biodiversity and socio-economy of indigenous people.
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Elavarasan, K., S. Soundara Rajan, A. Manoharan, and P. B. Pushpalatha. "Biochemical Analysis and Comparison of Superior Cabbage Genotypes Grown in Plains and Hills of Kerala, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 38 (May 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.38.1.
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The present study was undertaken to identify the superior cabbage genotype and to examine their physical yield performance among the four cultivated genotypes namely Namdhari Seeds 183, Namdhari Seeds 160, Namdhari Seeds 35 and Tropical Sun Plus, grown in plains and higher altitude of Kerala. Study revealed that significant differences were observed in yield levels of cabbage and it was ranged from 22.6 – 29.3 kg /16m2 in hills and 1.27 – 22.06 kg /16m2 in plains. Among the cabbage genotypes, NS 183 was found to be the best for hilly region in terms of higher head yield (22.06 Kg /16m2), head weight (729.6 g), head height (11.1 cm) and early maturity. Similarly, Tropical Sun Plus exhibited better performance in plains in terms of higher head yield (22.06 Kg /16m2), head weight (729.6 g) and head height (11.1 cm). The individual genotype which exhibited the superior performance in hills and plains were selected and compared for the general biochemical characters like Moisture content, acidity, ascorbic acid, protein, phosphorus, calcium and potassium. Finally, the study found that, the genotype grown at hill (Tropical Sun Plus) was recorded a higher biochemical characters than genotype grown in plains (Tropical Sun plus). Similarly, hill grown genotype (NS 183) recorded a higher biochemical characters than the plains grown genotype (NS 183).
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Elavarasan, K., S. Soundara Rajan, A. Manoharan, and P. B. Pushpalatha. "Biochemical Analysis and Comparison of Superior Cabbage Genotypes Grown in Plains and Hills of Kerala, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 38 (May 6, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-430x4i.
Full textAbstract:
The present study was undertaken to identify the superior cabbage genotype and to examine their physical yield performance among the four cultivated genotypes namely Namdhari Seeds 183, Namdhari Seeds 160, Namdhari Seeds 35 and Tropical Sun Plus, grown in plains and higher altitude of Kerala. Study revealed that significant differences were observed in yield levels of cabbage and it was ranged from 22.6 – 29.3 kg /16m2 in hills and 1.27 – 22.06 kg /16m2 in plains. Among the cabbage genotypes, NS 183 was found to be the best for hilly region in terms of higher head yield (22.06 Kg /16m2), head weight (729.6 g), head height (11.1 cm) and early maturity. Similarly, Tropical Sun Plus exhibited better performance in plains in terms of higher head yield (22.06 Kg /16m2), head weight (729.6 g) and head height (11.1 cm). The individual genotype which exhibited the superior performance in hills and plains were selected and compared for the general biochemical characters like Moisture content, acidity, ascorbic acid, protein, phosphorus, calcium and potassium. Finally, the study found that, the genotype grown at hill (Tropical Sun Plus) was recorded a higher biochemical characters than genotype grown in plains (Tropical Sun plus). Similarly, hill grown genotype (NS 183) recorded a higher biochemical characters than the plains grown genotype (NS 183).
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Snyder, William H., Roger S. Thompson, Robert E. Eskridge, Robert E. Lawson, Ian P. Castro, J. T. Lee, Julian C. R. Hunt, and Yasushi Ogawa. "The structure of strongly stratified flow over hills: dividing-streamline concept." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 152 (March 1985): 249–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085000684.
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In stably stratified flow over a three-dimensional hill, we can define a dividing streamline that separates those streamlines that pass around the hill from those that pass over the hill. The height Hs of this dividing streamline can be estimated by Sheppard's simple energy argument; fluid parcels originating far upstream of a hill at an elevation above Hs have sufficient kinetic energy to rise over the top, whereas those below Hs must pass around the sides. This prediction provides the basis for analysing an extensive range of laboratory observations and measurements of stably stratified flow over a variety of shapes and orientations of hills and with different upwind density and velocity profiles. For symmetric hills and small upwind shear, Sheppard's expression provides a good estimate for Hs. For highly asymmetric flow and/or in the presence of strong upwind shear, the expression provides a lower limit for Hs. As the hills become more nearly two-dimensional, these experiments become less well defined because steady-state conditions take progressively longer to be established. The results of new studies are presented here of the development of the unsteady flow upwind of two-dimensional hills in a finite-length towing tank. These measurements suggest that a very long tank would be required for steady-state conditions to be established upstream of long ridges with or without small gaps and cast doubt upon the validity of previous laboratory studies.
