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1
Altbach, Philip G., and Hans De Wit. "Internationalization and Global Tension: Lessons from History." International Higher Education, no. 81 (May 1, 2015): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2015.81.8726.
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Internationalization in higher education has always been linked to historical and political events. This article discusses how the dramatic events of the 20th century, such as the two world wars, and the Cold War, affected internationalization.
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Rivera Gómez, Elva. "Knowledge transgressors: the incursion of women to science in Mexico, 19th-20th centuries." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.004.
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The influence of feminist thought has been very important in the field of history, as it has revealed the invisibility of women in this disciplinary field, besides of studying power relations and their effects on the daily, private and public life in which both women and men are involved. Access to education, first primary, then secondary and later higher in Mexico, spanned for a period of more than a century. In some of the regions, the presence of women in higher education was in the last third of the nineteenth century in areas considered feminine, such as midwifery, nursing and others. Careers are recorded in the 20th century. In this paper we propose to review the historiography and history of women who entered the different fields of knowledge at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, as well as to present a panorama of the educational spaces to which the Mexican women had access.
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Menga, Guo. "Educational Memory of Chinese Female Intellectuals in Early Twentieth Century." Social and Education History 9, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/hse.2020.5267.
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Educational Memory of Chinese Female Intellectuals in Early Twentieth Century describes the campus life, teacher-student interaction, academic career, and ideological change of the first generation of female intellectuals trained in higher education in China as the Chinese society changed in the early 20th century. Using the research methods of life history, oral history, and history of mentalities, the author reveals the special experiences and ideological journeys of Chinese female intellectuals by the literature works of three first-generation Chinese female intellectuals and other people's interpretations and commentary on their works. It also analyzes the relationship between many factors such as society, academia and education, especially higher education, and female intellectuals.
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Kuhutiak, Mykola, Ihor Raikivskyi, and Oleh Yehreshii. "Halychyna. Journal of Regional Studies: Science, Culture, and Education. Twenty Years of Publishing Activity." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2017): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.4.2.134-138.
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This is a review of the twenty-year-long publishing activity of Halychyna. Journal of Regional Studies: Science, Culture and Education, one of the first Ukrainian journals for historians, philologists, art critics that appeared in the independent Ukraine. In Halychyna, there has been published the works by well-known scholars of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University and many other higher educational establishments of Ukraine. The Journal can boast an array of sections – archaeology, history, ethnology, political science, historiography, source studies, documents and materials, culturology, art criticism, historical biography studies, and others. Most of the studies published in Halychyna focus on the issues of the modern and contemporary history of Ukraine, ethnology. A special attention is given to the issues of the Ukrainian national liberation movement in the 20th century, the Ukrainian national revival in the 19th–20th century, the activity of the political parties in Galicia in the late 19th–early 20th century, source studies and historiography in Ukraine, historical regional studies, the problems of modern state formation in Ukraine, and others
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Filonenko, Oksana, Roman Prybora, and Alexander Pertsov. "history of higher education in kirovohrad region in the 20th century in studies of local lore." Academic Notes Series Pedagogical Science 1, no. 186 (2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2415-7988-2020-1-186-58-64.
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Sher, S. A., T. V. Yakovleva, and V. Yu Al’bitskiy. "About history and significance of the eugenic ideas." Kazan medical journal 99, no. 5 (December 15, 2018): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-855.
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Aim. To show the short history of the origin and development of the eugenic ideas at the beginning of the 20th century.
Methods. Historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were used.
Results. The article presents the results of historical and medical research that demonstrated that close by the tasks to medicine eugenics studied inherited properties, their social manifestations and historical changes. Science eugenics gained wide circulation and recognition in 1920s in USSR. The ideas became popular that achievements of the Soviet health care, its preventive direction lead to creation of higher sanitary culture and realization of eugenic tasks for creation of the harmonious Soviet identity. Since the early 1930s in the Soviet Union the eugenics underwent severe criticism. The eugenic ideas were completely discredited by Nazi programs of fascist Germany in 1933-1945 when millions of people were exterminated. In the end of the 20th century interest in eugenics has renewed because of development of genetics.
Conclusion. Despite the ambiguous past, the eugenics had played a certain positive role as it allowed understanding genetic and anthropological human features, and served as an incentive for development of medical genetics and study of genetic diseases.
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Banionis, Juozas. "Academician Jonas Kubilius: works dedicated to the history of Lithuanian mathematics." Lietuvos matematikos rinkinys 62 (December 20, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lmr.2021.25220.
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The rise of the Lithuanian mathematical school in the second half of the 20th century is associated with the development of probability theory and its application, and the foundations of that school were insightfully laid by the famous Lithuanian mathematician Jonas Kubilius. However, the academician also had a second vocation – the history of mathematics. At the end of the 20th century, he purposefully researched the mathematical legacy of the poet, bishop A. Baranauskas, recognizing him as the first Lithuanian mathematician researcher of the second half of the 19th century.
At the beginning of the 21st century, J. Kubilius undertook a detailed implementation of the idea of a work in the history of Lithuanian mathematics. For this purpose, an informal group of specialists was convened, the content of the work was planned, and the research-based book series ``From the History of Lithuanian Mathematics'' was published. The fourth book in this series, Mathematics in Lithuanian Higher Education Institutions in 1921–1944, presents the research of an academic who reveals the situation of mathematics in universities in Kaunas and Vilnius.
In addition, the memoirs of mathematics history by J. Kubilius, dedicated to mathematicians Z. Žemaitis, G. Žilinskas and V. Statulevičius, should be mentioned.
The article, at the end of which fragments of the author's memories are presented, is dedicated to the centenary of the birth of Academician J. Kubilius.
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Tronchet, Guillaume. "Internationalization Trends in French Higher Education: An Historical Overview." International Higher Education, no. 83 (December 2, 2015): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2015.83.9089.
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For many policy makers in France, internationalization of higher education is a new subject. But people have short memories. They have forgotten—or simply do not know—that French universities were pioneers and leaders in internationalization between the end of the 19th and the middle of the 20th century, before being outshone by the United States and some other countries in Europe. Faced with today’s challenges of globalization, it is time for French universities to reclaim their own history.
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Zamberlan Pereira, Thales Augusto. "THE NORTH–SOUTH DIVIDE: REAL WAGES AND WELFARE IN BRAZIL DURING THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 38, no. 1 (May 14, 2019): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610919000132.
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ABSTRACTWhat was the degree of Brazil's regional inequality in living standards during the first decades of the 20th century? This paper presents municipal and state information on wages and prices in order to build welfare ratios for skilled and unskilled workers between 1912 and 1940. Despite the significant differences in nominal wages and costs of living throughout the country, real wage differentials remained lower than those estimated by earlier studies. Williamson (1999) argued that real wages in the Southeast were approximately six times higher than in the Northeast during the 1930s. The new evidence in this paper suggests that wages were on average only 1.5 times higher.
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Demezhko, D. Yu, and I. V. Golovanova. "Climatic changes in the Urals over the past millennium – an analysis of geothermal and meteorological data." Climate of the Past 3, no. 2 (May 22, 2007): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-237-2007.
