Journal articles on the topic 'Highest price paid rule'
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1
Lind, Hans, and Bo Nordlund. "The concept of market value in thin markets and its implications for international accounting rules (IFRS)." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 37, no. 3 (April 10, 2019): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-02-2019-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the concepts market value (MV) and exit price should be interpreted in thin markets and how accounting rules may need to change to take this into account. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper using hypothetical examples as a base for the conclusions. Findings In a thin market, actors can have rather different reservation prices. The price will then be set through bargaining and the agreed price could be considerable above the reservation price of the actor with the second highest reservation price. The exit price should then be below what the MV was before the transaction and below the entry price, and according to the current accounting rules, the value in the balance sheet should then be below the price paid. The authors’ experience is, however, that this rarely happens in practice. Research limitations/implications The limitation of the paper is that it is a conceptual paper and not based a systematic empirical study of accounting practices. Practical implications The results of the paper indicate that there is a need to revise the current accounting rules. Possible changes are discussed. Originality/value As far as the authors know, this is the first paper that looks at problems in the current value concepts related to differences in reservation prices in thin markets.
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Amoretti, Guido. "COVID-19 and Third Age: psychological relapses of “new behaviours”." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2020-0017.
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Abstract The pandemic has forced many countries to introduce restrictions on individual freedom and to support the adoption of hygienically responsible behaviour in order to contain the spread of the infection. The elderly, one of the most fragile sections of the population, have paid and are paying the highest price in terms of contagion and deaths. In Italy, for example, the average age of patients who have died and are positive for SARS-CoV- 2 is 80 years (median 82, range 0–109, InterQuartile Range - IQR 74–88). The median age of SARSCoV- 2 positive deceased patients is over 30 years higher than that of infected patients (median age: deceased patients 82 years - infected patients 48 years) [data from Istituto Superiore di Sanita updated 18/11/2020]. It is clear that preventive measures are essential to preserve the elderly from the risk of contracting COVID- 19. The psychological impact on the elderly and their relatives of the introduction of “new behaviours” and health safety rules that greatly limit social relationships will be discussed. The medium and long term effects of the various forms of isolation that affect both those living in the family and those who are guests of dedicated facilities concern both emotional and cognitive aspects. The risk is that at the end of the pandemic emergency a large number of elderly people will face increasing levels of non-self-sufficiency and the need for medical and health interventions, which were not necessary in the pre-pandemic phase.
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Hendricks, Kenneth, and Thomas Wiseman. "How to sell in a sequential auction market." Theoretical Economics 17, no. 4 (2022): 1451–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te4768.
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We characterize an optimal mechanism for a seller with one unit of a good facing N ≥ 3 buyers and a single competitor who sells another identical unit in a second‐price auction. Buyers who do not get the seller's good compete in the competitor's subsequent auction. The mechanism features transfers from buyers with the two highest valuations, allocation to the buyer with the second‐highest valuation, and an allocation rule that depends on the two highest valuations. It can be implemented by a modified third‐price auction, and it raises significantly more revenue than would a standard second‐ or first‐price auction with a reserve price.
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Xu*, Kun, Xiufeng Wang, and Fang Wang. "Studies on the Nitrogen Absorption Rule." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 796E—797. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.796e.
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The rate of fertilizer-N utilization by ginger was quite different in different applying stages. The results indicated that the rate of fertilizer-N utilization increased with the delay of application. The highest utilization rate was the fertilizer dressed at middle period of vigorous growth, which was 45.24%; while the basal manure utilization rate was only 27.67%. It was also shown that the nitrogen uptake from basal manure was distributed in highest level in main shoots and leaves, the nitrogen derived from fertilizer dressed at middle period of vigorous growth was mostly distributed into rhizomes, and nitrogen absorbed from fertilizer dressed at early period of vigorous growth was distributed evenly into all organs. The reclamation rate from fertilizer dressed at middle period of growth was the highest and lowest reclamation rate was the basal manure. The content of fertilizer-N and soil-N in ginger plant was determined, it was shown 56.57% plant-N was derived from soil-N, the remaining 43.43% was from fertilizer-N. The nitrogen from soil played a very important role in ginger production, therefore the problem of how to maintain high soil fertilizer must be paid more attention.
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Gul, Zeynep G., Danielle R. Sharbaugh, Cailey J. Guercio, Daniel L. Pelzman, Cameron A. Jones, Emily C. Hacker, Vivian I. Anyaeche, et al. "Large Variations in the Prices of Urologic Procedures at Academic Medical Centers 1 Year After Implementation of the Price Transparency Final Rule." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): e2249581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49581.
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ImportancePatients with urologic diseases often experience financial toxicity, defined as high levels of financial burden and concern, after receiving care. The Price Transparency Final Rule, which requires hospitals to disclose both the commercial and cash prices for at least 300 services, was implemented to facilitate price shopping, decrease price dispersion, and lower health care costs.ObjectiveTo evaluate compliance with the Price Transparency Final Rule and to quantify variations in the price of urologic procedures among academic hospitals and by insurance class.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a cross-sectional study that determined the prices of 5 common urologic procedures among academic medical centers and by insurance class. Prices were obtained from the Turquoise Health Database on March 24, 2022. Academic hospitals were identified from the Association of American Medical Colleges website. The 5 most common urologic procedures were cystourethroscopy, prostate biopsy, laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate, and ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy. Using the corresponding Current Procedural Terminology codes, the Turquoise Health Database was queried to identify the cash price, Medicare price, Medicaid price, and commercial insurance price for these procedures.ExposuresThe Price Transparency Final Rule, which went into effect January 1, 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresVariability in procedure price among academic medical centers and by insurance class (Medicare, Medicaid, commercial, and cash price).ResultsOf 153 hospitals, only 20 (13%) listed a commercial price for all 5 procedures. The commercial price was reported most often for cystourethroscopy (86 hospitals [56%]) and least often for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (45 hospitals [29%]). The cash price was lower than the Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial price at 24 hospitals (16%). Prices varied substantially across hospitals for all 5 procedures. There were significant variations in the prices of cystoscopy (χ23 = 85.9; P = .001), prostate biopsy (χ23 = 64.6; P = .001), prostatectomy (χ23 = 24.4; P = .001), transurethral resection of the prostate (χ23 = 51.3; P = .001), and ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy (χ23 = 63.0; P = .001) by insurance type.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that, more than 1 year after the implementation of the Price Transparency Final Rule, there are still large variations in the prices of urologic procedures among academic hospitals and by insurance class. Currently, in certain situations, health care costs could be reduced if patients paid out of pocket. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services may improve price transparency by better enforcing penalties for noncompliance, increasing penalties, and ensuring that hospitals report prices in a way that is easy for patients to access and understand.
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Sas, S. "The influence of indicative cost on the formation of financial potential of higher education institutions in Ukraine." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 70, no. 3 (2021): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.03.102.
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The introduction of innovations in the financial management of higher education institutions (hereinafter – HEIs) is taking place along with other changes in the educational and scientific field and is an important issue today. One of the innovations is the Procedure for the formation of minimum tuition fee for higher education on the basis of indicative ownership, which extends to 38 most popular specialties. The influence of state regulation of the minimum level of the cost of paid educational services for specialists training in some popular specialties on the formation of the financial potential of HEIs is investigated in this paper. The amount of tuition fees for students and indicators of the admission campaign in 2020/2021 academic year of some state HEIs in Lviv region is analyzed. Comparing them with the data of previous academic year, we can see that in HEIs where the cost significantly increase due to the indicative cost use, the number of entrants to the paid form of education are reducing. For comprehensive vision, considerable attention is paid to the national demographic and political situation, as well as to the approaches to higher education funding. The level of actual budget expenditures for the preparation of one applicant for higher education in different state HEIs is analyzed. It is revealed that entrant's demand directly depends on the cost of education. And the financial potential of HEIs which is formed, in particular, through paid educational services depends on the number of enrolled students who will study at the expense of individuals and legal entities. We believe that while forming the price offer and establishing the final cost of training specialists in all specialties in HEIs, in addition to considering all costs of providing services, it is necessary to take into account the situation on the market of educational services and analyze supply and demand for each specialty. It is concluded that the continued application of regulation rules of a reasonable price for education will contribute to the development of competitive educational environment, increase the responsibility of participants in the educational process, and will contribute to financial stability of HEIs.
