Academic literature on the topic 'Highly paid workers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Highly paid workers"
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Ross, Stephen F., and Robert B. Lucke. "Why Highly Paid Athletes Deserve More Antitrust Protection Than Ordinary Unionized Workers." Antitrust Bulletin 42, no. 3 (September 1997): 641–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x9704200306.
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NGUYEN, KIEN TRUNG, and ERIC D. RAMSTETTER. "OWNERSHIP-RELATED WAGE DIFFERENTIALS BY OCCUPATION IN VIETNAMESE MANUFACTURING." Singapore Economic Review 64, no. 03 (May 26, 2019): 625–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590818500303.
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This paper examines ownership-related wage differentials for four types of workers employed by medium–large (20 or more employees) wholly foreign multinational enterprises (WFs), joint-venture multinationals (JVs), state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and domestic private firms in Vietnamese manufacturing in 2009. When all sample firms were combined, unconditional JV-private and WF-private wage differentials were 106–124% for managers, 78–87% for professionals and technicians, 56–68% for clerical and support workers and 22–48% for production workers. Correspondingly, conditional wage differentials which account for influences of worker education and sex, in addition to firm capital intensity and size, were smaller and usually significant: 72–78% for managers, 32–36% for professionals and technicians, 23–28% for clerical and support workers and 15–16% for production workers. SOE-private differentials were all much smaller. There was substantial variation at the industry level, but conditional WF-private differentials were positive and significant for most occupations and industries and JV-private differentials were also positive and significant in most industries for highly paid managers or professionals and technicians, but not for lowly paid clerical and support workers or production workers. Most industry-level SOE-private differentials were also insignificant.
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Kang, Shih-Chao, Chun-Chi Lin, Chia-Chen Tsai, Yin-Chieh Chang, Chi-Yi Wu, Ke-Chang Chang, and Su-Shun Lo. "The Primary Care of Immigrant Workers and Their Associated Characteristics within A Taiwanese Fishing Community." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 1, 2019): 3702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193702.
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In Taiwan, immigrant workers play an important role in fisheries but they are easily ignored by society. The health problems and associated characteristics of immigrant workers in fisheries remain unclear. Descriptive and retrospective analyses were performed. Outpatient data were collected from a primary care clinic for six fishing villages in North Eastern Taiwan between 1 August 2016 and 31 July 2017. The data of immigrant workers was recorded and compared with that of natives. A total of 241 immigrant workers and 1342 natives were enrolled. Compared with the natives, the immigrant workers had a significantly younger age, male predominance, and fewer mean visits per year. The immigrant worker’s visits tended to be more highly focused during the third quarter of the year. Immigrant workers paid more registration fees and self-payment, but they paid less on diagnosis fees, oral medication, laboratory exams and had reduced total costs. The top five diagnoses for immigrant workers were respiratory diseases (38.3%), trauma (15.2%), musculoskeletal diseases (11.2%), skin-related diseases (9.5%), and digestive diseases (9.1%). Immigrant workers were positively correlated with infectious/parasitic diseases, and negatively correlated with medical consults and endocrine/metabolic diseases. Immigrant workers were also positively associated with registration fees and self-payment, but negatively correlated with diagnosis fees and total costs (all p < 0.05). The distribution of skin diseases and trauma were affected by age and sex as opposed to ethnic group. Immigrant status’ health issues should be given more attention.
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Husband, William. "Workers' Control and Centralization in the Russian Revolution: The Textile Industry of the Central Industrial Region, 1917-1920,." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 403 (January 1, 1985): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1985.21.
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In this schema, the politicization of workers' control in the second half of 1917 resulted not from elemental radicalism but from the workers' experience both in society and at the workplace. Scholars instrumental In developing this explana~ion have paid special attention to the events of 1917-1918 and to the activities of the highly skilled Petrograd metal-workers,3 although they have by no means ignored the less active and less politically conscious unskilled workers.
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BRADY, PETER J. "Pension nondiscrimination rules and the incentive to cross subsidize employees." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 6, no. 2 (June 11, 2007): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747206002605.
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Among the requirements a pension plan must meet to qualify for tax benefits are the nondiscrimination rules. Nondiscrimination rules are designed to ensure that pension benefits do not disproportionately accrue to highly compensated employees. But the rules are also complex and increase administrative and compliance costs associated with offering a pension plan. Recent pension reform proposals would simplify nondiscrimination rules, reducing administrative and compliance costs and potentially leading to more employers offering pension benefits. However, there are concerns that any loosening of the rules could lead to a drop in participation by low-wage workers. This paper examines the economic incentive that nondiscrimination rules provide to employers to cross subsidize employees; that is, the incentive to increase pension benefits (and total compensation) paid to low-paid workers for the express purpose of enabling high-paid workers to receive a higher proportion of compensation in the form of pension benefits. The study calculates the incentives faced by a hypothetical firm, and then illustrates how those incentives change when assumptions about employee contribution behavior, employee compensation, and employer-matching formulas are allowed to vary. Results show that only firms with a relatively low ratio of low-paid workers to high-paid workers would have an economic incentive under a standard 401(k) plan to cross subsidize employees. Although this incentive may exist in a large number of firms, these firms likely employ only a small portion of the workforce. This is ultimately an empirical question, however, and examining data on the distribution of earnings within pension plans, as well as determining if firms find nondiscrimination rules binding, would be a useful extension of this research.