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Abstract. This investigation is based on a study of two paleoclimatic curves obtained in the Urals (51–59° N, 58–61° E): i) a ground surface temperature history (GSTH) reconstruction since 800 A.D. and ii) meteorological data for the last 170 years. Temperature anomalies measured in 49 boreholes were used for the GSTH reconstruction. It is shown that a traditional averaging of the histories leads to the lowest estimates of amplitude of past temperature fluctuations. The interval estimates method, accounting separately for the rock's thermal diffusivity variations and the influence of a number of non-climatic causes, was used to obtain the average GSTH. Joint analysis of GSTH and meteorological data bring us to the following conclusions. First, ground surface temperatures in the Medieval maximum during 1100–1200 were 0.4 K higher than the 20th century mean temperature (1900–1960). The Little Ice Age cooling was culminated in 1720 when surface mean temperature was 1.6 K below the 20th century mean temperature. Secondly, contemporary warming began approximately one century prior to the first instrumental measurements in the Urals. The rate of warming was +0.25 K/100 years in the 18th century, +1.15 K/100 years in the 19th and +0.75 K/100 years in the first 80 years of the 20th century. Finally, the mean rate of warming increased in the final decades of 20th century. An analysis of linear regression coefficients in running intervals of 21 and 31 years, shows that there were periods of warming with almost the same rates in the past, including the 19th century.
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Popov, Lev Vladimirovich. "History of formation of model of the higher school of China (first half of the 20th century)." Moscow University Pedagogical Education Bulletin, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51314/2073-2635-2016-3-29-44.
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Article is devoted to studying of history of formation and development at the end of the XIX and in the first half of the XX century of system of the higher education of China. Experiments on approbation of a number of foreign academic models, and also features of their realization taking into account national and cultural educational traditions are considered. Prerequisites of present progress of the higher school of China are revealed, the assumption of prospects of development of leading universities of the country is made.
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Demezhko, D. Yu, and I. V. Golovanova. "Climatic changes in the Urals over the past millennium. An analysis of geothermal and meteorological data." Climate of the Past Discussions 3, no. 1 (January 10, 2007): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-3-1-2007.
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Abstract. This investigation is based on a study of two paleoclimatic curves obtained in the Urals (51–59° N, 58–61° E): i) a ground surface temperature history (GSTH) reconstruction since 800 AD and ii) meteorological data for the last 170 years. Temperature anomalies measured in 49 boreholes were used for the GSTH reconstruction. It is shown that a traditional averaging of the histories leads to the lowest estimates of amplitude of past temperature fluctuations. The interval estimates method, accounting separately for the rock's thermal diffusivity variations and the influence of a number of non-climatic causes, was used for obtaining the average GSTH. Joint analysis of GSTH and meteorological data bring us to the following conclusions. First, ground surface temperatures in the Medieval maximum during 1100–1200 was 0.38 K higher than the 20th century mean temperature (1900–1960). The Little Ice Age cooling was culminated in 1720 when surface mean temperature was 1.58 K below than the 20th century mean temperature. Secondly, contemporary warming began approximately one century prior to the first instrumental measurements in the Urals. The rate of warming was +0.25K/100years in the 18th century, +1.15 K/100years in the 19th and +0.75 K/100years in the first 80 years of the 20th. Finally, the mean rate of temperature warming increased in final decades of 20th century. An analysis of linear regression coefficients in running intervals of 11, 21 and 31 years, shows that there were periods of warming with almost the same rates in the past, including the 19th century.
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Blanck, Dag, and Mikael Börjesson. "Transnational Strategies in Higher Education and Cultural Fields: The Case of the United States and Sweden in the 20th Century." American Studies in Scandinavia 40, no. 1-2 (October 30, 2008): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v40i1-2.4682.
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Hruševar, Dario, Nikolina Ilijanić, Božena Mitić, Martina Weber, Katarina Husnjak Malovec, Anita Vucić, Tatjana Puljak, et al. "Dvije tisuće godina okolišnih promjena na području središnje Hrvatske – vegetacija, požari i hidrologija utjecani klimatskim prilikama i ljudskim pritiskom." Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu 37 (2020): 117–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33254/piaz.37.5.
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This paper presents the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of a mire sequence near the village Blatuša, with a focus on changes in vegetation composition, hydrological regime and fire history of the Banovina/Kordun area during the last two millennia. For this purpose, pollen, non-pollen and charcoal analysis were done. By the application of CONISS statistical analysis three different pollen assemblage (sub)zones could have been distinguished: a dominance of alder-beech/oaks from the 2nd to the middle of the 7th century, followed by a prevalence of grasses-beech/oaks till the end of the 13th century. Finally, an assemblage of grasses-hornbeam/oaks populated the area from the 14th to the beginning of the 20th century. The high abundance of peat mosses (Sphagnum) from the 11th to the end of the 14th century must indicate increased precipitation and higher frequencies of rainfall during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Transition from an ombrotrophic to minerotrophic phase of mire evolution during the Little Ice Age is caused by changing in moisture level, with somewhat wetter period prevailing till the middle of the 17th century followed by drier conditions till the beginning of the 20th century. Although cereal pollen grains first appear from the layers dated to the late 14th century and the proportion of secondary anthropogenic indicators were low during the entire Middle Ages, a large number of charcoal particles suggests stronger anthropogenic activity than indicated by observed changes in vegetation composition. Still, a sharp rise of non-arboreal pollen during the Migration period most likely reflect a general natural succession process on mire surface than persuable proof of Avaric-Slavic impact on vegetation. Direct anthropogenic pressure indicated by weeds and cereal pollen can be tracked from the Late Middle Ages onwards.
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M., Tselishcheva. "TURGENEV HIGHER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL – THE HISTORY OF THE CITY SCHOOL BUILDING IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 26 (2020): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2020.26.47.
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Rozhi, Inna, Halyna Humenyuk, Mykhailo Fomin, Mykola Moskalenko, Iuliia Pologovska, and Valentyna Shchabelska. "An Integral Model of Training of Future Teacher of Geography for the Local History and Tourism Work on the Basis of Competence Approach. A Proposal for Transitional Forms of Education." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 14, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 363–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/14.3/614.
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Social transformations, changings on the labour market, in particular in the educational services' sector, need qualitative modifications in conceptual principles of prospective geography teachers’ vocational training. As a result of scientific literature's studying, the essence of the problem of prospective teachers' geography training for hiking and local-lore activities has been analyzed, and a set of conclusions have been formulated. Until the mid 20th century scientists had been researching organisation of tourist-related and regional studies activities mostly in line with traditional school didactics. Only at the end of the second half of the 20th century – at the beginning of the 21st century interest for the organisation of students’ tourism and their studies of local lore grew higher. During this period foundations have been laid for touristic and local-lore activities as a pedagogical category in tertiary institutions. Attempts are being made to study this question in the context of new pedagogical technologies. Therefore explorers have concentrated their attention on professional competence, description of its significant indications and structure, on diagnostics.
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Navickienė, Aušra. "Eduards Volters and the Institutionalization of Book Science in the Early 20th Century." Knygotyra 73 (January 13, 2020): 230–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2019.73.39.
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Eduardas Volteris (1856‒1941) is one of the first book theorists in the Eastern European region and developer of the most important memory and higher education institutions of independent Lithuania. This article analyzes the early 20th c. phenomenon of the institutionalization of book science. It attempts to answer the question of how Eduardas Volteris contributed to establishing the very first Eastern European societies of book researchers, to consolidating the sciences of bibliography, bibliology and book science within the realm of academia, and to professionalising of book scholarship. The sources for examination of the social aspects of book science are: documents belonging to the Russian Society of Bibliology, which was active in St. Petersburg in 1899–1931, materials in scholarly serial publications on book science of the early 20th c., theoretical papers published by E. Volteris, and the results of the historical studies on the history of European book science.
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Maklyukov, A. V. "Features of the Modernization of the Russian Far East: Imperial and Soviet Models of Industrial Development." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 1 (2022): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.105.