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Wulandari, Sari, and Muhammad Dani Habra. "Analisis Perkembangan Indeks Harga Konsumen di Kota Medan." Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING) 3, no. 2 (May 9, 2020): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/costing.v3i2.1162.
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The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is one of the important economic indicators that can provide information about the development of prices of goods and services (commodities) paid by consumers or the public especially the city community. This study aims to analyze the Development of the Consumer Price Index in Medan City. The benefits of this research are a description of the fluctuations in commodity prices for basic needs of the community at the level of consumers or retail traders. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The subject in this study is the Central Statistics Agency and the object in this study is the Consumer Price Index through seven groups of household expenditure in 2018-2019. The results showed that the development of price indices in Medan City tends to fluctuate from seven types of household expenditure groups. During the January-December 2019 period the highest inflation of the seven types of expenditure was foodstuffs.
Keywords: Consumer Price Index, Inflation Rate
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Yam, S. C. P., S. P. Yung, and W. Zhou. "Two Rationales Behind the ‘Buy-And-Hold or Sell-At-Once’ Strategy." Journal of Applied Probability 46, no. 3 (September 2009): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1253279844.
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The trading strategy of ‘buy-and-hold for superior stock and sell-at-once for inferior stock’, as suggested by conventional wisdom, has long been prevalent in Wall Street. In this paper, two rationales are provided to support this trading strategy from a purely mathematical standpoint. Adopting the standard binomial tree model (or CRR model for short, as first introduced in Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979)) to model the stock price dynamics, we look for the optimal stock selling rule(s) so as to maximize (i) the chance that an investor can sell a stock precisely at its ultimate highest price over a fixed investment horizon [0,T]; and (ii) the expected ratio of the selling price of a stock to its ultimate highest price over [0,T]. We show that both problems have exactly the same optimal solution which can literally be interpreted as ‘buy-and-hold or sell-at-once’ depending on the value of p (the going-up probability of the stock price at each step): when p›½, selling the stock at the last time step N is the optimal selling strategy; when p=½, a selling time is optimal if the stock is sold either at the last time step or at the time step when the stock price reaches its running maximum price; and when p‹½, time 0, i.e. selling the stock at once, is the unique optimal selling time.
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Yam, S. C. P., S. P. Yung, and W. Zhou. "Two Rationales Behind the ‘Buy-And-Hold or Sell-At-Once’ Strategy." Journal of Applied Probability 46, no. 03 (September 2009): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200005805.
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The trading strategy of ‘buy-and-hold for superior stock and sell-at-once for inferior stock’, as suggested by conventional wisdom, has long been prevalent in Wall Street. In this paper, two rationales are provided to support this trading strategy from a purely mathematical standpoint. Adopting the standard binomial tree model (or CRR model for short, as first introduced in Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979)) to model the stock price dynamics, we look for the optimal stock selling rule(s) so as to maximize (i) the chance that an investor can sell a stock precisely at its ultimate highest price over a fixed investment horizon [0,T]; and (ii) the expected ratio of the selling price of a stock to its ultimate highest price over [0,T]. We show that both problems have exactly the same optimal solution which can literally be interpreted as ‘buy-and-hold or sell-at-once’ depending on the value of p (the going-up probability of the stock price at each step): when p›½, selling the stock at the last time step N is the optimal selling strategy; when p=½, a selling time is optimal if the stock is sold either at the last time step or at the time step when the stock price reaches its running maximum price; and when p‹½, time 0, i.e. selling the stock at once, is the unique optimal selling time.
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R. Robbins, Thomas, and James E. Zemanek, Jr. "UFC pay-per-view buys and the value of the celebrity fighter." Innovative Marketing 13, no. 4 (December 21, 2017): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.13(4).2017.04.
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In 2016, the Ultimate Fighting Championship was sold for a reported price of $4 billion, the highest price ever paid for a sports franchise. This was a remarkable turn-around for a promotion that 15 years earlier was saved from bankruptcy by a $2 million buyout. This turnaround was driven by the UFC’s ability to mainstream the promotion and the sport while establishing reliable revenue streams through television contracts and massive pay-per-view events. In this paper, the authors review the pay-per-view record of the UFC and analyze the extent to which it is driven by high profile celebrity fighters with broad crossover appeal. Using statistical analysis, the authors identify the top crossover celebrities and assess the economic value they generate for the UFC. They compare this to the impact generated from the promotion’s highest ranked pound-for-pound fighter and find that celebrity has far more economic value than fighting skill.
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Coiera, Enrico. "The Price of Artificial Intelligence." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 28, no. 01 (April 25, 2019): 014–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677892.
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Introduction: Whilst general artificial intelligence (AI) is yet to appear, today’s narrow AI is already good enough to transform much of healthcare over the next two decades. Objective: There is much discussion of the potential benefits of AI in healthcare and this paper reviews the cost that may need to be paid for these benefits, including changes in the way healthcare is practiced, patients are engaged, medical records are created, and work is reimbursed. Results: Whilst AI will be applied to classic pattern recognition tasks like diagnosis or treatment recommendation, it is likely to be as disruptive to clinical work as it is to care delivery. Digital scribe systems that use AI to automatically create electronic health records promise great efficiency for clinicians but may lead to potentially very different types of clinical records and workflows. In disciplines like radiology, AI is likely to see image interpretation become an automated process with diminishing human engagement. Primary care is also being disrupted by AI-enabled services that automate triage, along with services such as telemedical consultations. This altered future may necessarily see an economic change where clinicians are increasingly reimbursed for value, and AI is reimbursed at a much lower cost for volume. Conclusion: AI is likely to be associated with some of the biggest changes we will see in healthcare in our lifetime. To fully engage with this change brings promise of the greatest reward. To not engage is to pay the highest price.
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Hejkrlík, J., J. Mazancová, and K. Forejtová. "How effective is Fair Trade as a tool for the stabilization of agricultural commodity markets? Case of coffee in the Czech Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 1 (February 19, 2013): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/41/2012-agricecon.
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Fair Trade is one of the leading systems of the Corporate Social Responsibility and a price stabilization mechanism for producers in developing countries. It is being practiced by more and more Czech importers and manufactures of the tropical agricultural commodities. Coffee represents the highest market share. However, a higher final retail price functions as a strong inhibitor of the dynamic market growth. The article uses the linear static model applied to various consumer-perceived factors influencing the retail price of the conventional, organic and Fair Trade coffee available in the Czech Republic. The quantitative research is supported by the questionnaire for the analysis of the attitude of regular Fair Trade buyers towards the perceived quality and price expectations of the Fair Trade coffee. Even after the stratification of the coffee market into low and high market products and brands, the Fair Trade quality shows a very strong influence on the final retail price. The efficiency of Fair Trade expressed in terms of the ratio of the price premium paid by the consumer and the price premium received by the producer is in the current stage of the Fair Trade market questionable.
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Menguy, Séverine. "ADVANTAGES OF FOLLOWING A GOLDEN RULE IN A MONETARY UNION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, no. 2 (October 13, 2015): 279–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515000462.
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The European sovereign debt crisis has revived the debate about appropriate fiscal rules in the European Economic and Monetary Union. Whereas the Stability and Growth Pact and the Fiscal Compact make no distinction between public consumption and investment expenditure, the aim of the current paper is to analyze the implications of the adoption of the Golden rule in a monetary union, distinguishing between the two types of public expenditure. With the help of a macroeconomic model, we show that introducing a Golden rule and smoothing public investment expenditure would be welfare-improving, and mostly for countries where taxation rates and the productivity of public investment are highest, and for the most closed countries. It would also be the most beneficial for countries where the monetary transmission parameter, the propensity to consume, and the price elasticity of supply are weakest, whereas supply-side distortions are the strongest.
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Sahroni, Sahroni, Munajat Munajat, and Yunita Sari. "Evaluation of Subsidized Fertilizer Distribution to Corn Farmers in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency." AJARCDE (Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment) 6, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v6i2.100.