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Hossain, ATMS, T. Dutta, M. S. Mahbub, S. J. Jafrin, P. A. Khan, M. E. Haque, M. H. Sayem, H. Imam, M. Khatun, and R. Bakali. "SPT Based Liquefaction Potentiality Index, Susceptibility & Risk Assessment in the Rohingya Refugee Camp Hills of Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh." American Journal of Environment and Climate 1, no. 3 (December 12, 2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v1i3.843.
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More than one million Rohingya refugees who fled from Myanmar, had constructed temporary shelters on the loose unconsolidated sandy hills (SC-SM, SP & ML) of Ukhiya-Teknaf region, Cox’s Bazar area, Bangladesh. After entering Bangladesh, the green eco forests of Ukhiya Hills had to be destroyed by cutting trees and hill slopes as they built their shelters which eventually had destructive effects on the ecosystem of Ukhiya Teknaf region. Sands (SP-SM) are mainly uniformly graded and composed of more than 72% to 98 % sand. This research has been carried out to assess the liquefaction potentiality index vales, susceptibility using SPT and risks associated with the Ukhiya hills at different earthquake magnitudes. During earthquake at Magnitudes 5 or greater, Ukhiya hill soils are susceptible to liquefy up to a depth of 12 m.. From the Liquefaction Potentiality Index (LPI) values, risk and sensitivity analysis, it is established that the Ukhiya hills are medium to highly susceptible to liquefy at higher magnitudes (M= 5 or greater). It is also established that north western part of the camp hills are high to very high risk prone areas. Based on Liquefaction Potentiality Index (LPI) values, four seismic risk zones are identified in and around the Rohingya camp area. Some geo-engineering recommendations are also made to reduce this seismic hazard for sustainable community living in the camp area.
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Bony, MH, SK Paul, MA Kaderand, and MAR Sarkar. "Yield performance of Boro rice in response to urea super granular (USG)." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 13, no. 1 (July 14, 2016): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v13i1.28706.
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The experiment was conducted during December 2012 to June 2013 in the farmers field adjacent to Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), a village named Boira under Sadar Upazilla of Mymensingh to study the yield performance of Boro rice in response to USG. The experiment comprised two rice varieties viz. Binadhan-5 and BRRI dhan29 and seven levels of USG viz.i) prilled urea (PU) 280 kg ha-1(control),ii)USG 1.8g/4 hills in every alternate row applied at 5 cm depth, iii) USG 1.8g/4 hills in every alternate row applied at 10 cm depth, iv) USG 2.7g/4 hills in every alternate row applied at 5 cm depth, v)USG 2.7g/4 hills in every alternate row applied at 10 cm depth, vi) USG 3.6g/4 hills in every alternate row applied at 5 cm depth and vii)USG 3.6g/4 hills in every alternate row applied at 10 cm depth. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Variety, level of USG and their interaction exerted significant influence on yield contributing characters and yield of Boro rice. BRRI dhan29 produced higher number of effective tillers hill-1 and heaviest grain than that of Binadhan-5. As a result of superior yield parameters, BRRI dhan29 gave higher yield (7.67 t ha-1) than Binadhan-5 (6.52 t ha-1). In case of USG, the highest number of total tillers hill-1, grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight and grain yield (7.59 t ha-1) were obtained from USG @ 3.6g/4 hills in every alternate row applied at 5cm depth. The lowest values of all the parameters were obtained from PU. Considering their interaction effect, BRRI dhan29 with USG 3.6g/4 hills in every alternate row applied at 5cm depth produced best yield attributes, grain (8.38 t ha-1) and straw yield (9.26 t ha-1). The lowest performance was observed in Binadhan-5 with PU. The overall results suggest that farmers can be advised to cultivate BRRI dhan29 fertilized with USG 3.6g/4 hills in every alternate row at 5 cm depth for getting highest yield in Boro season under the agro-climate condition of the study area.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(1): 13-17, June 2015
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Santosa, Edi, Herdhata Agusta, Dwi Guntoro, and Sofyan Zaman. "Strength assessment of rice hills from different planting distance by loading simulation." Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 5, no. 3 (December 2, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.31895.
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Plant spacing arrangement might benefit hill strength from the impact of strong wind velocity during extreme weather situations. Here, a loading test to evaluate rice hill strength was performed on Ciherang variety grown in square and double row spacing 2:1. The research was conducted at Cilubang village, Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia from March to May 2017. Weight holding capacity was evaluated in 85 days after transplanting on four levels of hill height, i.e., 80 cm, 60 cm, 40 cm, and 20 cm above soil level with three-time replication. The results showed that double-spaced hills had 66.0 % ± 3.1 % stronger than those of square spacing at all height measurement. To lodge a hill into 20 cm to 40 cm from soil level, it required 346.7 g to 741.7 g in square spacing, and 555.2 g to 1149.2 g in double row spacing. Stronger hills in double row spacing seemed to correlate with a higher number of tiller and hills architecture; it requires further study in the role of both factors on the hill strength improvement. The present study recommends applying double row spacing to improve rice hill strength especially at a time with a high chance of lodging by strong wind incident.
