Journal articles: 'Highly skilled immigration'

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HAINMUELLER, JENS, and MICHAEL J. HISCOX. "Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low-skilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment." American Political Science Review 104, no. 1 (February 2010): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055409990372.

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Past research has emphasized two critical economic concerns that appear to generate anti-immigrant sentiment among native citizens: concerns about labor market competition and concerns about the fiscal burden on public services. We provide direct tests of both models of attitude formation using an original survey experiment embedded in a nationwide U.S. survey. The labor market competition model predicts that natives will be most opposed to immigrants who have skill levels similar to their own. We find instead that both low-skilled and highly skilled natives strongly prefer highly skilled immigrants over low-skilled immigrants, and this preference is not decreasing in natives' skill levels. The fiscal burden model anticipates that rich natives oppose low-skilled immigration more than poor natives, and that this gap is larger in states with greater fiscal exposure (in terms of immigrant access to public services). We find instead that rich and poor natives are equally opposed to low-skilled immigration in general. In states with high fiscal exposure, poor (rich) natives are more (less) opposed to low-skilled immigration than they are elsewhere. This indicates that concerns among poor natives about constraints on welfare benefits as a result of immigration are more relevant than concerns among the rich about increased taxes. Overall the results suggest that economic self-interest, at least as currently theorized, does not explain voter attitudes toward immigration. The results are consistent with alternative arguments emphasizing noneconomic concerns associated with ethnocentrism or sociotropic considerations about how the local economy as a whole may be affected by immigration.

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Hercog, Metka, and Laure Sandoz. "Highly Skilled or Highly Wanted Migrants? Conceptualizations, Policy Designs and Implementations of High-skilled Migration Policies." Migration Letters 15, no. 4 (September 30, 2018): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i4.534.

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This special issue offers an opportunity to delve into the construction of migrant categories through policy design and policy implementation. It proposes to widen the focus beyond immigration authorities in order to include actors that are in one or another way involved in the process of selecting, supporting or employing highly skilled workers and therefore also contributing to their definition. The aim of the special issue is to bring to the surface the indistinct objectives of immigration policies, and to analyse the interplay between policies, discourses and practices. More precisely, we discuss the argument that the definition of highly skilled migrants depends more on how potential migrants are viewed by interest groups than on migrants’ characteristics.

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Cortés, Patricia, and José Tessada. "Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 88–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.3.3.88.

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Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employment in services that are close substitutes of household production. This paper studies whether the increased supply of low-skilled immigrants has led high-skilled women, who have the highest opportunity cost of time, to change their time-use decisions. Exploiting cross-city variation in immigrant concentration, we find that low-skilled immigration increases average hours of market work and the probability of working long hours of women at the top quartile of the wage distribution. Consistently, we find that women in this group decrease the time they spend in household work and increase expenditures on housekeeping services. (JEL J16, J22, J24, J61)

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Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, Daniel R. Biggers, and David J. Hendry. "Self-Interest, Beliefs, and Policy Opinions." Political Research Quarterly 70, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912916684032.

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Research on how economic factors affect attitudes toward immigration often focuses on labor market effects, concluding that, because workers’ skill levels do not predict opposition to low- versus highly skilled immigration, economic self-interest does not shape policy attitudes. We conduct a new survey to measure beliefs about a range of economic, political, and cultural consequences of immigration. When economic self-interest is broadened to include concerns about the fiscal burdens created by immigration, beliefs about these economic effects strongly correlate with immigration attitudes and explain a significant share of the difference in support for highly versus low-skilled immigration. Although cultural factors are important, our results suggest that previous work underestimates the importance of economic self-interest as a source of immigration policy preferences and attitudes more generally.

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Mahroum, Sami. "Europe and the Immigration of Highly Skilled Labour." International Migration 39, no. 5 (January 2001): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00170.

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HAINMUELLER, JENS, and MICHAEL J. HISCOX. "Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low-skilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment—Erratum." American Political Science Review 104, no. 3 (August 2010): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055410000389.

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In their article in the February 2010 issue of APSR, Jens Hainmueller and Michael J. Hiscox (2010) asserted that they had “conducted a unique survey experiment that, for the first time, explicitly and separately examine[d] individuals’ attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigrants.” That claim was in error. A prior survey experiment, also published in the American Political Science Review, in February 2004, examined attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigrants in the Netherlands and assigned respondents randomly to alternative questions (Sniderman, Hagendoorn, and Prior 2004).

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Diehl, Claudia, Thomas Hinz, and Katrin Auspurg. "Who Is Afraid of Skilled Migrants From Europe? Exploring Support for Immigration Control in Switzerland." Swiss Journal of Sociology 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjs-2018-0004.

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Abstract The paper analyses the role of economic and cultural threat in exploring support for immigration control in Switzerland. A factorial survey experiment enables us to look into different migrant characteristics. Results show more support for immigration control for Eastern Europeans and low-skilled migrants. However, German migrants do not gain acceptance due to being highly skilled, and their willingness to adapt culturally is crucial for native Swiss with a high level of national pride.

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Wojtyniak, Beate, Udo Broll, and Sugata Marjit. "Low and Highly Skilled Labor Immigration and Wage Inequality." Technology and Investment 01, no. 02 (2010): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ti.2010.12011.

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Bolshova, N. N. "Germany's Immigration Policy Towards Highly-Skilled Workers in the 21stCentury." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(27) (December 28, 2012): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-6-27-226-236.

