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Journal articles on the topic 'Highly paid workers'
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1
Ross, Stephen F., and Robert B. Lucke. "Why Highly Paid Athletes Deserve More Antitrust Protection Than Ordinary Unionized Workers." Antitrust Bulletin 42, no. 3 (September 1997): 641–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x9704200306.
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NGUYEN, KIEN TRUNG, and ERIC D. RAMSTETTER. "OWNERSHIP-RELATED WAGE DIFFERENTIALS BY OCCUPATION IN VIETNAMESE MANUFACTURING." Singapore Economic Review 64, no. 03 (May 26, 2019): 625–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590818500303.
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This paper examines ownership-related wage differentials for four types of workers employed by medium–large (20 or more employees) wholly foreign multinational enterprises (WFs), joint-venture multinationals (JVs), state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and domestic private firms in Vietnamese manufacturing in 2009. When all sample firms were combined, unconditional JV-private and WF-private wage differentials were 106–124% for managers, 78–87% for professionals and technicians, 56–68% for clerical and support workers and 22–48% for production workers. Correspondingly, conditional wage differentials which account for influences of worker education and sex, in addition to firm capital intensity and size, were smaller and usually significant: 72–78% for managers, 32–36% for professionals and technicians, 23–28% for clerical and support workers and 15–16% for production workers. SOE-private differentials were all much smaller. There was substantial variation at the industry level, but conditional WF-private differentials were positive and significant for most occupations and industries and JV-private differentials were also positive and significant in most industries for highly paid managers or professionals and technicians, but not for lowly paid clerical and support workers or production workers. Most industry-level SOE-private differentials were also insignificant.
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Kang, Shih-Chao, Chun-Chi Lin, Chia-Chen Tsai, Yin-Chieh Chang, Chi-Yi Wu, Ke-Chang Chang, and Su-Shun Lo. "The Primary Care of Immigrant Workers and Their Associated Characteristics within A Taiwanese Fishing Community." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 1, 2019): 3702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193702.
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In Taiwan, immigrant workers play an important role in fisheries but they are easily ignored by society. The health problems and associated characteristics of immigrant workers in fisheries remain unclear. Descriptive and retrospective analyses were performed. Outpatient data were collected from a primary care clinic for six fishing villages in North Eastern Taiwan between 1 August 2016 and 31 July 2017. The data of immigrant workers was recorded and compared with that of natives. A total of 241 immigrant workers and 1342 natives were enrolled. Compared with the natives, the immigrant workers had a significantly younger age, male predominance, and fewer mean visits per year. The immigrant worker’s visits tended to be more highly focused during the third quarter of the year. Immigrant workers paid more registration fees and self-payment, but they paid less on diagnosis fees, oral medication, laboratory exams and had reduced total costs. The top five diagnoses for immigrant workers were respiratory diseases (38.3%), trauma (15.2%), musculoskeletal diseases (11.2%), skin-related diseases (9.5%), and digestive diseases (9.1%). Immigrant workers were positively correlated with infectious/parasitic diseases, and negatively correlated with medical consults and endocrine/metabolic diseases. Immigrant workers were also positively associated with registration fees and self-payment, but negatively correlated with diagnosis fees and total costs (all p < 0.05). The distribution of skin diseases and trauma were affected by age and sex as opposed to ethnic group. Immigrant status’ health issues should be given more attention.
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Husband, William. "Workers' Control and Centralization in the Russian Revolution: The Textile Industry of the Central Industrial Region, 1917-1920,." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 403 (January 1, 1985): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1985.21.
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In this schema, the politicization of workers' control in the second half of 1917 resulted not from elemental radicalism but from the workers' experience both in society and at the workplace. Scholars instrumental In developing this explana~ion have paid special attention to the events of 1917-1918 and to the activities of the highly skilled Petrograd metal-workers,3 although they have by no means ignored the less active and less politically conscious unskilled workers.
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BRADY, PETER J. "Pension nondiscrimination rules and the incentive to cross subsidize employees." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 6, no. 2 (June 11, 2007): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747206002605.
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Among the requirements a pension plan must meet to qualify for tax benefits are the nondiscrimination rules. Nondiscrimination rules are designed to ensure that pension benefits do not disproportionately accrue to highly compensated employees. But the rules are also complex and increase administrative and compliance costs associated with offering a pension plan. Recent pension reform proposals would simplify nondiscrimination rules, reducing administrative and compliance costs and potentially leading to more employers offering pension benefits. However, there are concerns that any loosening of the rules could lead to a drop in participation by low-wage workers. This paper examines the economic incentive that nondiscrimination rules provide to employers to cross subsidize employees; that is, the incentive to increase pension benefits (and total compensation) paid to low-paid workers for the express purpose of enabling high-paid workers to receive a higher proportion of compensation in the form of pension benefits. The study calculates the incentives faced by a hypothetical firm, and then illustrates how those incentives change when assumptions about employee contribution behavior, employee compensation, and employer-matching formulas are allowed to vary. Results show that only firms with a relatively low ratio of low-paid workers to high-paid workers would have an economic incentive under a standard 401(k) plan to cross subsidize employees. Although this incentive may exist in a large number of firms, these firms likely employ only a small portion of the workforce. This is ultimately an empirical question, however, and examining data on the distribution of earnings within pension plans, as well as determining if firms find nondiscrimination rules binding, would be a useful extension of this research.
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Ayalon, Liat. "Lessons From an Evaluation of a Training Program of Paid Eldercare Workers." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2497.
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Abstract The present study is based on a three-year evaluation of an Israeli training program for local paid elder care workers, called “community care.” Interviews were conducted with all stakeholders involved in the program, including program developers, facilitators, funders, trainees, dropouts, employers, and older care recipients. Qualitative thematic analysis was used, supplemented by quantitative data concerning the program’s inputs, outputs and outcomes. The program had multiple strengths, including a substantial funding stream and a highly skilled and committed team. Yet, out of 130 participants (in the 7 training programs evaluated), only 94 completed the program and 31 were later employed as care workers. Three main challenges to the efficacy of the training program were identified. The findings stress the importance of adequately conducting the appropriate needs assessment prior to embarking on a new social program and illustrate the tension between an ideal prototype and real-life constraints.
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Das, Banibrata. "Assessment of ergonomic exposure, work-related occupational injuries, and prevention: Child work in the brickfield industry in India." Toxicology and Industrial Health 37, no. 8 (June 16, 2021): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07482337211025366.
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Child labor is an infraction of fundamental human rights, and it prevents the children’s physical, psychosocial, and psychological development. In India, children have been working in different unorganized sectors as paid laborers. Children were found performing a fair amount of manual, rigorous tasks in the brickfield industry due to socioeconomic disadvantages. Child brickfield workers suffered from musculoskeletal pain and injuries due to working with a heavy physical workload, which hampers the overall quality of life. A study had been conducted among these child brickfield laborers from India during 2011–2017. The study found laceration (38.7% male and 36.9% female) as the primary injury followed by sprain and strain, scratches, avulsion, and fractures among child brickfield workers. The study shows that child workers are highly prone to injuries, mainly toe (23.9% male and 28.1% female), hands (22.0% male and 23.4% female), wrists, feet, ankles, and fingers. The injury rate among male and female child brickfield laborers was 7.64 and 9.52 per 1000 workers. The primary source of injuries in brickfields was due to falling from height. Several risk factors, including biomechanical, work stress, may play a key role in work-related injuries among child brickfield laborers.
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Jarosch, Gregor, Ezra Oberfield, and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. "Learning From Coworkers." Econometrica 89, no. 2 (2021): 647–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16915.
