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Journal articles on the topic 'Highways to a War'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Moskalenko, I. "FEATURES OF POST-WAR RESTORATION OF FACADES OF BUILDINGS IN THE HISTORICAL CENTER OF ROSTOV-ON-DON." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 5, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2020-5-8-18-31.

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The author considers the combination of tradition and innovation in the solutions of decoration of facades destroyed during the great Patriotic war, their relationship and influence on the formation of a new "identity" of the city. Pre-war and post-war photographs, as well as modern photographs and measurements of the architecture of the historic city center, are a useful tool for understanding the processes of formation of the architectural and artistic appearance of urban development. The study of archival materials allows to get an impression of the projected changes in the development of the main highways as part of the post-war restoration, their implementation and the impact that they had on the historical development of the city. The purpose of this work is to identify techniques for artistic and stylistic solutions of building facades in the framework of post-war reconstruction. As a result of changes in the stylistic design of the facades of buildings of the main highways of the city, the he development becomes more concise and calm forms, eliminating all elements that do not meet the requirements and attitude to pre-war styles. New elements are introduced that emphasize the ideology of power. During the restoration work, the differentiation between the main highways and secondary buildings is emphasized. It arose as a result of the investment of fixed assets (financial, human, material) in the reconstruction of the main highways.

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2

Baydar, Gülsüm. "Hotels and Highways: The Construction of Modernization Theory in Cold War Turkey." Fabrications 29, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10331867.2019.1544688.

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3

Çelik, Önder. "Hotels and highways: the construction of modernization theory in Cold War Turkey." Political Theology 20, no. 8 (September 15, 2019): 706–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1462317x.2019.1668111.

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4

Li, L., C. H. Benson, T. B. Edil, and B. Hatipoglu. "Groundwater impacts from coal ash in highways." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management 159, no. 4 (November 2006): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/warm.2006.159.4.151.

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5

Bozdoğan, Sibel. "Begüm Adalet. Hotels and Highways: The Construction of Modernization Theory in Cold War Turkey." American Historical Review 124, no. 5 (December 1, 2019): 1996–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz839.

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6

Richmond, Alasdair. "TIME TRAVEL TESTIMONY AND THE ‘JOHN TITOR’ FIASCO." Think 9, no. 26 (2010): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175610000266.

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Around 1998, internet postings began appearing under the alias ‘Timetravel_0’. This alias was later replaced by ‘John Titor’, and it's as such I'll designate the posts' author(s). Remarkably, Titor claimed to have time-travelled from 2036 on a mission to retrieve an IBM 5100 in 1975. Titor refrained from public appearances and any evidence for his story remains web-bound but before closing shop c. March 24th 2001, he described various future events, e.g.: Y2K is a disaster. Many people die on the highways when they freeze to death trying to get to warmer weather.Cancellation of the Olympics after 2004 due to world conflict.America will soon be engaged in civil war with itself; a civil war that we'll see the beginnings of during 2004 and 2005, escalating until it is indisputable by 2008.(Y2K predictions diminished after 1st Jan 2000. One wonders how America could suffer civil war other than with itself or do so disputably for three years. Titorists still found signs of civil war in 2008.) This equivocal civil war fizzles until global nuclear war kills three billion people in 2015. (On the plus side, hats are popular in 2036.)

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7

Meyer, Marshall W. "COVID Lockdowns, Social Distancing, and Fatal Car Crashes: More Deaths on Hobbesian Highways?" Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing 4, no. 3-4 (December 2020): 238–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41887-020-00059-8.

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Abstract Research Question What happened to US traffic safety during the first US COVID-19 lockdown, and why was the pattern the opposite of that observed in previous sudden declines of traffic volume? Data National and local statistics on US traffic volume, traffic fatalities, injury accidents, speeding violations, running of stop signs, and other indicators of vehicular driving behavior, both in 2020 and in previous US economic recessions affecting the volume of road traffic. Methods Comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between the data for the COVID-19 lockdown in parts of the USA in March 2020 and similar data for the 2008–2009 global economic crisis, as well as other US cases of major reductions in traffic volume. Findings The volume of traffic contracted sharply once a COVID-19 national emergency was declared and most states issued stay-at-home orders, but motor vehicle fatality rates, injury accidents, and speeding violations went up, and remained elevated even as traffic began returning toward normal. This pattern does not fit post-World War II recessions where fatality rates declined with the volume of traffic nor does the 2020 pattern match the pattern during World War II when traffic dropped substantially with little change in motor vehicle fatality rates. Conclusions The findings are consistent with a theory of social distancing on highways undermining compliance with social norms, a social cost of COVID which, if not corrected, poses potential long-term increases in non-compliance and dangerous driving.