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At the end of XX - beginning of XXI century due to accelerating the transition of the world economy to the innovative way of development, "knowledge" has become a direct force of production, significantly increased the role of human capital as the main factor in future economic growth and competitiveness of modern states. In turn, developed and developing countries, faced with a shortage of personnel in high-tech industries and the "brain drain", modernize their immigration policy to attract highly qualified foreign personnel from all over the world and to secure its own intellectual resources. The article examines recent changes in the modern migration policy in Germany, which has become, on the one hand, more selective to different categories of workers, and on the other hand - more open for skilled personnel, especially from developing countries. The purpose of this policy is primarily to cover the shortage of skilled personnel in the national labor market by attracting foreign specialists.

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Zhan, Shaohua, Lingli Huang, and Min Zhou. "Differentiation from above and below: Evolving immigration policy and the integration dilemma in Singapore." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 31, no. 1 (March 2022): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01171968221083703.

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Singapore is known for differentiating highly skilled and low-skilled migrants by regulating their social rights, employment, and pathways to permanent residency and citizenship. Since 2009, the city-state has made further differentiation between highly skilled migrants and natives, that is, native-born citizens. Existing studies on migrant differentiation mostly adopt a state-centric perspective. We argue that differentiation is also driven by forces from below. We introduce the concept of differential fairness to capture natives’ justification for differentiation between themselves and migrants, particularly the highly skilled. Drawing on survey data and in-depth interviews with natives and Chinese and Indian migrants, we show that natives demand for preferential policies to protect their interests. We further reveal that the measures of differentiation have created an integration dilemma, in which natives and migrants hold divergent views on fairness and expectations of migrant integration.

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11

Salt, John. "The Future of International Labor Migration." International Migration Review 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 1077–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600402.

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The article reviews the nature of international labor migration today and the economic and political rationale for its occurrence. It suggests that while the developed economies will continue to attract and exchange highly skilled labor, they will have little need for mass immigration by those with low skill levels. In contrast, poorer countries with rapid population growth and low living standards will encourage emigration, except by the highly skilled. One consequence will be more illegal immigration. Geographical patterns will continue to be dominated by a set of macroregional networks, among which the Asia-Pacific region is the most recently developed. China and the former Soviet Union (as senders) and Japan (as receiver) constitute the main enigmas.

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Carattini, Amy. "Foreign-Born Faculty: A Hidden Population." Practicing Anthropology 35, no. 4 (September 1, 2013): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.35.4.x3r8725r52152885.

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In a recent plea for immigration reform, President Obama called for lawmakers to endorse policy that would encourage highly skilled workers to stay in the United States (Yellin 2013). Yet, favorable legal policy is no guarantee that these skilled and highly mobile international professionals would choose to stay. Skilled workers are generally able to move in and out of the broad current of immigration flows, without causing the disruptive ripples that generate nation-state/media attention. In fact, it is often assumed that they integrate seamlessly (Favell, Feldblum, and Smith 2007; Freidenberg 2011). More research is needed to identify this population and to understand their motivations, needs, and experiences. Through an in-depth examination of life courses, the study reported on here seeks to acquire better knowledge of this population in order to determine whether their stays might be permanent or transitory and to inform appropriate policymaking.

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Shachar, Ayelet. "Highly Skilled Immigration: The New Frontier of International Labor Migration." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 105 (2011): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/procannmeetasil.105.0415.

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Fuess, Scott M. "Immigration Policy and Highly Skilled Workers: The Case of Japan." Contemporary Economic Policy 21, no. 2 (April 2003): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cep/byg008.

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Valenta, Ondřej. "Policy of attracting highly skilled professionals from the third countries to Czechia." Ergo 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ergo-2013-0006.

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Abstract The issue of attracting highly skilled professionals has becoming a hot issue in Czechia in the context of overall progress towards a knowledge-based economy as well as current structural and anticipated deficiencies of the Czech RDI sector, both in public and private sector. The article aims at initial evaluation of the upcoming amendment of the migration policy in Czechia in the broader context of the current and anticipated need of highly skilled professionals; it also presents the main driving forces shaping the final design of the immigration policy in Czechia.

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Bulat, Alexandra. "‘High-Skilled Good, Low-Skilled Bad?’ British, Polish and Romanian Attitudes Towards Low-Skilled EU Migration." National Institute Economic Review 248 (May 2019): R49—R57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011924800113.

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A new skills-based immigration system, with a preference for the highly-skilled, is central to UK policy debates in the Brexit context, arguably responding to majority public opinion on migration. Through qualitative fieldwork with British, Polish and Romanian citizens living in two local authorities in England, this paper shows what participants understand by ‘low-skilled’ and how there is broad support of those who ‘contribute’, but are ‘controlled’ at the same time. Migrants’ narratives of downskilling also illustrate why the category of ‘low-skilled’ migration needs to be seen through a more critical lens in research and policymaking.

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Fietkau, Sebastian, and Kasper M. Hansen. "How perceptions of immigrants trigger feelings of economic and cultural threats in two welfare states." European Union Politics 19, no. 1 (October 6, 2017): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116517734064.