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We investigate learning at the workplace. To do so, we use German administrative data that contain information on the entire workforce of a sample of establishments. We document that having more‐highly‐paid coworkers is strongly associated with future wage growth, particularly if those workers earn more. Motivated by this fact, we propose a dynamic theory of a competitive labor market where firms produce using teams of heterogeneous workers that learn from each other. We develop a methodology to structurally estimate knowledge flows using the full‐richness of the German employer‐employee matched data. The methodology builds on the observation that a competitive labor market prices coworker learning. Our quantitative approach imposes minimal restrictions on firms' production functions, can be implemented on a very short panel, and allows for potentially rich and flexible coworker learning functions. In line with our reduced‐form results, learning from coworkers is significant, particularly from more knowledgeable coworkers. We show that between 4 and 9% of total worker compensation is in the form of learning and that inequality in total compensation is significantly lower than inequality in wages.
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Pavlick, Ellie, Matt Post, Ann Irvine, Dmitry Kachaev, and Chris Callison-Burch. "The Language Demographics of Amazon Mechanical Turk." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2 (December 2014): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00167.
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We present a large scale study of the languages spoken by bilingual workers on Mechanical Turk (MTurk). We establish a methodology for determining the language skills of anonymous crowd workers that is more robust than simple surveying. We validate workers’ self-reported language skill claims by measuring their ability to correctly translate words, and by geolocating workers to see if they reside in countries where the languages are likely to be spoken. Rather than posting a one-off survey, we posted paid tasks consisting of 1,000 assignments to translate a total of 10,000 words in each of 100 languages. Our study ran for several months, and was highly visible on the MTurk crowdsourcing platform, increasing the chances that bilingual workers would complete it. Our study was useful both to create bilingual dictionaries and to act as census of the bilingual speakers on MTurk. We use this data to recommend languages with the largest speaker populations as good candidates for other researchers who want to develop crowdsourced, multilingual technologies. To further demonstrate the value of creating data via crowdsourcing, we hire workers to create bilingual parallel corpora in six Indian languages, and use them to train statistical machine translation systems.
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Johnson, Richard W. "Phased Retirement and Workplace Flexibility for Older Adults." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 638, no. 1 (October 4, 2011): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211413542.
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Phased retirement programs that allow older workers to reduce their hours and responsibilities and pursue more flexible work schedules could satisfy both the employee’s desire for flexibility and the employer’s need to maintain an experienced workforce. However, few employers have established formal programs, because they often complicate the provision of other benefits and might violate antidiscrimination rules. For example, federal laws limit retirement plan distributions to employees who are still working for the plan sponsor, which discourages phased retirement because few older workers can afford to reduce their work hours unless they can receive at least some retirement benefits. Many employers do not provide fringe benefits to part-time employees, and making exceptions for older workers could violate antidiscrimination rules. Federal laws requiring that benefits provided through tax-qualified plans be evenly distributed between highly compensated and lower-paid employees also complicate formal phased retirement programs. Reforming these policies could promote phased retirement.
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Pupo, Norene, and Ann Duffy. "Caught in the Net: The Impact of Changes to Canadian Employment Insurance Legislation on Part-time Workers." Social Policy and Society 2, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746403001039.
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Throughout Western highly industrialised countries, there has been a marked shift toward more conservative social policies signalling a dismantling of the welfare state as part of the process of globalisation. This paper examines the aetiology of the (un)employment insurance programme in the Canadian context. Recently, legislators have tightened eligibility rules, lowered earnings replacement rates and altered coverage requirements. While these changes signal a shredding of the social safety net, they differentially impact on certain segments of the population. Despite official pronouncements of fairness, employment insurance changes intensify the subordination women experience in the paid labour force.
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Gries, Thomas, Stefan Jungblut, Henning Meyer, and Tim Krieger. "Economic Retirement Age and Lifelong Learning: A Theoretical Model With Heterogeneous Labor, Biased Technical Change and International Sourcing." German Economic Review 20, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 129–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12140.
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Abstract The employability of an aging population in a world of continuous and biased technical change is top of the political agenda. Due to endogenous human capital depreciation the effective retirement age is often below statutory retirement age resulting in permanent non-employability of older workers. We analyze this phenomenon in a putty-putty human capital vintage model and focus on education and the speed of human capital depreciation. Introducing a two-stage education system with initial schooling and lifelong learning, not even lifelong learning turns out to be capable of aligning economic and statutory retirement. However, well-designed education programs will keep more workers in highly productive activities at the end of their working life, and hence will substitute for simple social transfers, or for an early switch towards very low paid jobs.
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Bowden, Bradley. "Commentary—Bangladesh Clothing Factory Fires: The Way Forward." South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management 1, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322093714552234.
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The Bangladeshi clothing factory fires and building collapses that killed thousands of workers in 2012 and 2013 created international outrage. One result of this was the Accord on fire and building safety in Bangladesh, an Accord signed between garment retailers and their Bangladeshi suppliers. This article explores this response by placing the recent Bangladeshi disasters in a wider historical context. It argues that disasters such as those that have occurred in Bangladesh have their root cause in a production “bottle-neck”. While spinning and weaving is highly mechanized, the final step in clothing manufacture (sewing) is labour intensive. This creates an age-old drive to lower costs by concentrating low-paid clothing workers in buildings that are not designed for the job at hand. Fire and building collapses are the inevitable result.
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López-Igual, Purificación, and Paula Rodríguez-Modroño. "Who is Teleworking and Where from? Exploring the Main Determinants of Telework in Europe." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 8797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218797.
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Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) arrangements have emerged in response to technological changes driven by digitalisation, increasing flexibility within the labour market, and globalisation. As telework becomes more widespread, these flexible models of work are rapidly expanding to new categories of employees, changing the factors traditionally found to be important for telework eligibility. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of new profiles of teleworkers, examining main factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of different TICTM arrangements. We apply multinomial logistic regression models to a sample of more than 20,000 workers from the 6th European Working Conditions Survey. Our findings confirm the heterogeneity in the profiles of teleworkers, particularly distinguishing by TICTM arrangement. Occasional teleworkers are usually male managers or professionals, but a relevant percentage of highly mobile teleworkers are technicians and associate professionals, while clerical support workers amount to a large group of home-based teleworkers. The majority of occasional and highly mobile teleworkers are still men, but this can no longer be said of home-based teleworkers. The correlations between telework and permanent contracts, full-time jobs, and living in urban areas are weak, showing that TICTM is spreading into more precarious, temporary, and lower-paid jobs, especially among home-based teleworkers and highly mobile teleworkers.
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Ramstetter, Eric D. "Wage Differentials between Foreign Multinationals and Local Plants and Worker Quality in Malaysian Manufacturing." Asian Development Review 31, no. 2 (September 2014): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00031.
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Using industrial census data for 2000, and smaller sets of survey data for 2001–2004, this paper examines the extent of wage differentials between medium-large (20 or more workers) foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) and local plants in Malaysia's manufacturing industries. On average, wages in sample MNEs were higher than in local plants by two-fifths or more. In addition to being more capital-intensive and relatively large, MNEs also hired higher shares of workers in highly paid occupations and with moderate or high education. Results from large samples of 17 manufacturing industries combined suggest that statistically significant MNE–local differentials of 5%–9% persisted even after accounting for differences in worker occupation, education, and sex, plant capital intensity and size, as well as the influences of yearly fluctuations, industry affiliation, and plant location on the constants estimated. When MNE–local differentials and all slopes are allowed to vary among the 17 industries, positive and significant differentials were observed in all estimates for six industries: food and beverages, chemicals, rubber, general machinery, electrical machinery, and furniture. Positive and significant differentials were also observed in most estimates for another five industries. However, the size and significance of these differentials often varied depending on the industry and sample examined, as well as the estimation technique used.