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Maulana, Karina Meiyanti, Langgeng Wahyu Santosa, and Tjahyo Nugroho Adji. "Groundwater Potential in Unconfined Aquifers Using a Landform Approach in Gorontalo City." Jambura Geoscience Review 5, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jgeosrev.v5i1.15185.
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This research aimed to determine the potential of the unconfined aquifer in Gorontalo City based on the landform approach. The landforms in Gorontalo City consist of alluvial plains of lake deposits, floodplains of river deposits, alluvial fans of lake deposits, hills of structural fractures of reef limestones, hills of structural fractures of pinogu volcanic rocks, and hills of intrusive bone diorite. The method used consisted of a meteorological approach in the southern hills of Gorontalo City and a dynamic approach on the plains of Gorontalo City. The calculation of groundwater availability using a meteorological approach is 421.561,67 m3/year in the structural limestone reef fractures hill, 1.198.975,33 m3/year in the structural pinogu volcanic fractures hill, and 373.062,86 m3/year in the intrusive bone diorite hill, with a total of groundwater availability using the meteorological approach, is 1.993.599,87 m3/year. Groundwater availability using a dynamic approach was 2.621.535,19 m3/year or a discharge of 49,26 lt/sec (large) in the alluvial plain of lake sediment, discharge of 17,19 lt/sec (large) in the floodplain of river sediment, and discharge of 16,65 lt/sec (large) in the alluvial fan of lake sediment. The potential value of groundwater using the dynamic method is greater than the meteorological approach because of the amount of evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and crop coefficient.
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Shamsoddin, Sina, and Fernando Porté-Agel. "Wind turbine wakes over hills." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 855 (September 19, 2018): 671–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.653.
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Understanding and predicting the behaviour of wind turbine wake flows over hills is important for optimal design of wind-farm configurations on topography. In this study, we present an analytical modelling framework together with large-eddy simulation (LES) results to investigate turbine wakes over two-dimensional hills. The analytical model consists of two steps. In the first step, we deal with the effect of the pressure gradient on the wake evolution; and in the second step, we consider the effect of the hill-induced streamline distortion on the wake. This model enables us to obtain the wake recovery rate, the mean velocity and velocity deficit profiles and the wake trajectory in the presence of the hill. Moreover, we perform LES to test our model and also to obtain new complementary insight about such flows. Especially, we take advantage of the LES data to perform a special analysis of the behaviour of the wake on the leeward side of the hill. It is found that the mainly favourable pressure gradient on the windward side of the hill accelerates the wake recovery and the adverse pressure gradient on the leeward side decelerates it. The wake trajectory for a hill of the same height as the turbine’s hub height is found to closely follow the hill profile on the windward side, but it maintains an almost constant elevation (a horizontal line) downstream of the hilltop. The trajectory of the wake on the leeward side is also studied for a limiting case of an escarpment, and it is shown that an internal boundary layer forms on the plateau which leads to an upward displacement of the wake centre. Finally, a parametric study of the position of the turbine with respect to the hill is performed to further elucidate the effect of the hill-induced pressure gradient on the wind turbine wake recovery.
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Sun, Menghan, and Hui Qi. "Scattering of Antiplane SH Waves by Complex Landforms." Shock and Vibration 2021 (August 5, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9997230.
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The multiple scattering of SH waves by isosceles triangular hill, semicircle depression, and isosceles trapezoidal hill in the solid half-space is studied. The complex model is divided into multiple subdomains by using the region matching method, then the wave functions in each subdomain are constructed by using the fractional-order Bessel function, and finally, the infinite algebraic equations for solving the unknown coefficients in the wave function are established by using the multipolar coordinate technique and the complex function method according to the boundary conditions. Fourier series is used to solve the unknown undetermined coefficients. The results show that due to the multiple reflections of the incident wave between complex landforms, surface displacement amplitude is affected by the incident angle, incident frequency, and the distance between the isosceles triangular hill, semicircle depression, and isosceles trapezoidal hill. It is found that when the incident frequency increases, there is a certain amplification effect between the hills and the depression. When the wave is incident horizontally, there is a certain “barrier” effect between hills and depression, and when the distance between the hills and depression reaches a certain level, the “barrier” effect will reach a stable value.
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Shi, Yun, Sha Geng, and Wen Bao Mi. "A Study on Topographic Differentiation of Small-Watershed Landscapes in the Loess Hilly Region Based on Ecological Restoration Measures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 989–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.989.