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The study analyzes the imperial and Soviet models of industrial development of the Russian Far East at the end of the 19th century and first third of the 20th century. The relevance of the study is that understanding the historical experience of the exploration and development of the eastern territories, and determining their place and role in Russian space, ultimately determines the fate of the Russian presence on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The development of the Far East territories since their discovery by Russians was carried out by a combination of private initiative of individuals and state support, and from the second half of the 19th century with significant state participation. At the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the 20th centuries, the imperial model of industrial development of the region formed, and the Soviet model emerged with the establishment of Soviet power and the elimination of NEP. The article concludes that the imperial and Soviet model of the industrial development of the Far East was based on a strong state influence on the region, which in general, despite its negative aspects, can be viewed positively. Here, higher rates of industrial modernization were ensured than in the west of the country, and there was no particular risk of conflict with the old, obsolete elements of the social system. Along with this, there was a large influence of centralized management and bureaucratic structures that ignored local characteristics, conditions, and interests. Historical experience has shown that significant state participation in the development of the Far East did not contribute to the efficient use of financial, material, technical, and labor resources and was associated with significant costs and losses.
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Turov, Sergei V. "FLOODS IN WESTERN SIBERIA IN THE CONTEXT OF NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP (18TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY)." Ural Historical Journal 74, no. 1 (2022): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-109-115.
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In terms of scale and devastating consequences, floods are the most dangerous thing among natural disasters. The article is an attempt to assess their impact on the settlements and economic development in the Ob-Irtysh river system within the West Siberian region in the 18th — early 20th centuries. Floods which had high waters were associated with spring floods, but the water could not subside until the fall or even before the ice break. There were also catastrophic ones with a very high level. In addition, some complications such as long high-water cycles accrued at the time when the level and frequency of flooding increased. During severe and catastrophic floods settlements and agricultural land were flooded, livestock died, houses and outbuildings were destroyed or rendered unusable, and communication routes were interrupted for a long time. In the north of the region (Lower Ob region) during catastrophic floods, fishing trade was almost stopped and the opportunities for cattle breeding in the flooded floodplain were sharply reduced. Floodplain agriculture fell into decay during high-water cycles in the southern boreal forest area. The population of coastal areas tried to protect themselves from flooding with storage dams, but they were not built everywhere and often could not withstand the pressure of water. The only effective means of flood defense was relocation to high river banks. Therefore, the floods in 1912 and 1914 years provoked the relocation of the Irtysh River low-cost residents of the Tobolsk province. The authorities facilitated this relocation. Assistance was provided to flood victims, even though not so often. In these conditions, the population often had to rely only on themselves and God’s help. Thus, for example, in the city of Berezov the cult of St. Epiphanius was formed. On his Memorial Day people asked the higher forces for help in eliminating the consequences of the flood. But the most effective tool in combating floods was folk natural science knowledge. Over the long history of life on the river, the Russian population has developed omens, which helped them to judge the level of the upcoming flood. Among the enlightened part of the local population, there were ideas about the cyclical nature of catastrophic floods.
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Martarosa, Martarosa. "THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAMAT MUSIC AS A PROTOTYPE OF BANDAR ART IN THE WEST SUMATERA COASTAL AREA (PESISIR)." Jurnal Humaniora 28, no. 1 (June 4, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v28i1.11503.
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At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, the city of Padang has been dubbed the metropolis of the island of Sumatera. This is because the population of the Europeans who live there is relatively higher than other cities in Sumatera. An influence of this condition appears to be the phenomenon of Western-style music which was introduced to the indigenous peoples (Bandar natives). The appropriation of this musical style from various cultures such as of Portuguese (European), Malay and Minangkabau eventually became known as Gamat. Nowadays, the well-known Gamat is part of the identity of the culture, especially for Minangkabau in the West Sumatera coastal area.
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ALEXANDRACHE, Carmen. "Social and Individual in the Education Vision of 20th Century - An Analyse of the History Textbooks." Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences 21 (December 31, 2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epess.1040440.
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Our paper proposes a theoretic approach of the education in Romanian society, especially of the study of history, from the communist regime until nowadays. For this issue, we analyzed the history school textbooks which were edited in 20th century to be used in the secondary and higher schools. The schoolbook is an education tool which has in general a bigger impact to students’ consciousness and behavior. Our study starts from the premise that the schoolbooks have been also an important ideological tool, used by the politic regime to influence the social attitude. As a consequence, the schoolbooks need to be analyzed from the political intentions. The paper proposes some notices focused on the understanding of the vulnerability concept from the political ideology perspective, the evolution of it, as it is reflected by the history schoolbooks speaking about society and individual. For this reason, we think our paper is a real support of the actual theoretical and practical concerns about the modern and equitable social principles. Our notices can contribute to increase the quality of human interactions, to social responsibility and to promote a correct connection between vulnerability and social attitude in actual human society.
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Mittwoch, Ursula. "Sex determination in mythology and history." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 49, no. 1 (February 2005): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302005000100003.
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The history of ideas on how the sexes became divided spans at least three thousand years. The biblical account of the origin of Eve, and the opinions of the philosophers of classical Greece, have unexpected bearings on present-day ideas. The scientific study of sex determination can be said to have begun in the 17th century with the discovery of spermatozoa, but the origin and function of the "spermatic animalcules" eluded investigators until 1841. The mammalian egg was discovered in 1827, and in the last quarter of the century fertilization was observed. The view current at that time, that sex determination was under environmental control, gave way to the idea of chromosomal determination in the first quarter of the 20th century. The study of human and other mammalian chromosomes during the third quarter of the century, and the discovery of sex-chromosome abnormalities, emphasized the importance of the Y chromosome for male sex determination. The last quarter of the century witnessed a hunt for the "testis-determining" gene, thought to be responsible for the differentiation of Sertoli cells, and culminating in the isolation of SRY (Sry in the mouse). However, an increasing number of additional genes and growth factors were found to be required for the establishment of male sex. During the same period evidence emerged that male development was accompanied by enhanced growth, both of gonads and whole embryos. An unexpected finding was the demonstration of temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. With the advent of the 21st century, it was shown that Sry induces cell proliferation in fetal mouse gonads, and it has been suggested that male sex differentiation in mammals requires a higher metabolic rate. These insights could lead to a better understanding and improved treatment of abnormalities of sexual development.
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Rudneva, Y. B. "From the History of Higher Female Education in the Russian Empire in the Second Half of 19th – the Beginning of 20th Century (in Kazan Educational District)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 3 (2012): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-3-99-107.
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In the article the author considers the history of higher female education coming-to-be in the Russian Empire, basing on the example of higher educational institutions, established in Saratov in 1909–1915. The professional status evolution of the women who got higher education in the second half of 19th-the beginning of 20th centuries is presented in the historic retrospect: from the first doctors of Saratov guberniya to the first scientific staff of Saratov university. The work includes a wide range of resources: legislative documents, clerical documents of the Ministry of Public Education and higher educational institutions, the resources of personal origin.
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Fields, Marjory Diana. "Women in American Labour Movement." International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 3, no. 2 (July 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2019070104.
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In this article, the author examines the history of exclusion and sex-based discrimination against U.S. women workers seeking to join unions established by men. The author describes how groups of women and girls working in fabric mills in the 19th Century took strike action against work speed up and increased production requirements, making demands for higher wages, equal pay with men, improved working conditions, clean water, health care and time off. Then, in the early 20th century, women teachers formed their own unions to gain increased pay and pension plans, and for social justice. These unions continue to the present seeking also social justice and exercising political power.
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Krivonozhenko, Alexander F., Ekaterina V. Zakharova, and Yulia V. Litvin. "Grinding Mills in the Life of the Russian Peasantry of the Post-Reform Period." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 3 (2021): 699–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.302.
