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Journal articles on the topic 'Hikurangi subduction zone'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Wallace, Laura M. "Slow Slip Events in New Zealand." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 175–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-071719-055104.

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Continuously operating global positioning system sites in the North Island of New Zealand have revealed a diverse range of slow motion earthquakes on the Hikurangi subduction zone. These slow slip events (SSEs) exhibit diverse characteristics, from shallow (<15 km), short (<1 month), frequent (every 1–2 years) events in the northern part of the subduction zone to deep (>30 km), long (>1 year), less frequent (approximately every 5 years) SSEs in the southern part of the subduction zone. Hikurangi SSEs show intriguing relationships to interseismic coupling, seismicity, and tectonic tremor, and they exhibit a diversity of interactions with large, regional earthquakes. Due to the marked along-strike variations in Hikurangi SSE characteristics, which coincide with changes in physical characteristics of the subduction margin, the Hikurangi subduction zone presents a globally unique natural laboratory to resolve outstanding questions regarding the origin of episodic, slow fault slip behavior. ▪ New Zealand's Hikurangi subduction zone hosts slow slip events with a diverse range of depth, size, duration, and recurrence characteristics. ▪ Hikurangi slow slip events show intriguing relationships with seismicity ranging from small earthquakes and tremor to larger earthquakes. ▪ Slow slip events play a major role in the accommodation of plate motion at the Hikurangi subduction zone. ▪ Many aspects of the Hikurangi subduction zone make it an ideal natural laboratory to resolve the physical processes controlling slow slip.

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2

Pizer, Charlotte, Kate Clark, Jamie Howarth, Ed Garrett, Xiaoming Wang, David Rhoades, and Sarah Woodroffe. "Paleotsunamis on the Southern Hikurangi Subduction Zone, New Zealand, Show Regular Recurrence of Large Subduction Earthquakes." Seismic Record 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0320210012.

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Abstract Geological records of subduction earthquakes, essential for seismic and tsunami hazard assessment, are difficult to obtain at transitional plate boundaries, because upper-plate fault earthquake deformation can mask the subduction zone signal. Here, we examine unusual shell layers within a paleolagoon at Lake Grassmere, at the transition zone between the Hikurangi subduction zone and the Marlborough fault system. Based on biostratigraphic and sedimentological analyses, we interpret the shell layers as tsunami deposits. These are dated at 2145–1837 and 1505–1283 yr B.P., and the most likely source of these tsunamis was ruptures of the southern Hikurangi subduction interface. Identification of these two large earthquakes brings the total record of southern Hikurangi subduction earthquakes to four in the past 2000 yr. For the first time, it is possible to obtain a geologically constrained recurrence interval for the southern Hikurangi subduction zone. We calculate a recurrence interval of 500 yr (335–655 yr, 95% confidence interval) and a coefficient of variation of 0.27 (0.0–0.47, 95% confidence interval). The probability of a large subduction earthquake on the southern Hikurangi subduction zone is 26% within the next 50 yr. We find no consistent temporal relationship between subduction earthquakes and large earthquakes on upper-plate faults.

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3

Van Houtte, Chris, Stephen Bannister, Caroline Holden, Sandra Bourguignon, and Graeme McVerry. "The New Zealand Strong Motion Database." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 50, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.1.1-20.

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This article summarises work that has been undertaken to compile the New Zealand Strong Motion Database, which is intended to be a significant resource for both researchers and practitioners. The database contains 276 New Zealand earthquakes that were recorded by strong motion instruments from GeoNet and earlier network operators. The events have moment magnitudes ranging from 3.5 to 7.8. A total of 134 of these events (49%) have been classified as occurring in the overlying crust, with 33 events (12%) located on the Fiordland subduction interface and 7 on the Hikurangi subduction interface (3%). 8 events (3%) are deemed to have occurred within the subducting Australian Plate at the Fiordland subduction zone, and 94 events (34%) within the subducting Pacific Plate on the Hikurangi subduction zone. There are a total of 4,148 uniformly-processed recordings associated with these earthquakes, from which acceleration, velocity and displacement time-series, Fourier amplitude spectra of acceleration, and acceleration response spectra have been computed. 598 recordings from the New Zealand database are identified as being suitable for future use in time-domain analyses of structural response. All data are publicly available at http://info.geonet.org.nz/x/TQAdAQ.