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Better understanding of attitudes toward immigration is crucial to avoid misperception of immigration in the public debate. Through two identical online survey experiments applying morphed faces of non-Western immigrants and textual vignettes, the authors manipulate complexion, education, family background, and gender in Denmark and Germany. For women, an additional split in which half of the women wore a headscarf is performed. In both countries, highly skilled immigrants are preferred to low-skilled immigrants. Danes are more skeptical toward non-Western immigration than Germans. Essentially, less educated Danes are very critical of accepting non-Western immigrants in their country. It is suggested that this difference is driven by a large welfare state in Denmark compared to Germany, suggesting a stronger fear in welfare societies that immigrants will exploit welfare benefits.

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Beine, Michel, Anna Boucher, Brian Burgoon, Mary Crock, Justin Gest, Michael Hiscox, Patrick McGovern, Hillel Rapoport, Joep Schaper, and Eiko Thielemann. "Comparing Immigration Policies: An Overview from the IMPALA Database." International Migration Review 50, no. 4 (December 2016): 827–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12169.

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This paper introduces a method and preliminary findings from a database that systematically measures the character and stringency of immigration policies. Based on the selection of that data for nine countries between 1999 and 2008, we challenge the idea that any one country is systematically the most or least restrictive toward admissions. The data also reveal trends toward more complex and, often, more restrictive regulation since the 1990s, as well as differential treatment of groups, such as lower requirements for highly skilled than low-skilled labor migrants. These patterns illustrate the IMPALA data and methods but are also of intrinsic importance to understanding immigration regulation.

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Ermolaev, Ivan Alekseevich, Evgenii Andreevich Loginov, Aisuluu Rustamovna Madumarova, Aleksei Vyacheslavovich Nesterov, and Oksana Alekseevna Morgunova. "Comparative analysis of approaches of the Russian Federation, the United States and Germany towards recruitment of highly skilled migrants (2010–2016)." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 1 (January 2022): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2022.1.36981.

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The subject of this research is the programs for attracting highly skilled workers in the United States, the Russian Federation, and Germany. The developed countries compete for such valuable and limited resource as highly skilled workforce. It is emphasized that the immigration system and the priority of highly skilled workers in migration flows contributes to the long-term rise in labor productivity, technological innovations, and entrepreneurial development. The currently implemented in the Russian Federation policy of recruiting highly skilled workers leans on the experience of countries that have already embarked on such programs of priority migration. Within the framework of comparative analysis of the category “highly skilled migrant” in the United States, the Russian Federation and Germany, the authors highlight their characteristic features of national approaches towards migration policy. The ambiguity of the term “highly skilled workforce” and national peculiarities of visa policy with regards to migrants are outlined. The need for highly skilled migrants is substantiated with consideration of the global and national factors. Over the period from 2010 to 2016, in the United States the number of H-1B visa applications has increased by 28%, the number of issued H-1B visas by 44%; Germany marks the increase in the number of highly skilled migrants by 8%; the approved visas for highly skilled workers in the Russian Federation amounts to 82%. The article systematizes the relevant methods of recruiting highly skilled specialists in the United States, the Russian Federation and Germany.

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LIM, Tai Wei. "Japan’s Foreign Talent Policy." East Asian Policy 11, no. 02 (April 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000199.

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The Abe administration is adopting a foreign talent policy as Japan is also interested in white-collar, highly skilled workers and individuals with skills that the country badly needs. To bring in the desired number of high-skilled workers, the Japanese authorities have adopted the points system that Western countries employed for evaluating immigration eligibility, based on criteria such as qualifications, language abilities, professional experience and so on.

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Kofman, Eleonore. "Towards a Gendered Evaluation of (Highly) Skilled Immigration Policies in Europe." International Migration 52, no. 3 (July 24, 2013): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imig.12121.

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Alavi, Hamed, and Tatsiana Khamichonak. "Immigration of Highly–Skilled Workers to Estonia: Current Trends and Legislative Framework / Imigrácia Kvalifikovanej Pracovnej Sily Do Estónska: Súčasné Trendy A Právny Rámec." EU agrarian Law 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eual-2015-0008.

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Abstract Estonian immigration policies have been largely influenced by its historical development. The figures from 1989 show that the population was only 61.5 percent Estonian by origin with the remaining 38.5 percent belonging to other ethnic backgrounds. Remarkably, 26 percent of the Estonian population were foreign born.(1) After joining the European Union in 2004, Estonia faced a high rate of outward migration, which was connected, inter alia, to the higher average salaries of the other Member States. The rapid expansion of the Estonian economy and growth of employment coupled with the negative population growth contributed to the need of foreign skilled labour.(2) Besides, the recent reform in the education system accounts for shortage of technical specialists in some labour areas.(3) It is thus not surprising that Estonian government employs focused, selective and demand-based immigration strategies to fight the ‘global war for talents’.(4),(5) The objective of the restrictive immigration policy is to attract first and foremost highly qualified professionals in the strategic economic areas while avoiding uncontrolled immigration and increase the sustainability and competitiveness of the Estonian economy. First part of current paper provides an overview of who falls under the classification of a ‘skilled’ worker and the Estonian perspective on talent attraction and retention. The second part lays down the existing legal framework, which covers the conditions and procedures of knowledge-worker’s immigration to Estonia. Particularly, this includes the relatively recent amendments to the Aliens Act 2004, which came into force in 2008 and set forth a facilitated approach towards entry and residence requirements.

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Bhattacharjee, Y. "SCIENTIFIC WORKFORCE: U.S. Immigration Bill Would Extend Warmer Welcome to Highly Skilled." Science 316, no. 5829 (June 1, 2007): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.316.5829.1268.