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Grinding mills were a routine attribute of the economic life of the peasantry, being an indispensable stage in the process of making bread. Yet these structures are hardly ever specifically researched by historians and anthropologists. This paper examines the socio-economic role of mills in the life of peasants of the early 20th century in Karelia. The study is based on the analysis of archival statistical data from the agricultural census of 1916 as well as on ethnographical and toponymical materials, which allows for a comprehensive examination of the object. The study has identified the number of mills in Karelia at the beginning of the 20th century. It also analyses the conditions that contributed to the effectiveness of functioning of these peasant farm buildings. It has been found that the mill craft in Karelia was the second (after blacksmithing) small-scale peasant production in terms of its economic benefit. At the same time, this type of economic activity was not the main source of income in those farms where they existed. The miller remained primarily a peasant farmer, but the level of prosperity of his economy was higher than that of other peasants. The sources used for the research have also enabled to trace the negative effects of crises in agriculture in Karelia during World War I on the flour milling business. A special attention in the paper is devoted to the mythological worldview of peasants. The analysis of the corpus of Karelian- and Russian-language toponymic data has confirmed the important role of grinding mills in the setup of the region’s peasant economy.
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Kazarin, V. N. "Scientific legal heritage of professor Sergey Vladimirovich Shostakovich. To the 120 anniversaries since birth." Siberian Law Herald 4 (2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2022.4.11.
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Are considered scientific heritage of the historian, lawyer and orientalist, professor of the Irkutsk university S. V. Shostakovich. Its role in reconstruction of the higher legal education in Eastern Siberia is noted. The main attention is paid to the analysis of historical and legal questions in research of antique Greece, the countries of the Middle East, Central Asia and China during modern and latest times. It is noted that S. V. Shostakovich made a scientific contribution in studying the legal dependent population and patriarchal family in Ancient Greece, problems of the feudal monarchy in Persia of the end XVIII – the first half of the 19th centuries, international law, a problem of exterritoriality of foreigners in China of the beginning of the 20th century, international legal position of the state Tannu-Tuva in the 20th of the 20th century. It one of the first considered also political and legal views of the prominent Russian diplomat A. S. Griboyedov. The conclusion is drawn that S. V. Shostakovich carried on scientific traditions of a historical and legal perspective of the Irkutsk legal school of the 1920th, made an original contribution to studying problems of history of state and law, a political and legal thought.
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Ierusalimskaya, Svetlana Yu. "Sources on the Activities of the Yaroslavl Demidov Higher Educational Institution in the 19th – Early 20th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2020): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-1-145-155.
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The article strives to assess main groups of sources on the functioning of the Yaroslavl Demidov higher educational institution in the 19th – early 20th century. Drawing on archival material that is being thus introduced into scientific use, the article establishes that, as it changed its organizational form, the Demidov educational institution went through the following stages in its development: the Yaroslavl Demidov School of Higher Sciences (1803–1834); the Yaroslavl Demidov Lyceum (1834–1868); the Demidov Juridical Lyceum (1868–1918). Sources on the topic are divided into five groups. Some are published, other materials from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the Russian State Historical Archive, and the State Archive of the Yaroslavl Region are being introduced into scientific use for the first time. Legislative sources support a detailed study of the complex of key aspects of the higher education in the 19th – early 21st century. Their systematic analysis allows the author to determine the main development vector of the Demidov higher educational institution in the studied period and the legal frameworks of the Demidov Lyceum. The article shows the importance of paperwork and statistical sources for recreating its daily educational and extracurricular activities. Various reports provide data on the work of the Demidov higher educational institution over decades and summarized information on its student and teaching corps. In socio-economic terms, the analyzed facts indicate some staff turnover among teachers, intensification of the student movement in 1905–1907, all the while the school material base remained stable. The periodical press, memoirs, diaries, and travel notes contain unique information on the evolution of higher education in Yaroslavl and on the arrangements of student life. The corpus of historical sources permits to identify and detail main stages in the history of the Yaroslavl Demidov higher educational institution.
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Dmitrienko, Nadezhda M. "WOMEN'S TRACK IN THE MUSEUM SCIENCE OF SIBERIA (XIX – EARLY 20TH CENTURY)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 39 (2020): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/39/22.
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The topic of this article did not attract the attention of researchers. Using of newspapers, letters and memoirs, museographical publications and some other authentic sources enabled the author to identify and highlight women's participation in the creation and activities of many museums in Siberia. First, the article shows the museum charity of women from wealthy families. They were the daughters of merchant Piotr I. Kuznetsov – Yulia (in Matveyev's marriage), Alexandra and Eudokia, the wife of the founder of Yeniseisk Museum Anastasia Kytmanova, merchant wife Mukhina and others. The author of the article emphasizes that the most important contribution to the museum science of Siberia was made by those women, who worked inside museums. The first of them was Alexandra Potanina – wife and helper of the outstanding Russian traveler and museologist Grigory Potanin. Together with her husband, Alexandra Potanina worked in the expeditions through Mongolia and China, collected herbariums, made sketches of natural landscapes and cultural artifacts, composed different historical sources and transferred them to museums in St. Petersburg, Siberian town of Kyakhta and Irkutsk. Then the author tells about Elizabeth Clements, who played a prominent role in the museum science of Siberia. She had a higher natural science education, worked in the Minusinsk Museum, and was one of the first who used museum collections in cultural and educational work. Together with her husband Dmitry Clements, she participated in scientific expeditions through Siberia and Mongolia, engaged in archaeological excavations, made herbariums and transferred all collected materials to Minusinsk and Irkutsk museums. In addition, she worked up the museum collections by herself. Maria Kostyurina played an important role in Tobolsk Museum. She was native of Tobolsk, participated in revolution movement of narondnik (populist), and was exiled to Siberia. Some later she came in Tobolsk, pub-lished the newspaper “Siberian Vestnik”. In 1890 Kostyurina joined the executive committee of To-bolsk Museum, took place in collecting of different museum materials on folklore and peasant culture around Tobolsk. She was engaged in issuing several museum catalogs, used museum materials in in-vestigations and scientific publications. The article includes the information about Maria Krasnozhe-nova, who collected, worked up and published the museum sources in Krasnoyarsk Museum. Thus, the materials of the article allow opening a new page in the history of museum science, and telling about the first Siberian women-museologists.
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Chinweizu. "432 Centuries of Recorded Science and Technology in Black Africa." African and Asian Studies 20, no. 1-2 (April 27, 2021): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341482.
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Abstract During the 1970s and 1980s, American and European investigators discovered evidence of such African scientific achievements as the following: (1) the domestication of assorted plants in The Egyptian Nile Valley ca. 18000 BP; and domesticated cattle in the Kenyan Highlands, ca, 15000 BP. These were achieved thousands of years before plant and animal domestication in South west Asia, the hitherto presumed place where domestication first occurred; and (2) the making of Carbon steel in Tanzania, in the 1st c. BC, using techniques the discoverers called “semi-conductor technology – the growing of crystals”. These and other records of advanced scientific achievements, and at such dates, should prompt a profound revision of our understanding of the scientific knowledge developed by pre-20th century Africans before Europeans conquered and colonized and shattered African societies. They should also prompt a revision of the history of science in the world. In this article I shall present 13 exhibits drawing from the history of spectacular African achievements in science and technology. They range in time from ca. 43200 BC to 1952 AD. And they cover, geographically, Lesotho in Southern Africa; to Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania in East Africa; to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa; to Egypt in North Africa; and to Liberia and Nigeria in West Africa.
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Boulanger, Yan, Dominique Arseneault, Hubert Morin, Yves Jardon, Philip Bertrand, and Charles Dagneau. "Dendrochronological reconstruction of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreaks in southern Quebec for the last 400 years1This article is one of a selection of papers from the 7th International Conference on Disturbance Dynamics in Boreal Forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 7 (July 2012): 1264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-069.