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4

Barnes, Philip M., Laura M. Wallace, Demian M. Saffer, Rebecca E. Bell, Michael B. Underwood, Ake Fagereng, Francesca Meneghini, et al. "Slow slip source characterized by lithological and geometric heterogeneity." Science Advances 6, no. 13 (March 2020): eaay3314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay3314.

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Slow slip events (SSEs) accommodate a significant proportion of tectonic plate motion at subduction zones, yet little is known about the faults that actually host them. The shallow depth (<2 km) of well-documented SSEs at the Hikurangi subduction zone offshore New Zealand offers a unique opportunity to link geophysical imaging of the subduction zone with direct access to incoming material that represents the megathrust fault rocks hosting slow slip. Two recent International Ocean Discovery Program Expeditions sampled this incoming material before it is entrained immediately down-dip along the shallow plate interface. Drilling results, tied to regional seismic reflection images, reveal heterogeneous lithologies with highly variable physical properties entering the SSE source region. These observations suggest that SSEs and associated slow earthquake phenomena are promoted by lithological, mechanical, and frictional heterogeneity within the fault zone, enhanced by geometric complexity associated with subduction of rough crust.

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5

Lemenkova, Polina. "GEBCO and ETOPO1 gridded datasets for GMT based cartographic Mapping of Hikurangi, Puysegur and Hjort Trenches, New Zealand." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica, no. 19 (December 30, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1427-9711.19.01.

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The study focused on the comparative analysis of the submarine geomorphology of three oceanic trenches: Hikurangi Trench (HkT), Puysegur Trench (PT) and Hjort Trench (HjT), New Zealand region, Pacific Ocean. HjT is characterized by an oblique subduction zone. Unique regional tectonic setting consist in two subduction zones: northern (Hikurangi margin) and southern (Puysegur margin), connected by oblique continental collision along the Alpine Fault, South Island. This cause variations in the geomorphic structure of the trenches. PT/HjT subduction is highly oblique (dextral) and directed southwards. Hikurangi subduction is directed northwestwards. South Island is caught in between by the “subduction scissor”. Methodology is based on GMT (The Generic Mapping Tools) for mapping, plotting and modelling. Mapping includes visualized geophysical, tectonic and geological settings of the trenches, based on sequential use of GMT modules. Data include GEBCO, ETOPO1, EGM96. Comparative histogram equalization of topographic grids (equalized, normalized, quadratic) was done by module ’grdhisteq’, automated cross-sectioning – by ’grdtrack’. Results shown that HjT has a symmetric shape form with comparative gradients on both western and eastern slopes. HkT has a trough-like flat wide bottom, steeper gradient slope on the North Island flank. PT has an asymmetric V-form with steep gradient on the eastern slopes and gentler western slope corresponding to the relatively gentle slope of a subducting plate and steeper slope of an upper one. HkT has shallower depths < 2,500 m, PT is <-6,000 m. The deepest values > 6,000 m for HjT. The surrounding relief of the HjT presents the most uneven terrain with gentle slope oceanward, and a steep slope on the eastern flank for PT, surrounded by complex submarine relief along the Macquarie Arc. Data distribution for the HkT demonstrates almost equal pattern for the depths from -600 m to ₋2,600 m. PT has a bimodal data distribution with 2 peaks: 1) -4,250 to -4,500 m (18%); 2) -2,250 to -3,000 m, < 7,5%. The second peak corresponds to the Macquarie Arc. Data distribution for HjT is classic bell-shaped with a clear peak at -3,250 to -3,500 m. The asymmetry of the trenches resulted in geomorphic shape of HkT, PT and HjT affected by geologic processes.

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6

Williams, C. A., D. Eberhart-Phillips, S. Bannister, D. H. N. Barker, S. Henrys, M. Reyners, and R. Sutherland. "Revised Interface Geometry for the Hikurangi Subduction Zone, New Zealand." Seismological Research Letters 84, no. 6 (October 24, 2013): 1066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220130035.