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8

Montelongo, Monica E. "Along These Highways by Rene S. Perez II." Western American Literature 48, no. 4 (2014): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.2014.0037.

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9

Ivah, Ya, and M. Senkiv. "The transport geologistics considering Ukraine’s defence capability." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 63 (2015): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2015.63.10.

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Ukraine’s transport infrastructure, in particular, railway, motor, aviation and maritime, is analyzed from the point of view of military logistics. The influence of transport geologistics, and in particular transport infrastructure development on Ukraine’s defence capability level in the modern war conditions is substantiated. Based on the graph theory the estimation of transport and geographical position of motor transport junctions on the major highways, as an important factor of transport geologistics in Ukraine, is made. The ways of increasing the level of Ukraine’s defense capability in the context of transport geologistics are proposed.

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10

MANAGHAN, TINA. "Highways, heroes, and secular martyrs: the symbolics of power and sacrifice." Review of International Studies 38, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000271.

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AbstractThis article examines the subtle and not so subtle shifts in Canadian political culture that have taken place in, through and alongside the so-called ‘return’ of the Canadian warrior. It begins from the contention that while the racialised dimensions of the post 9/11 Canadian security state have been well analysed elsewhere, the gendered dimensions have not been fully explored. This article explores the re-emergence of a sacrificial imaginary in Canadian culture through an examination of seemingly irreconcilable accounts that have emerged of the Canadian security state – one that reads ‘Canada’ through the story of the torture and repatriation of Canadian citizen, Maher Arar, and one that tells the story of ‘Canada at War’ through the warrior's return. It examines both in terms of the tensions and instabilities they reveal in the Western liberal imaginary and in terms of the ways in which they collectively operate to redefine the aesthetic borders of the Canadian political community. The article argues that the sacralisation of violence which has refound this political community has been enabled by a remasculinised aesthetic that delimits the ‘progressive liberalism’ which animated the Canada of Old – ostensibly in order to protect it.

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11

Lisovskii, Vladimir G., Varvara S. Speranskaya, and Vasilii S. Potapov. "From “Sarskaya Road” to “Victory Avenue”. The Architectural Ensemble of Moskovsky Avenue in Saint Petersburg." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 10, no. 4 (2020): 637–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2020.406.

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The article contains a brief overview of the history of the formation of the architectural ensemble of Moskovsky Avenue in Saint Petersburg — one of the major highways in the southern districts of the city. The role of regular urban planning techniques is noted in the process of organizing the main part of the modern highway, starting from Sennaya Square. The highway from the moment of its inception has served as part of a lengthy route important for the whole country, connecting Saint Petersburg with Moscow and Kiev. The process of gradual changes in the architectural characteristics of the avenue in the 19th century is traced, when the composition of the following sections of the highway was formed — from the Fontanka to the square at the Moscow Triumphal Gate. The historical and symbolical emphasis of the Gate is emphasized. The focus of the article is on the part of avenue that was created in the middle of the twentieth century in the neoclassical style of that time. The results of a large competition for the development of planning projects of the highway, conducted when the avenue was named after Joseph Stalin, are briefly reviewed. The authors analyze the spatial structure of the highway, the developed nature of which makes it possible to compare Moskovsky Avenue to Nevsky Avenue. It is shown that the very use of the patterns specific to the order system allowed for the creation of an ensemble, whose solemn character is consonant with the theme of victory in the war of 1941–1945. The authors evaluate the creative contribution of a number of Soviet architects and sculptors in the creation of the ensemble. The article also explores examples of the contemporary urban development of the neighboring city blocks and evaluates the level of their compatibility with the task of preserving the ensemble as an art monument of its time.

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12

Adalet, Begüm. "Response to Calvert W. Jones’s review of Hotels and Highways: The Construction of Modernization Theory in Cold War Turkey." Perspectives on Politics 17, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 1123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719003608.

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13

Leonova, V. A., K. K. Vardanyan, and L. B. Efremian. "Historical overview of Khachatur Abovyan street in Yerevan and current state of park." FORESTRY BULLETIN 25, no. 3 (June 2021): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-3-82-92.

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The historical aspect of the development of one of the most important highways of the city — Kh. Abovyan Street — was developed since the middle of the XIX in Yerevan. The real dimensions of the street are indicated, the analysis is given and its design in different territorial areas is described, information on architectural structures is given, they are the Cultural Center-Museum of G. Matevosyan and a memorial dedicated to the Armenian military who died in Hungary and Hungarian prisoners of war who died in Armenia. Here is a brief historical review of the city. The current state of the Kh. Abovyan Park, the structure of landscaped areas, the state of all structural elements such as the quality of the road-path and irrigation network, the assortment of tree plantations and a landscape analysis of the territory were analyzed in detail.