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Voutsina, Katerina. "Occupational Networking as a Form of Professional Identification." International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking 2, no. 3 (July 2010): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jvcsn.2010070104.
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The impact of virtual networks on economic activity and organizational affairs has long occupied the Information Systems (IS) academic community. Yet what has been paid less attention is the impact of networks on the way contemporary workers perceive themselves at work. Taking into account this gap in the literature, the paper aspires to bring forward issues referring to the implication of virtual networks in the construction of occupational identity of highly-skilled Information Technology (IT) contractors. Drawing upon data from interviews with thirty highly-skilled IT contractors, the paper suggests that the virtual networks among IT contractors and individuals who share the same occupational interests become for the contractors the locus of social interaction, the hub of knowledge generation, the source of occupational control and thus the primary object of professional identification.
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Baines, Donna, Ian Cunningham, and John Shields. "Filling the gaps: Unpaid (and precarious) work in the nonprofit social services." Critical Social Policy 37, no. 4 (February 1, 2017): 625–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018317693128.
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Unpaid work has long been used in nonprofit/voluntary social services to extend paid work. Drawing on three case studies of nonprofit social services in Canada, this article argues that due to austerity policies, the conditions for ‘pure’ gift relationships in unpaid social service work are increasingly rare. Instead, employers have found various ways to ‘fill the gaps’ in funding through the extraction of unpaid work in various forms. Precarious workers are highly vulnerable to expectations that they will ‘volunteer’ at their places of employment, while expectations that students will undertake unpaid internships is increasing the norm for degree completion and procurement of employment, and full-time workers often use unpaid work as a form of resistance. This article contributes to theory by advancing a spectrum of unpaid nonprofit social service work as compelled and coerced to varying degrees in the context of austerity policies and funding cutbacks.
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Abrantes, Manuel. "Domiciliary care and migrant domestic workers: grasping the new institutional landscape." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 9/10 (September 2, 2014): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2013-0050.
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Purpose – This paper addresses the nexus of domiciliary care demand and vulnerable migrant women recruited as domestic workers, focusing on the role of two types of organizations operating at the meso-level: commercial companies and nongovernmental organizations. The purpose of this paper is to identify the ways in which these organizations seek to change the dynamics of paid domestic work and explore how they attempt to shape the voice of domestic workers and their employers. Design/methodology/approach – An actor-based approach is applied to the metropolitan area of Lisbon, a relevant setting for empirical research given local developments in the realms of care, employment, migration, and public policy. Qualitative case study techniques of data collection and analysis are adopted. The analysis is based on institutional records and open-ended interviews with managers of commercial companies and activists of nongovernmental organizations. Background contributions are drawn from interviews with domestic workers, private employers, and privileged informants. Findings – Data from fieldwork demonstrate that the organizations under examination offer a significant and innovative contribution to raise and shape the voice of both paid domestic workers and their employers. More than introducing a radical perspective on the nature or content of domestic work, these organizations are engaged in stimulating a more efficient and sustainable organization of paid care in private households. Research limitations/implications – Given the novelty of the approach, the present analytical endeavour is chiefly exploratory and much of the regulatory interactions and behavioural patterns remains in the penumbra. Suggestions for future research include a more systematic and detailed scrutiny of the role of organizations, as well as the incorporation of other institutional actors such as state bodies and charitable organizations active in this field. Social implications – The findings show that commercial companies and nongovernmental organizations may become increasingly influential in the negotiation of working conditions for domestic workers while they remain highly experimental collective actors. The policy recommendation is to incorporate them as privileged subjects and actors in the public debate about the topical nexus of care crisis and migrant domestic labour. From the standpoint of social policy, the marketization of care provision is still lacking this crucial step: empowering representative bodies and fostering dialogue between them. Originality/value – The original emphasis on a meso-level of analysis and the choice of empirical qualitative examination – against a normative landscape of public regulation at the top and individualized actors down below – furthers the understanding of the topic and paves the way to promising developments in both scholarly research and policy debate.
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Kerr, Sari Pekkala, William Kerr, Çağlar Özden, and Christopher Parsons. "Global Talent Flows." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.83.
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Highly skilled workers play a central and starring role in today's knowledge economy. Talented individuals make exceptional direct contributions—including breakthrough innovations and scientific discoveries—and coordinate and guide the actions of many others, propelling the knowledge frontier and spurring economic growth. In this process, the mobility of skilled workers becomes critical to enhancing productivity. Substantial attention has been paid to understanding the worldwide distribution of talent and how global migration flows further tilt the deck. Using newly available data, we first review the landscape of global talent mobility. We next consider the determinants of global talent flows at the individual and firm levels and sketch some important implications. Third, we review the national gatekeepers for skilled migration and broad differences in approaches used to select migrants for admission. Looking forward, the capacity of people, firms, and countries to successfully navigate this tangled web of global talent will be critical to their success.
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HUANG, LI-HSUAN, and HSIN-YI HUANG. "REAL WAGE STAGNANCY: EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN." Singapore Economic Review 65, no. 02 (April 3, 2017): 485–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590816500417.
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This study examines how and why the gap between economic growth and real wage growth in Taiwan is widening, a phenomenon that contrasts sharply with South Korea, which has a similar industrial structure to that of Taiwan. We empirically demonstrate that, despite the continued growth of labor productivity, the benefits from economic growth allocated to workers have been falling, and that this process has accelerated following the 2008–2009 financial crisis. The labor market institutional effect contributed partially to the problem. Workers’ purchasing power, measured by the real consumption wage rate, has been declining for a relatively long period, implying significant deterioration of terms-of-trade, and cutting real wage growth by as much as 2.23% per year. The terms-of-trade effect is particularly prominent in the manufacturing sector, which is highly export-oriented. Moreover, we found cash wages to be very sensitive to the rise in the rate of unemployment, and to the changes in output performance of the industry in which the workers are employed. The latter factor significantly reduced the cash wages paid to workers in the manufacturing sector, which highlighted the waning of workers’ bargaining power regarding wages, as well as the negative impact of globalization on the labor market. We therefore conclude that the deterioration of terms-of-trade, increases in the aggregate unemployment rate, the adverse globalization effect and the institutional effect might be the main driving forces for real wage stagnancy in Taiwan.
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Wang, Nai-Ching, David Hicks, Paul Quigley, and Kurt Luther. "Read-Agree-Predict: A Crowdsourced Approach to Discovering Relevant Primary Sources for Historians." Human Computation 6 (October 8, 2019): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15346/hc.v6i1.102.
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Historians spend significant time evaluating the relevance of primary sources that they encounter in digitized archives and through web searches. One reason this task is time-consuming is that historians’ research interests are often highly abstract and specialized. These topics are unlikely to be manually indexed and are difficult to identify with automated text analysis techniques. In this article, we investigate the potential of a new crowdsourcing model in which the historian delegates to a novice crowd the task of evaluating the relevance of primary sources with respect to her unique research interests. The model employs a novel crowd workflow, Read-AgreePredict (RAP), that allows novice crowd workers to perform as well as expert historians. As a useful byproduct, RAP also reveals and prioritizes crowd confusions as targeted learning opportunities. We demonstrate the value of our model with two experiments with paid crowd workers (n=170), with the future goal of extending our work to classroom students and public history interventions. We also discuss broader implications for historical research and education.
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Olowookere, Elizabeth I., Benedict C. Agoha, Dare O. Omonijo, Jonathan A. Odukoya, and Ayotunde O. Elegbeleye. "Cultural Nuances in Work Attitudes and Behaviors: Towards a Model of African Work Culture." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0056.