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Ayalon, Liat. "Lessons From an Evaluation of a Training Program of Paid Eldercare Workers." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2497.
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Abstract The present study is based on a three-year evaluation of an Israeli training program for local paid elder care workers, called “community care.” Interviews were conducted with all stakeholders involved in the program, including program developers, facilitators, funders, trainees, dropouts, employers, and older care recipients. Qualitative thematic analysis was used, supplemented by quantitative data concerning the program’s inputs, outputs and outcomes. The program had multiple strengths, including a substantial funding stream and a highly skilled and committed team. Yet, out of 130 participants (in the 7 training programs evaluated), only 94 completed the program and 31 were later employed as care workers. Three main challenges to the efficacy of the training program were identified. The findings stress the importance of adequately conducting the appropriate needs assessment prior to embarking on a new social program and illustrate the tension between an ideal prototype and real-life constraints.
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Das, Banibrata. "Assessment of ergonomic exposure, work-related occupational injuries, and prevention: Child work in the brickfield industry in India." Toxicology and Industrial Health 37, no. 8 (June 16, 2021): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07482337211025366.
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Child labor is an infraction of fundamental human rights, and it prevents the children’s physical, psychosocial, and psychological development. In India, children have been working in different unorganized sectors as paid laborers. Children were found performing a fair amount of manual, rigorous tasks in the brickfield industry due to socioeconomic disadvantages. Child brickfield workers suffered from musculoskeletal pain and injuries due to working with a heavy physical workload, which hampers the overall quality of life. A study had been conducted among these child brickfield laborers from India during 2011–2017. The study found laceration (38.7% male and 36.9% female) as the primary injury followed by sprain and strain, scratches, avulsion, and fractures among child brickfield workers. The study shows that child workers are highly prone to injuries, mainly toe (23.9% male and 28.1% female), hands (22.0% male and 23.4% female), wrists, feet, ankles, and fingers. The injury rate among male and female child brickfield laborers was 7.64 and 9.52 per 1000 workers. The primary source of injuries in brickfields was due to falling from height. Several risk factors, including biomechanical, work stress, may play a key role in work-related injuries among child brickfield laborers.
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Jarosch, Gregor, Ezra Oberfield, and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. "Learning From Coworkers." Econometrica 89, no. 2 (2021): 647–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16915.
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We investigate learning at the workplace. To do so, we use German administrative data that contain information on the entire workforce of a sample of establishments. We document that having more‐highly‐paid coworkers is strongly associated with future wage growth, particularly if those workers earn more. Motivated by this fact, we propose a dynamic theory of a competitive labor market where firms produce using teams of heterogeneous workers that learn from each other. We develop a methodology to structurally estimate knowledge flows using the full‐richness of the German employer‐employee matched data. The methodology builds on the observation that a competitive labor market prices coworker learning. Our quantitative approach imposes minimal restrictions on firms' production functions, can be implemented on a very short panel, and allows for potentially rich and flexible coworker learning functions. In line with our reduced‐form results, learning from coworkers is significant, particularly from more knowledgeable coworkers. We show that between 4 and 9% of total worker compensation is in the form of learning and that inequality in total compensation is significantly lower than inequality in wages.
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Pavlick, Ellie, Matt Post, Ann Irvine, Dmitry Kachaev, and Chris Callison-Burch. "The Language Demographics of Amazon Mechanical Turk." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2 (December 2014): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00167.
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We present a large scale study of the languages spoken by bilingual workers on Mechanical Turk (MTurk). We establish a methodology for determining the language skills of anonymous crowd workers that is more robust than simple surveying. We validate workers’ self-reported language skill claims by measuring their ability to correctly translate words, and by geolocating workers to see if they reside in countries where the languages are likely to be spoken. Rather than posting a one-off survey, we posted paid tasks consisting of 1,000 assignments to translate a total of 10,000 words in each of 100 languages. Our study ran for several months, and was highly visible on the MTurk crowdsourcing platform, increasing the chances that bilingual workers would complete it. Our study was useful both to create bilingual dictionaries and to act as census of the bilingual speakers on MTurk. We use this data to recommend languages with the largest speaker populations as good candidates for other researchers who want to develop crowdsourced, multilingual technologies. To further demonstrate the value of creating data via crowdsourcing, we hire workers to create bilingual parallel corpora in six Indian languages, and use them to train statistical machine translation systems.
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Johnson, Richard W. "Phased Retirement and Workplace Flexibility for Older Adults." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 638, no. 1 (October 4, 2011): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211413542.
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Phased retirement programs that allow older workers to reduce their hours and responsibilities and pursue more flexible work schedules could satisfy both the employee’s desire for flexibility and the employer’s need to maintain an experienced workforce. However, few employers have established formal programs, because they often complicate the provision of other benefits and might violate antidiscrimination rules. For example, federal laws limit retirement plan distributions to employees who are still working for the plan sponsor, which discourages phased retirement because few older workers can afford to reduce their work hours unless they can receive at least some retirement benefits. Many employers do not provide fringe benefits to part-time employees, and making exceptions for older workers could violate antidiscrimination rules. Federal laws requiring that benefits provided through tax-qualified plans be evenly distributed between highly compensated and lower-paid employees also complicate formal phased retirement programs. Reforming these policies could promote phased retirement.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Highly paid workers"
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Williamson, Brian Cleveland, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Extending the workers' compensation act 1987 (N.S.W.) to include independent contractors and to allow more highly paid workers to insure fully their income, with particular reference to engineers." Deakin University, 1992. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050902.104134.