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14

Vladimir, Mirkin. "Siberian Radio Communication during the Great Patriotic War." TECHNOLOGOS, no. 2 (2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2021.2.05.

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The article examines the technical modernization of Siberian radio communications and broadcasting during the war period. Under the conditions of a large-scale evacuation of industrial facilities and the population to the Siberian region as well as the organization of new telephone and telegraph highways in the eastern direction wire telecommunications worked at the limit of its capabilities and could not cope with the load. In these conditions radio communication was often the only means of communication. Among the evacuated enterprises deployed on the territory of Siberia most of them were the enterprises of the radio industry. One of the main problems faced by the Siberian radio communications, in addition to the shortage of qualified personnel, was the lack of backup equipment, which the front desperately needed. Another difficulty was the restructuring of the radial telecommunication system which entailed the modernization of the transmitters of the main radio communication. In the conditions of an acute shortage of material resources for civil radio communications radio communication activities had to be seriously limited. In general, it was necessary to temporarily abandon the program of continuous radio coverage of the country developed in the pre-war period. First of all, the radio stations were set up at enterprises, city and rural streets and squares, in clubs, libraries, etc. At the same time, as far as possible, the park of radio points was expanded and the operability of radio centers was maintained. Thanks to the mobilization of internal reserves and measures of an administrativerepressive nature in Siberian radio communications it was possible to strengthen the material and technical basis. The industrial production of radio products (mainly for military purposes) was launched in Siberia. However, the quality level of radio communication was low. Since the main efforts were aimed at meeting the needs of the front and the liberated regions the total power of the Siberian radio network has not yet been able to match a large territory of the region and the average power of broadcast transmitters has also remained low. Development of broadcast networks was primarily happened in cities. So, a significant disproportion between the density of radio coverage in urban and rural areas preserved and increased.

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15

De Block, Greet, and Bruno De Meulder. "Iterative Modernism." Transfers 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2011.010106.

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This article traces the implicit spatial project of Belgian engineers during the interwar period. By analyzing infrastructure planning and its inscribed spatial ideas as well as examining the hybrid modernity advocated by engineers and politicians, this article contributes to both urban and transport history.Unlike colleagues in countries such as Germany, Italy and the United States, Belgian engineers were not convinced that highways offered a salutary new order to a nation traumatized by the First World War. On the contrary, the Ponts et Chaussées asserted that this new limited access road would tear apart the densely populated areas and the diverse regional identities in Belgium. In their opinion, only an integration of existing and new infrastructure could harmonize the historically fragmented and urbanized territory. Tirelessly, engineers produced infrastructure plans, strategically interweaving different transport systems, which had to result in an overall transformation of the territory to facilitate modern production and export logics.

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16

Rusnak, Oleksandr. "Transport system of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region in the interwar period." Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 2, no. 50 (December 16, 2019): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2019.50.32-41.

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In the article the author describes the main tendencies of the development of the system of communication routes of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region in 1918 – 1940. In the interwar period, in addition to the improvement of traditional modes of transport, new ones were launched. A major impediment to the improvement of transport infrastructure was the devastation during the World War I. During 1918 – 1940 the damaged sections of rails, bridges and stations had to be rebuilt. Similar were the problems with highways, the condition of which was one of the worst in Romania. The progressive shifts should include the establishment of a permanent domestic and international air connection between Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn. Urban public transport has also undergone qualitative changes in the interwar period. There were regular bus routes between the main settlements of the region. Keywords: Northern Bukovyna, Khotyn region, transport, rail, roads, tram, trolleybus, bus.

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17

Schech, Susanne, and Jane Haggis. "Postcolonialism, Identity, and Location: Being White Australian in Asia." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16, no. 5 (October 1998): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d160615.

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In this paper we explore the nature and degree to which Australian imaginings of self in Asia have altered since the 1960s. We do this in two ways. First, an analysis of Christopher Koch's two novels, The Year of Living Dangerously and Highways to a War, is used to establish the parameters of change in Australian imaginings of themselves in Asia. This analysis of literary texts, we argue, can be used to develop an analytical framework for considering Australian aid policies to Asia as cultural texts, and the extent to which such policies can be seen to be part of a redefinition of Australian settler society towards a postcolonial understanding of the ‘white self’. In the second part of the paper we offer a preliminary analysis of how Australian overseas-aid policies have begun to acknowledge the fact of Australia's geopolitical location. We argue that these cultural texts reveal a repositioning of Australian identity which remains caught within a terrain of whiteness.