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Jasso, Guillermina. "Ethnicity and the immigration of highly skilled workers to the United States." International Journal of Manpower 30, no. 1/2 (March 27, 2009): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720910948375.

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Wanner, Philippe, Jonathan Zufferey, and Juliette Fioretta. "The Impact of Migratory Flows on the Swiss Labour Market. A Comparison Between In- and Outflow." Migration Letters 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v13i3.293.

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International labour migration in post-industrial countries raises numerous questions. A wide range of studies have been published on the impact of immigration on the labour market but only few studies take into account both arrivals (immigrations) and departures (emigrations), rather than only the role of newcomers on the labour market. This paper is based on a Swiss Longitudinal Demographic Database which links data from Population and Household Registers, administrative registers, and surveys. In particular, the Swiss Population Register provides the date of arrival or departure of immigrants/emigrants while the Structural Survey provides information on their characteristics and position on the labour market. Based on these data, this paper compares the socioeconomic characteristics of both immigrants and emigrants arrived in Switzerland during the period 2011-2013 or having left the country during the same period, a time span characterized by a yearly net migration of + 80,000 and a rapid economic growth. In terms of level of education, every category is characterized by a positive migration balance, which is not surprising: the economic growth observed in Switzerland during the period led to a demand on the labour market for both skilled and unskilled migrants. More precisely, migratory flows counterbalanced the erosion of the low and averagely skilled working-age non-migrating population and contributed to approximately one third of the increase in the number of highly skilled workers in the labour market. Concerning the occupations, the impact of the migration balance is highest among managers and sales workers. The paper also demonstrates that the migratory flows contribute to balance the decrease in the low and averagely skilled positions and to partially fulfil the economy’s demand for highly skilled workers.

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NAUMANN, ELIAS, LUKAS F. STOETZER, and GIUSEPPE PIETRANTUONO. "Attitudes towards highly skilled and low-skilled immigration in Europe: A survey experiment in 15 European countries." European Journal of Political Research 57, no. 4 (January 31, 2018): 1009–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12264.

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Rolfe, Heather, Johnny Runge, and Nathan Hudson-Sharp. "Immigration Policy from Post-War to Post-Brexit: How New Immigration Policy can Reconcile Public Attitudes and Employer Preferences." National Institute Economic Review 248 (May 2019): R5—R16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011924800109.

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As Britain prepares to leave the EU immigration policy has come to the top of the policy agenda. The Brexit vote was seen as a vote against free movement and new policies are aimed at introducing more restrictive controls. The report by the Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) in September 2018 recommended little new provision for low-skilled migration post-Brexit (MAC, 2018). This was then adopted by the Home Office in its Immigration White Paper, published in November 2018 (Home Affairs Committee, 2018). The White Paper explicitly references public concerns that migrant labour reduces opportunities for British workers and undermines their pay and conditions. Yet employers have argued that they need to be able to continue to recruit lower, as well as highly skilled labour because the supply of British workers is insufficient. The paper explores the likely impact of proposed restrictions on immigration post-Brexit, using data from NIESR studies of employers and of the general public. It combines an assessment of what is needed to meet the needs of employers, the economy and to address public concerns, finding that there is more consensus than there is often considered to be.

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Huber, Peter, Michael Landesmann, Catherine Robinson, and Robert Stehrer. "Migrants' Skills and Productivity: A European Perspective." National Institute Economic Review 213 (July 2010): R20—R34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950113803222.

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The freedom of movement of persons is one of the core tenets of the European Union. Immigration however is often seen as a cause for concern amongst native workers, as rising labour supply may threaten jobs and create downward pressure on wages. National politicians are increasingly under pressure to guard against it — in times of recession particularly. Despite this, there is evidence that highly-skilled migrant labour has the potential to raise competitiveness significantly and in theory this may feed into productivity. In this paper, we explore first the composition of inward migration to the EU and within the EU, concentrating specifically on the role of the highly-skilled and the extent to which migrants are overqualified within their jobs. We then analyse whether migrant workers affect productivity at the sectoral level. We find under-utilisation of skilled foreign labour and there is little evidence in general to suggest that migrants have raised productivity which may in part be attributable to over-qualification. However, we find robust evidence that migrants — particularly highly-skilled migrants — play a positive role in productivity developments in industries which are classified as ‘skill intensive’.

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Bound, John, Breno Braga, Joseph M. Golden, and Sarah Turner. "Pathways to Adjustment: The Case of Information Technology Workers." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.203.

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One long-standing hypothesis about science and engineering labor markets is that the supply of highly skilled workers is likely to be inelastic in the short run. We consider the market for computer scientists and electrical engineers (IT workers) and the evolution of wages and employment through two periods of increased demand. Relative to the boom of the 1970s, the demand shock in the 1990s generated relatively greater changes in employment and smaller changes in wages. The growth in the pool of skilled workers abroad, combined with increased immigration in high-skill fields, is central to this story.

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Oliinyk, Olena. "INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS: THEORETICAL ASPECT AND IMPACT ON THE COUNTRY’S ECONOMIC GROWTH." 61, no. 61 (August 26, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2524-2547-2021-61-01.