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It is argued that spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) (SBW) outbreaks have tended to be more frequent, severe, and spatially synchronized since the beginning of the 20th century. However, few studies have assessed the long-term (>200 years) variations in SBW outbreak dynamics. We reconstructed the SBW outbreak history at the northern limit of the temperate forest in southern Quebec using dendrochronological material from old buildings and five old-growth stands. Our regional tree-ring chronology (1551–1995) represents one of the longest and most replicated insect outbreak reconstructions in North America. Nine potential outbreaks were identified (1976–1991, 1946–1959, 1915–1929, 1872–1903, 1807–1817, 1754–1765, 1706–1717, 1664–1670, and 1630–1638) with three additional uncertain outbreaks (1647–1661, 1606–1619, and 1564–1578). Results suggested that southern Quebec has experienced frequent and synchronized outbreaks throughout the last 400 years. Although outbreak frequency was higher during the 20th century (approximately 30 years) as compared with the 1660–1850 period (approximately 50 years), similar or even higher outbreak frequency might have occurred prior to 1660 (approximately 28 years). We did not find any evidence that the recent outbreak dynamics in southern Quebec is outside its historical range of the last 400 years. Previous studies based on living trees may have underestimated outbreak frequency and synchrony prior to 1900.
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Kirillov, Alexey K., and Matvey D. Sorokin. "INEQUALITY IN AN EARLY 20TH CENTURY SIBERIAN CITY ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF POPULATION REGISTRATION FOR THE APARTMENT TAX CALCULATION (BARNAUL, 1910)." Ural Historical Journal 74, no. 1 (2022): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-16-26.
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The problem of inequality of the late imperial Russia population is studied for the first time on the materials of “Statements of homeowners for the apartment tax”. The source contains primary data for the city of Barnaul for 1910 on the cost of rent for homeowners and tenants, both for wealthy citizens (subject for taxation) and the poor (exempt from the tax). The decile coefficient of inequality was 8.6. Taking into account the specific features of the source, one should think that the indicator of income inequality of the Barnaul population was even higher. Comparison of decile coefficients, as well as the absolute size of the house rental cost, for different groups of the Barnaul population made it possible to conclude that inequality is interconnected with two important features of the urban life. First, the decile coefficient of inequality among immigrants turned out to be much lower than among those assigned to the city. Second, the groups of homeowners and tenants, by contrast, were similar in terms of the decile coefficient of inequality, but significantly different in terms of the average house rental cost. The study provides new statistical data for discussing the problem of inequality in the early 20th century Russia, introduces into circulation previously unused characteristics of the urban society of that period and opens up the possibility of comparing different cities on the basis of sources newly introduced into scientific circulation.
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Köse, Nesibe, H. Tuncay Güner, Grant L. Harley, and Joel Guiot. "Spring temperature variability over Turkey since 1800 CE reconstructed from a broad network of tree-ring data." Climate of the Past 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1-2017.
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Abstract. The meteorological observational period in Turkey, which starts ca. 1930 CE, is too short for understanding long-term climatic variability. Tree rings have been used intensively as proxy records to understand summer precipitation history of the region, primarily because they have a dominant precipitation signal. Yet, the historical context of temperature variability is unclear. Here, we used higher-order principle components of a network of 23 tree-ring chronologies to provide a high-resolution spring (March–April) temperature reconstruction over Turkey during the period 1800–2002. The reconstruction model accounted for 67 % (Adj. R2 = 0.64, p < 0.0001) of the instrumental temperature variance over the full calibration period (1930–2002). The reconstruction is punctuated by a temperature increase during the 20th century; yet extreme cold and warm events during the 19th century seem to eclipse conditions during the 20th century. We found significant correlations between our March–April spring temperature reconstruction and existing gridded spring temperature reconstructions for Europe over Turkey and southeastern Europe. Moreover, the precipitation signal obtained from the tree-ring network (first principle component) showed highly significant correlations with gridded summer drought index reconstruction over Turkey and Mediterranean countries. Our results showed that, beside the dominant precipitation signal, a temperature signal can be extracted from tree-ring series and they can be useful proxies in reconstructing past temperature variability.
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Lobão, Júlio, and Ana Costa. "The Adaptive Dynamics of the Halloween Effect: Evidence from a 120-Year Sample from a Small European Market." International Journal of Financial Studies 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs11010013.
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The Halloween effect predicts that stock markets in the winter months (November through April) generate significantly higher returns than in the summer months (May through October). This paper examines the time-varying behavior of the Halloween effect within a new historical dataset that covers about 120 years of Portuguese stock market history. We combine subsample analysis with rolling window analysis to show that the performance of the anomaly has varied in an adaptive fashion over time. The anomaly existed during the first four decades of the 20th century. Afterward, it vanished for 60 years, reappearing only at the beginning of the 21st century. However, in the first two decades of the new century, the effect seems to be a mere reflection of the excess return generated in January. Overall, the time-varying performance of the Halloween effect supports the adaptive market hypothesis for the Portuguese stock market.
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Linczenbold, Levente. "A jogi oktatás kezdetei Egerben: a Foglarianum." Studia Theologica Transsylvaniensia 23, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52258/stthtr.2020.1.04.
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Anyone who examines the history of the city of Eger will inevitably meet the so-called “university idea” which caught fire in the 18th century but only became a reality in the 21st century. Eger not only plays an important role in the political history of the country, but also represents lasting values in its cultural history. One of this, doomed by the past, is its activity on law education which flourished between the 18th and 20th century, however, due to social and political changes, it suffered decline and eventually ceased to exist. The modernization aspirations of the Habsburg Empire, the tensions between national and imperial intentions, the social and political crises, the turning points towards the end of the 19th century, made possible a form of training that, despite political debates, supplied the legal and administrative task required by the state of that era to function. In this study, we explore the essential elements of 209 years, especially the early times, and place them in the historical process. The particular motive of the topic selection was the fact that the intention of the founder has been finally realized: Eger’s institution of higher education became a university and will hopefully receive the Catholic denotation one day.
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Bashkir, Olha. "The Program of Pedagogical Disciplines in Pedagogical Educational Institutions in Ukraine (The 30s of the 20th Century)." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 74 (November 2016): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.74.26.
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The process of forming program provision for teaching pedagogical disciplines, pedagogy in particular, in pedagogical educational institutions has been characterized in the article on the basis of analyzed pedagogical literature, archival records, and scientific researches in periodicals. Pedagogical educational institutions in Ukraine were reorganized from the institutes of public education to “the united pedagogical institutes” at the beginning of the 30s of the 20th century (1933). The content of programs for disciplines of pedagogical direction (pedagogy, paedology, didactics, and history of pedagogy) has been revealed. They had undergone some changes due to the reformation of higher pedagogical education in Ukraine before the creation of classical pedagogical educational institution.
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Anić, Igor. "Važnost šumarske nastave i znanosti na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu za razvoj hrvatskog šumarstva." Šumarski list 143, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2019): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.143.1-2.7.