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This study reviewed the Evaluation of Subsidized Fertilizer Distribution in Corn Farmers in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province. This research aims to analyze the distribution of subsidized fertilizer from producers to farmers of corn crops whether it is following the applicable rules, and to analyze the constraints in the distribution of subsidized fertilizer to corn crop farmers in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province. The research method used is the survey method. The respondents of the study were corn farmers in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency as many as 105 people. Data analysis uses quantitative descriptive analysis techniques with the help of Likers Approximation by using scores on each question item in the questionnaire by making the highest answer to the highest answer "1" precise and lowest score "0", Not Exactly. The data that has been indicated is then determined by the overall questionnaire percentage by grouping the data by the type of statement. Furthermore, the results obtained are interpreted using the percentage category based on the criteria for assessing the accuracy of subsidized fertilizer distribution, and using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis with the help of the Problem List Table is to use an alternative answer on each question item in the questionnaire by making an alternative "Yes" answer and an authentic "No" answer. The data that has been indicated is then determined by the overall questionnaire percentage by grouping the data by the type of statement. Furthermore, the results are interpreted using the percentage category based on the criteria for assessing the constraints of subsidized fertilizer distribution. The results of this study found that the implementation of subsidized fertilizer distribution at the research site, namely Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, especially in Lengkiti District, East Baturaja District, and Sosoh Buay Rayap District has been carried out following the implementation instructions that have been set. But there are still problems that occur such as the Highest Retail Price (HIDR) and the use of Farmer Cards that have not been implemented in the field. Fertilizer subsidy policies are measured in six precise indicators, type, quantity, price, place, time, and quality. Based on the six indicators, 2 indicators of place and quality are categorized very precisely / according to the rule, while for 2 indicators of the type and the quantity can be categorized appropriately / quite according to the rule. Timely indicators can be categorized as inappropriate / not following the rules, while the price indicators for fertilizer subsidy policies can be categorized as inappropriate/very not following the rules due to the problem of price gaps in subsidized fertilizers in farmers, Line III (distributors) sell subsidized fertilizers above the Highest Retail Price (HRP) to Line IV (official kiosks) because there are additional transportation and loading and unloading costs and purchases with a pay system after harvest. Thus causing retailers to also sell subsidized fertilizer to farmers above the Highest Retail Price (HRP).
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Kumar, A., P. Patidar, A. Kuril, P. R. Pandey, R. K. Narvariya, and D. P. Rai. "“Price Spread of Marketing Channels of Tomato Crops in Chitrakoot District of Uttar Pradesh”." JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE, BIOLOGY AND APPLIED STATISTICS 1, no. 2 (2022): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jabas.2022.v01i02.01.
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Tomatoes are used in many dishes including soup, salad, pickles, ketchup, puree, and sauces. It doesn’t matter how much yield you get if the farmer doesn’t get paid for it! As a result, marketing plays a vital role in increasing the farmer’s yield. Profitable production requires high quality vegetables to meet market demands. An agricultural grower’s choice of vegetable depends on the market’s demand and preferences. A lack of contact with the market channel sometimes prevents vegetable growers from receiving a fair price for their hard-earned produce. Marketing cost and margin analysis benefits both the seller and the buyer. The research used both primary and secondary data sources. An agricultural survey schedule was used to interview farmers to collect data on their income, employment, and farm activities for the 2018-19 agricultural years. Each of the five blocks in Chitrakoot district has its own distinct personality and culture. Ten farmers were chosen at random from each list A sample of 40 tomato growers from the 2018-19 production year were interviewed for the study. Channel III (P-W-R-C) received the most Tomatoes, accounting for 45.5% of the total disposed. During the marketing of Tomato, the producer, wholesaler, village trader, and retailer each incurred Rs.45/- per quintal marketing cost. This worked out to Rs. 612/- per quintal in Channel II, and Rs. 403/- per quintal in Channel III and IV. It was 270/- per quintal for wholesalers and 217/- for village traders in channel III. Consumption was Rs.1142/- per quintal in Channels I, II, III, and IV. Tomato price spread in channel-I was 96.09 percent, while marketing cost was 3.94 percent. Producer and Retailer paid 9.79% of marketing costs in channel II. Consumers paid Rs. 1410/qt., with producers taking 46.81 per cent of the profit. Producer, Wholesaler, and retailer marketing costs in channel III were 10.41%. Consumers paid Rs. 1473/qt in channel-III, with producers owning 43.11 per cent of the product. Producers, Village traders, and retailers spent 10.41% on marketing in channel IV. 1643/qt, with a 39.52 percent producer share. Channel II had the highest market margin at 43.40 %. In the Chitrakoot district, channel I was found to be more profitable than channels II, III,
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Mantara, Marselia Yolanda. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PEMENANG LELANG ATAS GUGATAN PEMBATALAN LELANG OLEH DEBITOR ATAU PEMILIK JAMINAN." Jurnal MINUTA 1, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jmta.v1i1.1837.
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The granting of a credit by a bank is usually followed by collateral that’s given by the debtor. The debtor does not only borrow funds from the bank but also gives collateral of equal or greater value to the bank.The function of collateral is to assure the creditor that that the debtor’s debt can be paid off. In practice, when a credit loan becomes bogged down, the bank can execute collateral given by the debtor through a process where the debtor must be declared unable to pay his debt to the creditor.One solution to this problem is via auctioning. An auction is a public sale of goods preceded by an Auction Announcement where the price is offered verbally or in writing. Its price will increase or decrease until the highest bid is found.
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Berns, Gregory S., Emily Bell, C. Monica Capra, Michael J. Prietula, Sara Moore, Brittany Anderson, Jeremy Ginges, and Scott Atran. "The price of your soul: neural evidence for the non-utilitarian representation of sacred values." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1589 (March 5, 2012): 754–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0262.
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Sacred values, such as those associated with religious or ethnic identity, underlie many important individual and group decisions in life, and individuals typically resist attempts to trade off their sacred values in exchange for material benefits. Deontological theory suggests that sacred values are processed based on rights and wrongs irrespective of outcomes, while utilitarian theory suggests that they are processed based on costs and benefits of potential outcomes, but which mode of processing an individual naturally uses is unknown. The study of decisions over sacred values is difficult because outcomes cannot typically be realized in a laboratory, and hence little is known about the neural representation and processing of sacred values. We used an experimental paradigm that used integrity as a proxy for sacredness and which paid real money to induce individuals to sell their personal values. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found that values that people refused to sell (sacred values) were associated with increased activity in the left temporoparietal junction and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, regions previously associated with semantic rule retrieval. This suggests that sacred values affect behaviour through the retrieval and processing of deontic rules and not through a utilitarian evaluation of costs and benefits.
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Talha Bilal, Muhammad, Hafiz Muhammad Tayyab, Muhammad Arshad Ullah, and Mr Arshad Mahmood. "ISLAM PROHIBITS INTEREST (REVIEW PAPER)." EPH - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1, no. 2 (February 10, 2016): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v1i2.10.
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Interest is the price paid for the use of money or credit. Islam religion teachings are very close to nature. Islam prohibits interest rate and promotes Qarz-e-hasna (Give money to the needy people without interest). Interest disturbs the economics of the society. Higher interest rates increase the cost of consumption and less saving. It also damages the confidence between the consumers and producers. Interest rates increase the unemployment in the world. Pakistan budget always showed deficit due to the payment of loans attained with the highest interest rates. The goods purchase by the loans with interest rates increased the cost of production and ultimately failed the economics.
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Bogg, Alan L., and John Stanton-lfe. "Protecting the vulnerable: legality, harm and theft." Legal Studies 23, no. 3 (September 2003): 402–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2003.tb00221.x.
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The law of theft, as understood in Gomez and Hinks, has been the occasion of almost unanimous academic condemnation and of robust dissenting opinions in the House of Lords. While much of the critical discussion is sophisticated and challenging, it is important that the baby is not to be expelled with the bathwater. We suggest that one argument in favour of the current position is that it offers distinct protection to some of the more vulnerable members of society. This advantage ought nevertheless to be sacrificed if it can be purchased only at the cost of violating the rule of law and the harm principle. But our examination of these ideas reveals that the price need not be paid. The rule of law contains not one idea, but a plurality of ideas, many of which support the current position. As for the harm principle, it is notable that Hinks does not castigate harmless behaviour; rather it attacks the wrong of exploitation. This raises many difficult issues, but we argue that unless such exploitative behaviour is explicitly addressed in Legislation, reforming the current ‘broad’ understanding of the law in favour of a ‘reductive’ account assimilating theft to non-voluntary transfers would be a retrograde step. In principle the new concern for protecting the vulnerable from exploitation is welcome.
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Chernega, Vladimir. "French elites and the rule of Emmanuel Macron: Change within continuity?" Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 3 (2021): 164–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.03.07.