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Small watershed is the basic unit of soil and water conservation management in the Loess Hilly Region, and the spatial distribution of different landscapes for land use in small watershed has restricted a variety of ecological processes and ecological benefits of landscapes. This paper combines a geographic information system (GIS) and statistical analysis to reveal the relationship between the spatial distribution of landscape types and topographic factors such as elevation, slope and aspect so as to explore the influences of topographic factors on the spatial distribution pattern of different ecological restoration measures. Gaojianbao Watershed, a typical loess hilly region , is the study area. A land-use map (scale1:50000,2013) of the study area and the topographic map (1:100,000) were used as the base data. The study area is divided into 8 landscape types by the classification of ecological restoration measures. The results showed that: topographic factor is an important factor affecting the watershed ecological restoration, and the spatial distribution of ecological restoration landscapes in Gaojianpu Watershed was significantly associated with topographic factors, featuring obvious vertical distribution. With the rise of elevation, the distribution of landscape types showed the order of ditch protection forest to fruit forest to afforestation (grassland restoration) to barren hills under natural enclosing to level terrace to fish-scale pit to barren hill under afforestation; the spatial distribution of each landscape component was greatly influenced by slope, and the distribution ratio first increased gradually and then decreased; when the aspect shifts from shady to sunny, the distribution ratio of landscapes like afforestation (grassland restoration), level terrace and barren hills under afforestation decreased while the distribution ratio of barren hills under natural enclosing and fruit forests increased, and the landscapes of fish-scale pits and ditch protection forests were basically not affected by aspect.
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Hossain, Md Shakhawat, ASM Maksud Kamal, Md Zillur Rahman, Md Mostafizur Rahman, Kamrun Nahar, and ASM Woobaidullah. "Predominant period and amplification factor estimation with respect to geomorphology - a case study of Sylhet city corporation area, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 27, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v27i1.26220.
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Predominant period and amplification factor of the subsurface soils of Sylhet city corporation area have been estimated using microtremor. Their relation to the geomorphological units of the city has been determined. The estimated predominant periods of alluvial fan, back swamp, flood plain, isolated hills, level hills, piedmont plain, point bar and ridge of the city are 0.60, 0.75, 0.73, 0.23, 0.62, 0.45, 0.73 and 0.66 sec., respectively. With maximum (± 0.88) and minimum (± 0.38) standard deviation amplification factor of alluvial fan, back swamp, flood plain, isolated hills, level hills, piedmont plain, point bar and ridge are 3.1, 4.1, 4.6, 3.75, 2.22, 4.12, 4.18 and 4.42, respectively. According to amplification seismic hazard of different geomorphological units of the city has been ranked from very low to relatively high hazard zone whereas level hill falls under very low, alluvial fan under low, flood plain under relatively high and back swamp, isolated hills, piedmont plain, point bar and ridge falls under moderate hazard zone.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 27(1): 1-10, June-2014
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Likongwe, Patrick J., Frank B. Chimaimba, Sosten S. Chiotha, Treaser Mandevu, Lois Kamuyango, and Hesekia Garekae. "Urban Community Power: Enhancing Urban Forest Diversity and Reversing Ecosystem Disservices in Zomba City, Malawi." Land 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111258.
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Tree species diversity in urban green spaces supports the provision of a wide range of urban ecosystem services, well studied in developed countries and less so in developing countries, where little is discussed concerning the role of urban communities in addressing the eminent threat facing green spaces. A study was, therefore, conducted to assess the impact of community involvement in the management of urban green spaces, which is mostly left in the hands of the central government in most developing countries. Two hills, namely, Sadzi and Chiperoni hills, were selected within Zomba city, where the latter has no community involvement in managing it. Trees with diameters at breast height (DBH) of ≥5 cm were measured and identified to species level from 25 sampled plots (20 × 20 m each). The results found a total of 51 species, 40 genera and 17 families, with the Fabaceae family dominant in both hills. A Shannon index of above 3.0 was recorded from both hills, with a greater tree density for Sadzi hill at 695 trees/ha. Sadzi hill has gained more than a twofold increase in green cover, while Chiperoni has lost 10%. Despite being in the regenerating phase, the community management is contributing to urban green space provision, ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation.
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Ismael, Ndia Salim, Hamed Humood Husein, and Faiza Ibrahim Mohammed. "Sand Dune Stabilization by Hydrated Lime." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.24.2.04.