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18

Yermoshin, Nikolay, Dmitriy Filippov, Dmitriy Bukatov, Oleg Biryukov, Dmitriy Simonov, Alexey Tsyba, and Diana Kirillova. "Mobile expandable polystyrene road structure production complex for agribusiness." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 11021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017511021.

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The article addresses the plan of development of a mobile expandable polystyrene road structure production complex. It is necessary to build roads on soils with low bearing capacity in order to ensure the transport accessibility of agribusiness facilities. The proposed solution could be used for the organization of rapid repairs of roads and highways, for eliminating the negative effects caused by natural disasters and other emergencies, for building roads in the arctic zone and ensuring stable functioning of roads in war time. An optimal composition of the process equipment for the mobile expandable polystyrene road structure production complex considered a Plan of construction of a light embankment using EPS-blocks and schematic of an embankment circuit device in various conditions using XPS-plates. The dependence of the time of delivery of the EPS-block objects from the remoteness of construction and feasibility study shows the effectiveness of the use of mobile complexes.

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Waite, Kevin. "The “Lost Cause” Goes West." California History 97, no. 1 (2020): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.1.33.

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California once housed over a dozen monuments, memorials, and place-names honoring the Confederacy, far more than any other state beyond the South. The list included schools and trees named for Robert E. Lee, mountaintops and highways for Jefferson Davis, and large memorials to Confederate soldiers in Hollywood and Orange County. Many of the monuments have been removed or renamed in the recent national reckoning with Confederate iconography. But for much of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, they stood as totems to the “Lost Cause” in the American West. Despite a vast literature on the origins, evolution, and enduring influence of the Lost Cause myth, little is known about how this ideology impacted the political culture and physical space of the American West. This article explores the commemorative landscape of California to explain why a free state, far beyond the major military theaters of the Civil War, gave rise to such a vibrant Confederate culture in the twentieth century. California chapters of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) carried out much of this commemorative work. They emerged in California shortly after the organization's founding in Tennessee in 1894 and, over the course of a century, emblazoned the Western map with salutes to a slaveholding rebellion. In the process, the UDC and other Confederate organizations triggered a continental struggle over Civil War memory that continues to this day.

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20

Lu, Meng, Jie Zhang, Lulu Zhang, and Limin Zhang. "Assessing the annual risk of vehicles being hit by a rainfall-induced landslide: a case study on Kennedy Road in Wan Chai, Hong Kong." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 1833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1833-2020.

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Abstract. Landslides threaten the safety of vehicles on highways. When analyzing the risk of a landslide hitting moving vehicles, the spacing between vehicles and the types of vehicles on the highway can be highly uncertain and have often been omitted in previous studies. Using a highway slope in Hong Kong as a case study, this paper presents a method for assessing the risk of moving vehicles being hit by a rainfall-induced landslide; this method also allows for the possible number of different types of vehicles hit by the landslide to be investigated. In this case study, the annual failure probability of the slope is analyzed based on historical slope failure data from Hong Kong. The spatial impact of the landslide is evaluated based on an empirical run-out prediction model. The consequences of the landslide are assessed using probabilistic modeling of the traffic, which can consider uncertainties in the vehicle spacing, vehicle types and slope failure time. Using the suggested method, the expected annual number of vehicles and people hit by the landslide can be conveniently calculated. This method can also be used to derive the cumulative frequency–number of fatalities curve for societal risk assessment. Using the suggested method, the effect of factors like the annual failure probability of the slope and the density of vehicles on the risk level of the slope can be conveniently assessed. The method described in this paper can provide a new guideline for highway slope design in terms of managing the risk of landslides hitting moving vehicles.

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21

Sipahi, Ali. "Begüm Adalet, Hotels and Highways: The Construction of Modernization Theory in Cold War Turkey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018, xi + 286 pages." New Perspectives on Turkey 60 (May 2019): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/npt.2019.7.

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22

Ekinci, Mehmet. "Begüm Adalet, Hotels and Highways: The Construction of Modernization Theory in Cold War Turkey. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018. xi 286 pages. ISBN: 9781503605541." Istanbul Research Institute 1, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53979/yillik.2019.13.

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23

Cooper, Brenda. "The politics of the genre of academic writing; or, Professor Curtin, Professor Clegg, and the African Studies network war." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 52, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989415592943.