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This paper explores the influence of higher forestry education and forestry science at the Faculty of Forestry of the University of Zagreb on the formation and preservation of forest wealth in the Republic of Croatia during the past 120 years as the basic, authentic, self-renewable, biologically diverse and distinctly natural element. In order to do so, we shall provide a survey of some significant achievements of the faculty and its distinguished professors by citing examples of important textbooks and scientific papers. In the year 2018, the Faculty of Forestry in Zagreb marked the 120th anniversary of its establishment. It was on October 20th, 1898, that the Academy of Forestry was founded within the University of Zagreb as the first higher forestry institution in Croatia and in the south-east of Europe. The continuity of higher forestry education at the University of Zagreb has been retained to date through the periods of activity of the Academy of Forestry (1898 - 1919), the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry (1919-1946), the Agricultural-Forestry Faculty (1946 - 1960) and the Faculty of Forestry (1960 - to date). Three characteristic periods can be singled out in the development of forestry education and science at the Faculty of Forestry in Zagreb in the course of 120 years: the first half of the 20th century, the second half of the 20th century and the first half of the 21st century. The first half of the 20th century witnessed a surge in the Croatian forestry, which can primarily be attributed to the development of higher forestry education and science at the Academy of Forestry and the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Zagreb. Among the most important contributions of university forestry education and science in Croatia are the establishment of the Zagreb School of Silviculture and the beginnings of organized and systematic scientific research in forestry. The second half of the 20th century is characterized by the blossoming of higher forestry education and science in Croatia, which had a direct impact on the condition of forests and the development of practical forestry. During this period, the Croatian forestry, science and practice became an outstanding example of mutual cooperation and powerful development, which brought about an improvement in the condition of forests in Croatia as a whole. The forestry practice firmly adhered to the principles of the Zagreb School of Silviculture, an orientation towards natural regeneration, natural stand structure, and natural, diverse and stable forests. This trend has continued in the 21st century. The new age has given rise to vast changes and challenges in higher forestry education and science. The crisis of forestry, which has gradually been evolving over the past fifteen years, has had its repercussions on the basic activity of the Faculty: higher education and science. Today, the Faculty of Forestry is confronted with two serious challenges: lesser interest of young people in studying and a reduced intensity and scope of scientific research in forest ecosystems. There are no objective reasons for either of the above, however. Forests are the most widespread and the most important natural wealth in the continental part of the Republic of Croatia. There are currently a large number of job openings in forestry and urban forestry, as well as in nature and environment protection, and this trend will continue to rise in the future. The Croatian forest ecosystems are facing growing numbers of challenges and problems. On the other hand, there are fewer and fewer workers in forestry. In view of this, there is no reason for crisis in one of the most natural and oldest studies at the University of Zagreb. On the contrary, forestry experts have splendid prospects in today’s ecological, economic and social conditions. The task of the Faculty is to adjust itself and its basic products, experts in the management of forest ecosystems of the Republic of Croatia, to new challenges. Forestry practice and forestry science must work together, just as they have done throughout the long forestry history. Only be doing so will their development be ensured in accordance with the definition: forestry is a science, profession and art of managing and preserving forest ecosystems for the permanent benefit of man, society, environment and economy.
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Chimbi, Godsend T., and Loyiso C. Jita. "Resurgence of Large Class Sizes and Pedagogical Reform in 21st Century Secondary School History Classrooms." Research in Social Sciences and Technology 6, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2021.24.
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This paper examines the interaction between class size and teachers’ selection of teaching methods while implementing a new history curriculum in Zimbabwean secondary schools. Policy makers, parents, teachers, and students are worried about large class sizes because they are associated with higher dropout rates, less teacher-student interaction and rote pedagogy. Although class sizes had significantly declined in the latter half of the 20th century, the growth of online learning has witnessed class sizes ballooning in the 21st century, reigniting the class size debate. The large class size challenge has re-emerged in the developed North although the problem has never been resolved in the developing South. Using the theoretical lens of symbolic interactionism and a qualitative multiple case-study approach, data were collected over an eight-week period using document analysis, semi-structured interviews and lesson observations. Results seem to challenge the conventional view that large classes coerce teachers to use rote pedagogy and small classes encourage learner-centric practices. Teachers’ choices of teaching methods were neither linked to class size nor new pedagogical policy. Instead, teachers’ personal philosophy to instruction appeared to be the decisive factor to the teaching methods they used, rather than the size of the class. To promote pedagogical change, improving teacher quality appears a more valuable and cheaper investment than constructing new schools and employing more teachers to reduce class sizes.
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Bandoriūtė, Salomėja. "The Traditional Anecdote: What Did Lithuanians Find Funny in the End of the 19th–the Middle of the 20th Century?" Tautosakos darbai 49 (May 22, 2015): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2015.29008.
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The author of the article discusses the main themes of humor prevailing in the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, and targets of mockery in the anecdotes. Seeking to answer the question, what Lithuanians during this period found funny, it was noted that humor reflects the relevant social issues and is usually based on certain stereotypic assumptions directed at some social groups. In the anecdotes, mockery is most frequently directed at three social groups: women, foreigners, and persons of higher social rank. So it can be assumed that humor is born whenever the opposition between us and them can be discerned. The analysis also proves that joking on obscene topics is rather common; this is based on the possibility provided by the occasion of the humor-making to express one’s inappropriate opinions on the tabooed topics, thus in a way breaking free from the socially established norms. The article yields rather ambivalent conclusions: it would hardly be right to assume that Lithuanians in the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century were all thinking stereotypically, and were foul-mouthed nationalists, atheists, and antifeminists; yet one can rightfully maintain that humor was, is and will always be a form of mockery directed at certain people and social groups.
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Sokolyuk, L. "Kharkiv Art History School (1900s – early 2020s)." Vìsnik Harkìvsʹkoi deržavnoi akademìi dizajnu ì mistectv 2021, no. 02 (October 2021): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33625/visnik2021.02.055.
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The article attempts to outline the activity of Kharkiv art history school from the time of its formation in the 1900s to the present day. The author reveals the main directions of research of university art history in Kharkiv, as well as figures of museum institutions who were engaged in the study of topical problems of art before the outbreak of Stalinist terror, when Kharkiv art history school was completely destroyed, and its representatives were either shot (F. Shmit, P. Fomin, K. Slipko-Moskaltsiv) or sent into exile (S. Taranushenko, P. Zholtovsky, D. Gordeiev, O. Berladina). It is emphasized that none of them ever returned to Kharkiv. This became a serious obstacle in the restoration of the scientific art history school in the city. This process lasted for a very long time in comparison with other artistic centers, Kyiv and Lviv in particular. The article reveals the traditions of art history science in Kharkiv, laid down in the first third of the 20th century before its destruction in the Stalinist period. The author also shows the changes in the organization of research activities in modern conditions, when university art history has become a thing of the past, and the scientific center has moved to the higher art institution of the city, which became the Kharkiv Institute of Art and Industry (the Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts from 2001).The main directions of the development of art history in this higher educational institution of art in Kharkiv are revealed. It is shown that, first of all, Ukrainian studios were resumed as a separate direction and such an outstanding phenomenon of Ukrainian national art as M. Boichuk’s school, destroyed during the Stalinist repressions, was reconstructed. Separate pages about some figures of the glorious cohort of Ukrainian masters who, with their work, personified the bright and tragic era for the Ukrainian creative intelligentsia of the 1920s, namely artist-writer M. Zhuk as well as representatives of the avant-garde phenomenon in the artistic culture of the 20th century in Kharkiv (V. Yermilov, B. Kosarev, A. Petrytsky), were also revealed. Not only was the range of Oriental studies restored, but to some extent expanded, the study of Far and Middle Eastern art was introduced, and the study of Ukrainian art Judaica and Jewish art was brought to the wider modern world. In the Soviet period this was impossible due to the policy of the Soviet power. Ukrainian theater decoration art, Ukrainian school of art photography, contemporary art became new directions. The development of established traditions and deepening of the study of the sacred art and modern art forms are among the prospects for further directions.
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Fettweis, X., E. Hanna, H. Gallée, P. Huybrechts, and M. Erpicum. "Estimation of the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance during 20th and 21st centuries." Cryosphere Discussions 2, no. 2 (April 9, 2008): 225–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-2-225-2008.