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In mid-1987, the existing workers compensation system in New South Wales was replaced by a new Scheme, called WorkCover. While WorkCover solved a number of the financial problems that had plagued its predecessor, its enactment created other issues. Furthermore, WorkCover has failed to deal with a number of gaps in providing compensation for occupational injuries, most notably those suffered by independent contractors. By combining a study of aspects of industrial law and industrial relations, this thesis will examine some of those problems and gaps, in particular:
(a) Should WorkCover be amended to enable independent contractors to come within its ambit?
(b) Should there be additional insurance cover available (known as top-up insurance) to insure those parts of workers wages presently left unprotected by WorkCover?
(c) Should workers be permitted to take out another form of top-up insurance to increase the quantum of death cover presently provided by the Scheme?
(d) Should independent contractors who arc permitted to enter WorkCover also be permitted to obtain the extended cover set out in (b) and (c) above?
Where appropriate, the thesis compares WorkCover to the workers compensation schemes in other Australian jurisdictions. It develops each of the matters referred to above by referring to the results of the writers survey of members of the Institution of Engineers (NSW Branch) which was conducted in May and June 1991.
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Bossaer, John B., and Sarah T. Melton. "Max Dose Opioids: How High Can You Go?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2333.
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Learning Objectives: Describe the rationale for the belief that opioids have no maximum dose Describe the data supporting the rationale that high doses of opioids increase toxicity Describe the data supporting the rationale that high doses of opioids do not improve outcomes Identify potential safety concerns with patients taking high doses of opioids
Books on the topic "Highly paid workers"
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Pollack, Robert L. The pain-free tryptophan diet. New York, NY: Warner Books, 1986.
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Shevchenko, Alesya. Numerical methods. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996207.
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The textbook describes the basics of numerical methods for solving problems of mathematical analysis, linear algebra and ordinary differential equations. Considerable attention is paid to the issues of algorithmization of methods. It can be used when performing laboratory, course, final qualification and research works. Each topic contains a theoretical justification and a large number of examples of solving practical problems using the Maple mathematical package.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students, postgraduates, university teachers, as well as for engineers and researchers who use numerical methods to solve applied problems.
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Serafimova, Vera. History of Russian literature of XX-XXI centuries. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1138897.
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The textbook consists of review and monographic chapters, presents a modern view of the literary process of the XX-beginning of the XXI century, examines the work of poets, prose writers, playwrights who caused an extraordinary rise in spirituality and culture of the period under consideration. The analysis of the top works of Nobel prize winners: I. Bunin, B. Pasternak, M. Sholokhov, A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Shalamov, I. Brodsky, writers-front — line poets and prose writers is given. Attention is paid to the work of writers of Russian emigration. The section "Modern prose" includes materials about philosophical and aesthetic searches in the works of such writers As V. Rasputin, L. Borodin, Yu. Polyakov, B. Ekimov, A. Bitov, V. Makanin, A. Kabakov, V. Tokareva, etc. It offers questions and tasks for independent work, topics of essays, term papers and theses, a list of bibliographic sources. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions.
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Ivanishchev, Viktor (Victor). Molecular biology. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/01857-6.
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The textbook presents the main range of issues in molecular biology — the most rapidly developing area of biological science. The logic of the presentation of the material includes sequential coverage of the structural organization and functions of DNA, RNA, proteins. Important attention is paid to the mechanisms of signal transmission in living systems, the problems of creating and using genetically engineered organisms. Each chapter ends with control questions and assignments for independent work. The textbook includes a set of laboratory and practical works that do not require specialized equipment and materials. The new edition has been supplemented and clarified, reflecting the current state of science. The content of the textbook corresponds to a number of competencies, the development of which is provided for by the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education in the preparation of bachelors in the fields of "Pedagogical Education" (profiles "Biology" and "Chemistry"), "Biology". Certain topics can be used in the preparation of masters in the fields of "Biology", "Chemistry", "Natural Science Education". The book is intended for students studying in natural sciences, and will also be useful for teachers of biology and chemistry of high school.
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Galinovskaya, Elena, Elena Boltanova, Gennadiy Volkov, Galina Vyphanova, I. Ignat'eva, N. Kichigin, E. Kovaleva, et al. Zones with special conditions of use of territories (problems of the establishment and implementation of the legal regime). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1080400.
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The peculiarities of the modern spatial development necessitated the development of organizational, managerial and legal measures to reduce the risks of neighbourhood objects that have a negative impact on humans and the environment, as well as to strengthen the protection of especially dangerous or sensitive objects.
Introduction to the Land code of the Russian Federation the concept of "zones with special conditions of use of territories" is one of the promising solutions to the above tasks and is aimed at ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, industrial safety, safety in operating all types of transport, defence and state security, environmental protection etc.