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The article examines Emmanuel Macron’s attempts to respond to the request of the French society to reduce the distance between the country’s elites and the rest of the population, to make them more open and transparent, which included the purpose to fight corruption. In this regard, the authоr analyzes the particularities of the French elites in the previous era, the accumulation of problems giving rise to anti-elites sentiments among the French. Special attention is paid to the meritocratic system of social advancement, based on the criteria of the highest competency, as the main mechanisme of the reproduction of the elite stratum and preservation of its caste character. Emmanuel Macron, before his election to the presidency in May 2017, assured that he did not belong to the «caste» and promissed to take measures to reduce social inequality and renew elites. The article considers a certain reformatting of the party-political elite stratum after the victory of his «Republic on the Move!» party in the 2017 parliamentary elections, as well as steps aimed at improving school and university education in order to increase the effectiveness of «social lifts». At the same time, it is noted that a number of elements of the meritocratic system were preserved and even strengthened. The results of most of the reforms undertaken by the president have been half-hearted. Meanwhile, social unrest in the country, the movement of the «yellow vests» confirmed the growth of the anti-elites sentiments and the urgency to combat social discrimination. The coronavirus pandemic temporarily changed the priorities of the population, however sooner of later, these problems will get top on the agenda again.
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Korving, H., and F. Clemens. "Bayesian decision analysis as a tool for defining monitoring needs in the field of effects of CSOs on receiving waters." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (February 1, 2002): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0077.
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In recent years, decision analysis has become an important technique in many disciplines. It provides a methodology for rational decision-making allowing for uncertainties in the outcome of several possible actions to be undertaken. An example in urban drainage is the situation in which an engineer has to decide upon a major reconstruction of a system in order to prevent pollution of receiving waters due to CSOs. This paper describes the possibilities of Bayesian decision-making in urban drainage. In particular, the utility of monitoring prior to deciding on the reconstruction of a sewer system to reduce CSO emissions is studied. Our concern is with deciding whether a price should be paid for new information and which source of information is the best choice given the expected uncertainties in the outcome. The influence of specific uncertainties (sewer system data and model parameters) on the probability of CSO volumes is shown to be significant. Using Bayes' rule, to combine prior impressions with new observations, reduces the risks linked with the planning of sewer system reconstructions.
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SCHNEIDER, IAN, and CASS R. SUNSTEIN. "Behavioral considerations for effective time-varying electricity prices." Behavioural Public Policy 1, no. 2 (October 6, 2017): 219–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2017.2.
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AbstractWholesale prices for electricity vary significantly due to high fluctuations and low elasticity of short-run demand. End-use customers have typically paid flat retail rates for their electricity consumption, and time-varying prices (TVPs) have been proposed to help reduce peak consumption and lower the overall cost of servicing demand. Unfortunately, the general practice is an opt-in system: a default rule in favor of TVPs would be far better. A behaviorally informed analysis also shows that when transaction costs and decision biases are taken into account, the most cost-reflective policies are not necessarily the most efficient. On reasonable assumptions, real-time prices can result in less peak conservation of manually controlled devices than time-of-use or critical-peak prices. For that reason, the trade-offs between engaging automated and manually controlled loads must be carefully considered in time-varying rate design. The rate type and accompanying program details should be designed with the behavioral biases of consumers in mind, while minimizing price distortions for automated devices.
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Bissinger, Katharina, and Daniel Leufkens. "Ethical food labels in consumer preferences." British Food Journal 119, no. 8 (August 7, 2017): 1801–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-10-2016-0515.
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Purpose Since fairtrade labels are upcoming market instruments, the purpose of this paper is to identify and quantify consumers’ willingness to pay for fairtrade coffee products and tea. Thereby, this paper contributes to the discussion in favour of a non-private regulation of ethical food labels (FLs). Moreover, the paper provides information about the consumer behaviour of the German buying public. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis is based on homescan panel data of 13,000 representative German households, which includes actual purchase data of ground coffee, single-serve coffee, espresso, and tea for a five-year sample period from 2004 to 2008. As a methodological approach, the hedonic technique is used to model coffee and tea prices as a function of time, store, and product characteristics. Findings Regarding the variables of interest branding a product leads to an average price premium of 22.1 per cent, while the organic FL achieves an average price premium of 34.3 per cent. The highest average price premium of 43.1 per cent is ceteris paribus paid for fairtrade labels. In the case of fairtrade labels, tea products earn the highest implicit prices with 74.0 per cent, followed by ground coffee (54.9 per cent), espresso (24.7 per cent), and single-serve coffee (18.9 per cent). Originality/value The present analysis supplements the discussions around the willingness to pay for fairtrade certified products by the German buying public, a product differentiation between coffee products and the introduction of labelled tea. As the data set includes daily purchases, it allows analysis of consumer behaviour on a disaggregated level, given detailed information on prices, stores, origins, FLs, and so on.
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Arfa, Mecca, Ika Krismayani, and dan Rizal Gani Kaharudin. "The Existence of Paid Photocopy Services at the Gadjah Mada University (UGM) Library in Era 4.0." E3S Web of Conferences 359 (2022): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235902025.
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The advanced transformation of universities' libraries that is fulfilled by many innovations has offered students an easier way to access collections of sources of information. Even though accessing collections is merely easy, there is a library service area that has restrictions. For instance, reference services frequently include a rule that states that students are only permitted to read materials there and then they are not permitted to borrow collections to read later. Some university libraries offer paid photocopying services despite the limited hours of the library service, which makes it a worthwhile study topic. A qualitative-descriptive research methodology was used for this investigation. In the meantime, the interview approach was employed to obtain the data for this study. The findings demonstrated that students had no other option except to employ copying services in order to fulfill their demands. The availability of these services also fosters a mutually beneficial relationship between users and libraries.For users, there is no need to take notes and go back and forth from the library to refer to the required references. Then for the library, photocopying services provide financial income that supports library development. Its existence, which is still surviving today, helps create a stable cost flow for libraries that can be utilized by library managers and provides time efficiency for users to get the information they need. Although the price of photocopying in the library is more expensive than photocopying outside the library, users are still enthusiastic about using it so that the service continues.
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Bertrand, Marianne, and Kevin F. Hallock. "The Gender Gap in Top Corporate Jobs." ILR Review 55, no. 1 (October 2001): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390105500101.
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Using the ExecuComp data set, which contains information on the five highest-paid executives in each of a large number of U.S. firms for the years 1992–97, the authors examine the gender compensation gap among high-level executives. Women, who represented about 2.5% of the sample, earned about 45% less than men. As much as 75% of this gap can be explained by the fact that women managed smaller companies and were less likely to be CEO, Chair, or company President. The unexplained gap falls to less than 5% with an allowance for the younger average age and lower average seniority of the female executives. These results do not rule out the possibility of discrimination via gender segregation or unequal promotion. Between 1992 and 1997, however, women nearly tripled their participation in the top executive ranks and also strongly improved their relative compensation, mostly by gaining representation in larger corporations.
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Osuafor, Nkeiruka Grace, Chinwe Victoria Ukwe, and Mathew Okonta. "Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255567.
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Objective To assess the availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional survey involving 27 private pharmacies, 13 public pharmacies, and 25 private hospital pharmacies in Abuja was conducted using the standardized World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology. The availability percentage for each pharmacy sector and each medicine was analyzed. The median price ratio (MPR) (ratio of the median price to the international reference prices) of the medicines were evaluated accordingly. Affordability was assessed by calculating the number of days’ wages the lowest-paid unskilled government worker required to purchase a month worth of the standard treatment for a chronic condition. Results The availability of cardiovascular (CV) medicines ranged from 28.4% (in private hospital pharmacies) to 59.9% (in private pharmacies). There was mixed variability in the mean availability of Originator Brands (OBs) and Lowest Priced Generics (LPGs) anti-diabetic drugs with the highest availability being OBs 36% and LPGs 40.2%, in private pharmacies and public pharmacies, respectively. The availability of global drugs ranged from 49.7% in private hospitals to 68.8% in private pharmacies. Two cardiovascular and four global medicines had greater than 80% availability across the pharmaceutical sectors. The median price ratio for OBs and LPGs was 9.60 and 1.72 for procurement, it was 8.08 and 2.60 in private pharmacies, 13.56 and 2.66 in public hospitals, and 16.38 and 7.89 in private hospitals. The percentage markup on LPG was 49.4% in public hospitals, 51.4% in private pharmacies, and 323% in private hospitals. Only nine medicines in both public hospitals and private pharmacies and two in the private hospital pharmacies required less than the daily wage of the lowest-paid government worker. Conclusion The availability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines was below 80% across the different pharmaceutical sectors in Abuja and the medicines were unaffordable. Although the prices were generally exorbitant, private pharmacies offered the best options in terms of availability, pricing, and affordability of medicines. Therefore, the results of this study emphasize the pertinence of enforcing policies that facilitate the availability, pricing, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines.
