Relevant bibliographies by topics / Highway Financing

Academic literature on the topic 'Highway Financing'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Highway Financing"

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Fayard, Alain, and Franck Bousquet. "Pragmatic Approach to Finance Infrastructure: Analysis of French Experience with Highway Concessions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1649, no. 1 (January 1998): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1649-02.

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Governments around the world are showing increasing interest in concessions or build-operate-transfer mechanisms in the highway sector. One or two decades ago, economic theory held that private funding was the most promising method for financing infrastructure development. Unfortunately, a significant number of privately financed projects are showing signs of difficulties (e.g., the Franco-British Channel Tunnel, the Dulles Greenway in Virginia, the second stage Bangkok Expressway in Thailand, the Guanzhour-Shenzen Highway in China, the delayed Birmingham Northern Relief Road in the United Kingdom, and the M1 and M3 Highways in Hungary). Emphasis has always been put on the financial aspect, leaving out the organizational one. A new basis for infrastructure finance is presented, analyzing the mistakes and successes of French experience in highway concession for more than 40 years. This experience is of interest since France has experimented with both toll and nontoll financing as well as with publicly and privately owned toll roads in building its system of highways. The main steps of the construction of the French highway network through concessions are traced and the lessons learned from this experience indicated, focusing on key elements, the advantages and drawbacks of a concession system, and the exact nature of the state’s role in concessioning. This information can serve as potential recommendations for other countries opting for concession systems.
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Xie, Xiao Ru. "The Study on Maintenance Mechanism of Rural Highway in China." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 2915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.2915.

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With the mature development of trunk roads and national highways, China diverts her attention to rural highways' development in the face of issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Rural highways make great contribution to the development of rural economy and will resolve issues adequately. So rural highway should receive close attention. But there is no answer from experience in maintenance field, the maintenance mechanism is unscientific, and its management is confused. If we can't change this situation properly, it will largely affect the maintenance quality of rural highway and be an obstacle to the travel of farmers and the circulation of agricultural goods. So we take Wuhan rural highway for example to settle the potential problems. In order to get the experience and revelation, first, I make it clear about the concept of rural highway and analyze the maintenance situations of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in China; Second, I’d like to point out the problems in the maintenance mechanism of Wuhan rural highway; Then, I give countmeasures to maintenance mechanism of Wuhan rural highway from the financing channels and maintenance model. The financing channels to get adequate funds and maintenance model fully exerting its economic factions will directly affect the quality of rural highway and even the development of national economy. The abundant fluent funds supply chains and the optimization of maintenance model are the guarantee of safety and efficiency of rural highway, directly affect the trips of farmers and the circulation of agricultural goods, promote the development of integration of urban and rural economies and help construct a harmonious society.
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Ryckewaert, Michael. "Building a Hybrid Highway System." Transfers 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020106.

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This paper investigates the conception and construction of the Belgian highway network since 1945. It focuses on the formative decades of the 1950s and 1960s, when the network was designed and an important financing mechanism established (the 1955 Road Fund). A distinguishing characteristic in the construction of the network is the use of highways as a vector of urbanization for economic development purposes. Combining long-distance traffic with local access to adjoining services, these highways fulfill a twofold role defined at the conception of the network in 1951. Incorporating ring roads, expressways, regional highways, and a high density of exits into a transnational system, the Belgian network is a "hybrid" highway system.
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Vaccari, Michael A. "Overview of Innovative Financing: Highway and Transit." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1527, no. 1 (January 1996): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152700103.

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An overview of innovative finance activity in highway and transit programs is presented. It is hoped that readers are given enough information to assess the usefulness of a particular financing device for their agencies. The financings are grouped into five categories: lease-structured financings; structures that achieve more with less money; cross-border leases; derivatives; and miscellaneous. Each of the financings is assessed to determine which of FTA's goals for innovative financing are achieved, that is, whether the financing reduced the costs of capital projects or provided better management of cash flow.
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Poole, Robert W. "Private Toll Roads: Changing the Highway Paradigm." Public Works Management & Policy 3, no. 1 (July 1998): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x9800300101.

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Privatization approaches hold great promise for improving the performance of the U.S. highway system. But dramatic results akin to those being achieved overseas via private toll road concessions will depend critically on supportive public policy. Other countries have adopted the private concession model as a matter of national policy, applying it not merely to a few speculative new roads but to major modernization of existing highways and expressways. To realize the potential that the private sector has to offer, we need new highway policies that would create a level financial playing field between the public and private sectors, share start-up risks and costs between the public and private sectors, and remove restrictions (such as the ban on interstate tolls). The transportation community must also educate policy makers and opinion leaders on the case for tolls as both a financing vehicle and a highway management tool.
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Varma, Amiy, and Kumares C. Sinha. "On user charges for highway financing." Transportation Research Part A: General 24, no. 4 (July 1990): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(90)90006-r.

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Edwards, David John, De-Graft Owusu-Manu, Bernard Baiden, Edward Badu, and Peter Edward Love. "Financial distress and highway infrastructure delays." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 15, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-02-2016-0006.