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This study explored managers’ perception of the work behaviors and attitudes of Nigerian workers with reference to Nigeria’s cultural orientation and the global culture. It compared Japan, USA and Nigeria on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, work culture and organizational outcomes. Descriptive survey design and purposive sampling technique were used in data collection. A total of 131 managers (74 males and 57 females) from manufacturing organizations in Ota, Ogun State were interviewed. The structured interview comprised of 12 statements on work attitudes and behaviors to which respondents agreed or disagreed and made remarks. Four research questions were asked and answered using frequency distribution. The result showed that greater percentage of managers perceived Nigerian workers to require close supervision, sanctions and coercion in driving compliance with organizational rules. Workers were also perceived to be motivated mostly by pay, rewards and benefits. However, only about half of the respondents agreed that Nigerian workers are self-centered and individualistic. Lastly, they perceived that given the right circumstances, Nigerian workers are highly resourceful and capable of participative decision-making and mutual responsibility. This study concluded that Nigeria as well as Japan have collectivist cultures while America has individualistic culture. Although collectivism has paid off as evinced in the successes of Japanese companies, Nigerian organizations, like many others in Africa, have been victims of acculturation with adverse consequences for organizational growth. Hence, a model of African work culture was recommended, one that should not jettison indigenous cultures, but ensure an effective blend with global best practices.
Received: 2 September 2020 / Accepted: 1 November 2020 / Published: 5 March 2021
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Saunders, Jack. "Emotions, Social Practices and the Changing Composition of Class, Race and Gender in the National Health Service, 1970–79: ‘Lively Discussion Ensued’." History Workshop Journal 88 (2019): 204–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbz023.
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Abstract During the 1970s, Britain’s trade unions expanded into new areas of the economy, making considerable progress among the low-paid workers of the expanding welfare state. The Confederation of Health Service Employees (COHSE) and the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) both made huge strides recruiting women and particularly women of colour in the National Health Service, as the laundry, cleaning, catering and portering services of Britain’s hospitals became union strongholds. This article questions why the increased weight of feminized service work is so marginal in our idea of 1970s workplace activism and why it features so rarely in histories of British trade unionism, despite being one of the movement’s most significant growth areas. Drawing on NUPE’s photographic archive, I argue that by looking at the changing character of worker-activist visual culture in this period we can reinsert women and women of colour back into those histories. This is followed by a close reading of trade-union branch minutes which explores how women re-ordered the gendered hierarchy of both their male-dominated union and their hospital between 1970 and 1979, exercising new-found agency within the highly paternalist setting of the NHS.
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MARCHINI, ANTOINE. "The budget of a Corsican stem family." Continuity and Change 17, no. 2 (August 2002): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416002004216.
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This article provides a detailed analysis of the income and expenditure of a stem family household from Bastelica, Corsica, based on information collected in 1867 and 1887 according to the scheme recommended by Frédéric Le Play. The budget indicates the work undertaken by each member of the family and which economic activities were most valuable to the family in terms of the income they generated and the level of profit. The primary resource of the family was its members, as the family used almost no non-family labour. The composition of the household, and the distribution of its members in terms of age and sex, were therefore critical for its economic well-being. Members of the family contributed their labour according to their sex, age and place within the household. Males were better paid than females but each son received more than his father and the daughters were better paid than their mother. Apart from the father, the less well paid the family member, the longer the time they were at work. In addition, the two highly paid sons were unemployed for more than half of the year. This provided a reserve of labour in the event of a rise in the ratio of consumers to workers within the family. The economy of the family was based on the exploitation of its patrimony and on animal husbandry. Food constituted the largest single item of expenditure but the diet of this family did not provide the 2,800 calories of the average diet in France between 1855 and 1874.
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Ніщенко, Т. М. "ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ В АГРАРНОМУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВІ." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 2 (June 26, 2014): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2014.02.40.
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У статті обґрунтовано необхідність врахуваннясоціально-економічних та освітньо-кваліфікаційнихфакторів підвищення продуктивності праці з метоюефективного використання персоналу на підприємс-твах аграрної галузі. Розглянуто систему управлінняперсоналом як складний механізм, між елементамиякого існує тісний і нерозривний взаємозв’язок. Наве-дено основні складові структури управління персона-лом в аграрному підприємстві. Особлива увага звер-тається на забезпечення ефективної професійноївіддачі висококваліфікованих працівників.
The article substantiates the need to consider socio-economic and educational qualification factors increased productivity for the effective use of personnel in enterprises of the agricultural sector. The system of personnel management as a complex mechanism between elements of which there is a close and indissoluble relationship. The basic structure of the components of human resource management in the agricultural enterprise. Particular attention is paid to providing effective professional impact of highly skilled workers.
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Chung, Woojin, and Roeul Kim. "Which Occupation is Highly Associated with Cognitive Impairment? A Gender-Specific Longitudinal Study of Paid and Unpaid Occupations in South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 7749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217749.
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Background: To examine the associations between paid and unpaid occupations and the risk of cognitive impairment with respect to gender in a middle-aged population using the dataset of a nationally representative longitudinal survey. Methods: Overall, 24,925 observations of 5865 participants aged 45–64 years were sampled from the seven waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2006–2018). A dichotomous outcome variable was derived based on the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination scores, and occupations were grouped into 12 categories, including three unpaid ones. Sociodemographics, lifestyle, and medical conditions were included as covariates in the mixed logistic regression models. Adjusted odds ratios and predicted probabilities of cognitive impairment were estimated. Results: In the longitudinal models with all-studied covariates, the risk of cognitive impairment was similar between genders but differed across occupation categories for each gender. Moreover, the association between occupation and cognitive impairment varied between genders. Regarding the predicted probability, in men, the retired category exhibited the highest risk of cognitive impairment. However, in women, the highest risk was related to the homemakers category, with the risk being more than five times higher than those in the professionals and related workers category. Conclusions: Public health policies to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in the middle-aged population need to be designed and implemented with respect to both gender and occupation.
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de Breij, Sascha, Martijn Huisman, and Dorly J. H. Deeg. "Educational differences in macro-level determinants of early exit from paid work: a multilevel analysis of 14 European countries." European Journal of Ageing 17, no. 2 (October 16, 2019): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00538-6.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to identify macro-level determinants of early work exit and investigate whether the effects of these determinants differ across educational groups. We used data from the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) (2011–2013) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) (2010/2011–2012/2013) as well as macro-level data and included 10,584 participants in 14 European countries. We used logistic multilevel analyses to examine educational differences in macro-level determinants of early work exit. Macro-level determinants were: minimum unemployment replacement rates, expenditure on active labour market policies (aimed to help the unemployed find work) and passive labour market policies (unemployment and early retirement benefits), employment protection legislation (costs involved in dismissing individuals), unemployment rates, statutory pension age and implicit tax on continued work. We found low-educated workers to be more at risk of early work exit than higher educated workers. In low-educated men, higher unemployment replacement rates, higher expenditure on passive labour market policies, stricter employment protection legislation and a higher implicit tax on continued work were associated with a higher risk of early work exit, whereas no macro-level factors were associated with early work exit in highly educated men. In women, a higher expenditure on passive labour market policies and a higher implicit tax on continued work were determinants of early work exit, regardless of educational level. To conclude, low-educated men seem to be especially responsive to the effects of pull factors that make early retirement financially more attractive.
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Gvelesiani, Irina. "SOME STRATEGIES OF THE EFFECTIVE TEACHING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (May 9, 2015): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2012vol2.512.