The Handbook describes the concept and the legal nature of the zones with special conditions of use of territories as a new category, which should become a full part of fur-
the mechanism of the land law regulation. Describes the evolution of national legislation on conservation and protection zones, the analysis of the regulation of similar zones in foreign legislation. Special attention is paid to General issues of the legal regime of these zones, the specifics of their establishment and accounting.
Researched legal requirements for the adherence of all types of zones with special conditions of use.
For practitioners and specialists in the field of state and municipal administration, scientific workers and lecturers of higher and secondary professional educational institutions, students, graduates, and also for a wide range of readers.
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Muyendeka, Patson. A study of factors contributing to high incidence of measles in children under 5 years in Lundazi District: Report on the fieldwork conducted among health workers and mothers of children under 5 in Lundazi District : presented to PAID-ESA in partial fulfil[l]ment of the requirements for the award of the higher diploma in district health management. Lusaka?: s.n., 1998.
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Muyendeka, Patson. A study of factors contributing to high incidence of measles in children under 5 years in Lundazi District: Report on the fieldwork conducted among health workers and mothers of children under 5 in Lundazi District, presented to PAID-ESA in partial fulfil[l]ment of the requirements for the award of the higher diploma in district health management. Lusaka?: s.n., 1998.
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Refslund, Bjarke, and Ines Wagner. Cutting to the Bone. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791843.003.0003.
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The chapter scrutinizes how German and Danish unions are navigating the increasingly integrated slaughterhouse industry, based on a case study of a large Danish multinational slaughterhouse company with operations in both Denmark and Germany. The German slaughterhouse industry is highly affected by increasing fragmentation of production and the widespread use of low-paid workers often posted from Eastern Europe, which the Danish multinational company utilizes to lower its production costs. The Danish slaughterhouse workers’ union was more successful in safeguarding workers’ wage and working conditions and preventing labour market segmentation, while their German peers faced much more precarious work. These differences are explained by the vast differences in the unions’ power resources in the two systems. Danish unions were in a much stronger position in terms of membership, where unionization remains a social custom, with stronger collective agreements and local representation compared with the German union.
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Prassl, Jeremias. Lost in the Crowd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797012.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the gig economy’s entrepreneurship narrative, juxtaposing platforms’ promises of autonomy, freedom, and self-determination with the sobering reality of algorithmic control. Life as a ‘micro-entrepreneur’, it turns out, is heavily conditioned by ever-watchful rating algorithms, which aggregate customer feedback and compliance with platform guidelines to exercise close control. Failure to comply can have drastic results. Moreover, depending on consumer demand, the promised flexibility of on-demand work can quickly turn into economic insecurity, as gig income is highly unpredictable from week to week. The promise of freedom similarly rings hollow for many—not least because of carefully constructed contractual agreements that ban some gig workers from taking platforms to court. Instead of enjoying the spoils of successful entrepreneurship, a significant proportion of on-demand workers find themselves trapped in precarious, low-paid work.
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Martin, Philip. Employers, Recruiters, and Workers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808022.003.0009.
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Low-skilled migrant workers often pay high fees to work abroad, which reduces the remittances they can send to their families and is regressive because low-skilled workers pay more than high-skilled workers. No one knows exactly how much workers pay, justifying more data on this in order to reduce worker-paid costs. Media exposés of workers who paid a year’s foreign earnings to get a two-year contract may leave the impression that all workers pay such high fees, although the data collected from workers in diverse corridors do not support such a conclusion. Since the number of low-skilled workers often exceeds the number of jobs, worker willingness to pay can be a way of allocating scarce jobs among workers, although government efforts to limit what workers pay can drive payments underground.
Book chapters on the topic "Highly paid workers"
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Lindtner, Silvia M. "Seeing Like a Peer." In Prototype Nation, 144–71. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691207674.003.0005.
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This chapter builds directly on the previous chapter and shows that entrepreneurial life required nurturing and maintenance. Specifically, it examines the exploitation of “happiness labor,” the work of emotionally supporting precarious entrepreneurial life. Although happiness workers are often highly educated, happiness labor itself is low paid. These overqualified people are drawn in by the implicit promise that one day the happiness worker will be one of the entrepreneurs. Happiness labor is performed primarily by women and racial minorities. The chapter then considers how the misogyny that is seemingly baked into tech bro culture in Silicon Valley was re-legitimized in China via the promise of peer production and openness.
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Williams, A. Paul, and Janet M. Lum. "Unpaid informal carers: The ‘shadow’ workforce in health care." In Support Workers and the Health Professions, 33–58. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352105.003.0003.
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Much of the international literature on health human resources focuses on highly trained, regulated and visible professionals with exclusionary social closure in neo-Weberian terms, such as doctors and nurses. However, researchers and policy makers are now paying more attention to the increasingly important role played by less well-trained, often unregulated, and less visible occupations such as personal support workers. Beyond these categories of paid workers exists another mostly uncharted health human resource: unpaid, little trained, largely unregulated and invisible informal carers. They include the family, friends and neighbours who provide the bulk of everyday care required to support the well being and independence of growing numbers of people facing multiple chronic health and social needs in community settings. Focusing on Canada, this chapter documents the characteristics and contributions of informal carers, and highlights the challenging realities of informal caregiving – both from the perspective of carers and policy makers considering how best to support and encourage unpaid, informal carers without driving up formal health system costs.