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7

Bannister, Stephen C. "Gravity interpretation profile across Hikurangi subduction zone using seismic constraints — Hawke's Bay to Hikurangi Trench." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 19, no. 4 (December 1989): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1989.10421842.

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8

Gosselin, Jeremy M., Pascal Audet, Bill Fry, and Emily Warren-Smith. "Seismic Constraint on Heterogeneous Deformation and Stress State in the Forearc of the Hikurangi Subduction Zone, New Zealand." Seismic Record 1, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0320210032.

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Abstract The Hikurangi subduction zone (HSZ) is the collisional boundary between the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates along the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The region is believed to be capable of hosting large megathrust earthquakes and associated tsunamis. Recent studies observe a range of slip behavior along the plate interface, with a sharp contrast between locked and creeping parts of the megathrust along the margin. This work uses teleseismic scattering data (receiver functions [RFs]) recorded at 53 long-running seismograph stations on the North Island of New Zealand to constrain the structure and mechanical properties of the forearc in the HSZ. We observe directional variations in RF phases at P–S converted delay times (i.e., depths) associated with the overlying forearc crust and note a general correlation with spatial variations in plate coupling as well as other geophysical properties. Our results suggest differences in the nature of crustal deformation (and stress state) along the Hikurangi margin, with evidence of clockwise rotation and/or extension in the northern HSZ, where the overriding forearc crust is uncoupled from the subducting Pacific slab.

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9

Aziz Zanjani, Farzaneh, Guoqing Lin, and Clifford H. Thurber. "Nested regional-global seismic tomography and precise earthquake relocation along the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Geophysical Journal International 227, no. 3 (July 28, 2021): 1567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab294.

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SUMMARY Seismic and geodetic examinations of the Hikurangi subduction zone (HSZ) indicate a remarkably diverse and complex system. Here, we investigate the 3-D P-wave velocity structure of the HSZ by applying an iterative, nested regional-global tomographic algorithm. The new model reveals enhanced details of seismic variations along the HSZ. We also relocate over 57 000 earthquakes using this newly developed 3-D model and then further improve the relative locations for 75 per cent of the seismicity using waveform cross-correlation. Double seismic zone characteristics, including occurrence, depth distribution and thickness change along the strike of the HSZ. An aseismic but fast Vp zone separates the upper and lower planes of seismicity in the southern and northern North Island. The upper plane of seismicity correlates with low Vp zones below the slab interface, indicating fluid-rich channels formed on top and/or within a dehydrated crust. A broad low Vp zone is resolved in the lower part of the subducting slab that could indicate hydrous mineral breakdown in the slab mantle. In the northern North Island and southern North Island, the lower plane of seismicity mostly correlates with the top of these low Vp zones. The comparison between the thermal model and the lower plane of seismicity in the northern North Island supports dehydration in the lower part of the slab. The mantle wedge of the Taupo volcanic zone (TVZ) is characterized by a low velocity zone underlying the volcanic front (fluid-driven partial melting), a fast velocity anomaly in the forearc mantle (a stagnant cold nose) and an underlying low velocity zone within the slab (fluids from dehydration). These arc-related anomalies are the strongest beneath the central TVZ with known extensive volcanism. The shallow seismicity (<40 km depth) correlates with geological terranes in the overlying plate. The aseismic impermeable terranes, such as the Rakaia terrane, may affect the fluid transport at the plate interface and seismicity in the overlying plate, which is consistent with previous studies. The deep slow slip events (25–60 km depths) mapped in the Kaimanawa, Manawatu and Kapiti regions coincide with low Vp anomalies. These new insights on the structure along the HSZ highlight the change in the locus of seismicity and dehydration at depth that is governed by significant variations in spatial and probably temporal attributes of subduction zone processes.

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10

Stirling, Mark, Robert Langridge, Rafael Benites, and Hector Aleman. "The magnitude 8.3 June 23 2001 southern Peru earthquake and tsunami." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 36, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.36.3.189-207.