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This scientific paper analyses the theoretical approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to determining the meaning of the concept named "migration of highly skilled workers", in other words highly skilled migration. The author determined the essence of related categories, among which one can often find the identification of international migration of highly skilled workers with intellectual migration. The scholar carried out the investigation of the relationship between the migration of highly skilled workers and economic growth basing on the case study of the member states of the European Union. In 2019, the average share of immigrants with higher education in the EU28 countries was 28.1% with a tendency to a steady increase in this indicator during the study period. In order to ensure a scientifically sound classification of European countries, as well as the identification of internal links between the units in the aggregate, the author conducted cluster analysis based on the use of three analytical indicators for 2019, namely: the share of immigrants with higher education, %; level of economic activity of immigrants with higher education, %; employment rate of immigrants with higher education, %. The comprehensive analysis of the migration of highly skilled workers within the study is supplemented by the analytical data on the permits issued by European countries for the employment of highly skilled workers. There was a significant difference in the number of first permits issued for paid activities for highly skilled workers in different EU member states. In 2019, the leaders in terms of the share of such permits in the total number of permits included the Netherlands (64.48%), Denmark (51.53%), and Liechtenstein (50.83%). Within the framework of the study, the basic indicator of the relationship between the issued employment permits for highly skilled migrants and the country’s economic growth is the gross national income per capita. In order to conduct a very thoughtful analysis, the author calculated the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient basing on the case study of 13 European Union member states in 2019. The value of the pairwise correlation coefficient between the studied indicators is 0.9252, which confirms the significant impact of highly skilled immigration on the economic growth of the country.

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Shagalkina, M. V. "MIGRATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL: IMPLICATIONS OF THE PANDEMIC CRISIS FOR ITS ACCUMULATION." Social and labor researches 42, no. 1 (2021): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2021-42-1-126-134.

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Migration is a great challenge of our time: people freely move across borders in search of better economic, career, and social opportunities. But besides being a challenge, migration brings benefits to countries and organizations around the world. This is due to the migration of highly skilled professionals fueling economies with human capital, which is recognized to drive economic performance, productivity, innovation, and competitive advantages of both firms and countries. This makes human capital and its carriers, i.e. talents, a scarce resource, which has led to the so-called “war for talent” worldwide. The ability to attract and retain highly skilled individuals explains the success of companies on a global scale. The aim of this study is to analyze the high-skilled migration from the perspective of the human capital theory, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital mobility, and to review successful examples of immigration policies of both developed and developing economies at the country and firm level.

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Izquierdo, Isabel. "Eastern European Scientists in Mexico: An Exploration of their Immigration Experiences." education policy analysis archives 19 (March 9, 2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v19n7.2011.

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In this work we identified three highly skilled immigration waves during the 20th Century in Mexico: the Spanish, the South Americans, and the Eastern Europeans in particular those from the Former Soviet Union. In the last group, we analyzed the cases of nine scientist’s migrations experiences that came to Mexico in the nineties. The analysis focused on the causes that the scientists had to leave that region and to remain in Mexico.

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Hercog, Metka, and Laure Sandoz. "Selecting the highly skilled: norms and practices of the Swiss admission system for non-EU immigrants." Migration Letters 15, no. 4 (September 30, 2018): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i4.2.

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This article problematizes the concept of highly skilled migrants through an analysis of policy documents and interviews with key informants involved in the admission process in Switzerland. Current political discourse classifies foreigners differently according to their country of origin and skill level. Existing legislation prioritizes immigrants from the European Economic Area and is very restrictive towards third-country nationals. By examining the implementation of the admission policy for labour migration, this article evaluates which criteria matter most to state authorities when determining if someone is a desirable immigrant. Despite its stress on qualifications and economic interest, the admission process for third-country workers was also found to fulfil non-economic objectives such as providing the impression of state control over immigration and of state protection of local populations from migrants. Building on this observation, the article argues that more in-depth studies are required to better understand how states reconcile the different objectives of immigration governance in practice.

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McKay, Sonia, and Tessa Wright. "Tightening immigration policies and labour market impacts." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 14, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890801400410.

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The opening up of the European Union has encouraged a shutting down of borders to third-country nationals and in almost every Member State measures have been put in place to restrict such immigration. The consequences, as this article demonstrates, will be first to drive more people into undocumented status, with an accompanying worsening of employment rights and secondly, to racialise migration, through entry rights being denied primarily to those from the developing South. The UK is introducing a points-based system that limits entry from outside the EU to the highly skilled, and the government is at the same time targeting ‘illegal working’. Based on recent interviews, this article demonstrates the immediate and negative impact of some of these measures on migrants already working in the UK.

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Brunner, Lisa Ruth. "Towards a More Just Canadian Education-migration System: International Student Mobility in Crisis." Studies in Social Justice 16, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 78–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v16i1.2685.

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Education-migration, or the multi-step recruitment and retention of international students as immigrants, is an increasingly important component of both higher education and so-called highly-skilled migration. This is particularly true in Canada, a country portrayed as a model for highly-skilled migration and supportive of international student mobility. However, education-migration remains under-analyzed from a social justice perspective. Using a mobility justice framework, this paper considers COVID-19’s impact on Canada’s education-migration system at four scales: individuals, education institutions, state immigration regimes, and planetary geoecologies. It identifies ethical tensions inherent to Canada’s education-migration from a systems-level and suggests that a multi-scalar approach to social justice can both usefully complexify discussions and introduce unsettling paradoxes. It also stresses that the COVID-19 pandemic offers an opportunity to reimagine rather than return.

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Galstyan, Ani. "INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS TO THE EU COUNTRIES." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 4(23) (July 31, 2020): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.4(23).2020.22-28.