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Hillard, Michael G. "Memory, Enterprise Consciousness, and Historical Perspective among Maine’s Paper Workers." In Shredding Paper, 201–11. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501753152.003.0009.
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This chapter recounts how Maine's once-great mills lost jobs as the 1990s and 2000s wore on, and demonstrates how frequent layoffs hollowed out once-great institutions and ways of life. It mentions the historic Westbrook Mill, which contracted from over two thousand jobs to only several hundred in the early 2000s and the Great Northern Paper Company's employment at three mills, which shrank by two-thirds over the same period. It also talks about historic mills that hung on after 2000 as private equity companies swooped in and bought the mills using highly leveraged sources of credit. The chapter cites the well-established influx of paper imports from advanced mills subsidized by governments and the shrinking markets for publication papers as the digital reading became widespread. It elaborates how the loss of the well-paid source of rural employment sparked a progressive depopulation of rural towns in Maine.
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Penry, S. Elizabeth. "Rational Bourbons and Radical Comuneros." In The People Are King, 124–42. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195161601.003.0007.
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Many town-based civil practices helped bind comuneros to their town, most importantly mita duty and tribute payment, both organized by ayllu. Gathering for mita and paying tribute were highly ritualized events that frequently became contentious as comuneros challenged caciques. Libations were poured, feasts were shared, and masses were said to ask the saints to protect mita workers before they traveled to the Potosí silver mines. Tribute was paid twice a year, requiring the whole town to line up by ayllu so each adult male, and sometimes females, could come forward pay their tribute and share a cup of chicha. Other civil duties that helped bind comuneros to their towns included gathering for a padrón or census, the cabildo’s annual walking of the town borders (the mojones), carrying the royal mails, and annual elections for cabildo office. The cabildo had expanded to include alcaldes (officers) for each ayllu and annex.
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Young An, Mi. "The social investment approach and gender division of housework across East Asia and Europe." In Welfare Reform and Social Investment Policy, 167–88. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352730.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the issue of the gender division of housework, focusing on how formal childcare services and parental leave provisions are related to it. It comparatively studies the extent to which family policies are related to housework division in countries in East Asia and Europe. The chapter finds parental leave, which supports women as paid workers, is significant in Europe, but formal childcare services, which support women's deviant gender-roles, are significant when the examination is extended to East Asian countries. Gendered political power relations become significant only when Japan and Korea are added to the analysis. Neither gender-role ideology nor structural constraints, measured as gender wage gap, was an important macro-level factor. Ultimately, the chapter addresses how these results are related to the social investment approach to family and explains why the division of housework in East Asian countries remains highly gendered.
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Schultz, Robert A. "Offshoring as an Ethical Issue." In Contemporary Issues in Ethics and Information Technology, 89–106. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-779-9.ch007.
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Removal of jobs from one country to another to exploit lower paid workers tends to raise objections from those whose jobs are removed. However, historically, such jobs have tended to be low-wage, low-skill jobs, and the people holding them have typically not been able to mount effective resistance. Recently, highly skilled, highly paid IT jobs have begun to be exported from the United States, and although some of the questions raised are the same as for the earlier low-wage jobs, there are some different considerations. What are the relevant ethical considerations involved in exporting jobs to exploit lower wages? In certain circumstances, there seems to be nothing wrong with this practice. If, for example, the currency exchange rate makes work done in the U.S. cheaper than work done in France, but otherwise the standards of living of the workers in the two countries are comparable, it is hardto see an ethical issue here. This seems to be a form of arbitrage on labor prices. “Arbitrage” is defined as buying the currently relatively low-priced commodity and selling the currently relatively high-priced commodity in the expectation that the market will correct one or both prices. In liquid markets, it serves a scavenger function to even out price disparities. For example, New York-London gold arbitrage is a recognized function performed by some firms. They buy the cheaper gold and sell it into the more expensive market. The net effect is to reduce or eliminate price disparities. It is a sort of benign communication function in a market economy, helping to even out prices consistently throughout markets. Although offshoring has some of the features of arbitrage, it does not seem to have all the relevant features that make arbitrage a benign, healthy function of a market economy. The most important difference is that the “commodity” subject to arbitrage in offshoring is labor. In a true arbitrage situation, the commodity’s location does not change the nature of the commodity, and this is why price differences in gold are simply fluctuations due to market functioning. But it makes a big difference where labor is located. The whole point of offshoring jobs is precisely that we don’t want to move laborers from India or China to the United States, because then we would have to pay them prevailing U.S. wages. For offshoring to work, we must take advantage of a social context with prevailing lower wages. Offshoring is in fact a new ethical problem brought about by the availability-at-any-location feature of information technology. By the use of IT, we can take advantage of social contexts with prevailing lower wages when the relevant features of the job can be performed great distances away.