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We present a precis of our reconnaissance trip to the area of the magnitude 8.3 June 23 2001 southern Peru earthquake and tsunami. The trip was undertaken because of the relevance of the event to hazard assessment in New Zealand. It is the best example in nearly 40 years of the maximum-size earthquake that might occur on the Hikurangi subduction zone, an event that is absent from the historical record of New Zealand (since 1840) and therefore of unknown potential in terms of hazard. Despite the great magnitude of this subduction interface earthquake, it produced only "moderately strong" levels of earthquake shaking (peak ground acceleration of 0.3g on alluvium from the one strong motion accelerograph in the earthquake area, and Modified Mercalli Intensity 8 in the epicentral area), and relatively minor ground damage (liquefaction and landslides). It did however produce a large and devastating tsunami. Our comparison of the one accelerograph record and attenuation curves for subduction interface earthquakes shows that the strength of shaking was typical for subduction interface earthquakes. If we apply our observations to New Zealand, they imply that a Hikurangi subduction interface earthquake may be less damaging to built-up areas in the southeastern part of the North Island (e.g. Wellington and Napier/Hastings) than earthquakes on major active faults in the shallow crust. However, the lateral extent of the strongest shaking in a subduction earthquake (300 km for the southern Peru event) and the associated tsunami generation will make the earthquake very significant in the national context.

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11

Wallace, L. M., S. C. Webb, Y. Ito, K. Mochizuki, R. Hino, S. Henrys, S. Y. Schwartz, and A. F. Sheehan. "Slow slip near the trench at the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Science 352, no. 6286 (May 5, 2016): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2349.

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12

McCaffrey, Robert. "Interseismic locking on the Hikurangi subduction zone: Uncertainties from slow-slip events." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119, no. 10 (October 2014): 7874–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jb010945.

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13

Reyners, Martin. "Plate coupling and the hazard of large subduction thrust earthquakes at the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 41, no. 4 (December 1998): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1998.9514815.

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14

McCaffrey, Robert, Laura M. Wallace, and John Beavan. "Slow slip and frictional transition at low temperature at the Hikurangi subduction zone." Nature Geoscience 1, no. 5 (April 6, 2008): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo178.

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15

Eberhart-Phillips, Donna, Stephen Bannister, and Martin Reyners. "Attenuation in the mantle wedge beneath super-volcanoes of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Geophysical Journal International 220, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 703–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz455.

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SUMMARY The Taupo Volcanic Zone has a 120-km-long section of rhyolitic volcanism, within which is a 60-km-long area of supervolcanoes. The underlying subducted slab has along-strike heterogeneity due to the Hikurangi Plateau's prior subduction history. We studied 3-D Qs (1/attenuation) using t* spectral decay from local earthquakes to 370-km depth. Selection emphasized those events with data quality to sample the low Qs mantle wedge, and Qs inversion used varied linking of nodes to obtain resolution in regions of sparse stations, and 3-D initial model. The imaged mantle wedge has a 250-km-long 150-km-wide zone of low Qs (<300) at 65–85 km depth which includes two areas of very low Qs (<120). The most pronounced low Qs feature underlies the Mangakino and Whakamaru super-eruptive calderas, with inferred melt ascending under the central rift structure. The slab is characterized by high Qs (1200–2000), with a relatively small area of reduction in Qs (<800) underlying Taupo at 65-km depth, and adjacent to the mantle wedge low Qs. This suggests abundant dehydration fluids coming off the slab at specific locations and migrating near-vertically upward to the volcanic zone. The seismicity in the subducted slab has a patch of dense seismicity underlying the rhyolitic volcanic zone, consistent with locally abundant fractures and fluid flux. The relationship between the along-arc and downdip slab heterogeneity and dehydration implies that patterns of volcanism may be strongly influenced by large initial outer rise hydration which occurred while the edge of the Hikurangi Plateau hindered subduction. A second very low Qs feature is 50-km west above the 140-km-depth slab. The distinction suggests involvement of a second dehydration peak at that depth, consistent with some numerical models.