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Nowadays, under the influence of drastic changes of the contemporary world, the institutions of higher education focus on the promotion of equity and quality. Special attention is paid to the cross-border education, bacause the mobility of students and staff facilitates the „formation” of highly skilled workers in certain specialized areas. The main precondition of a successful implementation of mobility programs is a profound knowledge of foreign languages. The given paper deals with the importance of second language acquisition and outlines the strategies of a successful teaching process. The main emphasis is put on the “enhancement” of students’ motivation (including a good teacher-student rapport) and teaching a language through teaching a culture. The first one is regarded as a key element of a classroom success, while the latter simplifies learners’ comprehension of second language reality.
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Carr, Dawn C., Miles G. Taylor, Kendra Jason, Chivon A. Mingo, and Tiffany R. Washington. "WORK ENVIRONMENTS AMONG OLDER WORKING CAREGIVERS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.798.
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Abstract Many older workers balance paid work with care work. Working caregivers face unique challenges that make them more likely to leave the work force. However work environments may be more or less accommodating to their needs, and in addition, they may need to work for financial reasons. Current research on working caregivers has not explored: a) the work environments of older working caregivers; b) whether particular work environments are likely to influence whether caregivers stop working; and c) whether these effects vary by type of care work (spousal versus parental). This study addresses these gaps. Using data drawn from the 2008-2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, we used latent class analysis to develop a typology of work environments of individuals 51-75 who are engaged in paid work. Four classes of work environments emerged: A) balanced, supportive work environments (34%); B) average environments with high job lock (30%); C) poor, unsupportive work environments (21%); and D) highly accommodating, stressful jobs (14%). Logistic regression results showed those in group D were less likely than all other groups to leave their jobs. In addition, relative to spousal caregivers, parental caregivers in class A were significantly more likely to leave the labor force. Results suggest that caregivers may be more likely to continue engaging in paid work in supportive work environments, and work environments may be more likely to retain older working caregivers by identifying ways to help them meet their work needs and maintain their caregiving roles.
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Puttick, Keith. "From Mini to Maxi Jobs? Low Pay, ‘Progression’, and the Duty to Work (Harder)." Industrial Law Journal 48, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 143–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwy006.
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Abstract The scale of low pay and in-work poverty affecting the bottom three deciles of the labour market highlights the weaknesses in the two main mechanisms for assisting the low-paid: the statutory minimum wage provided for by the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 and State in-work benefits, particularly Universal Credit (UC) as it operates under the Welfare Reform Act 2012 and Universal Credit Regulations 2013. Both mechanisms are failing badly. The paper argues for new approaches. On the Labour side of what may be called the Labour Law–Social Security Law interface these include reconstruction of the national minimum wage scheme in the 1998 Act so that there are two minimum wage floors: a primary floor based on the current national scheme; and a higher, secondary floor at sectoral level. Sectoral wage-setting, informed by support from a Low Pay Commission with an extended remit, could in time pave the way to wider-ranging, regulated sectoral collective bargaining and systems which align more closely and efficiently to what employers can afford, and relieve the growing fiscal pressures on in-work social security. On the Social Security side, remedial work on UC is urgently needed, particularly on the work allowances which set the earnings thresholds at which in-work State support starts to be withdrawn. If mandatory ‘progression’ requirements under the in-work progression (IWP) scheme are to continue—which is likely given the government’s concern that, without this, workers in low hours, low paid mini jobs will opt to stay parked in such highly subsidised work—then exemptions and protections need to be strengthened and put on a statutory footing (particularly for workers with family responsibilities). Introducing what would, in effect, be a ‘right not to work’ in prescribed cases—typically when requirements impact disproportionately on workers and their family members—would go some way to establishing the necessary safeguards. Clearly, both low pay mechanisms face a crisis of growing proportions: a crisis of coverage as dependence grows and newer groups look to the State for support; a fiscal crisis as costs rise and cuts to support impact on its effectiveness; and a political crisis as support for UC and the wider low pay regime erodes.
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Farrugia, Claire. "Making Sharing Work: Migrant Community Groups and Informal/Formal Work." Critical Sociology 46, no. 4-5 (October 21, 2019): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920519864147.
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Migrant and refugee communities are at the forefront of highly feminised and precarious community sector work. Facing insecure labour contracts and contingent, competitive funding for activities, these communities routinely move between paid and unpaid work. Drawing on multi-sited and participatory ethnographic research and 30 semi-structured interviews with women of different African backgrounds living and working in western Sydney, this article explores the relationship between collective sharing practices and life as precarious workers. The sharing of material resources, information and support takes place beyond designated ‘workplaces’ and on a continuum of activity that moves between the formal and informal, public and private, productive and socially reproductive. This article uses a practice-based approach to foreground the social world of working migrant women. In doing so, it sheds light on the hidden, precarious work of an increasingly marketised community sector and the everyday and emergent ways that marginalised communities respond to precarious work under neoliberalism.
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Bari, Lauren. "Who are solo self-employed women? Analysis of the trends and characteristics of solo self-employed women in Ireland 2003–2019." Irish Journal of Management 40, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijm-2021-0006.
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Abstract Solo or ‘freelance’ self-employment is becoming a more popular form of self-employment in the labour market. In some jurisdictions such as the UK, this growth is being attributed to rising numbers of women – and women with children in particular - seeking the flexibility and autonomy of freelance work as a response to shortages of flexibility in wage-and-salaried employment. Yet little is known about how these trends might be occurring in Ireland and who might be represented in this small but growing cohort of workers. This research uses Labour Force Survey data to explore trends in female solo self-employment in Ireland between 2003 and 2019 and key variables are drawn upon to develop a profile of this underexplored labour market group. The analysis highlights that while growth in solo self-employment rates has been slow and numbers still relatively small, it is increasingly made up of highly educated and professional women in relatively high-paid sectors opting for flexible working arrangements.
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Mahadkar, U. V., and C. S. Saraf. "Effect of Rhizobium inoculation, phosphorus and time and methods of nitrogen application on growth and yield of spring blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) and its residual effect on succeeding fodder sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.)." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 3 (June 1988): 677–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082307.
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Grain yield of blackgram or urdbean, a popular and highly proteinaceous pulse crop of India, is very low. This is possibly because of its cultivation on marginal and submarginal lands of low soil fertility where little attention is paid to adequate fertilizer, especially phosphorus and nitrogen. Although large achievements have undoubtedly been made in plant nutrition in cereals like wheat and rice, much less attention has been devoted to the development of suitable agro-techniques for production of pulses, especially blackgram. Inoculation with efficient Rhizobium strains and fertility management are important in the production technology of this crop. Though blackgram is regarded as excellent in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, many workers (Pate & Dart, 1961; Shanthakumari & Sinha, 1974) have opined that actual nitrogen fixation starts about 3 weeks after sowing and the senescence of nodules after profuse flowering. This results in nitrogen hunger at initial stages of crop growth as well as in the reproductive stage. Beneficial effects of starter nitrogen in blackgram have been reported by some workers (Singh et al. 1975). However, symbiotic nitrogen fixation may not be adequate to satisfy the N need of developing pods. Since no information is available on the effect of top dressing of nitrogen in the reproductive phase, the present investigations were planned to study the effect of Rhizobium. inoculation and phosphorus as well as time and method of N application on growth and yield of blackgram and its residual effect on fodder sorghum.
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Oliveira-Filho, Aires, Cavalcante, Raiol, Lisboa, Frade, da Costa, et al. "Hepatitis C Virus among Female Sex Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted along Rivers and Highways in the Amazon Region." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (November 14, 2019): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040236.