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Baines, Donna, and Ian Cunningham. "Understanding Austerity: Its Reach and Presence in the Changing Context of Work and Employment." In Working in the Context of Austerity, 3–26. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529208672.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter sketches out some of the major debates concerning austerity, neoliberalism, and work. Austerity is viewed as a set of interwoven policies aimed at reducing public debt and expenditure, increasing consumer taxes and purportedly stimulating economic wellbeing through corporate tax cuts and support for private business. Since the 1970s, austerity policies have been closely associated with neoliberalism, a set of policies and processes that valorize the private-market as the solution to all social and economic problems and seek to reduce or eliminate social entitlements and public provision. Evidence confirms that austerity has widened existing inequalities based on the intersecting social relations of class, gender, and race. Indeed, austerity has been characterized as a highly gendered and racialized phenomenon, with public sector retrenchment producing substantial job losses in relatively better paid and more secure female-majority, race-friendly public sector jobs, such as social care, healthcare, education, and general services. Resistance in the era of austerity can be found among all groups of workers, although the adaptability and ideological dominance of late neoliberalism frequently seems to circumvent or defuse the impacts of strategies undertaken to improve the lives and conditions of working people.
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Hayes, LJB. "Criminalizing Care Workers." In Criminality at Work, 267–90. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836995.003.0014.
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This chapter offers a critique of the ‘care worker offence’ in section 20 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015, which criminalizes ill-treatment or wilful neglect in circumstances of ‘paid work’ by care workers. It argues that this new offence has obscured the political and managerial choices that render care work badly paid and precarious. Judicial narratives are all too often framed around thick moralized judgements of vice and bad character, marginalizing alternative narratives that identify the terrible pressures that precarious workers experience in their working lives. These pressures are being generated by poor management, underinvestment in training, high staff turnover and high rates of sickness absence, and chronic starvation of public resources for social care. In this way, this chapter suggests that we might even regard the section 20 offence as a contemporary variant of 19th-century master and servant laws, using criminal laws to enforce labour discipline and to police the precarious.
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Groß, Marie-Luise. "Personal Knowledge Management and Social Media." In Social Media in Higher Education, 124–43. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2970-7.ch007.
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Today’s students are tomorrow’s knowledge workers. They will be paid to find innovative solutions to organizations’ most pressing problems. In times of decreasing training budgets and a dynamic job market, employees have to take over responsibility for their own personal development. Social Media and Social Software both on the WWW and organizations intranets offer a myriad of possibilities to employees and managers to be successful knowledge workers in increasingly virtual organizations and to ensure continuous learning. However, social media also puts new challenges on employees. Particularly young people, who – as the Generation Y’ers – are expected to possess extensive social media skills, need to know how they can use social media in a business context to ensure their personal development and be successful in their jobs. In this chapter, the Personal Knowledge Management model is used to discuss influential factors of successful knowledge work and personal development and to outline what students need to learn to be prepared for Enterprise 2.0.
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Damer, Seán. "Mosspark: Homes Fit for Heroes?" In Scheming, 10–29. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474440561.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the development of the élite Mosspark housing scheme in detail. It shows that rather than being for ordinary working-class people, its tenants were hand-picked white-collar and professional people, often Corporation employees. It mirrored the Protestant and Freemasonic Ethics which characterised the Glasgow bourgeoisie. There were NO unskilled manual workers at all in this scheme, and only a sprinkling of skilled manual workers. Only the best-paid, skilled workers could afford the high rents. In political terms Mosspark was solidly right-wing.
Conference papers on the topic "Highly paid workers"
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Baig, Hassam A., Daniel B. Dorman, Bethany L. Shivers, Arlene Breaux-Waltz, V. Carol Chancey, and Beth A. Winkelstein. "Characterization of the Frequency and Muscle Response in the Lumbar and Thoracic Spines During Sinusoidal Vertical Whole Body Vibration." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14055.
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Vibration exposure has been linked to chronic neck and lower back pain [1,2]. For example, American male workers operating vibrating vehicles, such as industrial trucks and tractors, have been reported to have a higher prevalence of low back pain than workers whose occupations do not involve vibration exposures [1]. Also, military helicopter aviators report increased pain during deployment compared to pre-deployment, with between 22–37% reporting neck and 39–70% reporting low back pain [2]. It has been suggested that the cyclic muscle response to whole body vibration (WBV) can lead to muscle fatigue, further contributing to the development of low back pain [3]. Although several studies have measured the transmissibility response of the human spine [4,5], studies defining the mechanical effects of whole body vibration in a seated human are limited [4,5] and none have investigated the relationship between the biomechanical and muscle activity responses during such whole body vibration exposures.
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Narkhov, Dmitry Yur`evich, Elena Nikolaevna Narkhova, and Yury Rudol'fovich Vishnevsky. "RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF THE COMMUNITY OF FACULTY MEMBERS IN THE MODERNIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8067.
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In work the theoretical bases and dynamics of processes of modernization of the Russian higher education are studied, conditions and specifics of its last cycle reveal (the end of XX – the beginning of the 21st centuries). The attention to global character, interaction with the international educational space is paid. The professional community of teachers (scientific and pedagogical workers) of the higher education (HE) acts as an object. Research objective – identification of a state, opportunities and conditions of realization of resource potential of teachers of higher education institutions for ensuring modernization of higher education. Studying of problems of resource ensuring modernization was carried out from positions of system, constructivist, resource, activity and structurally functional approaches. The empirical base was made by materials of the all-Russian sociological researches: questionnaire, expert interviews. The new scientific idea that the speed of modernization changes of system of the higher education depends on a state and conditions of updating of resource potential of community of teachers of higher education institutions is developed; their resource potential develops unevenly and depends on inclusiveness degree in an educational vertical and the status of higher education institution. Concepts of resources and resource potential of modernization of education are entered, their substantial characteristics are opened. Recommendations about optimization of this process are submitted.