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Formation and movement of sand dunes could be considered the most important problems thatsafer and destroy agricultural lands, domestic and industrial buildings. These dunes finally forma desertification state. The hard climate as high temperature and reduction in rainfall are themain factors affecting on this formation. This practical study is a trial to solve this problemthrough addition and covering the dunes by local material. Hydrated lime was used in this work,the lime was mixed with water in different ratios and covered a hills of sand. Three ratios of limewere selected to cover three sand hills with diameter 100 cm and height 50cm. The thickness ofthe lime layer is 6cm and covered all the hill. The hills were lifted for a year under the naturalcircumstances of sun shine, winds, rainfall and temperature. Results indicated that the hills werefixed and no sand were blown from dunes. Furthermore, some natural plants have been grownover them.
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Polari, Juan J., Louise Ferguson, and Selina C. Wang. "Pistachio Kernel Composition of ‘Kalehghouchi’, ‘Pete 1’, and ‘Lost Hills’ in California." HortScience 55, no. 5 (May 2020): 666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14893-20.
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Moisture and fat content, fatty acid profile, and volatile terpenes were measured for the first time for ‘Kalehghouchi’, ‘Pete 1’, and ‘Lost Hills’ pistachios grown at two California microclimates: Lost Hills and Parlier. ‘Kalehghouchi’ had the highest moisture content, followed by ‘Pete 1’ and ‘Lost Hills’, respectively. While the moisture content of ‘Kalehghouchi’ was not significantly affected by location, it was lower for ‘Pete 1’ grown at Parlier (40.8 vs. 40.8 g/100 g) and higher for ‘Lost Hill’ grown there (48.2 vs. 45.2 g/100 g). ‘Pete 1’ grown at the Parlier site had a higher fat content compared with ‘Lost Hills’ (47.7 vs. 43.0 g/100 g). ‘Kalehghouchi’ had a lower fat content at Parlier compared with Lost Hills (42.0 vs. 44.9 g/100 g), and ‘Lost Hills’ was unaffected by location. The main fatty acid measured in the pistachio samples was oleic acid (52% to 58%), followed by linoleic (26% to 33%) and palmitic acids (11% to 13%). While oleic acid content of ‘Lost Hills’ and ‘Kalehghouchi’ was higher for pistachios grown in Parlier, no impact of location was observed for ‘Pete 1’. The fatty acid profiles of all three cultivars appeared to be more dependent on genotype and less affected by microclimate. α-pinene (95–1682 ng/kg), limonene (37–741 ng/kg), and α-terpinolene (1–368 ng/kg) were the most abundant volatiles among all the cultivars and locations. Microclimate was the primary factor in determining volatile terpenes concentration in pistachio kernels.
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Kumar, Vinod. "Analysis of Building in Hilly Areas under Earthquake Excitation." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 4905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46040.
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Abstract: To look into how well buildings in hilly areas function under different types of dangers, such as earthquakes and wind loads. The focus has switched from the plain to the hilly terrain in the present, since construction is expanding significantly on a mass scale. Hills are the areas where the local vernacular aesthetic value has been retained. In an effort to maintain the existing architecture of any hilly location, new and different construction techniques are currently going through an experimental phase. These techniques combine traditional and contemporary techniques. Hills can experience extremely dry, scorching temperatures or cold, snowy winters that last virtually the entire year. And in such climatic conditions, different building techniques are used to create structures that can withstand the elements while also providing comfortable living spaces for the local populace. This research makes an effort to analyse the many approaches that have been used in various countries in terms of climate, building methods, and materials on hilly terrain.
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Bora, Mayuri. "Colonial Intervention to a New Equation of Politics in India’s Northeast." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i1.799.
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Colonialism has its impact on Indian politics and society even after the colonialism. Pre-colonial Assam was able to maintain its independent status till 1826. After incorporating into the company’s holdings, colonialists gradually extended their controls to the hill areas surrounding the Assam and Bengal plains. Subsequent to annexing the hills, the areas were designated as “tribal” areas and continued to be ruled as a distinct administrative regime. However, the strategy of divide and rule system had fundamentally changed the practices of both hills and the plains. For segregating the hills from the plains, a line was drawn, known as Inner line of 1873. The gradual separation and sharpening of identity had led to the formation of ‘Bordoloi Sub-committee to render autonomy to the hill people. However, the recommendation made by the ‘Bordoloi Sub-committee’ were not able to fulfil the aspirations of the hill tribes, and they started demanding for more autonomy in the form of statehood, backed by insurgent activities, which paved the way for the reorganisation of Assam. And in the present juncture, the Plain tribes of Assam have been demanding for re-reorganisation of Assam. Hence, this study specifies the colonial subjectivity and subjugation and its consequences to new equations of contemporary politics.