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Purpose In developing countries, delays in highway infrastructure projects caused by financial distress-related factors threaten the construction industry’s capacity to contribute optimally to economic development. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to determine factors contributing to financial distress and develops a conceptual framework to illustrate the relationship between financial distress and project delay. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey collected data on factors that contributed to financial distress and delays in highway infrastructure delivery. In total, 78 responses were obtained, and factor analysis revealed that factors associated with payment, project financing, cash flow, economic issues, project planning and cost control influenced project delays. Findings The research identifies the importance of efficient public and private policies to engender financial sustainability among construction firms in developing countries. Originality/value This work presents the first research of its kind and strives to engender wider academic debate and renewed economic development in some of the world’s most impoverished nations.
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Walzer, Norman, Lori A. Sutton, and Steven C. Deller. "The Status and Financing of Off-System Bridges." Public Works Management & Policy 3, no. 1 (July 1998): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x9800300102.

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The network of off-system bridges supporting the rural economy has been a concern for a long time. Federal Highway Administration data show that 31.4% of the bridges off the federal aid system qualify for replacement and/or rehabilitation funds, the worst category under the federal bridge program. Although there is some evidence that the quality of these bridges has marginally improved in recent years, the sheer number of deficient bridges in rural areas necessitates major expenses for rural local governments in the future. Study results suggest, however, that local highway officials expect to be able to spend far less than what they believe the system requires. The outcome is that part of the transportation backbone of the rural economy is at risk, and additional sources of revenue and/or alternative means for reinvesting in the bridge network are needed.
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Wang, Yin, and Zhirong Jerry Zhao. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Public–Private Partnerships in Highway Development: The Case of Virginia." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118791629.

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Given the current momentum for public–private partnerships (PPPs), it is critical to review the experiences of PPP highway projects to see whether they succeed in serving public benefits. This article applies a goal-centered approach to evaluate the effectiveness of nine PPP highway projects in the Commonwealth of Virginia, U.S.A., that were implemented and opened to traffic between 1990 and 2016. Virginia has used highway PPPs more for financing or risk reduction than for efficiency gains. The authors examine four elements of contract agreements—PPP type, private partner selection, financial arrangements, and risk allocation—in these Virginian projects, and find that these arrangements have been effective in accessing innovative finance and preventing cost overrun, while the evidence is limited regarding shifting revenue risk or achieving efficiency gains.
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Lin, Kun-Chin. "The Politics of Financing the Highway Boom in China." Asian Survey 58, no. 3 (May 2018): 511–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.3.511.

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Fiscal federalism has provided the institutional basis for the rapid highway boom in China for three decades, creating a close linkage between subnational investment and revenue claims on tolled roads. This model of capitalization is financially unsustainable and undermines the standardization of taxation and contracting of public–private partnership projects.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Highway Financing"

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Nobre, Veimar CÃzar Souza. "Metodologia para SeleÃÂÃÂo de Projetos de Parcerias PÃÂblico-Privadas no Setor de Infra-Estrutura RodoviÃÂria no Estado do CearÃÂ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=470.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodolÃgica para seleÃÃo de projetos de Parceria PÃblico-Privadas (PPP) no Ãmbito do Programa de PPP do Estado do Cearà e direcionados ao setor de infra-estrutura rodoviÃria. A metodologia à baseada nos estudos de viabilidade dos projetos de parceria e nas condicionantes impostas na Lei n 11.079/2004 na esfera federal e na Lei n 13.557/2004 do Estado do CearÃ. No sentido de facilitar a compreensÃo acerca dos motivos que levaram a administraÃÃo pÃblica brasileira a adotar a PPP como uma alternativa de financiamento no setor rodoviÃrio, a dissertaÃÃo apresenta uma abordagem sobre as diferentes fontes de financiamento na Ãrea de infra-estrutura rodoviÃria no Brasil e a experiÃncia internacional na implementaÃÃo de projetos de PPP. Para propiciar um melhor entendimento da metodologia proposta, o trabalho apresenta, ainda, uma explanaÃÃo sobre as Parcerias PÃblico Privadas no que se refere a: conceitos e definiÃÃes; tipos de contrato; benefÃcios, condicionantes e restriÃÃes; e estudo de viabilidade dos projetos. Adicionalmente, com o mesmo intuito, sÃo destacados e analisados os principais pontos das Lei n 11.079/2004 e Lei n 13.557/2004 que sÃo diretamente utilizados na avaliaÃÃo dos projetos a serem incluÃdos no Programa de PPP do Estado do CearÃ.
This work presents a methodological proposal for selection of projects of Public - Private Partnership (PPP) in the ambit of the PPP Program of Cearà State and directed to the sector of highway infrastructure. The methodology is based on the feasibility studies of projects of PPP and the conditions established in the national law n 11.079/2004 and in the State law n 13.557/2004. With objective to facilitate an comprehension about the motives that carry out the Brazilian government to adopt the PPP as one alternative of financing in the sector of highway infrastructure, the work presents an explanation about the different sources of financing in this sector in Brazil as well about the international experience in the development of projects of PPP. To provide one better understanding of the methodology, the work still presents an explanation about the Public-Private Partnership related to: concepts and definitions; types of contract; benefits, conditions necessaries and restrictions; and feasibility studies of PPP projects. In addition, with the same objective, the main points of both laws 11.079/2004 and 13.557/2004 used in the evaluation of the projects to be included in the PPP Program of state of Cearà are highlighted and analyzed in the work.
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Goh, Kai Chen. "Developing financial decision support for highway infrastructure sustainability." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48328/1/Kai_Goh_Thesis.pdf.