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What are the politics of the genre of academic writing, and its enabling networks? This genre of writing and those networks shape the form and substance of our writing within an African research context. I examine the dominant template of academic writing style, which operates across many fields of scholarly endeavour. It enables different sorts of knowledge to be accepted as true, or to be excluded. What and how to write academically have been filtered through the colonial library, making it urgent to surface this template and its operationalizing networks of academic writers. The links between the language of academic writing, the colonial past, the field of African Studies, and networks of academics who appoint each other to posts and review each other’s submissions to journals, is usually silent. They became deafening in the aftermath of what became known as the Philip Curtin debacle. This article is situated at the 20-year anniversary of the notorious Philip Curtin intervention in The Chronicle of Higher Education. Curtin suggested that academic jobs were being reserved for African American or African candidates and that the teaching of African Studies disciplines was being “ghettoize”. It is an important moment to wonder whether, 20 years down the line, the issues his intervention brought to bear — of power, politics, networks, and colliding knowledge highways within African Studies broadly defined — are still relevant. Finally, alternative forms and styles of academic writing, which may be more fit for purpose, are proposed and I touch on some of these possibilities towards the end of this paper. They include the role of fiction in academic writing; the possibility of the inclusion of the world of the gods and spirits; an interrogation of linear time and the nature of experiential knowledge in relation to academic knowledge.

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24

Jones, Calvert W. "Hotels and Highways: The Construction of Modernization Theory in Cold War Turkey. By Begüm Adalet. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018. 304p. $90.00 cloth, $30.00 paper." Perspectives on Politics 17, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 1121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759271900361x.

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25

Üngür, Erdem. "Edirnekapı Martyrs’ Cemetery: Towards a Therapeutic Forgetting." DIYÂR 1, no. 2 (2020): 310–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2625-9842-2020-2-310.

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Edirnekapı Martyrs’ Cemetery (Edirnekapı Şehitliği, 1926), which is located in one of the oldest and largest cemeteries of Istanbul, contains the graves of mainly Muslim soldiers who died during the Balkan War and WWI, especially those wounded in the Çanakkale War (Gallipoli Campaign), which is considered the forerunner of the Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı, 1919-1923) and one of the influential founding myths of the Turkish Republic. The soldiers who have lost their lives in the war against the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party) since the end of the 1980s are also buried here, creating a continuum of historical enemies. In addition, civilians killed during the 15 July coup attempt in 2016 are buried in a separate section next to the Edirnekapı Cemetery, adding another internal enemy - the Gülen Movement - to the official history. The physical correspondence of this mnemonical expansion is also visible in the expansion of the cemetery area, which has been gradually transformed into a public transportation hub since 2008. This article examines how the cemetery reproduces the myth of martyrdom and shapes the social frameworks of memory in favour of nationalism on the D-100 highway. The intersectionality of collective memory and urban infrastructure is analysed through the history and spatial formation of the cemetery, as a part of the greater mnemonic constellation on the D-100 highway.

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Dobinson, C. S., J. Lake, and A. J. Schofield. "Monuments of war: defining England's 20th-century defence heritage." Antiquity 71, no. 272 (June 1997): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008491x.

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The editor of ANTIQUITY remembers travelling, as a child, on the main A1 highway to see relatives in southeast England, watching the banks of sharp-nosed Bloodhound missiles ranged close by the road – pointing east, to meet incoming Soviet bombers. The obsolete monuments of the Cold War, and before that of the Second World War, are history now, famously the Berlin Wall (Baker 1993 in ANTIQUITY). Many, like the concrete runways of the airfields, are so solidly built they are not lightly removed. These remains of England's 20th-century defence heritage are not well understood. However, and contrary to popular belief, they do have a large documentation; and it is this, the authors argue, that should form the basis for systematic review.

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Lee, Changju, and John S. Miller. "Conditions contributing to the attitudes for toll facilities in the United States with a specific focus on Virginia." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 10 (October 2016): 920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0091.

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Although the form of toll facilities has evolved, a review of how they have been used in the United States since its early colonial period suggests four conditions that appear to have influenced the likelihood of tolls being used to support construction or maintenance activities: the relative stability of revenue streams from user fees compared to the stability of revenues from a general tax; the availability of technologies to collect tolls without degrading the user’s experience; the presence of design innovations for toll facilities (compared to non-toll facilities); and the relative size of market benefits (for toll facilities) compared to societal benefits (for non-toll facilities). Even though revenue is one motivation for having a toll facility, other factors help explain why the popularity of toll facilities has risen or fallen. During the late 1800s, the network benefits of a smooth surface appealed to a large group (bicyclists) and generated a popular demand for public facilities. Yet in the early 1940s, another innovation—consistency of geometric design—spurred a market among paying customers for limited access highways. Collectively, such factors support five periods that characterize different public attitudes toward toll facilities: colonial/early federal period (from 1607 to 1775), turnpike era (from circa 1792 to 1845), toll reluctance era (from 1879 to 1939), post-World War II era (from 1939 to 1963), and renewed interest in tolling period (from circa 1976 to the present).