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Togashi, Katsumi, and Shigeru Hoshino. "Assessment of a three-stage sampling strategy to investigate the spatial distribution and population density of Aphelenchoides besseyi among Oryza sativa seeds." Nematology 12, no. 3 (2010): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138855409x12549869072284.
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AbstractThis study aimed to determine the spatial distribution patterns of Aphelenchoides besseyi among Oryza sativa seeds on panicle, plant hill, and paddy field spatial scales and to present a three-stage sampling method for estimating the mean density per seed in paddy fields. Living and dead nematodes were extracted individually from 20 seeds sampled from each of five panicles, which were sampled from each of six rice plant hills in each of eight paddy fields, where all plants had leaves exhibiting the 'white tip' symptom. Nested ANOVA indicated that A. besseyi density per seed was significantly different among the eight paddy fields, among rice plant hills in paddy fields, and among panicles in rice plant hills. The proportion of nematode-infested seeds (prevalence) increased and reached an upper limit as the mean density per seed on the panicle scale increased, whereas linear relationships were observed between nematode prevalence and the mean density on plant hill and paddy field scales. Relationships between mean density and mean crowding of nematodes per seed indicated that the nematodes exhibited clumped distribution on each of panicle, plant hill and field scales. Using these relationships, a three-stage sampling plan for estimating nematode density per seed at a specified precision level is presented.
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Widera, Marek, and Lilianna Chomiak. "Various Genetic Types of End Moraines in the City of Poznań and Its Close Vicinity, Central-Western Poland." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2019-0037.
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Abstract The current research focuses on explaining the origin of end moraines running through the northernmost districts of the city of Poznań. The highest hills, that is, the Moraska Hill and the Dziewicza Hill, are a stagnation record of the Vistulian Glaciation of the Poznań Phase. These two hills represent terminal moraines of similar height and age, but the mechanism of their formation is diametrically opposed. The Dziewicza Hill is a typical accumulative end moraine, where Pleistocene deposits over 70 m thick are undisturbed. On the other hand, the Moraska Hill is a classic example of a push end moraine with a relatively thin cover of Pleistocene sediments and glaciotectonically elevated (up to 130 m a.s.l.) upper Neogene deposits. In the latter case, these strongly deformed sediments are the so-called “Poznań Clays” that underlie the Quaternary deposits in the vast area of the Polish Lowlands.
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Kamalian, Mohsen, Mohammad Kazem Jafari, Abdollah Sohrabi-Bidar, and Arash Razmkhah. "Seismic Response of 2-D Semi-Sine Shaped Hills to Vertically Propagating Incident Waves: Amplification Patterns and Engineering Applications." Earthquake Spectra 24, no. 2 (May 2008): 405–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2923920.
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This paper presents the most important results of an extensive numerical parametric study on seismic behavior of two-dimensional semi-sine shaped hills subjected to vertically propagating incident SV and P waves. The medium is assumed to have a linear elastic constitutive behavior. All calculations are executed in time-domain using the direct boundary element method. Clear perspectives of the amplification patterns of the hill are presented by investigation of the frequency-domain responses. It is shown that wave length, site geometry and in a less order of importance, wave type and material parameters, are the independent key parameters governing the hill's amplification pattern. Some preliminary simple equations and tables are presented which could be used as useful starting estimates to account for topography in seismic microzonation studies as well as seismic design of structures located on the hill.
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Pandey, Y. R., T. B. Karki, and G. P. Paudel. "Ginger Integration in Maize Based Cropping System for Increased Income in the Hills of Nepal." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 7 (August 30, 2007): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v7i0.560.
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A field experiment was conducted at Deurali, Palpa (1200 m asl) during 2004 rainy season to identify the appropriate plant population of maize for increased productivity of maize ginger, net economic return and land use efficiency due to integration of the above crops based cropping system in the hills. Maize was planted as double planting (double plants in a hill with 100x100 cm spacing), single planting (single plant in a hill with 100 x 50 cm spacing), normal planting (75 x 25 cm spacing) and ginger was cropped in between the maize rows at 30 x 30 cm spacing sole maize and sole ginger. The results of the experiment showed that the highest maize and ginger yield were obtained from sole planting system with an average of 6.15 and 41.13t/ha maize ginger and fresh ginger rhizomes respectively. the lowest net return of Rs 16,934/ha was obtained from sole maize planting. Among the intercropping systems. Maize double planting and ginger integration system produced significantly high net income of Rs. 535,426/ha with acceptable land equivalent ration (LER) (1.40). However, the highest net return of Rs 604,034/ ha was obtained from ginger as sole planting. Since maize is the staple food crop in the hill and it could not be ignored in the cropping system, maize double planting with ginger integration was found beneficial with significant high net profit compared to sole maize while ginger gave 12.81% more net profit compared to intercropping. the result of the experiment revealed that double planting of maize with ginger integration system would be profitable instead of sole maize but cultivation of ginger as sole crop has been found much profitable than intercropping in the mid-hills. In the hilly regions farmers generally grow maize and ginger separately. The concept of intercropping maize + ginger in a field enhances crop productivity per unit area. This information which is documented in the maize + ginger in a field enhances crop productivity per unit area. This information which is documented in the different social studies in western hills. <i>Nepal Journal of Science and Technology</i> Vol. 7, 2006
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Yangaki, Anastasia G. "A beekeeper’s kit of the First Byzantine period in Eleutherna (Crete)." Journal of Greek Archaeology 7 (November 23, 2022): 298–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v7i.1718.