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The development of highway infrastructure typically requires major capital input over a long period. This often causes serious financial constraints for investors. The push for sustainability has added new dimensions to the complexity in the evaluation of highway projects, particularly on the cost front. This makes the determination of long-term viability even more a precarious exercise. Life-cycle costing analysis (LCCA) is generally recognised as a valuable tool for the assessment of financial decisions on construction works. However to date, existing LCCA models are deficient in dealing with sustainability factors, particularly for infrastructure projects due to their inherent focus on the economic issues alone. This research probed into the major challenges of implementing sustainability in highway infrastructure development in terms of financial concerns and obligations. Using results of research through literature review, questionnaire survey of industry stakeholders and semi-structured interview of senior practitioners involved in highway infrastructure development, the research identified the relative importance of cost components relating to sustainability measures and on such basis, developed ways of improving existing LCCA models to incorporate sustainability commitments into long-term financial management. On such a platform, a decision support model incorporated Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process and LCCA for the evaluation of the specific cost components most concerned by infrastructure stakeholders. Two real highway infrastructure projects in Australia were then used for testing, application and validation, before the decision support model was finalised. Improved industry understanding and tools such as the developed model will lead to positive sustainability deliverables while ensuring financial viability over the lifecycle of highway infrastructure projects.
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Zhu, Qing, and 朱青. "Study on investment and financing of non-governmental capital on expressway construction in Zhejiang Province." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45165245.

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Barrus, David R. "FIRM BIDDING BEHAVIOR IN HIGHWAY PROCUREMENT AUCTIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-BID CONTRACTS, TACIT COLLUSION, AND THE FINANCIAL IMPACT ON KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/191.

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Recently, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) indicated lack of competition and single-bid contracts in asphalt paving as a major issue facing state transportation departments. Single-bid contracts indicate a lack of competition which increases costs to state and local governments. During the period from 2005-2007 in Kentucky, 42 percent of all bids were awarded with only one firm bidding on the project. Of the asphalt paving jobs, 63 percent of those jobs were awarded to a single bidder. The analysis of this dissertation focuses on detecting tacit collusion in asphalt paving jobs in Kentucky. A focal point enables firms to coordinate bids and engage in a tit-for-tat strategy where they refuse to bid in each other’s counties. In this case the focal point is the county boundaries. Two factors contribute to the ability of firms to use county boundaries to coordinate bids. The first factor is that the political county boundaries form relatively small counties which allow a firm’s service area to cover multiple counties. The firms are able to claim counties and service the projects in those counties. The second factor is that a majority of asphalt projects which the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet puts up for bidding are exclusive to a specific county. This allows firms to know whether a project falls in a county within their bidding territory. Each county and firm in each of the 12 Kentucky Transportation Cabinet geographic districts was analyzed to see if there was evidence of bid coordination. The result is that in 94 out of 120 counties there was evidence of bid coordination or tacit collusion with increases in bid levels. There is evidence that 25 of the 31 Kentucky asphalt paving firms refuse to bid against their rivals in their rival’s territories. This refusal by firms to bid against each other resulted in single-bid contracts that were $70,595,466.09 above the competitive level.
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Carroll, Margaret Aby. "Using Financial Rankings to Identify Characteristics of Libraries Serving Highly Profitable Private Law Firms." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31527/.

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This purpose of this study was to develop evidence of a relationship between law libraries and private law firm profitability for law library administrators to use when making strategic decisions that influence the value of their libraries. The highest ranked administrator at each private law firm listed on the 2008 Am Law 200 was invited to complete an online benchmarking survey. The adjusted sample population totaled 179 firms. Fifty-one valid surveys were completed for a 28.5% response rate. Descriptive and statistical analyses were conducted using 26 independent variables (law library characteristics) and a single dependent variable, Revenue per Equity Partner, developed from data published for the Am Law 200. The most significant contributions of this study are: development of important law library financial and return on investment benchmarks; a listing of characteristics that have been empirically shown to impact law firm productivity; identification of optimum reporting structure for the law library administrator. Six characteristics positively impact Revenue per Equity Partner: to whom the library Administrator reports, number of library staff per library, number of Library staff per library, range in hourly bill rate for library staff time, practice areas most often supported. Two monetary measures were also established. The cost benefit of an Am Law library to its firm is $1.00 : $1.68. Each Am Law Library staff member is worth $295,000 in Revenue per Equity Partner to a firm. Law library practitioners can use the results to support evidenced-based strategic decision making in the administration of any private law firm library. Faculty and students in law librarianship programs will have a greater understanding of how to manage law libraries and collections to provide maximum value to their law firms. Benefits to library and information science research include validation of the research design and benchmarking as a theoretical framework for conducting research into ways libraries can deliver value and return on investment to their sponsors. This research design can be generalized and replicated in future studies. It demonstrates how rank can be used to operationalize relative measures of value for research purposes. Findings from future studies in both for-profit and non-profit settings using appropriate measures of rank may form the basis for development of a theory concerning the relationship between a library and their sponsor's success.
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Wong, Mei-wan Farah, and 黃美雲. "Financial burden for HIV/AIDS patients to access antiretroviral therapy in Asian developing countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193826.