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16

Greve, Sonja M., Martha K. Savage, and Sonja D. Hofmann. "Strong variations in seismic anisotropy across the Hikurangi subduction zone, North Island, New Zealand." Tectonophysics 462, no. 1-4 (December 2008): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.07.011.

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17

Boulton, Carolyn, André R. Niemeijer, Christopher J. Hollis, John Townend, Mark D. Raven, Denise K. Kulhanek, and Claire L. Shepherd. "Temperature-dependent frictional properties of heterogeneous Hikurangi Subduction Zone input sediments, ODP Site 1124." Tectonophysics 757 (April 2019): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.02.006.

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18

Gledhill, Ken, and Graham Stuart. "Seismic anisotropy in the fore-arc region of the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 95, no. 3-4 (June 1996): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03117-0.

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19

Delahaye, E. J., J. Townend, M. E. Reyners, and G. Rogers. "Microseismicity but no tremor accompanying slow slip in the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 277, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.038.

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20

Evanzia, Dominic, Thomas Wilson, Martha K. Savage, Simon Lamb, and Hamish Hirschberg. "Stress Orientations in a Locked Subduction Zone at the Southern Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 122, no. 10 (October 2017): 7895–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jb013998.

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21

Cashman, Susan M., Harvey M. Kelsey, Craig F. Erdman, Huntly N. C. Cutten, and Kelvin R. Berryman. "Strain Partitioning between structural domains in the forearc of the Hikurangi Subduction Zone, New Zealand." Tectonics 11, no. 2 (April 1992): 242–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91tc02363.

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22

Eberhart-Phillips, Donna, and Martin Reyners. "Plate interface properties in the Northeast Hikurangi Subduction Zone, New Zealand, from converted seismic waves." Geophysical Research Letters 26, no. 16 (August 15, 1999): 2565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gl900567.

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23

Wallace, Laura M., Martin Reyners, Ursula Cochran, Stephen Bannister, Philip M. Barnes, Kelvin Berryman, Gaye Downes, et al. "Characterizing the seismogenic zone of a major plate boundary subduction thrust: Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10, no. 10 (October 2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gc002610.

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24

Yohler, R., N. Bartlow, L. M. Wallace, and C. Williams. "Time‐Dependent Behavior of a Near‐Trench Slow‐Slip Event at the Hikurangi Subduction Zone." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 20, no. 8 (August 2019): 4292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gc008229.

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25

Wallace, Laura M., Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Susan Ellis, Ian Hamling, Elisabetta D'Anastasio, and Paul Denys. "Triggered Slow Slip and Afterslip on the Southern Hikurangi Subduction Zone Following the Kaikōura Earthquake." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 10 (May 21, 2018): 4710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2018gl077385.

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26

Fagereng, Å., H. M. Savage, J. K. Morgan, M. Wang, F. Meneghini, P. M. Barnes, R. Bell, et al. "Mixed deformation styles observed on a shallow subduction thrust, Hikurangi margin, New Zealand." Geology 47, no. 9 (July 16, 2019): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46367.1.

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Abstract Geophysical observations show spatial and temporal variations in fault slip style on shallow subduction thrust faults, but geological signatures and underlying deformation processes remain poorly understood. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expeditions 372 and 375 investigated New Zealand’s Hikurangi margin in a region that has experienced both tsunami earthquakes and repeated slow-slip events. We report direct observations from cores that sampled the active Pāpaku splay fault at 304 m below the seafloor. This fault roots into the plate interface and comprises an 18-m-thick main fault underlain by ∼30 m of less intensely deformed footwall and an ∼10-m-thick subsidiary fault above undeformed footwall. Fault zone structures include breccias, folds, and asymmetric clasts within transposed and/or dismembered, relatively homogeneous, silty hemipelagic sediments. The data demonstrate that the fault has experienced both ductile and brittle deformation. This structural variation indicates that a range of local slip speeds can occur along shallow faults, and they are controlled by temporal, potentially far-field, changes in strain rate or effective stress.