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The site of ancient Eleutherna is located in the regional unit of Rethymnon, around 25 km away from the town of that name, in the region of Mylopotamos, northwest of Mount Ida. Hills characterise the archaeological zone of the site, deeply cut through by two streams, to the east and to the west. It is a naturally fortified site, blessed with rich vegetation. Systematic excavations in Eleutherna by the University of Crete began in 1985. The whole site was divided into three Sectors. The eastern and western sides of one of these hills, Pyrgi, have been excavated (Sectors I and III, respectively), as well as the hill of Pyrgi (Figure 1), itself, which corresponds to the acropolis, and the hill to west of Pyrgi, Nisi (Sector II). These two hills are oriented north-south. The former has a more pointed shape at the northern end, and consists of terraces that have an elevation of 320 to 380 m. There lies the Central Plateau of the Acropolis of Eleutherna. Thanks to the investigations, architectural remains from various eras have been revealed on the eastern and western sides, as well as on the end of each of these hills.
During the period from the 4th until at least the first half of the 8th century AD, forming part of the so-called First Byzantine period of the island, which is of interest to us, Eleutherna experienced great growth. Important architectural remains from a settlement of that period are mainly concentrated in the valley east of Pyrgi (Sector I) and on the hill of Pyrgi (Sector II).
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Ali, Md Jahangir. "Causes of Landslide and its Socio-economic Effects: a study on Chattogram City and Surrounding Areas, Bangladesh." Ilomata International Journal of Social Science 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v2i4.393.
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Landslide is a regular hazard in Bangladesh especially in Chattogram, the South-Eastern part of the Country. In 2007 and 2008 there happened two massive landslides in Chattogram. As a result, a huge number of people (130 and 11 respectively) died with heavy loss of properties affecting thousands of people in the region. Most of the landslides happened after torrential rain. Combined effect of rainfall and hill cutting induced slope instability adding Earthquake-triggered landslide in Chattogram. Some influential people are involved in hill cutting and developing hilly settlements in Chattogram. In some places, Government and non-Government authorities are developing settlements by razing hills there. A detailed area planning, landslide vulnerability zoning, landslide database development, geophysical analysis, and strictly implementation of Government’s existing rules are recommended to ensure avoiding further tragedy in Chattogram like 2007 and 2008.
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Sheha, A. M., Haytham Mostafa El-Shahed, and Abd El Nabi Hamed Mohamed Diab. "Response of Watermelon Pulp (Citrullus colocynthoides) to Intercropped Maize (Zea mays L.) With Plants Distributions Under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Levels." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 8 (July 15, 2020): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n8p212.
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Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Gemmeiza Agriculture Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt after 2018 and 2019 summer growing seasons to determine the effect of intercropping pattern of yellow maize hybrid (single cross 168: “SC 168”) with watermelon pulp at three plant distributions (20 cm between hills and one plant/hill, 40 cm between hills and two plants/hill and 60 cm between hills and three plants/hill) and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (25, 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended dose “120 kg N fad-1”) as well as their interactions on maize and watermelon pulp growth, yield and its attributes as well as competitive relationships and yield advantages. The experiments were carried out in split-plot design with four replicates. The main-plots were assigned to plant distributions of maize, the sub-plots were allocated to levels of nitrogen fertilizer for maize. The obtained results showed that planting maize plants on one side of terraces of 140 cm width with 20 cm between hills and leaving one plant/hill and planting watermelon pulp on the other side of the terraces produced the highest values of plant height, ear height, number of kernels row-1, 100-kernel weight and grain yield fad-1, at the same time the lowest values of ear leaf area, ear length, ear diameter and number of rows ear-1 of maize as well as the lowest values of growth, yield and its attributes of watermelon pulp during the both seasons. Mineral fertilizing maize plants with 75% of the recommended dose (90 kg N/fad) and watermelon pulp with the recommended dose produced the highest values of all studied growth characters, yield and its attributes of maize and watermelon pulp in both seasons. The highest values of land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), area time equivalent ratio (ATER), land equivalent coefficient (LEC), aggressivity index (AI), monetary advantage index (MAI), actual yield (L.E.) of watermelon, Total income (L.E.) and economic return (L.E.) were obtained from planting maize plants on one side of terraces of 140 cm width with 60 cm between hills and leaving three plants/hill and planting watermelon pulp on the other side of the terraces besides fertilizing maize plants with 75% of the recommended dose (90 kg N/fad) and watermelon pulp with the recommended dose in both seasons. It can be recommended that planting maize on 60 cm between hills and leaving three plants/hill and planting watermelon pulp on the other side of the terraces besides fertilizing maize plants with 90 kg N/fad and watermelon pulp with the recommended dose to obtain the maximum values growth, yield and its attributes of watermelon pulp and competitive relationships and yield advantages of both crops under the climates conditions of Middle Delta, Egypt.
