Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Higher Philippines'

This descriptive and correlational study examined the applicability of major U.S. college choice factors to Philippine high school seniors. A sample of 226 students from a private school in Manila completed the College Choice Survey for High School Seniors. Cronbach's alpha for the survey composite index was 0.933. The purposes of this nonexperimental, quantitative study were (1) to describe the relative importance of major college choice factors (as identified in U.S. research) to Philippine high school seniors, and (2) to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in the importance ascribed to these factors, according to students' demographic attributes. For all statistical analyses, SPSS 16.0 software was used. To address the first purpose, the mean and standard deviation were calculated for each college choice factor addressed in the survey. To address the second purpose, ANOVAs, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were run, in order to study the relationship between each of the major college choice factors and students' demographic attributes. This study found that all of the major U.S. college choice factors were important, to some degree, in the Philippine context. Other factors were added based on pilot studies. This study also found that some of the U.S.-literature-generated demographic choice attributes functioned similarly in the Philippine setting (e.g. academic ability, gender), while others did not (e.g. educational level of fathers and of mothers). Moreover, students' academic ability was the primary demographic attribute, accounting for statistically significant differences in assessment of the importance of college choice factors for most (12 out of 13) of the factors. The major U.S. college choice factors appear to be important to Philippine private high school students. Two choice attributes (academic ability, gender) appear to apply to private high school students in the Philippines, while the attributes of father's and mother's education levels do not appear to apply. Among Philippine private high school students, academic ability may account for differences in assessment of the importance of college choice factors. Using a survey method alone to study college choice is limiting. Future studies should utilize a variety of methods to collect data and should involve several schools.

While most schooling in the Philippines currently takes place in a coeducational setting, it seems apparent that, although they are attending the same high schools, boys and girls are not getting the same education. In many areas of the Philippines, boys' dropout rates are almost three times that of girls'. As more females graduate from college, women are rapidly replacing men in many fields.
However, this does not mean that women are leaving their traditional responsibilities in the home. Quite the opposite, women are now finding themselves faced with double the work while men essentially find themselves without the training or skills to adapt to a changing society.
This dissertation looks specifically at the schooling of two communities in the central Philippines. Looking at one school from a very rural village and another in a larger city, I examine the historical and sociological traditions of the Philippines and the island of Panay specifically. I investigate the reasons for girls' success while also looking at some reasons for boys' failure. I look closely at students' relationships with their schools, their teachers, their families, and with each other; I am trying to get a sense of how they perceive themselves and their world.
This dissertation uses qualitative research methods including lengthy observation and interview of students, families and teachers. It draws from the traditions of phenomenology and grounded theory, and is constructed in an interpretive anthropological tradition in which the narration is in first person singular and, where possible, the present tense.

Students pursue different goals in school, which have been shown to influence a variety of educational outcomes. The achievement goal framework which focuses on mastery and performance goals is currently the most dominant paradigm for the examination of students‘ goals in the school setting. Numerous studies have shown the different consequences associated with the pursuit of mastery and performance goals. However, a limitation of achievement goal theory is its neglect of social goals which pertain to social reasons for studying. This is surprising given the importance of interpersonal relationships for adolescent students. Moreover, from a cross-cultural perspective, social goals seem to be even more salient for students from collectivist cultures due to the greater importance of the relational fabric in such societies. Therefore, the general aim of this study was to investigate the types, the structure, and the consequences of social goals in a collectivist cultural context. Five inter-related studies were conducted with Filipino secondary school students. Study 1 was a qualitative study which aimed to assess the different types of goals that students pursued. Results indicated that most of the goals pertained to social goals, and only a minority of these referred to the more commonly-researched achievement goals. Studies 2 and 3 aimed to examine the cross-cultural applicability of the 2 x 2 achievement goal model and the hierarchical and multidimensional model of social goals respectively in the Philippine setting. The 2 x 2 achievement goal model posits a distinction between four types of achievement goals: mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, and performance avoidance, while the hierarchical and multidimensional model of social goals construes social goals as a higher-order construct underpinned by five specific types of social goals: social affiliation, social approval, social concern, social responsibility, and social status. Results of these two studies indicated that these models were both applicable to Filipino students. As such, they were used in the subsequent studies. The aim of Study 4 was to test the relationships among achievement goals, social goals, academic engagement, and achievement. A longitudinal design was adopted and results indicated that social goals were the most salient positive predictors of academic engagement. They were also negative predictors of academic disengagement. Engagement and disengagement, in turn, mediated the impact of goals on subsequent academic achievement. Study 5 examined the relationships among achievement goals, social goals, and well-being. A longitudinal design was adopted, and results showed that mastery-approach and social goals were the most beneficial for well-being. Taken together, these studies showed the importance of investigating social goals alongside the oft-examined achievement goals given their greater salience and their causal dominance over achievement goals in predicting both achievement-related and broader well-being outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as directions for future research are discussed.
published_or_final_version
Education
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Political Science, 2014.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 251-271).
Development scholars, heavily influenced by the cases of the four Asian Tigers (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan), have attributed success in economic development to education. Although the Philippines seemed even more promising before the Asian Tigers began developing, the educational advances in the Philippines have led to an enormous exodus of labor. Failing to integrate its highly educated labor force in the domestic economy, the Philippine state focused its attention on exporting college-educated/highly-educated workers by creating a set of elaborate institutions to facilitate overseas employment. As a result, currently over 10 percent of its citizens live abroad in over 160 countries and about 4,600 Filipinos leave the country every day for overseas work. Why did the Philippine government develop institutions for exporting labor and why has it continued for the past four decades? This dissertation explains how the management of post-secondary educational institutions influenced the initiation and continuation of the Philippine labor export program. From its start, two interrelated problems motivated the creation of the Philippine labor exporting state: (1) over-development of the educational system through an unregulated, laissez-faire approach to private higher education and (2) underdevelopment of the economy to absorb high-skilled labor in the domestic labor market. President Ferdinand Marcos and his technocrats developed the 1974 labor export program to relieve the country of these twin problems by providing overseas employment for the educated unemployed and generating foreign currency revenues from the remittances received from Filipinos working abroad. Over time, political pressures from overseas Filipinos and migrant households, coupled with growing remittance revenue and a large private recruitment industry, led to further development of the labor exporting state with the creation of new state emigrant institutions for managing, protecting, and representing Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). These new state institutions, overseas demand for Filipino workers, domestic demand for remittances, and a highly flexible and unregulated private higher educational system continues to drive the exporting of Filipino labor to this day. Empirically, this dissertation is based on twelve months of fieldwork in the Philippines and relies on multiple research methods: archival research, statistical methods empirically testing the relationship between post-secondary education and out-migration, over one hundred interviews of key actors in the labor export and higher education industries, quantitative data analysis using survey and census data from the 1950s through 2011, the creation and analysis of an original dataset of family ownership of all private higher educational institutions in the Philippines, and a review of government documents and legislation.
by Neil G. Ruiz.
Ph. D.