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Background: Since the beginning of 21st century, several Asian countries started implementing their national free antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs to tackle one of the most striking public health issues in Asia – HIV/AIDS. Despite the efforts being made, the treatment coverage remains as low as 44% in 2010. Previous studies have identified financial constraint is a major barrier in accessing ART and an important reason of poor ART adherence in Asia. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the extent of financial burden experienced by people living with HIV (PLHIV) where free ART policy is implemented, and to provide valuable information for policy-making in reducing financial barriers and improve uptake of ART. Methods: Literature search was performed by entering keywords in PubMed and Medline. Articles were screened and selected for in-depth review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A process on data synthesis was performed on the final eligible papers. Results: Five studies from four Asian countries describing the out-of-pocket health expenditure incurred by PLHIV during the delivery of ART were included in this review. Findings: Out of all direct medical costs, the cost of drug was most important in contributing to the total costs for patients without health insurance, while the cost of transportation was more important for patients covered by health insurance. Direct medical costs increased with advancing stage of disease. Rural patients would have spent up to 1,173% of their monthly income per capita, or more than 100% of their total household expenditure even when ART was provided free-of-charge. Patients have also highlighted free ARV drugs were sometimes not available in the health facility and they had to turn to the private market. Hence, the extent of financial burden in this review might be underestimated. Conclusion: Based on the data available, we concluded that increased accessibility of free ART should be accompanied with sustained ARV drugs supply and increased financial support for PLHIV.
published_or_final_version
Community Medicine
Master
Master of Public Health
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7

Arango, Botero Esteban. "Financing infrastruture projects using PPPs : the case of the 4th generation of highways in Colombia." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/19984.

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Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have become in a well-know model that is use around the globe for infrastructure development, especially for highways construction and operation. As the private sector becomes responsible for the availability and quality of the infrastructure, there are efficiencies and innovations expected that make the PPP model more suitable than traditional public procurement. Besides, PPPs are expected to evoke performance-based contracting, more solid regulation and are a financing alternative when there are budgetary fiscal constrains. The 4th Generation of highways is an ambitious PPP program developed by the Colombian government to build more than 30 highways in the country in the next 5 years, which contemplates investment of more than EUR 20 billion. This paper aims to analyze in detail the 4G program experience, to assess strengths and weaknesses of the Colombian model that could become on learning points for future PPP projects on emerging markets. Several findings on the lack of financing capacity by private partners, barriers on lending and immaturity of the institutional market, summed up to particular risks and lack of a more accurate planning, have made evident the dependency on public resources. Then, the question arise about the convenience of the PPP model and consideration of other alternatives for the development of the roads that are heavily required to boost the competitiveness of this emerging country.
As Parcerias Público Privadas tornaram-se num modelo conhecido e utilizado globalmente para o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas, especialmente para a construção e operação de auto estradas. Uma vez que o sector privado é o responsável pela disponibilidade e qualidade das infraestruturas, são esperadas eficiências e inovações que tornam o modelo de PPP mais adequado que os contratos públicos tradicionais. Para além disso, as PPP são esperadas a evocar contratação baseada no desempenho, regulamentação mais sólida e são também uma alternativa de financiamento quando existem restrições fiscais orçamentais. A Quarta Geração de Concessões Rodoviárias (4G) é um programa ambicioso das PPP desenvolvido pelo governo Colombiano, que visa construir mais de 30 estradas no país nos próximos cinco anos, contemplando um investimento de mais de 20 milhões de euros. Esta tese tem como objectivo analisar em pormenor a experiência do programa 4G, de forma a avaliar os pontos fortes e fracos do modelo Colombiano que poderão vir a desencadear pontos de aprendizagem para futuros projetos de PPP em mercados emergentes. Várias conclusões sobre a falta de capacidade de financiamento por parceiros privados, barreiras à concessão de empréstimos e imaturidade do mercado institucional, juntamente com os riscos específicos e falta de um planeamento mais preciso, tornaram evidente a dependência de recursos públicos. Assim, coloca-se a questão sobre a conveniência do modelo de PPP bem como a consideração de outras alternativas para o desenvolvimento de estradas que constituem requisitos fundamentais para reforçar a competitividade deste país emergente.
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Nghiem, Xuan-Dat, and 嚴春達. "Financial Management Analysis of BOT Transportation Projects in Vietnam(A case study of the National Highway 10 project)." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00924413584373949208.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
99
ABSTRACT Vietnam’s infrastructure ranks 94th out of 133 countries surveyed in The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 published by the World Economic Forum, indicating significant need for increased investment in the sector. Vietnam’s infrastructure spending over the past five years has averaged between 9% and 10% of GDP, the highest rate of the region. China and Indonesia devote 6% of their GDP to infrastructure, whereas those of Thailand 3.4% and the Philippines are less than 3%. Indeed, transportation is an important component and an indispensable step in the technical infrastructure. Oriented development of communications strategy has been always the first task of the transport sector in each country. The objectives of the research presented in this thesis are (1) Study the influence of some economic and technical indicators in the assessment efficiency of investment to build highways under the BOT form; (2) Research on the method of financial efficiency analysis and evaluation of transportation BOT projects in Vietnam. Some solutions suggested by this research can be arranged into three groups including: Financial management; Transportation planning; Policy and legal, institutional framework. This is achieved through properly analyzing the case study of National Highway No.10 BOT project based on recalculation financial planning and interview questions. The finding of this research would facilitate the overview of understanding mutual objectives of each type of stakeholders and best solutions for financial management which will reveal good opportunities for private sector to invest in infrastructure.
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SHIH, YA-TANH, and 施雅棠. "A Study on the Relationships of Financial Perception, Behavior, and Planning for Retirement: A Case of Police in the National Highway Police Bureau." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/msqyvq.