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Background: Previous studies found a high prevalence of pathogens among female sex workers (FSWs) in the Amazon region, and established their parenteral and sexual transmission. This study estimated the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and associated risk factors, and the frequency of HCV genotypes and resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in this vulnerable group. Methods: Distinct sampling methods were used to access 412 FSWs in cities and riverside communities in the Amazon region from 2015 to 2018. Three methods for HCV diagnosis were used to determine infection status. HCV genotypes and RASs were identified by sequencing and nucleotide fragment analysis. An association between HCV infection and exposure factors was determined by bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: In total, 44 (10.7%) FSWs were exposed to HCV, and 32 (7.8%) of them had active infection. Nine socioeconomic characteristics and risky sexual behaviors were associated with HCV exposure, particularly unprotected sex and condom exemption for the clients who paid extra money. Genotype 1 (81.3%) and 3 (18.7%) were detected. The frequency of FSWs with RASs was 23.1% (6/26) for grazoprevir related to the occurrence of substitutions Y56F and S122G. Conclusions: HCV infection among FSWs is highly prevalent and dominated by genotype I. Urgent preventive and treatment measures are required to reduce HCV infection in FSWs and the general population.
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Santiago Vela, Ana. "Same Degree, Same Opportunities? Educational and Social Background Effects on Overeducation in Germany." Social Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080315.
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Overeducation is indicative of a suboptimal education–job match and is related to several negative consequences for workers. Despite extensive research explaining the overeducation phenomenon, previous studies have not simultaneously analyzed educational background (i.e., educational degrees) and social background effects, or have failed to consider both the vertical and horizontal dimension that educational degrees entail (i.e., level and field). This article seeks to overcome these limitations by examining whether overeducation varies (1) across educational background (considering both level and field of educational degrees), (2) across social background, and (3) by social background among workers with the same degree. Based on the German BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey 2018, results suggest that highly educated workers are more likely to be overeducated for the jobs they hold, implying the supply of this workforce exceeds the available adequate jobs on the German labor market. The field of education determines the risk of overeducation as well, with some occupationally specific fields of education (IT, natural sciences, and health) making for lower overeducation risk for both vocational and academic education. The results also indicate social background directly influences education–job matches (controlling for level and field of education), i.e., a social gap in overeducation. This evidence suggests an effect of social background on job allocation processes, beyond the effect of education, so that the offspring of privileged classes (i.e., high salariat) use the same degrees on the labor market more profitably than the offspring of less privileged classes. Given the low attention paid to education–job matches in social stratification analyses, the present article makes a noteworthy contribution to the literature on social stratification and inequality. In addition, the present research will serve as a base for future studies on overeducation including both the vertical and horizontal dimension of educational degrees.
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Leskosek, Milka, Nina Masat, Ivan Erzen, and Andrej Ursic. "Some ecological solutions for restoration of the city of Celje and its outskirts." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 8 (April 1, 1998): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0329.
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After World War II industrial production in Celje started to develop intensively. The desire for progress and affluence was so strong that no attention was paid to the damage that was being caused to the environment. In Celje there was a considerable number of qualified people with the right qualifications, ranging from skilled manual workers to highly educated experts. However, the geographical position of the town was not suitable for the development of chemical, textile, timber and metal industries or iron works. Thus, the industrialisation and urbanisation caused extensive pollution of air, surface water, drinking water and soil. The growing environmental problems in the town required an improvement in the strategies to combat pollution. As a result, we have gained experience in the monitoring of pollution and the measures taken to reduce environmental pollution, as well as to decrease the intensity of pollution. Today, the construction of new production plants is strictly controlled. The main criteria for allowing construction of new industrial plants and introduction of new technological processes, are now the potential harmful effects of the new plant on the environment.
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Lim, Sok Mui May, Zi An Galvyn Goh, and Bhing Leet Tan. "Eight tips for inclusion of persons with disabilities as standardised patients." Asia Pacific Scholar 5, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29060/taps.2020-5-2/sc2134.
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The use of standardised patients has become integral in the contemporary healthcare and medical education sector, with ongoing discussion on exploring ways to improve existing standardised patient programs. One potentially untapped group in society that may contribute to such programs are persons with disabilities. Persons with disabilities have journeyed through the healthcare system, from injury to post-rehabilitation, and can provide inputs based on their experiences beyond their conditions. This paper draws on our experiences gained from a two-phase experiential learning research project that involved occupational therapy students learning from persons with disabilities. This paper aims to provide eight highly feasible, systematic tips to involve persons with disabilities as standardised patients for assessments and practical lessons. We highlight the importance of considering persons with disabilities when they are in their role of standardised patients as paid co-workers rather than volunteers or patients. This partnership between persons with disabilities and educators should be viewed as a reciprocally beneficial one whereby the university and the disability community learn from one another.
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Longwell, Timothy R., and Dennis L. Lynch. "Colorado Logging Accidents: 1984-1988. Is it Safe in the Woods?" Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.4.132.
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Abstract The number of logging accidents in Colorado during 1984-1988 contributed to escalating workers' compensation rates creating economic stress in the industry. This study was designed to help both industry and agency personnel identify who was having accidents, why accidents were occurring, and how much the accidents cost. The study concluded that 60% of the accidents occurred to persons employed for fewer than 6 months. The jobs with the highest accident frequencies were chainsaw operators (68%), equipment operators (12%), and truck drivers (10%). Timber falling and limbing were the most hazardous activities, with 35% and 23% of the accidents respectively. Falling tops, snags, or dead branches and chainsaw kickback were the leading injury agents in the felling and limbing operation. Use of protective equipment and formal safety training were, for the most part, absent during this period. Medical and compensation costs were not highly correlated with accident severity. Accident costs directly increase harvesting costs and may decrease the amount paid for stumpage. West J. Appl. For. 5(4):00-00.
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Machin, Stephen. "Recent shifts in wage inequality and the wage returns to education in Britain." National Institute Economic Review 166 (October 1998): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019816600111.
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In this article I consider shifts in the structure of wages in Britain between the mid-1970s and mid-1990s. In the 1990s the rising gap between the highest and lowest paid was either stable or rose a little, but by nowhere near as much as in the 1980s. This seems to be, at least partially, due to the fact that faster educational upgrading has dampened down some of the rising wage differentials experienced by the more educated. However, demand still seems to be shifting in favour of the more highly educated and skilled because, despite the fact that there are many more workers with higher educational qualifications, their wages relative to other groups have not fallen. Finally, I argue that relative demand shifts in favour of the more educated and skilled are still more pronounced in more technologically advanced industries. This is in line with the notion, like much of the evidence based on industry demand shifts in the 1970s and 1980s, that technology is key to changes in labour market inequality.
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Luis Fragoso, J., and Brian H. Kleiner. "How to distinguish between independent contractors and employees." Management Research News 28, no. 2/3 (February 1, 2005): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01409170510785183.
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The purpose of this report is to help the reader understand the difference between independent contractors and employees. Employers use independent contractors for many reasons, including cost, seasonal fluctuations, temporary assignments or highly skilled services. Independent contractors are different from employees in that they usually are not eligible for benefits such as health insurance or paid time off, are not covered by workers’ compensation insurance and are responsible for submitting their own income taxes to the Internal Revenue Service. However, someone does not become an independent contractor just because he or she is labelled that way, is not offered certain benefits or because her or his income taxes are not with held. In fact, not even the signing of a contract or agreement ensures that the independent contractor will not be classified as an employee by a government agency or the courts. The ultimate test to determine whether some one is an employee or an independent contractor is the degree of control an employer exercises over that individual’s work.
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Glovatskaya, Yelena. "DIRECTIVITY OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION FOR THE FORMING OF THE INTELLIGENT PERSONALITY." Educational Discourse: collection of scientific papers, no. 5(5) (June 20, 2018): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33930/ed.2018.5007.5(5)-4.