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Abstract. Results from a regional climate simulation (1970–2006) over the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) reveals that more than 97% of the interannual variability of the modelled Surface Mass Balance (SMB) can be explained by the GrIS summer temperature anomaly and the GrIS annual precipitation anomaly. This multiple regression is then used to empirically estimate the GrIS SMB since 1900 from climatological time series. The projected SMB changes in the 21st century are investigated with the set of simulations performed with atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4). These estimates show that the high surface mass loss rates of recent years are not unprecedented in the GrIS history of the last hundred years. The minimum SMB rate seems to have occurred earlier in the 1930s. The AOGCMs project that the SMB rate of the 1930s would be common at the end of 2100. The temperature would be higher than in the 1930s but the increase of accumulation in the 21st century would partly offset the acceleration of surface melt due to the temperature increase. However, these assumptions are based on an empirical multiple regression only validated for recent/current climatic conditions, and the accuracy and time homogeneity of the data sets and AOGCM results used in these estimations constitute a large uncertainty.
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Assié-Lumumba, N’Dri T. "Africa-India Connections in Historical Perspectives." African and Asian Studies 16, no. 1-2 (March 16, 2017): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341371.
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It is a well-established historical fact that Africa and India have cultivated continuous connections for thousands of years. Exchanges of commodities produced on each side of the Indian Ocean in specific political, administrative, and geographic spaces have constituted the guiding thread of these relations. In the modern and contemporary periods, these relations have been shaped through European colonial establishments and their legacies in both sides. Past policies of forced migration and resettlement for economic exploitation of the British colonies in Africa, especially East and Southern Africa, became determinants of the Africa-India relations. The anti-colonial and decolonization struggles in Asia in general and specifically in India and Africa throughout the 20th century created opportunities for a new Africa-India cooperation. In these new relations, formal education, especially higher education, have been playing a prominent role. The thrust of this paper is to analyze the important role of higher education in a South-South cooperation framework between India and Africa as a continent or individual countries. The fluctuating or declining patterns of the number of African students pursuing their education in India in the past decade or so are analyzed.
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Ananiev, V. G., and M. D. Bukharin. "RUSSIAN ORIENTAL STUDIES IN THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SERGEI OLDENBURG AND VASILY BARTHOLD." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 1(52) (2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-1-104-112.
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One of the most important sources on the history of Russian academic historical science in general and on the history of Russian Oriental studies in particular is the correspondence between the largest researchers of the history of the Near and Middle East, Academician Vasily Bartold and the permanent secretary of the IAS (RAS/AS of the USSR) in 1904–1929 Academician Sergei Oldenburg. The correspondence is kept in the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The documents themselves have not yet been published, and their commented introduction into scientific circulation is only expected. The documents contain detailed information on the development and implementation (both successful and unsuccessful) of research plans of these two major Russian scholars on various turns of Russian history in the late 19th – first third of the 20th century in general and Russian humanities in particular, as well as numerous details of their personal relations and relations with colleagues for more than 30 years. The letters indicate the position of Bartold and Oldenburg not only on the most important academic issues related to European Oriental studies, but also on issues of social and political importance for the fate of Russia. An important aspect of the activities of Bartold and Oldenburg was the work to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of Russia, as well as to support public education and higher education. The correspondence between Bartold and Oldenburg is the most important source for reconstructing the scientific biographies of both scholars, as well as for reconstructing the history of Russian (Soviet) science and culture of the late 19th – first third of the 20th century. A brief overview of archival documents predates the publication of all correspondence between Bartold and Oldenburg.
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Humeniuk, Olha, Vasyl Humeniuk, and Oksana Yefremova. "History of international academic mobility of students in higher medical education institutions of Ukraine." Visnyk of Lviv University. Series Pedagogics, no. 35 (2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vpe.2021.35.11307.
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The article summarizes the experience of Ukraine’s participation in international academic mobility on the example of undergraduate higher medical education. Analysis of the archival documents in the second half of the 20th century revealed two types of student exchange programs: introductory internships on the basis of clinical and medical institutions of Ukraine and European countries, under the guidance of an international group of teachers; labor introductory practice – exchange of student construction teams who got acquainted with the health care system of the host country and worked in hospitals and medical camps during the summer holidays. From the beginning of the 21st century, international mobility students in the Ukrainian medical universities (undergraduate medical education) have been studying at the following programs: 1) educational practice based on interuniversity cooperation agreements; 2) student exchanges organized by the International Federation of Medical Students Associations; 3) interuniversity international agreements on long-term (with credit transfer) and short-term exchange programs. The number of these students at the level of undergraduate medical education is increasing, but insignificantly compared to foreign students from Europe, Asia, Africa who receive undergraduate medical education on a permanent basis (as of 2018 – more than 23 thousand). Based on the obtained results, the general positive prospects and directions of the development of international academic mobility of medical students in Ukraine are determined: 1) short-term Ukrainian and European international student exchanges, which allow to increase their level of motivation to study, develop individual educational trajectories, expand their level of competence in the field of health care system of different countries; 2) expansion of the semester programs of student academic mobility taking into account the availability of educational programs in English in Ukraine and its lower cost compared to European universities, promising for both “EU students” and “non-EU students” of European universities, who: а) want to expand their experience and competence in the provision of medical services at the primary and secondary levels of health care and the pre-medical sphere; b) study medical management in the field of health care in different countries; c) have problems with tuition fees. Keywords: international academic mobility, undergraduate medical education, student exchange programs.
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Chutkyi, Аndrii. "A Bulgarian Student in Early XX Century Ukraine: Study, Lifestyle and Challenges." Istoriya-History 29, no. 4 (August 15, 2021): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2021-4-5-ukra.
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The paper discusses the life of Konstantin Nikolov, a Bulgarian from the town of Gorna Oryahovitsa, during his study at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce (1909 – 1915). The very “insignificance” of this person allows for some wider generalizations, given the fact that precisely such people best reflect the society as a whole. For this reason, the study of ordinary people’s biographies has become an important focus of modern historiography. Nikolov’s student years illustrate some aspects of contemporary Bulgarian history and exemplify the experience of Bulgarian students in the Russian Empire before and during the World War I. The present study is based on archive materials previously untapped by scholars. It also involves some documents relative to Svitozar Drahomanov, who was of Ukrainian origin but spent his childhood in Bulgaria and studied at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce along with Nikolov, as well as documents regarding a trip to Bulgaria by Czesław Madej, another student of the same institute. The study demonstrates that archives of different Kyiv-based higher educational institutions should be explored for more valuable materials regarding Bulgarian born students, which may help draw a fuller picture of Bulgarian-Ukrainian relations in the field of education and culture. This, in turn, will contribute to a deeper understanding of the history of Ukrainian higher education in the early 20th century. It will also provide a wider perspective on the phenomenon of Bulgarians studying abroad before and during the World War I, including the life situations of the students during this period which proved crucial for the whole European civilization.
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Fando, Roman A. "A. L. Shanyavskii University in the Epicenter of the Revolutionary Movement of Late 19th – Early 20th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2018): 1092–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-1092-1102.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the history of revolutionary unrest among students at the turn of the 20th century. Activities of informal student associations that conducted a broad agitation campaign within the walls of the A. L. Shanyavskii University in the early 20th century serve as an example. Unlike many other higher educational institutions, the Moscow City People's University became a hotbed of revolutionary outbreaks, fueled both by teachers and students of the university. University professors N. N. Polyansky, M. D. Zagryatskov, V. V. Krasnokutsky, A. V. Gorbunov, P. P. Gensen, P. N. Sakulin, A. A. Kizevetter called for democratic reforms in their lectures and criticized the foundations of the monarchy. Among other politicized communities of the University, the Latvian Social-Democratic group, which included M. I. Latsis and I. V. Tsivtsivadze, was especially prominent. Many students united around Social Democrat Ts. Zelikson-Bobrovskaya and Bolshevik A. A. Znamensky. The students of Shanyavskii University equipped a printing house and printed leaflets of revolutionary content. On the account of frequent cases of political agitation in the student environment, university lectures were attended by the police. Nevertheless, despite the police surveillance, the atmosphere at the university was quite liberal, and the revolutionary-minded associations continued to thrive there. The revolutionary events that were prepared with such energy (among others) by students of the A. L. Shanyavskii University and liberal-minded part of their professors, eventually led to greater collapse of the ideals of accessible higher education that A.L. Shanyavskii preached. The Bolsheviks, having received the reins of government in 1917, could not establish a working system of administration or even approximate the however well established pre-revolutionary order, and thereupon in 1920 the University of A.L. Shanyavskii ceased to exist. Several documents found in the State Archive of the Russian Federation allow to recreate the historical picture of the revolutionary movement within the walls of the Moscow City People's University.