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碩士
國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
106
The goal of this study is to understand the financial perception, financial planning for retirement, and status quo of financial behavior, of officers of the National Highway Police Bureau, and further explores the effects of financial perception, financial planning for retirement and financial behavior. Adopting questionnaire survey and using officers of the National Highway Police Bureau as subjects, the author obtained 264 effective questionnaires, and discusses the results of the survey by statistical analysis. This study finds that officers of the National Highway Police Bureau are financially conservative, investing primarily in bank deposits and insurance, with over 40% of officers not having any financial planning for retirement. Level of education, age, and years of service have significant effects on their financial perceptions. Monthly expenditure has a significant effect on financial behavior. Location, age and ranking have significant effects on financial planning for retirement. Nonetheless, financial eprception does not have a significant effect on financial behavior, nor does financial behavior have a significant effect on financial planning for retirement. Summarizing the above results, this study provides reccomendations the National Highway Police Bureau, financial institutions and future research.
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Teixeira, Ana Francisca dos Santos Gonçalves. "Corporate financial distress and restructuring measures : a lifecycle phase study applied to highly leveraged companies." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/29834.

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During its operating life, a firm goes through different life phases, which can be divided into: birth, growth, mature and decline. Through these different life phases it sometimes happens that face moments of financial distress and thereafter, engage in restructuring techniques in order to improve. The choice between the most common used techniques: managerial, asset, operational and financial restructuring, is dependent on the life phase in which the firm is. In this study, one finds that firms in the initial phases: birth and growth, are more prone to adopt any kind of restructuring strategy, while the firms in the more mature stage prefer to engage in a managerial or a financial restructuring. When furthering this analysis to understanding what seems to be the most efficient restructuring strategy accordingly to the different life stages, one finds that managerial restructuring does not provide a path towards financial health and that, if it does, it is more likely to happen in the beginning life phases such as birth. Adversely, an operational restructuring (cutting investment, number of employees or costs of goods sold) is efficient in improving firms’ performance. Furthermore, it is possible to conclude that by employing at least two or at least three strategies, firms seem to be quite successful in achieving full recovery while it is unusual for firms to employ the four strategies simultaneously.
Durante a vida operacional de uma empresa, esta passa por diferentes fases de vida, que podem ser divididas em: nascimento, crescimento, maturação e declínio. Ao longo destas diferentes fases é comum que as empresas, em algum momento, se encontrem em situação de crise financeira e após isso adoptem medidas de restruturação com o objetivo de melhorar. A escolha por entre as mais usadas técnicas: ao nível da gestão, do número de ativos, das operações ou a nível financeiro, depende da fase da vida na qual a empresa de encontra. Neste estudo, conclui-se que as empresas que se encontram nas fases da vida mais iniciais: nascimento e crescimento, quando comparadas com empresas em declínio, são mais propensas a adoptar qualquer uma das estratégias, enquanto que empresas mais maduras optam por alterações ao nível da gestão ou financeiro. Alargando a análise para a avaliação da melhor técnica, considerando a fase da vida, a adoptar, conclui-se que a substituição do chefe executivo não é a solução para que as empresas atinjam saúde financeira e que se é o caso, então as empresas encontram-se em nascimento. Adversamente, conclui-se que uma alteração ao nível operacional (reduzir o nível investimento, o número de funcionários ou o custo com bens vendidos) é eficiente em melhorar os resultados financeiros da empresa. Adicionalmente, conclui-se que ao empregar pelo menos duas ou três estratégias de restruturação, as empresas conseguem atingir uma recuperação da sua saúde financeira, e que é raro que as empresas empreguem as quatro estratégias de restruturação ao mesmo tempo.
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Books on the topic "Highway Financing"

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Stephens, Jerry. Financing the Montana State Highway System. [Helena, Mont.?]: [Montana Dept. of Highways], 1992.

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McFarland, William F. Evaluation of bonds for financing state highway expenditures in Texas. College Station, Tex: Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A & M University System, 1995.

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3

New York (State). Governor's Roadway Improvement Committee. A discussion of future state highway and bridge needs and financing. Albany, NY: New York State Dept. of Transportation, 1987.

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Infrastructure, India Committee on. Financing of the National Highway Development Programme: Report of the core group. New Delhi: Secretariat for the Committee on Infrastructure, Planning Commission, Govt. of India, 2006.

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McFarland, William F. Evaluation of bonds for financing state highway expenditures in Texas: Preliminary findings. College Station, Tex: Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A & M University System, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway funding: Use of toll revenues in financing highway projects : report to the Honorable Lawton Chiles, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway funding: Use of toll revenues in financing highway projects : report to the Honorable Lawton Chiles, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Office, General Accounting. Highway funding: Use of toll revenues in financing highway projects : report to the Honorable Lawton Chiles, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Officials, American Association of State Highway and Transportation. Innovative transportation financing: A report on the results of a national survey by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1995.

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Using innovative financing to deliver highway and transit projects: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Highways and Transit of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, second session, April 14, 2010. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Highway Financing"

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Dorantes, Lucía Mejía, and José Manuel Vassallo Magro. "Financing Urban Transport Through Value Capture." In Highway and Urban Environment, 15–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6_2.

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Backhaus, Klaus, Marco Reinhard, and Holger Werthschulte. "International Project Financing – Example Platinum Toll Highway." In Fallstudien zum Internationalen Management, 801–7. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6793-0_47.