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Gossett, Paull C., Deva D. Chan, Kent D. Butz, Eric A. Nauman, and Corey P. Neu. "Noninvasive Mapping of Strain Fields in a Human L4-L5 Intervertebral Disc Under Physiologically-Relevant Axial and Bending Loads." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14587.
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Back pain is a leading cause of lost productivity in the United States and is the most common reason for worker compensation claims [1]. Back pain often occurs in the lower (lumbar) spine due in part to the higher loads placed on it compared to the rest of the spine, including large moments during lifting activities [2]. The prevalence and debilitating nature of back pain drives the need to study the mechanical behavior of the spine under physiologically-relevant loading conditions, e.g. axial compression and anterior bending.
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Narkhov, Dmitry Yur`evch, Elena Nikolaevna Narkhova, and Polina Andreevna Khorova. "The New Function of the Student Leisure in Russian Education." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5266.
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The aim of this work is to study the dynamics of the impact that the students’ leisure activities have on the value system formation of modern students. The object of the empirical analysis is musical and theatrical art as a form of multi-dimensional socio-cultural influences. Noting their interdependence, the authors on a particular empirical material prove the change in the value of leisure in the modernization of higher education in Russia, and establishment of a new function - the formation of common cultural competences and worldview attitudes of the future professionals. Special attention is paid to the role and importance of leisure activities of students for the society, and necessity of researching them for the formation of cultural policy. We show the results of the monitoring studies by the authors identifying the ideas that modern students have about leisure preferences, and refute the myth about the lack of demand for works of world and national classics. An increase of students’ reflection degree on works which address social problems has been revealed in motivation for choosing a cultural work. Student society is increasingly becoming an acting subject in society, and this is reflected in sudents' leisure preferences.
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Toosi, Kevin K., and Michael L. Boninger. "Wrist Kinematics and Ultrasound Measures of the Median Nerve During Computer Keyboarding." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53296.
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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common, costly problem in the general population and particularly in manual workers [1–3], with as many as 3 million individuals experiencing its symptoms and signs, including pain, tingling, numbness, fatigue and weakness in the hands and fingers [4]. Treatment of CTS is estimated to cost over one billion dollars a year [5]. The most prevalent theory for the pathogenesis of CTS is compression of median nerve in the carpal tunnel [6]. Although this theory is widely accepted, the cause of the compression in the carpal tunnel is not fully understood. Epidemiological research has identified several occupational risk factors associated with the development of CTS in general industry including: force, repetition, awkward/static postures, localized mechanical compression, and vibration [7]. Several studies have found greater prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in workers with highly repetitive manual jobs [8]. Keyboarding is a highly repetitive daily task, and its association with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity has been a public health concern since the 1980s [1]. However, there are controversial results regarding the association between computer keyboarding and CTS which indicate that we have an insufficient understanding of an association between keyboarding and upper limb neuropathy. Using ultrasonographic techniques, our laboratory was able to explore acute changes in the median nerve following a one-hour keyboarding task [9].
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Abazi, Sead, and Bulent Suloodža. "QUALITY CONTROL OF SPRACONCRETE AND POSSIBLE PROBLEMS DURING SHOTCRETING." In GEO-EXPO 2020. DRUŠTVO ZA GEOTEHNIKU U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35123/geo-expo_2020_5.
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Shotcrete is a modern technology for protecting the excavations in solid rock masses and it is a process where the concrete mass is applied to the surface by means of high pressure. The installation of sprayed concrete requires special equipment, also a lot of attention and well-trained workers. For that purpose, quality controls are performed during each installation of the shotcrete. In order to ensure that the requirements are met, there is: small, normal and more extensive quality control. The frequency of the tests is determined depending on the concrete, the difficulties of installation, the type of the object, etc. Quality control is done before and after the installation of sprayed concrete. Thus, the test for the temperature of the concrete is done in every 100 m³, the thickness of the torque and the compressive strength are measured every 250 m³ of built-in sprayed concrete. However, the conditions prescribed by the project are not always met. Therefore, problems are possible when using this modern technology for protection of excavations. Such problems can occur in various stages, such as: during the preparation, during the installation and after the installation, as well as possible problems caused by the equipment and workers. To eliminate them or minimize them, attention should be paid to several key things, including the period of incorporation of the wet mixture. If the shotcreting is not completed within 2 hours, the hydration process begins, which complicates the work.
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Fujita, Kikuo, Masanori Kuriyama, and Takashi Suyama. "A Perspective of Hierarchical Layout Design Optimization for Highly Packaged Equipments." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35189.
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This paper discusses a perspective of hierarchical layout design optimization for highly packaged equipments and demonstrates an implementation of an optimization algorithm with a simplified case study. First, the Pareto optimality of subsystem-level shape design against the optimality of system-level shape design is extracted through two-level hierarchical formulation of layout design problems. Then, a computational design algorithm is developed for a class of two-dimensional layout design problems of rectangles, some of which are the results of similar problems defined in its sub-levels. The algorithm represents the layout topology with sequence-pair and the shape of each module or component with the aspect ratio, and optimizes them with genetic algorithms. The Pareto optimality of sub-levels is handled with the functionality of multi-objective optimization of genetic algorithms, in which a set of Pareto are simultaneously generated. Top-level and sub-level layout problems are coordinated through exchange of preferable ranges of shapes and layout. A case study is explored under the developed algorithm. The promises and limitations of the proposed framework is briefly discussed for defining the future works.