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Satskyi, Pavlo. "Projects waterways seas in the Soviet Union at the Dnipro as an extension of the concept Intermarium after World War II." European Historical Studies, no. 5 (2016): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2016.05.97-111.

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The author of the article has been analysing the problems, which had important significance for the new and modern history and for the system of international relations in the Central Europe, i.e. the realisation of the project of uniting of the Baltic and Black Seas as a single political project. It was the well-known idea of the Intermarium, which was popular in the political history for a number of decades and was used by the Polish foreign policy. However, a similar idea was also born in Russia during the Seven Years’ War in the years of 1756-1763. The idea of uniting of the Baltic and Black Seas in terms of the single political 111 project was also relevant in the 20th century before the beginning of the World War II.However, after the end of the war it has gained new technocratic meaning in theUSSR. In USSR the project of the uniting the Baltic and Black Seas was being implemented, into which this country had a relatively easy exit after the integration of the Baltic states by means of the creation of water transport route from the Dnieper. The beginning of the realisation of this idea was building of The Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station and the Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimea channels. In terms of the realisation of this project there were also plans to create the connection of the Dnieper channel with the Azov Sea. In the process of the discussions related to the question of the expediency of building of the Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimea channels, which took place in 1952, the building of the channel uniting Dnieper with the Azov Sea remained among the top questions for discussions. But there was one controversial question related to the orientation of the before mentioned channel, i.e. according to the Meridian or parallelly, that is parallelly to the Sivash, which separated the Crimea from the mainland. In 1954 the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR suggested the project of the uniting of the Baltic Sea with the Black Sea in terms of the creating of the Waterways System in the European part of the USSR. All technical projects related to the uniting of the Baltic Sea with the Black Sea with the help of highways remained to be the ideas only. However, one can notice the strategical importance of the development of these ideas and the geopolitical role of the Dnieper river and Sivash, which are strategically interrelated projects.

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Khawla H. H. Shubber, Asst Prof Dr, and Eng Ali S. M. Alkizwini. "Using Waste Asphalt Concrete (WAC) for Improving Poorly sandy Graded (PSG) Subgrade Soil." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.26245.

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Waste asphalt concrete (WAC) is one of main current sustainable problems facing accumulation in high quantities as a result of the highways failure, maintenance and reconstructions. On the other hand, presence of large amounts of poorly sand graded (PSG) soil near rivers, which are not suitable in case of using it as subgrade soil. So, present research focusing on study the effect of adding WAC on the properties of PSG soil. Modified Procter test, California Bearing Ratio test (CBR), Direct Shear test were depend on evaluating the stabilized soil properties (i.e. dry density, optimum water content, CBR, and direct shear). PSG river soil used as subgrade soil in this research brought from sides of Sadit AL- Handayi in Babylon Governorate located in middle west of Iraq, about 60 km south west of Baghdad, capital of Iraq. Percent of adding are (12, 24, 36, and 48)% by weight. Results showed that the adding of WAC increase the dry density in different rate. While the optimum water content decrease with increasing WAC added. Direct shear of stabilized soil increase while angle of internal friction decrease with increasing of added WAC. CBR values increase with increasing WAC added.

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Wang, Dong, and Xinnian Dong. "A Highway for War and Peace: The Secretory Pathway in Plant–Microbe Interactions." Molecular Plant 4, no. 4 (July 2011): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssr053.

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31

Yang, Wanjia, Jian Liu, Wei Zhang, Derong Zhang, Jianzhang Li, Shifeng Zhang, and Yanming Han. "Resin-impregnated wooden anti-glare board and its outstanding exterior performance." BioResources 16, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 1561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.1561-1580.

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A large amount of plant waste from the sides of highways is trimmed and burned, which causes environmental pollution. In addition, headlight glare that occurs when two cars pass each other is dangerous. Traditional anti-glare boards are mostly made of metal, plastic, and other materials that easily age and are expensive to recycle. To recycle the plant waste and prevent glare-related accidents, in the present study, a painted wooden anti-glare board (WAB) was developed and its performance was investigated. In the WAB, there are 7 layers of eucalyptus veneers interlaced, and the mechanical strength of the board prepared with a gradient hot-pressing process after impregnation with phenolic resin was good (79.8 MPa). The wind load resistance of the WAB reached 864 N, which meets GB/T 24718 (2009) and is close to that of glass fiber-reinforced plastic anti-glare boards (914 N). After 10 cycles of weather resistance tests comprising submersion, freezing, and hot-drying, the average static bending strength of the WAB was 29.6 N/mm2. The limited oxygen index of the WAB was 26.1%. Therefore, the WAB showed good properties. The implemented research strategy broadens the application range of the wood composite material and endows it with high added value.