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27

Elphick, Kathryn E., Craig R. Sloss, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, and Christoph E. Schrank. "Distribution, microphysical properties, and tectonic controls of deformation bands in the Miocene subduction wedge (Whakataki Formation) of the Hikurangi subduction zone." Solid Earth 12, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-141-2021.

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Abstract. We analyse deformation bands related to horizontal contraction with an intermittent period of horizontal extension in Miocene turbidites of the Whakataki Formation south of Castlepoint, Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand. In the Whakataki Formation, three sets of cataclastic deformation bands are identified: (1) normal-sense compactional shear bands (CSBs), (2) reverse-sense CSBs, and (3) reverse-sense shear-enhanced compaction bands (SECBs). During extension, CSBs are associated with normal faults. When propagating through clay-rich interbeds, extensional bands are characterised by clay smear and grain size reduction. During contraction, sandstone-dominated sequences host SECBs, and rare CSBs, that are generally distributed in pervasive patterns. A quantitative spacing analysis shows that most outcrops are characterised by mixed spatial distributions of deformation bands, interpreted as a consequence of overprint due to progressive deformation or distinct multiple generations of deformation bands from different deformation phases. As many deformation bands are parallel to adjacent juvenile normal faults and reverse faults, bands are likely precursors to faults. With progressive deformation, the linkage of distributed deformation bands across sedimentary beds occurs to form through-going faults. During this process, bands associated with the wall-, tip-, and interaction-damage zones overprint earlier distributions resulting in complex spatial patterns. Regularly spaced bands are pervasively distributed when far away from faults. Microstructural analysis shows that all deformation bands form by inelastic pore collapse and grain crushing with an absolute reduction in porosity relative to the host rock between 5 % and 14 %. Hence, deformation bands likely act as fluid flow barriers. Faults and their associated damage zones exhibit a spacing of 9 m on the scale of 10 km and are more commonly observed in areas characterised by higher mudstone-to-sandstone ratios. As a result, extensive clay smear is common in these faults, enhancing the sealing capacity of faults. Therefore, the formation of deformation bands and faults leads to progressive flow compartmentalisation from the scale of 9 m down to about 10 cm – the typical spacing of distributed, regularly spaced deformation bands.

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28

Eberhart-Phillips, Donna, Stephen Bannister, and Susan Ellis. "Imaging P and S attenuation in the termination region of the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Geophysical Journal International 198, no. 1 (May 27, 2014): 516–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu151.

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29

Pettinga, Jarg R. "Three‐stage massive gravitational collapse of the emergent imbricate frontal wedge, Hikurangi Subduction Zone, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 47, no. 3 (September 2004): 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2004.9515066.

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30

Eberhart-Phillips, Donna, Martin Reyners, Mark Chadwick, and Graham Stuart. "Three-dimensional attenuation structure of the Hikurangi subduction zone in the central North Island, New Zealand." Geophysical Journal International 174, no. 1 (July 2008): 418–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2008.03816.x.

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31

Gledhill, Ken, and David Gubbins. "SKS splitting and the seismic anisotropy of the mantle beneath the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 95, no. 3-4 (June 1996): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03118-9.

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32

Henrys, S., A. Wech, R. Sutherland, T. Stern, M. Savage, H. Sato, K. Mochizuki, et al. "SAHKE geophysical transect reveals crustal and subduction zone structure at the southern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, no. 7 (July 2013): 2063–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20136.

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33

Plaza-Faverola, A., S. Henrys, I. Pecher, L. Wallace, and D. Klaeschen. "Splay fault branching from the Hikurangi subduction shear zone: Implications for slow slip and fluid flow." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 17, no. 12 (December 2016): 5009–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gc006563.

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34

Brisbourne, Alex, Graham Stuart, and J. Michael Kendall. "Anisotropic structure of the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand-integrated interpretation of surface-wave andbody-wave observations." Geophysical Journal International 137, no. 1 (April 1999): 214–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00786.x.

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35

Shaddox, Heather R., and Susan Y. Schwartz. "Subducted seamount diverts shallow slow slip to the forearc of the northern Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Geology 47, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g45810.1.