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Armon, Chara. "Regenerative Collaboration in Higher Education: A Framework for Surpassing Sustainability and Attaining Regeneration." Philosophies 6, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6040082.
Full textAbstract:
Many in higher education seek to define how to respond to our environmental crisis. Our 20th and early 21st century failures to resolve the crisis have revealed that a focus on “sustainability” is inadequate in its goals, methods, and public appeal. Higher education must now advance its contribution to preparing graduates to enact the regeneration the damaged natural world requires. We now must teach the deep “why” of caring for our home planet as our life partner, exceed the standard of sustainability to focus on the more enduring and restorative standard of regeneration, and offer our students knowledge and skills for effective regenerative action. Colleges and universities can define their primary goal as teaching students how to tend the flourishing and regeneration of the life community via an emphasis on regenerative collaboration. Regenerative collaboration consists of principles that can guide higher education into a stage of deep contribution to regeneration of the natural world and human well-being. The framework of regenerative collaboration promotes transformation of academic disciplines, academic departments, and courses and calls for development of practical regenerative skills to be part of every degree program. Regenerative collaboration is a means of enacting higher education’s transition from a knowledge focus to a wisdom and regenerative action focus.
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Sira, I. "Scientific and pedagogical activity of the researchers of the Kharkiv Scientific and Pedagogical School (20 – 80s of the 20th century) and their opinions about the pedagogical ideas of H.S. Skovoroda." New Collegium 4, no. 109 (November 14, 2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/nc.2022.4.67.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes the scientific and pedagogical activity of the researchers of the Kharkiv Scientific and Pedagogical School (20-80s of the 20th century) and analyses their opinions regarding the pedagogical ideas of H.S. Skovoroda. The purpose of the article is a theoretical analysis of the scientific and pedagogical activity of the scientists of the Kharkiv Scientific and Pedagogical School based on the pedagogical ideas of H.S. Skovoroda in the 20s-80s of the 20th century. Based on the provisions of the national program “Education (Ukraine of the 21st century)”, pedagogy, in search of ways and means of training higher education teaching staff, turns to the study and use of the heritage of domestic educationalists. This approach will contribute to the discovery of their theoretical ideas and experience, will allow to add new materials to the history of pedagogical thought of Ukraine, will help to reveal the possibilities of creative use of the acquired general pedagogical experience in modern higher educational institutions. Since the beginning of the 1920s, Ukraine has undergone significant changes in the development of pedagogical thought. The process of Ukrainization of education and science was underway, national culture, art, and literature were developing. The Ukrainian language began to be widely used in teaching and education, the foundations of a new system of public education as a whole and higher pedagogical education as its important component were laid. The article contains short biographies and characteristics of the pedagogical activity of such educationalists as: S.A. Litvinov, M.O. Hryhoriev, A.I. Zilberstein, I.T. Fedorenko, who studied the theory and history of pedagogy, focusing on the development of didactics. It was noted that the deep interest of the scientists of the Kharkiv Scientific and Pedagogical School of the professors of the Kharkiv Pedagogical Institute named after H.S. Skovoroda (M.O. Hryhoryev, A.I. Zilbershtein, S.A. Lytvynov, I.T. Fedorenko) through the views of the humanist teacher Hryhoriy Skovoroda led to the study and generalization of his pedagogical heritage. It was determined that when studying the works of H.S. Skovoroda, scientists highly appreciated the poet’s attitude to the process of education and upbringing based on humanism. It has been proven that the scientists of the Kharkiv Scientific and Pedagogical School believed that the pedagogical ideas of H.S. Skovoroda left a deep mark in the history of pedagogical thought.
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De Smedt, Bert, and Frank Pattyn. "Numerical modelling of historical front variations and dynamic response of Sofiyskiy glacier, Altai mountains, Russia." Annals of Glaciology 37 (2003): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756403781815654.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe recent fluctuation of the central Asian climate, and its effect on the region’s glaciers, is poorly known, largely because of a lack of knowledge of the dynamic behaviour of so-called summer-accumulation-type glaciers. In this study, a one-dimensional numerical glacier model is used to simulate the dynamic response of Sofiyskiy glacier, Altai mountains, Russia, to climate forcing. A successful simulation of the observed historical front variations was accomplished by dynamic calibration. This resulted in a reconstruction of the recent mass-balance history of the glacier, showing a distinct decline in surface mass balance in the second half of the 19th century, a slightly higher mass balance at the beginning of the 20th century, followed by a steady decline towards present conditions. The future response of Sofiyskiy glacier was projected for six 21st-century climate scenarios. Under a “no-change” scenario, the glacier will retreat > 2 km by 2100. If air temperature gradually rises by > 5°C during this century, the glacier will vanish around 2100. Basic response characteristics of Sofiyskiy glacier were determined. These indicate rather low mass-balance sensitivity to temperature change, but a strong front reaction due to geometric conditions.
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McLaren, Brian, and Jason Pollard. "Restructuring of the boreal forest and the forest sector in Newfoundland, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 772–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85772-5.
Full textAbstract:
Newfoundland pulp logs were once considered an abundant resource available for export, but over the last part of the 20th century became a shrinking commodity, imported to the island to keep 3 paper mills supplied. What were the concurrent changes in the human and the forested landscapes? Faced with increasing resource and labour costs, forest operations became increasingly centralized and mechanized during the second half of the 20th century. Labour productivity increased and, until the mid-1970s, pulpwood processing also increased as a means for forest companies to remain competitive. By the mid-1970s, processed volumes began to fall, but the number of employees in the forest sector continued to decline, resulting in a steady increase in the volume of pulpwood required to support a forest sector job. Forests accessed by loggers were first concentrated around waterways and then became more dispersed across the landscape, as a result of changes in wood extraction and transportation technologies. Beginning in the 1950s and increasingly through the 1980s, pulpwood was cut from targeted, high-volume stands. Eventually 2 of the 3 paper mills was forced to close, in part because of higher costs associated with accessing pulpwood. Newfoundland’s history of forestry restructuring is similar to the experience elsewhere in Canada. We suggest that signals of overexploitation have been often overlooked by policy-makers and changes in the forest sector can be more easily viewed as a response to new technologies and global markets than policy-making. Key words: Canada, employment, history, landscape, logging, Newfoundland and Labrador, policy, restructuring, sustainability
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Drach, Oksana. "“Childhood Left the Brightest Memories”: Early Years Described in the Autobiographies of Jewish Female Students in the Early 20th Century." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 19 (2021): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.21.004.16413.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the childhood years of Jewish female students of the medical department of the Kyiv Higher Courses for Women, as described in their own autobiographies. The study of their autobiographical images of childhood reveals transformations in the relationships between parents and daughters in Jewish families in the modern period, the variability of the home upbringing of girls, and the obligatory component of their education. The admission of daughters to the educational institutions determined by their parents symbolized the end of childhood.