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Saura-Freixes, Núria. "Environmental human rights defenders, the rule of law and the human right to a healthy, clean, and sustainable environment: last trends and challenges." UNIO – EU Law Journal 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/unio.8.1.4523.
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Recently, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly has recognised the universality of the human right to a healthy, clean and sustainable environment. However, for decades, environmental human rights defenders have struggled for this right and have paid a high price for it: threats, reprisals, penalisation, and even their lives. The strengthening of the environmental rule of law correlates with the reciprocal synergy and interdependence on environmental rights and human rights as highlighted by the Special Rapporteurs of the United Nations under the scope of the 1998 United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Defenders. The Escazú Agreement and the Aarhus Convention are among the latest developments of legal and institutional guarantees for environmental defenders: a legal protection clause in the Escazú Agreement for human rights defenders in environmental matters and the setting of a new Special Rapporteur on environmental defenders for the Aarhus parties as a rapid response mechanism, under Article 3(8). The most recent trends on climate litigation have reached the European Court of Human Rights with several pending applications on greenhouse emissions and compliance with the Paris Agreement that merits attention, as well as the protection of human rights defenders in the case-law and the third-party interventions of the Council of Europe (COE) Commissioner for Human Rights.
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Marshall, Charles R. "Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges: partial relaxation of the assumption of randomly distributed fossil horizons." Paleobiology 20, no. 4 (1994): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012938.
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The equations for calculating classical confidence intervals on the end points of stratigraphic ranges are based on the restrictive assumption of randomly distributed fossil finds. Herein, a method is presented for calculating confidence intervals on the end-points of stratigraphic ranges that partially relaxes this assumption: the method will work for any continuous distribution of gap sizes, not just those generated by random processes. The price paid for the generality of the new approach is twofold: (1) there are uncertainties associated with the sizes of the confidence intervals, and (2) for large confidence values (e.g., 95%) a rich fossil record is required to place upper bounds on the corresponding confidence intervals. This new method is not universal; like the method for calculating classical confidence intervals it is based on the assumption that there is no correlation between gap size and stratigraphic position. The fossil record of the Neogene Caribbean bryozoan Metrarabdotos is analyzed with the new approach. The equations developed here, like those for classical confidence intervals, should not be applied to stratigraphic ranges based on discrete sampling regimes, such as those typically established from deep-sea drilling cores, though there are exceptions to this rule.
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Kim, Moonhwan, Joosung Lee, and Jaejun Kim. "Analysis of Design Change Mechanism in Apartment Housing Projects Using Association Rule Mining (ARM) Model." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 11036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111036.
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Apartment housing occupies the highest proportion of the domestic construction market and significantly influences the flow of the real estate market. Frequent design changes and reconstruction in new apartment housing projects lead to an increase in construction cost and schedule, and a decline in design and construction quality, which is an important issue affecting the quality of use for occupants. The causal relationship of design changes and error in new apartment building projects has not been previously identified. Accordingly, design changes management activities in the construction phase using reactive manner are a critical risk that causes the productivity of the project to deteriorate. In this study, a complex and non-linear causal relationship between the design change factors was investigated using the association rule mining technique (ARM), a type of data mining technique. In particular, the associated relationship between design change factors that can be changed according to conditions that significantly affect the productivity and performance of projects, such as a contractor’s ranking in the field, contract price which means the project size, and contractor selection methods, was identified. The association rule between the design changes at the construction phase derived in this research can be used as a guide to identify and minimize the risk of design changes in advance.
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Liu, Michael, Brian MacKenna, William B. Feldman, Alex J. Walker, Jerry Avorn, Aaron S. Kesselheim, and Ben Goldacre. "Projected spending for brand-name drugs in English primary care given US prices: a cross-sectional study." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 113, no. 9 (September 2020): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076820918238.
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Summary Objectives To estimate additional spending if NHS England paid the same prices as US Medicare Part D for the 50 single-source brand-name drugs with the highest expenditure in English primary care in 2018. Design Retrospective analysis of 2018 drug prescribing and spending in the NHS England prescribing data and the Medicare Part D Drug Spending Dashboard and Data. We examined the 50 costliest drugs in English primary care available as brand-name-only in the US and England. We performed cost projections of NHS England spending with US Medicare Part D prices. We estimated average 2018 US rebates as 1 minus the quotient of net divided by gross Medicare Part D spending. Setting England and US Participants NHS England and US Medicare systems Main outcome measures Total spending, prescriptions and claims in NHS England and Medicare Part D. All spending and cost measures were reported in 2018 British pounds. Results NHS England spent £1.39 billion on drugs in the cohort. All drugs were more expensive under US Medicare Part D than NHS England. The US–England price ratios ranged from 1.3 to 9.9 (mean ratio 4.8). Accounting for prescribing volume, if NHS England had paid US Medicare Part D prices after adjusting for estimated US rebates, it would have spent 4.6 times as much in 2018 on drugs in the cohort (£6.42 billion). Conclusions Spending by NHS England would be substantially higher if it paid US Medicare Part D prices. This could result in decreased access to medicines and other health services.
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Just, David R., Ozge Sigirci, and Brian Wansink. "Peak-end pizza: prices delay evaluations of quality." Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, no. 7 (November 16, 2015): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-01-2015-0802.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine if the level of payment required for consumption changed the relationship between a consumer’s overall evaluation of a hedonic consumption experience and the evaluation of first, middle, last piece and peak consumption experiences. Design/methodology/approach Diners at an all-you-can-eat restaurant were either charged $4 or $8 for an Italian lunch buffet. Their taste, satisfaction and enjoyment evaluation of each piece of pizza they had was taken along with other measures of behavior and self-perceptions. Using regression analysis, we examine the relationship between these single event evaluations and their overall evaluations of the experience. Findings For the diners who paid $4 for their buffet, overall taste, satisfaction and enjoyment evaluation depend on the taste of the last piece of the pizza and the peak taste consistent with prior findings. For those paying $8 for the buffet, the first piece of pizza is more important in predicting the overall taste, satisfaction and enjoyment ratings. Practical implications Consumers do not evaluate their meal experience based on every moment of their experience. Rather, just a few moments appear to impact overall evaluation. Firms that sell access to a series of experiences, such as an all-you-can-eat buffet, should focus on leading customers to the best experience first particularly when prices may be considered moderate to high. Originality/value In this paper, we seek to unravel the relationship between price paid and the peak-end heuristic by examining the importance of peak and end experiences under two different pricing regimes. Our study also indicates that the peak-end rule may depend on specific contextual factors.
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Peterson, Katie, Tracy Schohr, Kasey DeAtley, and Zach D. McFarlane. "PSI-34 Factors influencing bull selection and management in extensive rangeland production systems of California." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.830.
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Abstract California’s 660,000 head of beef cattle are highly dependent on bulls used to produce offspring that can perform across the state’s diverse ecological regions. Bulls need to be functional on rugged coastal landscapes, rolling foothills, deserts and in high-elevation terrain. Few data exist that indicate factors related to selection, maintenance and longevity of bulls used in rangeland landscapes. Objectives herein, were to assess factors influencing bull purchasing, management, and culling decisions of California beef producers. Surveys were mailed to the California Cattlemen’s Association membership (n = 1,410) with ~ 12% response rate (n = 171). Data were analyzed for 56% of respondents (n = 95). Mean age and years of bull selection experience of respondents was 61 ± 1 years and 27 ± 2 years, respectively. Respondents managed cattle on a total of 694,949 ha of owned, private leased, and leased public rangelands in California and surrounding states. Cow-calf herd size was 378 ± 92 head and bull battery averaged 18 ± 3 head with average bull longevity of 5 ± 0.8 years. The average price paid for bulls in the last 2 years was $5166 ± 298, while the highest price paid in the last 5 years was $6958 ± 445. Survey responses were used to define current factors driving management after purchase and for subsequent breeding seasons. Methodology for bull turnout management (i.e. high-energy diet, pasture, supplemental hay) had no impact (P = 0.13) on average age of bulls when culled. After bull purchase, 46% of producers turned bulls out directly with females, while 49% held bulls until the following breeding season. Additionally, most producers (75%) did not manage bulls to reduce condition after purchase. Average bull longevity was moderately correlated (P = 0.01; r2 = 0.30) with average bull price a producer was willing to pay. The average age of bulls when culled was not influenced (P = 0.42) by the frequency of semen quality evaluation. Semen quality was evaluated annually by 45% of respondents, while 20% of respondents never evaluated semen quality. Respondents indicated bull age (35%) and structural soundness (29%) as the most common factors for culling bulls. This research suggests the need for additional research focused on bull selection and management to maximize producer investment in reproduction.