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36

Shibazaki, Bunichiro, Laura M. Wallace, Yoshihiro Kaneko, Ian Hamling, Yoshihiro Ito, and Takanori Matsuzawa. "Three‐Dimensional Modeling of Spontaneous and Triggered Slow‐Slip Events at the Hikurangi Subduction Zone, New Zealand." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 124, no. 12 (December 2019): 13250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jb018190.

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37

Reyners, Martin, and Donna Eberhart-Phillips. "Small earthquakes provide insight into plate coupling and fluid distribution in the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 282, no. 1-4 (May 30, 2009): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.034.

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38

Van Houtte, Chris. "Performance of response spectral models against New Zealand data." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 50, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.1.21-38.

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An important component of seismic hazard assessment is the prediction of the potential ground motion generated by a given earthquake source. In New Zealand seismic hazard studies, it is commonplace for analysts to only adopt one or two models for predicting the ground motion, which does not capture the epistemic uncertainty associated with the prediction. This study analyses a suite of New Zealand and international models against the New Zealand Strong Motion Database, both for New Zealand crustal earthquakes and earthquakes in the Hikurangi subduction zone. It is found that, in general, the foreign models perform similarly or better with respect to recorded New Zealand data than the models specifically derived for New Zealand application. Justification is given for using global models in future seismic hazard analysis in New Zealand. Although this article does not provide definitive model weights for future hazard analysis, some recommendations and guidance are provided.

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Mochizuki, Kimihiro, Stuart Henrys, Daisuke Haijima, Emily Warren-Smith, and Bill Fry. "Seismicity and velocity structure in the vicinity of repeating slow slip earthquakes, northern Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 563 (June 2021): 116887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116887.

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40

Bannister, S., M. Reyners, G. Stuart, and M. Savage. "Imaging the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand, using teleseismic receiver functions: crustal fluids above the forearc mantle wedge." Geophysical Journal International 169, no. 2 (May 2007): 602–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2007.03345.x.

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41

Berryman, K. R., Y. Ota, and A. G. Hull. "Holocene paleoseismicity in the fold and thrust belt of the Hikurangi subduction zone, eastern North Island, New Zealand." Tectonophysics 163, no. 3-4 (July 1989): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90256-4.

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42

Ito, Yoshihiro, Spahr C. Webb, Yoshihiro Kaneko, Laura M. Wallace, and Ryota Hino. "Sea Surface Gravity Waves Excited by Dynamic Ground Motions from Large Regional Earthquakes." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 4 (June 3, 2020): 2268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190267.

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Abstract Infragravity waves on the sea surface near coastlines are occasionally excited by static displacement caused by large local earthquakes and recorded as tsunamis. However, tsunamis induced by ground motions from seismic waves are rarely observed, especially far from earthquake focal areas. We investigated seafloor pressure variations in the infragravity band at the Hikurangi subduction zone following the M 7.8 Kaikōura and M 7.1 Te Araroa earthquakes. Anomalous infragravity waves were observed at 0.2–20 mHz at sites overlying a low-velocity accretionary wedge offshore of the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island accompanying the Rayleigh-wave arrivals. The maximum amplitude of these ultra-low-frequency waves was similar to the tsunami that propagated from the earthquake focal area hours later. The amplitude of the pressure signal from these waves observed offshore varied inversely with water depth, suggesting that sea surface gravity waves were excited by Rayleigh or Love waves amplified within the accretionary wedge.

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Scheele, Finn, Biljana Lukovic, Jose Moratalla, Alexandre Dunant, and Nick Horspool. "Estimating fire following earthquake risk for Wellington City, New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 55, no. 4 (December 2, 2022): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.55.4.241-256.