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To determine the essence of the concept of "intelligent", the analysis of the contradiction of concepts "intelligent” and “intellectual" is used, in the course of which the distinctive features of the intelligence are revealed, among which there are the aspirations for constant self-improvement, creativity and cognition, independence of thinking, maturity of decisions, constant enrichment and systematization of the worldview, honor, loyalty to the word, interest in history and culture, a critical look at political and economic processes, often leading to opposition of the intelligent person to the forces, possessing power, tolerance and respect for others, conscientious work, the desire to understand the other, to bring maximal utility. The intelligentsia appears not only being a layer of people engaged in mind activity, but may include manual workers (workers' intelligentsia). In modern conditions, the accelerated pace of life and the growth of competition at the pre-labor stage of personal development, the image of an intellectual rather than an intelligent person may seem more attractive, and priorities can often be shifted towards a quick and easy way of acquiring a popular and highly paid profession. Often this way is seen in the reduction of the breeding and socio- humanitarian compounds of higher education. Moreover, for the authorities it turns out to be less economically expensive. Such an education can provide an intellectual layer, but not the intelligentsia. If we model the future society without the intelligentsia, then we can already predict the dissolution of Ukrainian culture in the world culture and, eventually, its withering away. This process has already been described by M. Mead in her study of the formation of American culture by first migrants from European countries; she marks this derivative culture as "prefigurative", deprived of the authority of older generations and many other traditional values.
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Peng, Rui-Rui, Hong-Min Li, Helena Chang, Jian-Hong Li, Alberta L. Wang, and Xiang-Sheng Chen. "Prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus infection among female sex workers in Asia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis." Sexual Health 9, no. 2 (2012): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11066.
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Cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is highly transmissible. Although there are many studies on HPV infection in general population of women globally, little attention has been paid to female sex workers (FSWs) in Asia. In this study, we used a meta-analytic approach to systematically analyse the literature to elucidate the prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical HPV infection among FSWs in Asia. Fourteen eligible studies were identified in five databases, and data including 4198 FSWs from nine Asian countries were aggregated. Crude estimates of cervical HPV prevalence among FSWs in this region ranged from 12.8% to 84.8%. FSWs had a nearly 10-fold risk of HPV infection than the general population of women. Stratified analysis showed that HPV prevalence was higher in East Asia than other subregions and in younger FSWs than older FSWs. HPV genotype distribution was statistically different between East Asia and South-east Asia. In East Asia, the most prevalent genotypes were HPV 16 (23.9%), 18 (11.0%), 58 (9.4%), 56 (6.3%) and 52 (5.3%), while they were HPV 52 (12.9%), 16 (8.5%), 58 (5.2%), 18 (5.0%) and 66 (4.9%) in South-east Asia. HPV 31, 33 and 35 were less frequently found in both subregions. HPV infection was substantial among FSWs in some Asian countries. More studies are necessary to illustrate the overall picture of HPV infection in this region.
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Halan. "STUDENT CENTRISM AS A SYSTEM-FORMING PRINCIPLE OF TRAINING FUTURE SOCIAL WORKERS IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL AGE." Scientific bulletin of KRHPA, no. 13 (January 17, 2020): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37835/2410-2075-2020-13-5.
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The article considers the essence and features of the student-centered approach as a system-forming principle of organization of the educational process of future social workers in the conditions of modern educational realities. The implementation of innovative institutional tools that can help train highly qualified professionals in demand in the labor market has been focused. The system-forming nature of the principle of student-centered approach and the improvement of the system of student training in accordance with the samples of the best foreign experience have been emphasized. An essential aspect of this educational process is the recognition of equal partners in the management of students with a balance between cross-border cooperation and competition in 59 higher education. This is the involvement in global dialogue at all levels of teachers and future social workers in order to remove barriers to the formation of the ability to independently acquire and develop the necessary knowledge (self-growth), to develop information and social skills. The possibilities of using network technologies in the organization of training according to the student-centered approach have been outlined. Competency, student-centered and SMART-educational models have been focused. The article clearly sets out the priorities and emphasis on the formation of the future social worker's ability to organize communications in social networks, select useful information, work with electronic sources, compile personal knowledge bases, which were gained during practical activities. The views of scientists on the impact of online education on the preparation of students majoring in «Social Work» for professional activities have been suggested. Particular attention is paid to SMART-education, which is based on an interactive educational environment with the involvement of information resources from around the world. An important achievement is the introduction of smart technologies in the educational process: mobility and continuity of access to educational information; autonomy of teachers and students through the use of Internet networks, mobile devices with access to educational information; flexible learning in terms of student interests and professional orientation, support for the trajectory of personal development of each student; creation of motivational models of learning; the constant relationship between the requirements of the employer and the content of education; teaching students to work effectively with a wealth of information. At the same time, this model of education involves the organization of individual learning processes of students. The results of an empirical study to identify the attitude of future social workers to the introduction of student-centered network education are the following: the creation of communications in social networks; autonomy of teacher and student with the help of Internet resources; competent use of electronic sources; solving theoretical and practical problems through the use of network technologies. Key words: pedagogical training, educational process, future social workers, students, student-centered approach, network education, communications, smart technologies.
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Vorontsova, Tatiana. "The impact of convergent technologies on changing labor markets." KANT 37, no. 4 (December 2020): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-37.52.
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The article analyzes the problems of the development of convergent technologies, which, on the one hand, make it possible to overcome the natural limitations of man and expand his capabilities, on the other hand, threaten humanity. The author identifies various research positions in assessing the prospects for NBIC convergence - from overtly alarmist to overly enthusiastic. A classification of possible results of technological innovations is proposed, in which changes in the natural world, the technical environment and the transformation of social relations and spiritual and moral values are highlighted. Trends in the labor market are noted such as job cuts due to automation, the polarization of the labor market for highly paid intellectual workers and cheap physical strength, the emergence of new professions that require special education in several areas, changes in the organization of labor by the type of network interaction, the emergence of new forms of employment - temporary, deprived of guarantees and infringing on social rights. The future labor market is characterized as fragmented and isolated. The conclusion is drawn about the need for a humanistic approach in assessing the prospects of technological development.
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Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, Anton Gidehag, and Niklas Rudholm. "How Do Firms Respond to Reduced Labor Costs? Evidence from the 2007 Swedish Payroll Tax Reform." Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 21, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10842-021-00356-6.
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AbstractOne way for policymakers to reduce labor costs and stimulate the recruitment of marginalized groups of labor in a highly unionized economy is to lower payroll taxes. However, the efficiency of this policy instrument has been questioned, and previous evaluations have mostly found small employment effects for such reforms. We investigate the effects of a payroll tax cut in Sweden that decreased firms’ labor costs in relation to the number of young employees that they had employed when the reform was implemented in 2007. We find that most firms received small labor cost savings as a result of the reform, but those that received larger cost savings increased their number of employees significantly more than firms that received no, or minor, labor cost savings. Our findings also suggest that the payroll tax cut increased the total wages paid to incumbent workers, but the wage effect was too small to offset the positive extensive-margin employment effect of the reform. In total, we find that the Swedish payroll tax reform created 18,100 jobs over the period 2006–2008; most of these jobs were within the targeted group of young employees.
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Moiseeva, E. V., and I. A. Potapova. "Atomic absorption determination of mercury in urine by cold steam method using mercury- hydride prefix." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 1, no. 10 (November 13, 2019): 887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-10-887-891.