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Kravitz, David W. "Highly scalable on-line payments via task decoupling." In Financial Cryptography, 355–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-63594-7_91.

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Eberts, Randall W. "Cross-State Variation in the Characteristics, Effects, and Financing of US Highways." In US Infrastructure, 162–78. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351007023-9.

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Balcerzak, Adam P., and Michał Bernard Pietrzak. "Human Development and Quality of Institutions in Highly Developed Countries." In Financial Environment and Business Development, 231–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39919-5_18.

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Chin, Anthony. "Financing Highways." In The Handbook of Highway Engineering. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420039504.pta.

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Liu, Xiaoyan. "Problems of highway financing." In Computer Science in Industrial Application, 209–11. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18568-51.

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"The investigation of financing models of Chinese highway." In Green Building, Materials and Civil Engineering, 381–84. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17568-75.

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√únal Ilker, Dr. "Construction of highway tunnel financed by B.O.T. model management of risks in financing." In Underground Space Use. Analysis of the Past and Lessons for the Future. Taylor & Francis, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0415374521.ch80.

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Beckett-Camarata, Jane. "Capital Management and Budgeting Processes in Albania." In Capital Management and Budgeting in the Public Sector, 157–79. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7329-6.ch008.

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This chapter investigates, analyzes, and compares capital management and budgeting processes in Albania and the implications for road and highway infrastructure investment. It is a case study of Albania's capital management and budgeting processes seen through the framework of the Srithongrung, Yusuf, and Kriz normative model. The analysis and insights derived suggest a mixed picture of the contribution that the current capital management and budgeting processes make on the country's capital investment and its economic growth and development. Albania's capital management and budgeting processes are not consistent with the normative framework as follows: (1) the fragmentation and political involvement in capital improvement planning (CIP), (2) forecasting bias and fragmentation in the forecasting process resulting in misalignment and lack of prioritizing new capital investments, (3) shortcomings in the capital financing strategies stemming from court decisions and weak budgetary controls, (4) centralized execution and project management in monitoring highways maintenance.
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Conference papers on the topic "Highway Financing"

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Huang, Yajie, and Ning Yan. "Analysis of highway project financing in Laos." In 2nd International Symposium on Business Corporation and Development in South-East and South Asia under B$R Initiative (ISBCD 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isbcd-17.2017.54.

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"Financing Patterns of Highway Construction Under the PPP Model." In 2018 International Conference on Economics, Politics and Business Management. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icepbm.2018.24.

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Tan, Xiaofang, Jinxia Song, Ningning Wang, and Yueting Cao. "Revelation of America’s VMT Charging Mode to Chinese Highway Financing." In Fifth International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479384.256.

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Clark, Scott A. "Bridging the Gap: Meeting the Financing Needs of Today's New Companies." In 1987 SAE International Off-Highway and Powerplant Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/871679.

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Wang, Bo, Jiang Zhou, and Yang Zou. "Investment and Financing of Ordinary Trunk Highway Construction in Sichuan Province." In Sixth International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482742.038.

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Queiroz, Cesar A., and Goran Mladenović. "Combining capital grant and availability payment to keep toll rates affordable." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1278.

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In several countries public budgets cannot provide all the funds needed to build priority transport and other infrastructure projects that are economically justified and environmentally and socially sound. Under certain circumstances, projects meeting such conditions can be implemented by involving private financing, through public-private partnerships (PPP), which is a means to get projects completed by leveraging scarce public resources. Priority highway PPP projects may require toll rates above the affordability level of road users, particularly when construction costs are relatively high and traffic volumes are relatively low. The provision of capital grants and/or availability payments to the concessionaire (i.e., the private partner) by the government (i.e., the public partner) would reduce the toll rate required to attract private investors for the project. Such projects, where the sources of revenue to the private partner (or concessionaire) include both the users of the facility and the government, are usually called hybrid PPPs. A key step in assuring that a proposed PPP highway project would attract private investors is to determine whether financial public support would be required, and if so, how much. To this endeavor, this paper reviews and applies a hybrid PPP financial model for highways that facilitates carrying out projects' financial viability by decision makers and practitioners. A numerical case study is used to illustrate applications of the model to conditions deemed representative of Southeastern European countries. The main outputs generated by the model include the project’s internal rate of return, equity internal rate of return, annual debt service coverage ratio, and the present value of the government’s cash flow. A sensitivity analysis carried out shows the impact of key input parameters on the main outputs. While the financial model discussed has been developed for roads, it can also be adapted to other forms of transport infrastructure, such as rail.
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Zhang, Ruoqi, Minglan Chen, Xiurong Cai, and Fang Liu. "Investment and Financing Influence Analysis and Countermeasures for Highway Construction in the Period of China's 11th Five-Year Plan." In Ninth International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41064(358)416.

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Bajo Pavía, Carlos, Luis Martín-Tereso López, José Vicente Candel Hernandis, Wojciech Włodzimirski, Božena Morávková, Ivan Vöröš, Adrián Chalupec, et al. "D4R7. New Danube Crossing at Bratislava." In IABSE Symposium, Prague 2022: Challenges for Existing and Oncoming Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/prague.2022.1527.