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Fire following earthquake (FFE) is a significant hazard in urban areas subject to high seismicity. Wellington City has many characteristics that make it susceptible to ignitions and fire spread. These include proximity to major active faults, closely spaced timber-clad buildings, vulnerable water and gas infrastructure, frequent high winds and challenging access for emergency services. We modelled the ignitions, fire spread and suppression for five earthquake sources. Uncertainty in ground motions, the number and location of ignitions, weather conditions and firefighting capacity were accounted for. The mean loss per burn zone (area burnt due to ignition and fire spread) is $46m without fire suppression, indicating the potential property damage avoided by controlling the fire spread. The mean total loss for earthquake scenarios ranges from $0.28b for the Wairau Fault through to $3.17b for a Hikurangi Subduction Zone scenario, including the influence of fire suppression. Wind speed has a strong influence on the potential losses for each simulation and is a more significant factor than the number of ignitions for evaluating losses. Areas in Wellington City of relatively high risk are identified, which may inform risk mitigation strategies. The models may be applied to other urban areas.

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44

Barnes, Philip M. "Continental extension of the Pacific Plate at the southern termination of the Hikurangi subduction zone: The North Mernoo Fault Zone, offshore New Zealand." Tectonics 13, no. 4 (August 1994): 735–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94tc00798.

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45

Maison, Tatiana, Sébastien Potel, Pierre Malié, Rafael Ferreiro Mählmann, Frank Chanier, Geoffroy Mahieux, and Julien Bailleul. "Low-grade evolution of clay minerals and organic matter in fault zones of the Hikurangi prism (New Zealand)." Clay Minerals 53, no. 4 (December 2018): 579–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2018.46.

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ABSTRACTClay minerals and organic matter occur frequently in fault zones. Their structural characteristics and their textural evolution are driven by several formation processes: (1) reaction by metasomatism from circulating fluids; (2)in situevolution by diagenesis; and (3) neoformation due to deformation catalysis. Clay-mineral chemistry and precipitated solid organic matter may be used as indicators of fluid circulation in fault zones and to determine the maximum temperatures in these zones. In the present study, clay-mineral and organic-matter analyses of two major fault zones – the Adams-Tinui and Whakataki faults, Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand – were investigated. The two faults analysed correspond to the soles of large imbricated thrust sheets formed during the onset of subduction beneath the North Island of New Zealand. The mineralogy of both fault zones is composed mainly of quartz, feldspars, calcite, chabazite and clay minerals such as illite-muscovite, kaolinite, chlorite and mixed-layer minerals such as chlorite-smectite and illite-smectite. The diagenesis and very-low-grade metamorphism of the sedimentary rock is determined by gradual changes of clay mineral ‘crystallinity’ (illite, chlorite, kaolinite), the use of a chlorite geothermometer and the reflectance of organic matter. It is concluded here that: (1) the established thermal grade is diagenesis; (2) tectonic strains affect the clay mineral ‘crystallinity’ in the fault zone; (3) there is a strong correlation between temperature determined by chlorite geothermometry and organic-matter reflectance; and (4) the duration and depth of burial as well as the pore-fluid chemistry are important factors affecting clay-mineral formation.

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Eberhart-Phillips, Donna, Stephen Bannister, and Martin Reyners. "Deciphering the 3-D distribution of fluid along the shallow Hikurangi subduction zone using P- and S-wave attenuation." Geophysical Journal International 211, no. 2 (August 17, 2017): 1032–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx348.

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Dimitrova, LL, LM Wallace, AJ Haines, and CA Williams. "High-resolution view of active tectonic deformation along the Hikurangi subduction margin and the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 59, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2015.1127823.

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48

Collot, Jean-Yves, and Bryan Davy. "Forearc structures and tectonic regimes at the oblique subduction zone between the Hikurangi Plateau and the southern Kermadec margin." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103, B1 (January 10, 1998): 623–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jb02474.

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49

Barnes, Philip M., Andrew Nicol, and Tony Harrison. "Late Cenozoic evolution and earthquake potential of an active listric thrust complex above the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand." Geological Society of America Bulletin 114, no. 11 (November 2002): 1379–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1379:lceaep>2.0.co;2.

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Gray, Melissa, Rebecca E. Bell, Joanna V. Morgan, Stuart Henrys, and Daniel H. N. Barker. "Imaging the Shallow Subsurface Structure of the North Hikurangi Subduction Zone, New Zealand, Using 2‐D Full‐Waveform Inversion." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 124, no. 8 (August 2019): 9049–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jb017793.

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