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Bhasha, S. K. M., and P. Siva Kumar Reddy. "Ethnobotanical plants of Veligonda Hills, Southern Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India." Plant Science Today 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2017.4.1.268.
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The Veligonda range which separates the Nellore district from Kadapa and Kurnool is the back bone of the Eastern Ghats, starting from Nagari promontory in Chittoor district. It runs in a northerly direction along the western boarders of the Nellore district, raising elevation of 3,626 feet at Penchalakona in Rapur thaluk. Veligonda hill ranges have high alttudinal and deep valley. These hills have rich biodiversity and many rare, endangered, endemic and threatned plants are habituated in these hills. The present paper mainly deals with the ethanobotanical plants used by local people.
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RAY, REEJU. "Interrupted Sovereignties in the North-East Frontier of British India, 1787–1870." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 606–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000257.
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AbstractThe Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills in the North East Frontier of British India were subject to shifting and differentiated forms of colonial governance. Defying notions of coexistence with or autonomy from colonial rule, the colonial history of this region was bound up with specific spatio-temporal constructions. By examining the nature of jurisdictional and political encounters in the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills, this article addresses the interruptions to imperial sovereignty in the Frontier. Imperial sovereignty moved in juridical forms, affecting and being affected by classificatory challenges such as hills and plains, hill tribal, and settler. The relationship between jurisdictional boundaries, plural authority, and imperial sovereignty appears in judicial and revenue files of different levels of the English East India Company government and the British government. Recurrent boundary disputes between the spatio-temporal units of hills and plains during the late eighteenth and late nineteenth centuries point towards contingent strategies of governance. The unfolding of these disputes over the course of the nineteenth century also show that law and jurisdiction as carriers of imperial sovereignty were spatially and temporally uneven. The historical processes highlighted in this article concern the sub-region of Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills and parts of the Sylhet district of British Bengal, which, at present, constitute the Indian state of Meghalaya and parts of northern Bangladesh, respectively.
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Jia, Zhen Zhen, and Tao Feng. "Analysis on Explosion Characteristics of Coal Gangue Hills." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.924.
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In the process of the coal gangue hill explosion, a lot of harmful gases can be released, which seriously pollutes the atmospheric environment and is harmful to people’s health; meanwhile, equipments and the surrounding buildings can also be destroyed, which brings huge economic losses and casualties. In addition, social problems caused by coal gangue hills will become a thorny problem for coal enterprises. Therefore, the influencing factors on the coal gangue hill explosion, the explosion characteristics and laws, and the spontaneous combustion process of the coal gangue hill are analyzed; the coal gangue hill explosion are discussed from the arch shell theory, the bottom air leakage and oxygen supply, rainfall, detonating gas explosion, and chain reaction; the conditions, influencing factors and characteristics of the coal gangue hill explosion are obtained.
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Rashmi, Rashmi. "Linden Hills." Linguistics and Culture Review 6 (January 2, 2022): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v6ns2.2072.
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Linden Hills by Gloria Naylor marks psychological fragmentation which results into immense pain and suffering. Naylor, in this novel, addresses the physical and mental hierarchies which act as blockades in the higher purpose of human integration. This paper aims to investigate the saga of undiluted suffering in the lives of women in Linden Hills. The novelist shows in true colors how the black women become sacrificial lambs and receive the brunt of the frustration of the black males of their society. This paper is also a close study of black males mentality when they get unbridled power and exert it on all those who are subversive to them. Women become the easy victim of their ruthless power play. The tragedy is more intense because the women have been suffering for many generations. In every generation, Nedeed male marries a light-complexioned woman just to reduce her to a child-bearing tool. Failing that, the woman has to lead a life full of hardships and depravity. This paper analyses how her loud desires to stand against the institutionalized trauma herald a new era of freedom from pain and suffering.