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<p>Bratislava Bypass project – D4R7 comprises D4 Highway with a length of 27 km and R7 Expressway with a length of 32 km. It was established as a Public-Private Partnership including design, construction, financing, operation, and maintenance. More than 100 concrete and steel bridges were executed within the project with different typologies, box-girder, beam bridges, post- tensioned slabs and culverts, ecoducts, cyclist and pedestrian bridges, as well as refurbishment of several structures in one of the major interchanges in Bratislava – Prievoz.</p><p>The most significant part of the D4R7 project is the 6th crossing over the river Danube, its floodplain, and adjacent area in Bratislava including the environmentally protected area of Natura 2000. It consists of a 3 km long highway elevated on the bridges and viaducts.</p>
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Bajo Pavía, Carlos, Luis Martín-Tereso López, José Vicente Candel Hernandis, Wojciech Włodzimirski, Božena Morávková, Piotr Pykało, Ivan Vöröš, et al. "D4R7. Prievoz Interchange refurbishment at Bratislava." In IABSE Symposium, Prague 2022: Challenges for Existing and Oncoming Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/prague.2022.0578.

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<p>The project of Bratislava Bypass – D4R7, established as a Public-Private Partnership, consists of design, construction, financing, operation, and maintenance of D4 Motorway with a length of 27km and R7 expressway with a length of 32 km around Bratislava, the capital city of Slovakia. More than 110 structures were executed within the project, including concrete and steel bridges, box-girder, beam bridges, post-tensioned slabs, underpasses, animal crossings, pedestrian, cyclist bridges, and the 6th bridge over River Danube in Bratislava.</p><p>One of the most challenging parts of the D4R7 project is a rehabilitation of 8 bridges in 3-level interchange Prievoz, with a crossing of Highway D1 in the urban area of the Bratislava city, executed in the 1980s.</p>
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Ikuabe, Matthew, Olushola Akinshipe, Clinton Aigbavboa, Andrew Ebekozien, Ayodeji Oke, and Romane Mofokeng. "Foreign Direct Investments in the South African Construction Industry: Promulgating the Inherent Benefits." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002238.

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One of the key indicators of the viability of the economy of any nation is the aggregate output of its construction industry. To this end, it is highly encouraged that significant investment portions of any country should be devoted to capital investment to spur development and ultimately boost the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, capital projects are usually attributed with the demands of enormous financial input, hence, due to low gross domestic savings, alternative source of financing such as foreign direct investment (FDI) as against the conventional government-sourced financing experienced in most developing countries is highly encouraged. In the light of the aforementioned, this study assesses the benefits of FDI in the South African construction industry. Construction professionals formed the population of the study, while the data elicited from the respondents was analysed with appropriate analytical tools. Findings from the study shows that the most significant benefits of the flow of FDI into the South African construction industry are technology transfer, enhanced productivity and human resource development. Conclusively, the study makes recommendations that would help in stimulating the flow of FDI into the construction industry in South Africa considering the inherent benefits as revealed in its findings.
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Reports on the topic "Highway Financing"

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Sinha, Kumares, Samuel Labi, and Stacey Hodge. An Assessment of Highway Financing Needs in Indiana. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313137.

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Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra, and Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.

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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.
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Andrade, Gregor, and Steven Kaplan. How Costly is Financial (not Economic) Distress? Evidence from Highly Leveraged Transactions that Became Distressed. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6145.

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Soloviev, V. N., and Y. V. Romanenko. Economic analog of Heisenberg uncertainly principle and financial crisis. ESC "IASA" NTUU "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/2463.

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The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics. The modern version of the uncertainty principle, deals not with the precision of a measurement and the disturbance it introduces, but with the intrinsic uncertainty any quantum state must possess, regardless of what measurement is performed. Recently, the study of uncertainty relations in general has been a topic of growing interest, specifically in the setting of quantum information and quantum cryptography, where it is fundamental to the security of certain protocols. The aim of this study is to analyze the concepts and fundamental physical constants in terms of achievements of modern theoretical physics, they search for adequate and useful analogues in the socio-economic phenomena and processes, and their possible use in early warning of adverse crisis in financial markets. The instability of global financial systems depending on ordinary and natural disturbances in modern markets and highly undesirable financial crises are the evidence of methodological crisis in modelling, predicting and interpretation of current socio-economic conditions.
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Soloviev, Vladimir, Andrii Bielinskyi, Oleksandr Serdyuk, Victoria Solovieva, and Serhiy Semerikov. Lyapunov Exponents as Indicators of the Stock Market Crashes. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4131.

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The frequent financial critical states that occur in our world, during many centuries have attracted scientists from different areas. The impact of similar fluctuations continues to have a huge impact on the world economy, causing instability in it concerning normal and natural disturbances [1]. The an- ticipation, prediction, and identification of such phenomena remain a huge chal- lenge. To be able to prevent such critical events, we focus our research on the chaotic properties of the stock market indices. During the discussion of the re- cent papers that have been devoted to the chaotic behavior and complexity in the financial system, we find that the Largest Lyapunov exponent and the spec- trum of Lyapunov exponents can be evaluated to determine whether the system is completely deterministic, or chaotic. Accordingly, we give a theoretical background on the method for Lyapunov exponents estimation, specifically, we followed the methods proposed by J. P. Eckmann and Sano-Sawada to compute the spectrum of Lyapunov exponents. With Rosenstein’s algorithm, we com- pute only the Largest (Maximal) Lyapunov exponents from an experimental time series, and we consider one of the measures from recurrence quantification analysis that in a similar way as the Largest Lyapunov exponent detects highly non-monotonic behavior. Along with the theoretical material, we present the empirical results which evidence that chaos theory and theory of complexity have a powerful toolkit for construction of indicators-precursors of crisis events in financial markets.
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Cedergren, Elin, Diana Huynh, Michael Kull, John Moodie, Hjördís Rut Sigurjónsdóttir, and Mari Wøien Meijer. Public service delivery in the Nordic Region: An exercise in collaborative governance. Nordregio, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2021:4.1403-2503.