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32

Cooper, Melinda. "‘[W]hen the highway catches up with us’: Negotiating late modernity in Eleanor Dark'sLantana Lane." Queensland Review 23, no. 2 (December 2016): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2016.30.

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AbstractEleanor Dark's last published novel,Lantana Lane(published 1959), is not usually included in accounts of Australian modernism. The novel's strong criticisms of modernity, its regional focus and the Cold War context complicate its inclusion as a modernist text. However, revised understandings of modernism generated in the past few decades of scholarship allow for a reinvestigation of Dark's novel as a response to the conditions of late modernity. In particular, Dark explores the pressures exerted on local space by modern capitalism in a period of post-war reconstruction, showing how the national and global scales encroach upon and threaten to annihilate local particularity. Through drawing on a number of broadly modernist practices, including those of entanglement, suspension, metageography and primitivism, Dark pushes back against modernity's narratives of progress and attempts to recover space for the literary and the small scale.Lantana Lanedemonstrates how ‘regional modernisms’ written from ‘peripheral’ locations can draw attention to the uneven distribution of modernity within national and global space, and offer alternative — if provisional — sites of attachment.

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33

Bothwell, Robert, K. S. Coates, and W. R. Morrison. "The Alaska Highway in World War II: The U.S. Army of Occupation in Canada's Northwest." Journal of American History 80, no. 4 (March 1994): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080720.

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34

Amann, C. A. "Evaluating Alternative Internal Combustion Engines: 1950–1975." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818506.

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GMR (General Motors Research Laboratories, now GM R&D Center) has long sought ways to improve automotive combustion engines. Following World War II, considerable effort was also devoted to evaluating new powerplants that embodied different operating cycles from those of the established spark-ignition and diesel engines. Two internal combustion variants receiving attention during the third quarter of the 20th century were the free-piston diesel and the gas turbine. Research on those two alternatives is reviewed. Because their shortcomings were judged to outweigh their advantages, neither has found commercial application in highway vehicles.

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35

Marasabessy, Erwin. "IMPLEMENTATION OF BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ON INTERURBAN BRIDGE IN MALUKU PROVINCE." Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 1, no. 2 (July 16, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.23999.

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Bridges as transport infrastructures play a vital role in smoothing traffic flows. The success of a bridge in playing its role and serving its function depends on its management. The Directorate General of Highways of the Ministry of Public Work has used a system to manage bridges known as the Bridge Management System (BMS). The system allows a systematic plan and provides a uniform procedure for all bridge operation activities on the national and provincial level. Data from Implementation Agency of National Inter-Urban Roads of Area IX, Northern Maluku in 2011 indicates that the total length of national roads in Maluku Province is 15,238.01 M, with a total of 562 bridges. In Ambon Island, especially, there are 52 bridges totaling 1,176.25 m in length. The study was conducted at several inter-urban bridges in Maluku Province of Ambon Island: Wai Batu Merah, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, Wai Yari and Wai Tua bridges. Assessment of bridge structure conditions was conducted visually to determine the conditions of the existing bridges comprehensively by referring to the Bridge Management System (BMS) complemented with a computer-based Bridge Management Information System (BMIS). Condition scores for the five bridges—Wai Batu Merah, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, Wai Yari, and Wai Tua, according to Bridge Management System, are 2, 1, 2, 1, and 2 respectively. The scores of the five bridges indicate that their physical condition can be categorized as good or with minor defects. Based on technical screening, the proposed treatment for Wai Batu Merah, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, dan Wai Tua bridges is the rehabilitation of their sub-elements. As for the Wai Yari Bridge, the treatment will be maintained regularly. The defect repair costs are IDR 149,138,238.00, IDR 81,048,000.00, IDR 174,579,106.10, IDR 79,233,324.01 and IDR 238,323,258.60 for Wai Batu, Wai Ruhu, Wai Lawa, Wai Yari, and Wai Tua Bridges, respectively.

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Sajecki, Anna. "Explorer on the Trans-Canada: Cold War Tourism and the Early Years of the Canadian Highway." Journal of Canadian Studies 51, no. 3 (February 2018): 571–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.2016-0008.r3.

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37

Brown, Shaun, K. S. Coates, and W. R. Morrison. "The Alaska Highway in World War II: The U. S. Army of Occupation in Canada's Northwest." Western Historical Quarterly 24, no. 2 (May 1993): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970971.

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38

Harris, Jim. "Highway Suite by Emily Warn." Western American Literature 26, no. 2 (1991): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.1991.0118.

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39

Kussy, Edward V. A. "Surface Transportation and Administrative Law: Growing up Together in the 20th Century." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1527, no. 1 (January 1996): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152700101.