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Mercury is one of the most common in various industries and at the same time dangerous chemicals. It is able to be deposited in the body and have a toxic effect for a long time after the cessation of contact. Under the influence of mercury, workers can develop various intoxications, as a result of which pathological changes in the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and reproductive systems are possible.Under production conditions, mercury enters the body, usually in the form of vapors (absorbed about 80%) and suspended particles. Inorganic forms of mercury are excreted mainly in the urine (60%). However, insufficient attention is currently being paid to the problem of determining the mercury content in urine samples. To date, in world practice there is no systematic approach to the determination of small doses of mercury in the body, as a result of which it is difficult to timely identify public health disorders. This is largely due to the lack of highly sensitive and highly effective methods of analysis, allowing routine measurements with minimal cost and high accuracy. The methods currently used are either quite expensive or have low accuracy/sensitivity.The aim of the study was to develop a method of atomic absorption determination of mercury in urine by cold steam, which would allow at minimal cost to increase the accuracy and sensitivity of mercury detection in the body.Materials and methods. Quantitative measurement of mercury in urine samples was carried out on an atomic absorption spectrometer with a mercury-hydride prefix using model solutions of different concentrations.Results. The study determined the optimal conditions for sample preparation of urine samples, set the range of concentrations for the construction of the calibration schedule, studied the effect of the matrix on the accuracy of the analysis by the “introduced-found” method. The lower limit of detection of the developed technique was 0.05 mcg/l, the upper limit–100 mcg/l (if necessary, it can be increased by additional dilution). The relative error of determination depending on the concentration varied from 3 to 15%.Conclusions. A highly sensitive, affordable and relatively inexpensive method for the determination of mercury in urine has been developed, which will allow to diagnose with high accuracy the background contents of mercury in urine, which is especially important when inspecting workers of industries associated with the use of mercury and its compounds, as well as the population living in areas close to these industries.
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Pundt, Leena Maren, Anne Marit Wöhrmann, Jürgen Deller, and Kenneth S. Shultz. "Differential predictors of post-retirement life and work satisfaction." Journal of Managerial Psychology 30, no. 2 (March 9, 2015): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-08-2012-0250.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of personal motivational goals and the corresponding occupational characteristics of volunteer, work-related activities in retirement with life and work satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – Fully retired individuals working for a non-profit organization in their former professional career field on a non-paid basis were surveyed using an online survey (n=661) to assess their motivational goals, the occupational characteristics of their projects, and satisfaction with life and work. Findings – Results suggested that post-retirement volunteer workers differentiated between perceived life and work satisfaction. The motives of achievement, appreciation, autonomy, contact, and generativity significantly directly affected life satisfaction and indirectly affected work satisfaction. Occupational characteristics assessing achievement, appreciation, autonomy, contact, and generativity had direct effects on work satisfaction but not on life satisfaction except for occupational autonomy. Research limitations/implications – The study was cross-sectional and based on self-report data of highly educated German retirees working in volunteer professional positions, thus potentially limiting the generalizability of findings. Practical implications – Organizations should enable post-retirement volunteer workers to meet their motivation goals by designing work opportunities to fulfill the motivational goals of achievement, appreciation, autonomy, contact, and generativity. Social implications – Post-retirement activities possess the potential to help solve societal problems by countering the shortage of specialists and managers at the same time that the burden on social security systems is reduced. Originality/value – The paper presents evidence that different personal motivational goals and occupational characteristics are important in post-retirement activities. The findings imply that work designs created for post-retirement activities should provide a variety of occupational characteristics, such as occupational achievement and appreciation.
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Rub, Guy A. "Incentivizing Top-Musicians." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 6, no. 1 (October 2020): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v6.i1.4.
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Part I explores the challenge that COPYRIGHT’S EXCESS tackles. It explains the core of copyright’s incentive theory, why it is difficult to test it empirically, and how COPY- RIGHT’S EXCESS rises to that challenge, especially by exploring the lack of correlation between sales and productivity, and, in particular, superstars’ productivity in the music industry. Parts II-IV of this Essay consider several explanations for the lack of correlation. Part II addresses the sometimes-neglected role of the recording companies. Those intermediaries profoundly affect the art- ists’ compensation and their creative decisions. Therefore, any analysis of the connection between sales, artistic income, and artistic output (i.e., productivity), needs to consider their role. Part III addresses one of Lunney’s theories for explaining the discrepancy between sales and productivity. Labor economists have long held that while low-paid workers will wish to work more as their compensation increases, highly-paid workers will instead substitute work time for leisure time as their compensation increases and work less. Can this phenomenon explain why superstars became less productive when the music industry’s sales peaked? In Part III, I explain why I find this explanation unlikely. Superstars, this Part suggests, are probably too wealthy to be affected by this phenomenon. Part IV focuses on the superstars’ incentives to continue to create even after their previous successes have made them very wealthy. It suggests that the main driving forces of top musicians are likely their internal joy from creating, and possibly more importantly, the social- psychological reward that is attached to their success. Ultra-wealthy businessmen present a similar phenomenon: They continue to work even when they already accumulate enough wealth to meet all their material needs because, as studies suggest, they enjoy their work, and they love to be considered successful by their reference group. It is reasonable to expect wealthy musicians to act similarly for corre- sponding motivations. Part V briefly considers some of the possible implications. If top- artists are not primarily motivated by money, putting aside the status that is attached thereto, then society should be hesitant to devise a copyright system that makes those wealthy individuals even richer. It might get very little in return. In that respect, this Essay ends close to where COPYRIGHT’S EXCESS does: with the call for copyright law to focus on incentivizing marginal artists and not the super-rich.
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Szczygielska, Agnieszka. "Hypertext Organization as a Model of Organization Improving the Flow of Knowledge." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0047.
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Abstract The article refers to a non-classic model of an organization, which is a hypertext organization. The hypertext organization combines a highly hierarchical organizational structure with the flexibility of management solutions supporting the conversion of various types of knowledge. It is considered to be a one of the most adequate models for managing the organization of the 21st century. Thereby, it contains in its assumptions solutions corresponding to challenges of the knowledge age and management of knowledge workers. The hypertext organization is able to successfully meet difficult requirements of the modern market and needs of an evolving society of different generations. It is important to show that the hypertext organization, being able to switch between “contexts” of knowledge creation, enables an efficient response to changing internal and external knowledge requirements. The article is a theoretical discourse, the aim of which is to outline a concise characterization of a new solution in the subject of organizational structures, present the essence of hypertext solutions and show chances and capabilities of knowledge management in such organizations, that finally allow a transformation of institutions in intelligent organizations. Special attention will be paid to strongly hierarchical organizations such as uniformed services, especially the armed forces.
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Kigozi, F., and J. Ssebunnya. "The multiplier role of psychiatrists in low income settings." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 23, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796014000080.
Full textAbstract:
Mental health care is receiving increased attention in low-income countries with the availability of a wide range of effective evidence-based treatments for acute and chronic mental disorders amidst scarce resources. Availability of these treatments and competent human resources enables the use of a variety of interventions at several levels of care for persons with mental illness and makes it feasible to ensure observance of quality in the treatment approaches that go beyond institutionalisation. However, unlike developed countries which are endowed with many and relatively well-paid mental health specialists, low-income countries face a dire shortage of highly trained mental health professionals in addition to several other challenges. In light of this, there is need to re-assess the role of the few available psychiatrists, with a shift to new core tasks such as designing mental health care programmes that can be delivered by non-specialists, building their health system's capacity for delivering care, including supporting front-line health workers through support supervision, raising awareness on mental health and patients’ rights in addition to promoting essential research. This requires a fundamental paradigm shift from the current training for mental health specialists to a public health oriented approach and providing incentives for community engagement.