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Martin, Brian. "Forthcoming: The Roger L. Stevens Collection at the Library of Congress." Theatre Survey 38, no. 2 (November 1997): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400002118.
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Roger Stevens has always been a visionary. His career began in real estate, where he gained national recognition for buying the Empire State Building for $51.5 million—at the time the highest price ever paid for one building—and selling it three years later for a ten-million dollar profit. As he expanded into theatre, he quickly became one of the nation's foremost producers on Broadway, producing more than 200 shows over the last half century, including West Side Story, A Man for All Seasons, Bus Stop, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Deathtrap, and Mary, Mary. He “discovered” playwrights such as Tom Stoppard, Peter Shaffer, and Terence Rattigan for New York audiences, and he has worked closely with others, already established, such as Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams, Harold Pinter, Jean Giraudoux, and T.S. Eliot Three United States presidents have depended on Stevens for their arts and humanities policy, and the American theatrical community has benefitted from his intuitive vision.
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Ahmad, Abu Umar Faruq, and M. Kabir Hassan. "The Time Value of Money Concept in Islamic Finance." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 66–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v23i1.436.
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The time value of money is a basic investment concept and a basic element in the conventional theory of finance. The Shari`ah does not rule out this consideration, for it does not prohibit any increment in a loan given to cover the price of a commodity in any sale contract to be paid at a future date. What is prohibited, however, is making money’s time value an element of any lending relationship that considers it to have a predetermined value. Here, the Shari`ah requires that a loan be due in the same currency in which it was given. The value (i.e., purchasing power) of paper currencies varies due to changes in many variables over which the two parties of a loan contract usually have no control. This study examines possible modus operandi of time valuation according to the Shari`ah’s precepts vis-à-vis the concept of money, and whether any value can be attributed to time while considering money’s value. For this purpose, it investigates the juristic views on such relevant issues as the permissibility of difference between a commodity’s cash and credit prices and an increase and reduction of the loan’s amount in return for early repayment.
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Ahmad, Abu Umar Faruq, and M. Kabir Hassan. "The Time Value of Money Concept in Islamic Finance." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 66–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i1.436.
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The time value of money is a basic investment concept and a basic element in the conventional theory of finance. The Shari`ah does not rule out this consideration, for it does not prohibit any increment in a loan given to cover the price of a commodity in any sale contract to be paid at a future date. What is prohibited, however, is making money’s time value an element of any lending relationship that considers it to have a predetermined value. Here, the Shari`ah requires that a loan be due in the same currency in which it was given. The value (i.e., purchasing power) of paper currencies varies due to changes in many variables over which the two parties of a loan contract usually have no control. This study examines possible modus operandi of time valuation according to the Shari`ah’s precepts vis-à-vis the concept of money, and whether any value can be attributed to time while considering money’s value. For this purpose, it investigates the juristic views on such relevant issues as the permissibility of difference between a commodity’s cash and credit prices and an increase and reduction of the loan’s amount in return for early repayment.
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Andersson, Magnus, Fredrik Kopsch, and Peter Palm. "How cultural values are reflected on the housing market – direct effects and the cultural spillover." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-02-2018-0016.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse two questions. First, is there, and if so, how large is the price premium paid for a building exhibiting a cultural value? Second, are there any spillover effects of buildings with cultural values on sales prices of neighbouring houses? Design/methodology/approach Using a unique database of all buildings in the region of Halland, Sweden, combined with transaction data, hedonic models can be estimated, with spatially lagged variables describing proximity to three classes of culturally classified building – A, B and C – corresponding to building of national interest, building of regional interest and building of local interest. In addition, the authors also estimate models with a spatial specification on the error term, in an attempt to control for omitted variables. Findings The results indicate that cultural classification plays a role in determining the price of a property, with large effects (ranging between 36 and 60% price premiums) for the highest classification. In addition, the authors find evidence of a cultural externality, houses in the vicinity of building with high cultural value sell at a small, but statistically significant premium of 1%. Originality/value The cultural externality may be overlooked when it comes to valuation of cultural values in society, and therefore, it is likely that warranted protection acts to preserve cultural values in buildings become less than the social optimum. This paper suggests a new measure to cultural values contrasting previous research that rely on cultural preservation. This approach should limit problems with measurement errors that may lead to biased results.
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Oktavia Putri, Oki, and Yodfiatfinda Yodfiatfinda. "ANALISIS MARJIN PEMASARAN PENGECER AYAM POTONG DI PD PASAR JAYA PASAR MINGGU." Jurnal Bioindustri 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31326/jbio.v3i2.910.
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This research was about broiler chicken business in PD Pasar Jaya, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan by focussed on its market margin. The research objective was to identify marketing channels for broiler chicken, analyze the marketing margins of broiler retailers, and providing recommendation for broiler marketing channel management. The analysis method used was descriptive, marketing marjin, and marketing efficiency. There were four patterns of marketing channels and five marketing agencies. The most efficient marketing channel for broiler chickens was Channel 1 in the domestic chickens. Farmers distribute it directly to the retailers. Channel 1 had the lowest marketing marjin of IDR 16,000. The highest farmer's share value was 78%, meaning that the farmers received 78% of the price paid by the consumer. Marketing cost in the channel 1 was the smallest amounting to Rp 943. Marketing channel was efficient if the value was less than 5%, therefore channel 1 was the most efficient due to the value is the lowest at 1%. Chicken price fluctuations influenced by supply-demand which was subject to particular moments. An effective management recommendation define an effective and efficient marketing channel to set margins on the raw product so that the fair distribution of the margins between marketing channels. The fluctuation of chicken prices in breeders can be overcome by determining the period of raising chickens according to the demand data during particular moment.
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Barrech, Dost Muhammad, and Mir Sher Baz Khetran. "The U.S. war crimes in Afghanistan." Asia Social Science Academy 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2022.7.3.1.
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The incident of 9/11, by and large, brought great changes in international politics. The US-led War on Terror (WOT) against the culprits involved in the 9/11 incidents caused irreparable damage to Afghanistan. Surprisingly, none of the perpetrators involved in 9/11 belonged to Afghanistan nor did the attacker Al-Qaeda have any genesis with the people of Afghanistan. The price Afghanistan paid in WOT is unimaginable that can never be compensated. Over the last two decades, the US-led war witnessed colossal war crimes of the people of Afghanistan. The country saw growing war crimes committed by the U.S. forces in the shape of the killing of innocent civilians, women rapes, abductions of innocent people, massacring of masses by drone strikes. The invasion of Afghanistan according to many experts was a geo-strategic move of the US in a bid to accelerate its presence in the region and to counter growing Chinese and Russian influence, keeping closed eyes on Pakistan nuclear assets. Having squandered twenty years, the US neither eliminated terrorism nor Taliban. Instead, Washington inked Doha agreement with the hardcore Taliban who are unfit and inexperienced to rule the country are expected to be espousing the U.S. trajectory in committing further war crimes. This paper, thus, will examine the US war crimes in war-torn Afghanistan in the last two decades.
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Basaran, Murat Alper, Seden Dogan, and Kemal Kantarci. "On modeling of responses generated by travel 2.0 implementation: fuzzy rule-based systems." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 32, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 1503–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-03-2019-0279.