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Maintaining the EU's position in the world is preconditioned (among other things) by sustainable economic growth in its member states. Currently, all the EU countries are facing the effects from the rapidly aging population, which is one of the most serious obstacles to sustainable economic growth. In the short term, it may be possible to eliminate the effects of aging population through better use of available human resources. However, in the longer perspective, this will not be enough to counter unfavorable demographic trends. In this context, it will be necessary to increase the share of the economically active population, and this can be partially done through international migration of highly qualified workers. However, our study shows that the level of immigration of highly qualified workers remains modest in most of the EU countries. In this paper, we are analyzing the causes behind the current situation and are also trying to formulate recommendations for migration policy focused on highly skilled labor. At the same time, we are aware that, while international migration contributes to the accumulation of human capital, it cannot by itself solve the structural issues of European labor markets.

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Bryk, Mykhailo. "THE IMPACT OF HIGHLY SKILLED LABOUR MIGRATION ON HOST COUNTRIES (SWISS EXPERIENCE)." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 1 (2022): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2022.1.12.

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Purpose. The aim of the article is systematization of theoretical approaches to the essence of international migration processes of highly qualified labour, as well as clarification of the impact of migration of highly qualified labour on host countries using the example of the Swiss economy. Methodology of research. In the course of writing the article, the methods generally accepted in economic science were applied: theoretical and comparative analysis – to reveal the essence and meaning of migration processes; analysis and synthesis, grouping method – to determine the number of people, causes and consequences of emigration of the country’s population; abstract and logical ‒ for theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions. Findings. The consequences of immigration processes for the Swiss economy are studied. To understand the phenomenon of migration of highly qualified specialists, approaches to its definition are considered, including the theory of “brain drain”, which explains the negative consequences of the migration of highly qualified specialists in sending countries, the theory of “brain recruitment”, which describes the positive effects of this migration on receiving countries. Originality. An assessment of the main causes and consequences of migration processes for the social and economic development of the country was carried out, a systematization of theoretical approaches to the essence of international migration processes of highly qualified labour force was carried out, and the impact of migration of highly qualified labour force on host countries was clarified using the example of the Swiss economy. Practical value. The results of the conducted research can be used in the process of further implementation of deep social and economic reforms and radical institutional transformations in Ukraine, aimed at the formation of competitive advantages of the labour market and its effective functioning. The use of international experience to improve the efficiency of the domestic labour market will have positive consequences for the national economy in the future. Key words: highly qualified specialists, migration, integration, labour migration, migration processes, immigration, potential, workforce.

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Gunadi, Christian. "An inquiry on the impact of highly-skilled STEM immigration on the U.S. economy." Labour Economics 61 (December 2019): 101751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101751.

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Mak, Anita S. "Skilled Hong Kong Immigrants' Intention to Repatriate." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 6, no. 2 (June 1997): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689700600202.

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An emphasis on skills in Australian immigration policy in the past decade has led to the increase of highly skilled Hong Kong immigrants. However, Australia has not been able to retain all of them. An estimated 30 percent attrition rate among recently arrived Hong Kong-born settlers in Australia is noted by Kee and Skeldon (1994). This paper reports the results of an in-depth study on intention to repatriate and work in Hong Kong, conducted in Australia with 111 professional and managerial Hong Kong immigrants. Correlational and loglinear analyses on prediction of such an intention are presented. Research findings on the career-family dilemma experienced by a number of immigrants are likewise discussed.

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Greenwood, Michael J., and Paul A. Young. "Geographically Indirect Immigration to Canada: Description and Analysis." International Migration Review 31, no. 1 (March 1997): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100103.

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This article is concerned with geographically indirect immigration to Canada over the period 1968–1988. A geographically indirect immigrant is an individual legally admitted to Canada whose country of last permanent residence differs from country of birth. Records maintained by Employment and Immigration Canada on every immigrant legally admitted over the period were used in the study. Relative to geographically direct immigrants, geographically indirect immigrants tend to be older, more educated, and more highly skilled. Moreover, if they were not born in an English or French speaking country, indirect immigrants are more likely to speak English and/or French capably than direct migrants born in such countries. The study also contains bivariate logit estimates of a model of geographically indirect Canadian immigration. This model suggests that indirect migrants tend to be influenced by personal characteristics (age, sex, marital status, occupation, language ability), as well as by various characteristics of the country of birth (distance from Canada, income level, political conditions).

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Subedi, Rajendra Prasad, and Mark Warren Rosenberg. "“I am from nowhere”: identity and self-perceived health status of skilled immigrants employed in low-skilled service sector jobs." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-09-2015-0035.

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Purpose The foreign-born skilled immigrant population is growing rapidly in Canada but finding a job that utilizes immigrants’ skills, knowledge and experience is challenging for them. The purpose of this paper is to understand the self-perceived health and social status of skilled immigrants who were working in low-skilled jobs in the service sector in Ottawa, Canada. Design/methodology/approach In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews with 19 high-skilled immigrants working as taxi drivers and convenience store workers in the city of Ottawa, Canada were analysed using a grounded theory approach. Findings Five major themes emerged from the data: high expectations but low achievements; credential devaluation, deskilling and wasted skills; discrimination and loss of identity; lifestyle change and poor health behaviour; and poor mental and physical health status. Social implications The study demonstrates the knowledge between what skilled immigrants expect when they arrive in Canada and the reality of finding meaningful employment in a country where international credentials are less likely to be recognized. The study therefore contributes to immigration policy reform which would reduce barriers to meaningful employment among immigrants reducing the impacts on health resulting from employment in low-skilled jobs. Originality/value This study provides unique insights into the experience and perceptions of skilled immigrants working in low-skilled jobs. It also sheds light on the “healthy worker effect” hypothesis which is a highly discussed and debated issue in the occupational health literature.