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Fujimoto, Takaya, Kenji Yamashita, Satoshi Nishida, Daiji Noda, and Tadashi Hattori. "Fabrication of High Performance Light Guide Plate and New Design for High Luminance." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40326.
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Recently, LED (Light Emitting Diode) is paid to attention as a new source of light. However, it doesn’t turn to shine on a wide area efficiently because LED is a point light. Then, the method of the light guide plate technology used for the liquid crystal display etc, and use as the LED lighting is examined. A minute reflection dots exists bottom of the light guide plate, system is such that light comes out from the surface because the light that hits the dots break a total reflection condition. In our laboratory, the function of the diffusion seat and the condensing prism seat that is complete parts of the lighting panel was involved by optimizing shape and the arrangement of the dots, and it works on the research of the light guide plate where uniform luminescence is enabled. In the process of study, it has been understood that luminance increases by increasing the number of dots, too. Therefore, an accumulating method of piling up two or more light guide plates was proposed as a method of achieving high luminance for highly effective lighting usage, and the device was analyzed with an optical simulator. As a result of optimization, the average luminance has improved by 15%. We are starting to fabricate this high luminance light guide plate by accumulating method. If this piled light guide plate is completed and luminance is improved in accordance with the simulation, it will be possible to convert it to a higher luminance light guide plate.
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Hu, Yang, Zitong Liu, Feng Xu, Jiayi Liu, Wenjun Xu, and Hao Feng. "Human Motion Position Prediction for Human-Robot Collaboration in Manufacturing Considering Point Cloud Completion Of Human Joint." In ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2021-64407.
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Abstract The research of human-robot collaboration for intelligent manufacturing is being paid gradually increasing attention due to high flexibility and high manufacturing efficiency. Comparing with the traditional manufacturing with low flexibility, human-robot collaboration in manufacturing system provides more personalized and flexible way to cover the shortages of traditional manufacturing mode. In human-robot collaboration system, human motion position prediction in the collaborative space is an essential prerequisite for ensuring the safety of workers. In this paper, 3D sensor Kinect is utilized to directly obtain human joint information. A partial circle delimitation method is used to solve the offset phenomenon of human joint obtained by Kinect, so as to achieve accurate estimation of human joint points. On this basis, an algorithm combing multilayer perceptron and long short-term memory network is explored to predict human motion position accurately. It not only helps to avoid complex feature extraction due to its end-to-end characteristic, but also provide natural interaction manner between human and robot without wearable devices or tags that may become a burden for the former. After that, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method makes predicting results accurate, and provides the reliable basis for human position prediction in the human-robot collaboration. This research could be applied to the human motion position prediction in human-robot collaboration process.
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Rajevska, Olga, Agnese Reine, and Diana Baltmane. "Employment in the age group 50+ in the Baltic states and its changes in response to COVID-19." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.061.
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The objective of the study is to examine the patterns of the employment of older people in Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania over the recent decade and the changes brought about by the first wave coronavirus pandemic in spring 2020. The study is based on the Eurostat statistical data as well as the microdata from the recent wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (SHARE). Particular attention is paid to the data collected in SHARE Wave 8 COVID-19 Survey conducted in June-August 2020 in 26 European countries and Israel via computer-assisted telephone interviews. Questions examined how people aged 50 years and older coped with socioeconomic and health-related impact of COVID-19. During the last decade, participation of older age groups in labour market is gradually growing with the increase of the statutory retirement age and life expectancy. Employment rates in the pre-retirement and post-retirement age groups are comparatively high in Latvia and other Baltic States as contrasted to the EU averages, especially among women. Despite of relatively worse health status, people in the Baltic countries also demonstrate the highest share of respondents with willingness to work even upon reaching pension age. In 2020, the COVID-19 had relatively mild impact on it. The branches with traditionally high share of workers aged 50+ (education, healthcare, agriculture, administrative services) were least affected by lockdown measures.
Reports on the topic "Highly paid workers"
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Rojas Scheffer, Raquel. http://mecila.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/WP-27-Rojas-Scheffer_Online.pdf. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/rojasscheffer.2020.27.
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Households that hire domestic workers are a space of compulsive encounters where people of different origins and social class meet, experiencing physical proximity that makes the social distance that prevails between them even more noticeable. Drawing on current research and scholarship on paid domestic work in Latin America, this paper explores the different ways of analysing the encounters of women from highly unequal social positions in the narrowness of the private household, arguing that the combination of physical proximity and affective ties fosters the (re)production of social inequalities and asymmetries of power. But while it is within the convivial relations of these households that inequality becomes evident, it is also there where it can be negotiated, fought, or mitigated. Households that hire domestic workers are thus a privileged site for observing negotiations and disputes concerning social inequalities, and hence, a critical context to study the reciprocal constitution of conviviality and inequality.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.
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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.