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Nordic welfare states are world renowned for providing high quality public services. Nordic municipal and regional authorities, in particular, play a central role in the delivery of key public services in areas, such as, health, education, and social care. However, in recent years, public authorities have faced several challenges which have reduced capacity and resources, including long periods of austerity following the 2008 financial crash, rapid demographic changes caused by an ageing population, and the COVID-19 health crisis. In response to these challenges many public authorities have looked to inter-regional, inter-municipal and cross-border collaborations to improve the quality and effectiveness of public service delivery (OECD 2017; ESPON 2019). Indeed, collaborative public service delivery is becoming increasingly prominent in the Nordic Region due to a highly decentralized systems of governance (Nordregio 20015; Eythorsson 2018).
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Penna, Clemente. The Saga of Teofila Slavery and Credit Circulation in 19th-Century Rio de Janeiro. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/penna.2021.39.

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This paper follows the enslaved woman Teofila from captivity to freedom in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. To become a free woman, Teofila had to navigate the complex private credit networks of the West African community of the Brazilian capital city. With limited banking activity, the cariocas relied on one another for their financial needs, making for a highly convivial credit market that reflected and reinforced the vast inequalities of Brazilian slave society. While following Teofila through the courts of Rio de Janeiro, this paper will demonstrate that one of the cornerstones of the city’s credit market was the presence of an intertwined relationship between credit and private property. The commerce in human beings like Teofila produced thousands of negotiable titles, with slavery working as a propeller for credit circulation and one of its pillars – slave property was the primary collateral for unpaid debts.
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Reyes, Julian, Jeb Williamson, and Emile Elias. Spatio-temporal analysis of Federal crop insurance cause of loss data: A roadmap for research and outreach effort. U.S. Department of Agriculture, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7202608.ch.

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Federal crop insurance provides a financial safety net for farmers against insured perils such as drought, heat, and freeze. In 2016 over $100 billion dollars of crops were insured through the Federal crop insurance program administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Risk Management Agency. In this white paper, we analyze publicly-available Federal crop insurance data to understand how weather and climate-related perils, or causes of loss (COL), change over time and spatial areas. We find that over 75% of all weather/climate-related indemnities (i.e., crop losses) from 2001 to 2016 are due to three COL: drought, excess moisture, and hail. However, the extent to which these top COL and others impact indemnities is highly dependent on the time period, temporal scale, and spatial scale of analysis. Moreover, we identify what COL are region- or season-specific, and visualize COL trends over time. Finally, we offer a road map of research applications to quantify such trends in indemnities, as well as outreach and extension efforts that include an online data portal.
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Artana, Daniel, Cynthia Moskovits, Jorge Puig, and Ivana Templado. Fiscal Rules and the Behavior of Public Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards Growth-Friendly Fiscal Policy?: The case of Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003057.

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This paper analyzes the implementation of Fiscal Rules (FR) in Argentina. Several clear attempts to establish a FR at the national level are identified. The analysis suggests that the environment matters. The only FR that was binding in the period was approved in 2004 during an economic boom, with the country under a program with the IMF and with high political support. During the world financial crisis the expenditure ceilings were relaxed, however, and current primary expenditures soared. Simulations show that a countercyclical fund could have been implemented even after reducing highly distorting taxes at the federal and provincial levels, and at the same time securing a high level of capital expenditure as a share of GDP, had Argentina complied with the 2004 FR. Moreover, an econometric exploration of the link between flexible FRs and public investment finds that a flexible FR helps to mitigate the negative effects of fiscal consolidations on provincial public investment. Based on the previous analysis, guidelines for a proposal for a FR in Argentina are provided.
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Diop, Ahmed. Country Diagnostic Study – Senegal. Islamic Development Bank Institute, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/rp21003.

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The Country Diagnostic Study (CDS) for Senegal uses the Hausmann-Rodrik-Velasco growth diagnostics model to identify the binding constraints being faced in its quest for higher and more sustained economic growth and make recommendations to relax these constraints. Hence, the findings of the CDS can help the Islamic Development Bank in identifying areas where it can have a greater impact and provide an evidence-basis to support the development of the Member Country Partnership Strategy. After decades of subdued and highly volatile economic growth due to heavy dependence on primary commodities and low productivity, Senegal experienced an unprecedented growth acceleration from 2014 to 2019. However, there appeared to be a weak correlation between economic growth and jobs creation. In addition, about 90 percent of non-agricultural employment is estimated to be informal. The national poverty rate decreased by 5 percentage points between 2011 and 2018. Nonetheless, the absolute number of poor people has increased. Furthermore, regional disparities are persistent. Despite the country’s solid performance in the field of governance, further simplification and transparency of business procedures and regulations will be critical in addressing the challenge of informality. Efforts to address informality in the economy should also target the issue of access to finance through the design of financing mechanisms based on specific needs assessment and risk management tools. Senegal will also need to create the conditions for higher competitiveness and follow upgrading trajectories in global and regional value chains. In this respect, both physical and digital connectivity will be essential.
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