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Purpose Web 2.0 applications enable travelers to evaluate several services and assessment attributes. Constructed websites in several languages trigger a new way of data collections resulting in data streams leading to the accumulation of vast amounts of data, called big data. The need for analysis is in high demand. This study aims to construct a model to investigate which single attribute or interrelated ones having an impact on the performances of hotels. Design/methodology/approach The total number of 1,137 observations collected from the website HolidayCheck.de are used from the hotels in the Bavaria region in 2016. Bavaria is a region where both domestic and foreign travelers mostly prefer to visit. Fuzzy rule-based systems, which is a combination of fuzzy set theory (FST) and fuzzy logic, are used. Although the FST is used to convert linguistically expressed perceptions by travelers into mathematically usable data, fuzzy logic is used to construct a model between service attributes and price-performance (PP) to attain the set of single and interrelated attributes on the assessment of PP. Findings No single attribute plays a key role in PP assessment. However, two or more interrelated combinations have different impacts on PP. For example, when “Food—Drink” and “Room” moves together from average to good level, PP reaches the highest level of assessment. Research limitations/implications Accessibility to too much data is difficult. Practical implications A model can be continuously run so that any changes can be observed during the incoming of data. Social implications As the consumer reviews and ratings are the crucial source of information for other travelers, hoteliers must monitor and respond them on time in order to deal with the complaints. Originality/value Travelers’ perceptions or evaluations are treated with a FST that measures the impression of human beings. New modeling enables researchers to observe not only any single attribute but also interrelated ones on the PP.
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Dei, M., and A. Kochkova. "Peculiarities of insight of the European charter on the status of judges in the context of protecting their labor rights." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2018.4.03.
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The paper is devoted to questions of legal regulation of the peculiarities of insight the principles of the European Charter on the Status of Judges in the context of their labor rights in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine. It is clear that the development of the rule-of-law state, the protection of human rights and the rule of law are impossible without the effective functioning of the legal system, where one of the components of the judicial system . That is why the relevant legal system must realize the decree where a person is of the highest social value, despite the fact that those who administer justice also need proper protection. That is, it should be noted that the rights of judges as employees, taking into account the specifics of their work and status, should also be protected by the state. In joining the European community of international law, special attention should be paid to certain international standards concerning regulating relevant issues, where the European Charter on the Status of Judges of 1998, adopted within the Council of Europe, which in its turn is declarative, places particular emphasis. This document concerns, for example, issues such as appointment, status of judges, career development, responsibility, termination of judge's powers, etc. The characteristic of this document in the context of the subject under study is that most of the decree is devoted precisely to the labor rights of judges. Obviously, such decrees have become a progressive push for appropriate changes to the laws of the member states of the Council of Europe, where Ukraine did not become an exception, especially in the context of reforming the judicial system.
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Trigunayat, Anil. "India in the Libyan Conundrum." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798918812290.
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Libya after 42 years of Gaddafi’s autocratic and “Green Book” driven rule was hankering for some kind of liberation and the youth wanted to freely fly . Hence when the so called ‘Arab Spring” happened in 2010 Libyans were willing to see a better change and create a “New Libya” of their dreams . Gaddafi was unpopular with the Arab and western leaders because of his independent occasional waywardness in the international discourse which was not palatable to the global and regional powers that were calling the shots in the UN and outside. Hence an engineered revolution supported by external military intervention aimed at removal of Gaddafi ensued but without any plan for the future because of which the seeds of current disastrous developments were implanted. All this became known in a few years thereafter and Libyan’s continued instability follows on. As for India which had good relations with Libya all through did not support the military intervention at the UNSC hence it was on the wrong side of the manufactured history and revolution and paid the price as popular dissatisfaction with India’s approach became visible in day to day discourse especially at the popular level. To correct the skewed perception was the immediate task of the new Ambassador and to secure India’s commercial interests the next despite the fluid security situation. Unfortunately the “New Libya” dream of common Libyans shattered in no time.
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Mainuddin, Mohammed, Md Mahbubul Alam, Md Maniruzzaman, Md Jahangir Kabir, Mohammad A. Mojid, Md Masud Hasan, Erik J. Schmidt, and Md Towfiqul Islam. "Yield, profitability, and prospects of irrigated Boro rice cultivation in the North-West region of Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): e0250897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250897.
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The North-West (NW) region of Bangladesh is pivotal for the country’s agricultural development, mainly in producing irrigated Boro rice. However, increasing cost of irrigation water, fertilizers, labour and other inputs, and the spatio-temporal variation in actual yield, market price and profitability of rice, have added uncertainty to the sustainability of Boro rice cultivation. In this study, we evaluated the productivity, profitability, and prospect of Boro rice production using comprehensive field data collected directly from 420 farmers’ fields over two consecutive seasons (2015–16 and 2016–17), across seven geographically distributed locations in the NW region. We also analyzed the risk and return trade of popular Boro rice cultivars using Monte-Carlo simulation. The results show that there were significant (p≤0.05) variations in rice yield between sites, irrigation pump-types, and rice varieties, with Hybrid rice and BRRI dhan29 producing highest yields (6.0–7.5 t/ha). Due to different pricing systems, the cost of irrigation water varied from site to site and from year to year, but always comprised the highest input cost (20–25% of total production). The total paid-out cost, gross benefit, and gross income of rice significantly (p≤0.05) differed between sites, type of irrigation pumps, rice varieties, transplanting dates, and two cropping years. The variations in observed yield and profitability reveal considerable scope to improve rice production systems. Market variation in the price of rice affected overall profitability significantly. Probability and risk analysis results show that Minikit and BRRI dhan29 are the most stable varieties for yield and profitability. Hybrid rice, which has the maximum attainable yield among the cultivated rice varieties, also has the risk of negative net income. Based on the analysis, we discussed ways to improve yield and profitability and the prospect of Boro rice cultivation in the region. The study provides valuable information for policy-makers to sustain irrigated rice cultivation in both the NW region and nationally.
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Et.al, Ahmad Zakirullah Mohamed Shaarani. "Payment of Zakat on Business Using Stock and Goods:A Preliminary Analysis." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 2812–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1312.
Full textAbstract:
Zakat is one of the obligations on every Muslim with the aim of helping those who are poor and needy while at the same time purifying the wealth and soul of the contributor. There are several types of zakat and one of them is zakat on business. In discussing Shariah issues related to zakat on business, one of the topics discussed is the method of payment of zakat on business, whether paying with money, stocks or business goods or a choice between the two. In view of the need to pay zakat other than using money, especially in the case of companies which have a shortage of cash and excess unsold merchandise, the study was conducted to obtain information on the debate of scholars on the Shariah rule for payment of zakat with goods, and their potential for application in business zakat payments, in addition to the challenges and constraints in its implementation. The study utilized a comprehensive library study, analyzing the arguments and scholars’ discussions related to the subjectand selecting the preferred opinions. The findings showed that in terms of the payment method for zakat on business, some scholars viewed that the payment of business zakat must utilise money, while some stated that the payment must be in the form of goods and stocks of the business itself, while some others stated that the payment of zakat on business is the right of the contributor to choose from money or goods and stocks. The study also found that there were several issues and challenges in the implementation of zakat payments using business goods, including the existing fatwa on zakat on business that stipulated only money would be accepted as zakat payment and it must be paid to zakat authorities. The study also aimed to determine the type of goods to be accepted as business zakat payments, the method of zakat calculations on the goods and whether it should be at original cost price, current market price or premium or discount, and other issues.
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Mokkhamakkul, Tartat, and Chatpong Tangmanee. "actors affecting the Revenue of Auctioneers in One Thai Pay-to-vid Website." GLOBAL BUSINESS FINANCE REVIEW 27, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2022.27.3.14.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine whether the six independent factors (i.e., the item retail price, the number of bidders, the bidding duration, the shipping cost, the bidder option and the fee return option) could significantly explain the revenue of the auctioneers in one pay-to-bid (PTB) website.
Design/methodology/approach: The data were collected using a python script that crawled into one PTB website in Thailand. They were gathered in two steps. First, the script collected the bidding-level data. Among them were the transaction number, the time at which the bid was placed, the bidding price, and the other identifications that allowed us to keep track of all bidding transactions. These details further helped to create the auction-level data on which the main analyses were performed.
Findings: Based on the regression analytic results, all independent variables except the shipping cost significantly explained the PTB auctioneers’ revenue. The other statistics confirmed the quality of the findings. The retail price of the bid item and the bidding duration have the most significant explanatory effects on the revenue for their highest Beta values.
Research limitations/implications: The findings offer practical implications, one of which is based on the significance of the bidder and the fee return options. PTB auctioneers should offer non-winning bidders the compensation for the sunk cost of the paid bidding fees. One limitation in this study is that the retail value of the bid item is overpriced. Fellow researchers may therefore calibrate it with the similar information from other credible sources before performing the analysis.
Originality/value: The study’s unique contribution is the empirical validation in which the bidder and the fee return options are significant factors in explaining the PTB owner’s revenue. This is in addition to the success in extending theoretical insights into research inspecting factors affecting the revenue in the Thai context.