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The concurrent development of administrative law and America's modern transportation system is no accident. Both reflect the technological and societal changes that have defined what the United States is today. The importance of transportation is reflected by the fact that so many of the important events, statutes, and court decisions in the history of 20th century administrative law have involved transportation. The first really powerful administrative agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission, was created to regulate railroads and, later, interstate trucking. The Federal-Aid Highway Program, which can trace its roots to 1893, has been the largest federal grant program for much of this century. The statutory framework for this program, established by the Federal Road Act of 1916 and the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1921, became the model for all federal grant programs. The Interstate system and other highway programs helped shape the great economic expansion that followed World War II. The effects of these vast new road systems were among the most important factors leading to the growth of modern environmental law in the 1960s and 1970s. In the years ahead, with the accelerating integration of new technology into the transportation system, further concurrent change in transportation and administrative law is inevitable.

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40

Shelton, Kyle. "Houston (Un)limited." Transfers 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2014.040108.

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How do cities grow? And how do decisions made about mobility and territory impact and structure that growth? Focusing on Houston, Texas after the Second World War, this article looks at how decisions made by city officials helped cement the dual processes of annexation and highway building into the city's growth structure. These strategies, while helping to explain how Houston become a leading metropolitan center during the second half of the twentieth century, also turned into path dependencies that limited Houston's mobility choices and stretched the city's ability to provide services to its citizens. The implementation of these two growth mechanisms shaped the unique development of the city and structured its relationships to the communities around it.

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41

Saganeiti, Lucia, Antonella Favale, Angela Pilogallo, Francesco Scorza, and Beniamino Murgante. "Assessing Urban Fragmentation at Regional Scale Using Sprinkling Indexes." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093274.

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Artificial land use trends could represent an effective indicator of the settlement process quality and could also provide information about the efficacy of protection and exploitation policies in natural and rural areas. This work discusses an analytic procedure for the time series investigation of urban settlement development at the regional scale to verify the nexus between urban growth and demographic trends connected with the phenomenon of land take. In Italy, since 1950, the land take phenomenon has been a consequence of several factors: urbanization, realization of transport infrastructures including ports, airports, and highways, and the enhancement of industrial and productive systems. We analyzed all these territorial transformations that create waterproof soil, and more generally, a transition from natural and semi-natural uses toward artificial land use. After World War II, the demographic growth and the consequent housing demand generated a strong urbanization process in the main poles of economic development areas in Italy. Since the early 2000s, the situation has completely changed and the land take phenomenon is no longer mainly based on real need for new urban expansion areas based on effective urban planning tools, but is strongly related to a scattered demand for new housing in a weak territorial spatial planning system not able to drive effective urban development that minimizes speculative real estate initiatives. This uncontrolled occupation of soil generated, in Italy, a landscape fragmentation called the urban sprinkling phenomenon, different from urban sprawl, which is a wider phenomenon characterized by disordered urban growth. The present document aims to assess how uncontrolled expansion in areas characterized by low settlement density can generate fragmentation. To define if the territory is affected by the urban sprinkling phenomenon, two 50-year time series concerning urban expansion of buildings and demographic trends are analyzed calculating population and building density indices and their variation over the years. The sprinkling index is used to analyze the variation in the fragmentation degree at two different scales (regional and municipal). Finally, we discuss the context where this phenomenon has developed, analyzing the buildings located in hydrogeological risk zones and protected areas, and the correlation between demographic changes and the degree of territorial fragmentation variation.

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Rowe, John Carlos. "Highway Robbery: "Indian Removal," the Mexican-American War, and American Identity in "The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta"." NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 31, no. 2 (1998): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1346196.

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43

Ash, Caroline. "Fungal highways." Trends in Microbiology 5, no. 10 (October 1997): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(97)89758-2.

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Bartle, John R., and Jijesh Devan. "Sustainable Highways." Public Works Management & Policy 10, no. 3 (January 2006): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x06287493.

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45

Rillings, James H. "Automated Highways." Scientific American 277, no. 4 (October 1997): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1097-80.

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46

Milius, Susan. "Wind Highways." Science News 165, no. 21 (May 22, 2004): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4015195.

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47

Yin, Huajie, and Zhiyong Tang. "Electron highways." Nature Energy 3, no. 7 (June 4, 2018): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0183-3.

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48

Pool, R. "Sunshine highways." Engineering & Technology 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2011.0212.

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Lockley, Martin. "Dinosaur Highways." Ichnos 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2011.552580.

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50

Du, Ding-Zhu, Frank K. Hwang, and Guoliang Xue. "Interconnecting Highways." SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 12, no. 2 (January 1999): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s089548019732653x.

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