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Duwicquet, V., E. M. Mouhoud, and J. Oudinet. "International migration by 2030: impact of immigration policies scenarios on growth and employment." Foresight 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 142–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-06-2012-0045.

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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to estimate the dynamic of international migration between the different regions of the world for 2030 and to measure the impact of different kind of migration policies on the economic and social evolution. Design/methodology/approach – The change and migration forecasting are estimated for regions of the world using macroeconomic Cambridge Alphametrics Model. Findings – The crisis and its aggravation thus clearly favour scenarios of immigration policy along the “zero migration” or “constant migration”. These choices of migration policies reinforce the deflationary process resulting in reduced opportunities for renewed growth in industrial areas and are not offset by the dynamism of growth in emerging countries. Paradoxically, the developed countries which are most durably affected by the crisis are also those that have ageing population and are in high need of skilled and unskilled labor. Practical implications – Three options are possible: one going along the depressive process by espousing restrictive immigration policies that remain expensive. The second involves a highly selective immigration policy. Under these conditions the demographic revival already appearing would be reinforced by a rejuvenation of the population brought about by a more open immigration policy. Political and institutional factors play a fundamental role in the emergence of this optimistic assumption and the rise of isolationism in Europe and the ghettoization of suburban areas can hinder the application of such a policy of openness to migration. The third scenario, the mass migration scenario, allows letting go of the growth related constraints and getting out of the deflationist spiral. This pro-active approach could cause public opinions to change in line with public interest. This scenario of mass migration has more of a chance to see the light under a growth hypothesis. However, restrictive policies weaken the prospects of sustainable recovery causing a vicious cycle that can only be broken by pro-active policies or by irresistible shocks. Originality/value – From specific estimations, four immigration regimes have been built that cut across the major regions of the model: the “core skill replacement migration regime” based on selective policies using migration to fill high-skilled labor needs (United Kingdom, West and Northern Europe, Canada, Australia, and USA), “mass immigration and replacement” applies to South Europe, East Asia High Income, and part of West Asia (Gulf countries), “big fast-growing emerging regions of future mass immigration,” notably China, India and “South-South migration” based on forced migration much of it by climate change, which may likely occur in South Asia, part of West Asia, and, most of Africa (without South Africa). Migrations in transit countries (Central America to USA, and East Europe to UK and West Europe) are based on low skilled migrants in labor-intensive sectors.

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Roth-Cohen, Osnat. "Immigration Builds a Nation: The Hybrid Impact of European Immigration on the Development of an Advertising Industry." Journal of Communication Inquiry 42, no. 4 (August 15, 2018): 359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859918792207.

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This research focuses on the nascent advertising industry in British Mandatory Palestine and how it was influenced and transformed by German Jewish immigrants, who arrived between 1933 and 1939, in a wave of immigration known as the Fifth Aliyah. At the time, local advertising was rather small and undeveloped until the mass wave of immigrants (over 200,000), many highly skilled and educated, came from Central Europe, mainly from Germany. These immigrants played a vital role in the local advertising industry. Their contributions were evaluated using a theoretical model consisting of primary analytical factors—mass communication, economy, technology, society, and international transfer. These factors influenced and continue to influence the form of Israeli advertising industry to this day. German immigration demonstrates a hybrid set of influences that played an instrumental role in the development of the local advertising industry in the Land of Israel. Functional-rational and creative aspects in the advertising industry were radically transformed by these new arrivals. Rethinking media history and centering the immigrant’s unique contribution is an important scholarly objective. This is achieved by shifting the discussion from dominant institutions to the local advertising history and focusing on the functional practices and creative methods imported by immigrants.

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Kurmaiev, Petro, L. Seliverstova, L. Seliverstova, N. Husarevych, and P. Kolisnichenko. "Migration as a Factor of the Sustainable Economic Development." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n1p380.

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The problem of the interplay between migration and the achievement of the sustainable development goals is one of the main topics in modern scientific debate. The theoretical basis of the study is the understanding of migration as a continuous process caused by the interaction of a complex of factors, the result of which is the formation of a new quality globalized society. The methods used were: Comparative analysis and Content analysis. The authors note that the effectiveness of national policies depends significantly on the extent to which global migration trends are taken into account. The main factors that determine the dynamics of migration flows are identified in the article. The dominance of economic and security-humanitarian motives for migration is mentioned. It is noted that modern migration processes as a whole have a positive impact on the achievement of sustainable development goals. In modern world, migration is the driver of the country's demographic, economic and socio-cultural situation. For most countries in the world, the main objectives of immigration policy are to meet the need for labor, balance the labor markets, reduce the rate of depopulation and an aging population. The research made it possible to identify the types of immigration policy of governments of the world countries and their characteristics. The authors indicate that 73% of governments search to increase or maintain the current level of immigration of highly skilled workers. The thesis is substantiated that the impact of migrants on the wages of highly skilled workers in the country of destination is minimal. The impact of emigration on the socio-economic situation of the donor country is analyzed. The study found that emigration alone is not a destructive factor for the donor country. Significant deterioration in the country is influenced by a set of factors, among which migration is only one of them. Keywords: migration, sustainable economic development, donor-countries

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De Jong, Gordon F., and Marilou C. Legazpi Blair. "Changing Occupational Characteristics of U.S. Immigrants." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 4 (December 1994): 567–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300403.