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Ammer, Mohammed Abdullah, and Theyazn H. H. Aldhyani. "Deep Learning Algorithm to Predict Cryptocurrency Fluctuation Prices: Increasing Investment Awareness." Electronics 11, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152349.
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Digital currencies such as Ethereum and XRP allow for all transactions to be carried out online. To emphasize the decentralized nature of fiat currency, we can refer, for example, to the fact that all virtual currency users may access services without third-party involvement. Cryptocurrency price swings are non-stationary and highly erratic, similarly to the price changes of conventional stocks. Owing to the appeal of cryptocurrencies, both investors and researchers have paid more attention to cryptocurrency price forecasts. With the rise of deep learning, cryptocurrency forecasting has gained great importance. In this study, we present a long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm that can be used to forecast the values of four types of cryptocurrencies: AMP, Ethereum, Electro-Optical System, and XRP. Mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and normalize root mean square error (NRMSE) analyses were used to evaluate the LSTM model. The findings obtained from these models showed that the LSTM algorithm had superior performance in predicting all forms of cryptocurrencies. Thus, it can be regarded as the most effective algorithm. The LSTM model provided promising and accurate forecasts for all cryptocurrencies. The model was applied to forecast the future closing prices of cryptocurrencies over a period of 180 days. The Pearson correlation metric was applied to assess the correlation between the prediction and target values in the training and testing processes. The LSTM algorithm achieved the highest correlation values in training (R = 96.73%) and in testing (96.09%) in predicting XRP currency prices. Cryptocurrency prices could be accurately predicted using the established LSTM model, which displayed highly efficient performance. The relevance of applying these models is that they may have huge repercussions for the economy by assisting investors and traders in identifying trends in the sales and purchases of different types of cryptocurrencies. The results of the LSTM model were compared with those of existing systems. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed model showed superior accuracy based on the low prediction errors of the proposed system.
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Annisa, Nurul, Muhammad Farid Samawi, and M. Rijal Idrus. "Status of Seaweed K. alvarezii Cultivation Sustainability as a Strategic Direction for Seaweed Management in Baubau City, Southeast Sulawesi." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i2.2874.
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This study aims to examine its sustainability status. This study used survey techniques and interviews with seaweed cultivators to collect data. Sustainability data on seaweed cultivation include social, economic, and ecological aspects. The Rapseaweed approach (Rapid Appraisal for Seaweed) has been modified from Rapfish (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries) to evaluate the sustainability status of seaweed in a multidisciplinary manner. Analysis of the sustainability of K. alvarezii seaweed cultivation using the MDS method. The Rapseaweed analysis reveals that the ecological sustainability index value is 57.76, and the availability of seeds is the most sensitive attribute, with a change in root mean square RMS value of 4.59. Seaweed marketing is the most sensitive attribute, with a change in root mean square RMS value of 12.96, and the economic dimension index value is 65.62. The cultivator's habits have the highest index value of 69.75% for the social dimension, with a root mean square RMS change value of 10.47. All dimensions are considered to be "sufficiently sustainable" by these index values. In the three dimensions, each RMS value indicates that there are sensitive attributes whose existence is suppressed or paid attention to. To obtain a strategic direction for the management of seaweed cultivation in Baubau City based on the RMS value, which has been ranked from highest to lowest, a seaweed management strategy for related stakeholders, namely the local government, the industrial sector, and the cultivating community, namely; strengthening coastal communities' capacity to maximize seaweed cultivation activities, ensuring market availability and price stability, and increasing production at seaweed cultivation centre locations
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Goll, Gerald E. "Organizational Consistency As A Predictor of Behavior." Hospitality Education and Research Journal 12, no. 2 (February 1988): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109634808801200255.
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Management creates the environment within an organization. Good, bad, or indifferent, the environment results not so much from what management does, but how it does it. Management by Values is a methodology that an employer could use to determine rather effectively the quality of the environment within an organization. The genesis of this model is found in Talcott Parson's General Theory of Action and Neil J. Smelser's Theory of Collective Behavior. In assessing the degree of consistency between the several elements of the model, the predictability of employee behavior may be determined. The problem is that in too many cases, in order to increase predictability, employers create rule-oriented organizations within which employees are “rewarded” by their degree of conformity to the rules with an awesome price paid in the stifling of creativity and initiative. In such organization's only the objectives (the what) and the norms (the how) are stressed. But, employees want to know why. Management by Values provides the needed answers to the question why. As management performs the requisite functions of planning, controlling, and organizing it is important that how these functions are performed be consistent with the values of the organization. Because management creates the organizational environment, it is a basic responsibility to create an environment which is more conducive to employee retention than to employee turnover. Concern is expressed over the decrease in the traditional hospitality labor pool. The concept of Management by Values may well be a significant first step in the solving of this problem.
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Blokker, Paul. "Dilemmas of Democratisation from Legal Revolutions to Democratic Constitutionalism?" Nordic Journal of International Law 81, no. 4 (2012): 437–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08104003.
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The ideas of the rule of law and constitutionalism have become an intrinsic part of any process of democratisation around the world. This was equally the case in the radical changes that occurred in East-Central Europe (ECE) around the year of 1989. The adherence in the region to a form of “new constitutionalism” has been frequently seen as an indispensable contribution to the processes of democratisation. However, in this too little attention has been paid to the dilemmas, tensions and perverse effects that may emerge in the institutionalisation and practice of new constitutionalism, not least in terms of an enduring tension between constitutionalism as an ordering and stabilising device and democracy as an uncertain and indeterminate process of verification of public views on the common good. The experiences in ECE since 1989 with regard to new constitutionalism are ambiguous. It is undeniable that an emphasis on a higher law with entrenched rights and robust constitutional review has involved important “corrections” of certain outgrowths of democratic politics and in this prevented forms of “tyranny of the majority” or the endangering of the guarantee of universal rights. But it is equally true that new constitutionalism has been adopted at a price, not least with regard to the emergence of more widespread, publicly shared constitutional cultures as well as in terms of underexplored potentials of democratic constitutionalism and endorsement of civic engagement in the region. Democratic dilemmas and perverse effects have emerged in terms of domestic tensions, in particular regarding democratic debilitation, but also stem from tensions with legal orders beyond the national arena.
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Fokin, Evgeniy A. "The Cross-Complaint Procedure as a Result of Law Making of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation." Arbitrazh-civil procedure 12 (November 26, 2020): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-383x-2020-12-52-55.
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The subject of research is critical analysis of legal position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the need to go through the pre-claim procedure when filing a counterclaim. The reason for the analysis was the adoption on July 22, 2020 by the Presidium of the Russian Supreme Court of the Review of the practice of application by commercial courts of the provisions of procedural legislation on mandatory pre-trial claim. Point 17 of this document enshrined as a general rule the obligation of the defendant to file a pre-trial claim upon filing a counterclaim. The article shows the inexpediency and absence of any clear grounds for such an approach. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the nature of the pre-trial claim and the nature of the counterclaim are incompatible. Those exceptions were also criticized for which, according to the instructions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, a counter-claim procedure is not needed. Thus, the article comes to a fundamental conclusion that there is no need to comply with the claim procedure when filing a counterclaim. Along with this, the study touches upon other issues raised in connection with the adoption of the Review on the complaint procedure: about judicial lawmaking and the quality of clarifications of the highest court instance.
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Arthur, PF. "Double muscling in cattle: a review." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 8 (1995): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951493.
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Muscular hypertrophy of genetic origin in cattle, commonly referred to as double muscling, is reviewed in this paper with a discussion on its possible use in beef and dairy-beef production systems in Australia. The double-muscled syndrome is an inherited condition, and is found in many breeds of cattle. The highest frequency of occurrence is found in the Piedmontese and Belgian Blue breeds. Deliberate effort was made in the last few decades to increase the frequency of double muscling in these two breeds. The syndrome is associated with some production problems such as reduced fertility, dystocia and reduced calf survival. Cattle showing the syndrome, however, have higher meat yield, a higher proportion of expensive cuts of meat, and lean and very tender meat. The superior meat and carcase characteristics have been responsible for their widespread use in Europe, where premium price is paid for double muscled carcases. Piedmontese and Belgian Blue cattle have recently been imported into Australia. These double-muscled breeds will have a role to play in beef and dairy-beef production systems in Australia. For commercial production it is recommended that the breeding female herd be kept free from double muscling. A terminal sire breeding system is suggested, whereby normal females are mated to double muscled sires and all progeny slaughtered.