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Although the proportion of legal immigrants to the United States reporting an occupation remained nearly stable from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s, there was a decline in the proportion of immigrant workers admitted with professional and technical occupations — a trend that the 1990 Immigration Act seeks to address in this decade. Using 1972 and 1986 United States Immigration and Naturalization Service public use data, this analysis shows that a major explanation for the decline is the recomposition of immigrant worker streams; notably large increases in admissions from Mexico and Central America, South America and the Caribbean vs. Asian workers; and increases in immediate family numerically exempt and sixth preference new arrivals and older workers — all categories with a low proportion of professional and technical workers. Contrary to expectations, immigrants admitted with family preference visas recorded an increase in professional and technical workers, even though the proportion of highly skilled immigrant workers in this admission category is still quite low.

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Čepeliauskaitė, Gabrielė. "The Analysis of Effective Immigrant Integration Policy in Lithuania: Practice and Problems." Public Policy And Administration 17, no. 3 (October 29, 2018): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.17.3.21956.

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Immigrant integration policy is one of the most important issues in political discourse and is likely to remain so in the future. The article investigates the effectiveness of immigrant integration policy formation in Lithuania. According to theoretical insights, the general idea of integration includes the national reorganization of social and political areas for the inclusion of new immigrants, when legal, social, cultural and political rights are deliberately expanded for the immigrants in the host country. The analysis of legal documents reveals that the EU-level European Migration Agenda (2015) sets common priorities focusing on highly skilled workers, when at the same time Immigration Policy Guidelines (2008) determines general directions and principles of immigrant integration at the national level. It is necessary to highlight the point that the document does not set a specific goals, objectives, measures or evaluation criteria of immigration policy. The quantitative Eurostat (2016), European Migration Network (2017) and Statistics Lithuania (2004–2017) data analysis showed that among the EU member states Lithuania's attractiveness for immigrants is low and the implementation of immigration policy can not create a counterweight to the aging population and large emigration. In conclusion, the Immigration Policy Guidelines (2008) provided at national level are not sufficiently specific and clear to ensure effective integration of immigrants in Lithuania.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.17.3.21956

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Doostgharin, Taghi. "Changes in UK Immigration Policy and Legislations and their Impact on Highly Skilled Immigrants and their Families." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review 4, no. 2 (2009): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/cgp/v04i02/52838.

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Martin, Philip L. "Migration and US economic competitiveness." Migration Letters 10, no. 2 (May 31, 2013): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v10i2.139.

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Most Americans are dissatisfied with US immigration policies. This dissatisfaction stems from several factors, including the presence of over 11 million unauthorized foreigners and the fact that many US immigrants who want their spouses and children to join them face long waits. There is also a sense that the US, which accepts over a million immigrants and several hundred thousand temporary foreign workers a year, is not getting enough highly skilled immigrants and temporary workers who could bolster innovation and competitiveness in an increasingly knowledge-based economy. It is very hard to measure the benefits and costs of immigrants and migrant workers, which is one reason why the unsatisfactory status quo persists.

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Schuelke-Leech, Beth-Anne, and Timothy C. Leech. "Innovation in the American Era of Industrial Preeminence: The Interaction of Policy, Finance, and Human Capital." Journal of Policy History 30, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 727–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030618000271.

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Abstract:It is commonly accepted that innovation and economic prosperity after World War II were really spurred by the tremendous benefits of public investments. While public funding was crucial, a missing component of the historical analysis is a synthesis of the effects of these investments with changes in financial regulations enacted during the Great Depression, specific economic and employment policies, and the infusion of intellectual capital from scientists and engineers fleeing Nazi Germany and the turmoil of the war. The purpose of this article is to synthesize and analyze the effect of these three components—public polices, changes in private financial structures, and highly skilled immigration. This analysis will allow us to explore the broader impact and interdependence of knowledge creation, human and financial capital, and innovation.

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Lee, Geonsil, Joonha Park, and Lauren Ban. "Understanding Workplace Adaptation as an Acculturation Process: A Qualitative Examination of South Korean Highly Skilled Workers in Japan." International Journal of Psychological Studies 8, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n4p107.

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<p>Although study on job stress and coping among Highly Skilled Migrants (HSMs) has been increasing around Anglo European countries, little is known about Asian migrants working in Asian countries. The present study examined stress factors among South Korean HSMs in Japan and explored their coping strategies in relation to acculturation processes. Semi-structured interviews with eight participants found three main domains affecting work adaptation-related stress: acculturation and adjustment, life events, and job stress. Job demand, relationship formation, and company climate were identified as major job stress factors. HSMs tended to perceive job stress factors as being related to a cultural difference or unique characteristics of Japanese organizations. This qualitative study addresses an initial step towards researching Asian migrant workers in Japan society, suggesting importance of incorporating culture-specific issues in acculturation processes with their job adjustment issues. It is necessary for immigration policy makers to encourage reciprocal understandings between migrants and local colleagues for improving mental health and well-being of both groups in organizations.</p>

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Journal articles on the topic 'Highly skilled immigration'

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