This thesis examined student knowledge about the nature, scope, causes and responses to poverty, student perceptions of the emphasis in the school curricula on poverty and development, student attitudes to poverty and the factors that influence such knowledge and attitudes. Knowledge and attitudes at the end of primary school were compared with those after four years of secondary school in three nations, Australia. The Philippines and Zimbabwe, involving 1296 surveys and 188 interviews. The investigation draws on earlier work in Ireland (Regan, 1996). and is a response to the recent emphasis on the role of schools in development education in Europe (Lemmers, 2001) and the call for a greater emphasis in Australia on this area (Simons. Hart and WTalsh, 1997). The survey compared student understanding with current 'knowledge' in the literature and the interview allowed an examination of the stories students constructed about people in poverty, including their cognitive and affective responses to people in poverty. Results showed that whilst almost all students recognised that poverty exists, they were more likely to define it simply as a lack of income than as a phenomenon involving social power and self esteem. Few students were aware that the majority of the world's poor are female. Nationality was an important predictor of student knowledge and values. Australian students considered nationally based causes (e.g., government, education) to be more important than personal qualities (e.g., laziness) or international causes (e.g., powerful countries). Australian students were also more likely to value hedonism, but it could not be demonstrated conclusively that this affected the ways that they defined poverty and its causes. Filipino students were more likely to perceive poverty as being the fault of the person experiencing poverty and were more pejorative towards the poor. Whilst Filipino and Zimbabwean students considered that they had learnt a lot about poverty, few Australian students thought this to be the case. Students in senior secondary school were not well informed of current understandings about poverty and development and did not possess a significantly greater knowledge than primary school students on these matters. Specifically. current school practices allow students to perceive poverty as primarily income related and do not place due emphasis on internationally related causes.

Limited economic opportunity for many Filipinos has created substantial emigration of the country’s educated work force. The economic opportunities in the United States have attracted Philippine immigrants seeking employment opportunities. Thus, the U.S. now has a substantial foreign-born Filipino population. Although the majority of Philippine immigrants to the U.S. possess bachelor’s degrees or advanced degrees (Allard & Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011; Camarota, 2012; Commission on Filipinos Overseas, 2012), many are underemployed or work in fields relatively unrelated to their education and experience. This thesis examines Philippine college and university graduates’ social networks, educational attainment, degree field, English language proficiency, immigration status, age, and gender, factors which influence and determine Philippine graduates’ employability in the U.S. labour market. The Triangulation Mixed Methods Design also known as the Concurrent Triangulation Design was employed to effectively measure the complex phenomenon of Philippine graduates’ employability by integrating quantitative and qualitative data sets. The null hypotheses for this thesis were rejected exclusive of age and gender differences. Data revealed employability was enhanced when Philippine graduates networked with Weak Ties during initial employment and continued to be advantageous for being adequately employed (i.e. resulted in lower underemployment). However, lower employability and underemployment negatively affected graduates with a bachelor’s degree (particularly a business-related degree), those who were less proficient in English, and those who were Green Card holders. The factors that were influential in the employability of Philippine graduates coincided with the labour market demands of the American employers sampled in this study. The thesis found that the current status of Philippine graduates has improved substantially with a higher percentage of the respondents obtaining jobs commensurate with their educational qualifications as opposed to their initial employment. Philippine graduates with medical technology degrees were particularly successful at obtaining jobs commensurate with their educational qualifications despite relatively few holding advanced degree, but on average this group had resided in the U.S. the longest. Graduates with business-related degrees continued to lag behind those in other degree fields and experienced lower employability and higher underemployment. Despite their initial employment disadvantage, these degree holders were less likely to pursue continuing education or receive additional U.S. school/educational credits. The findings of this thesis provide insight into the employability of Philippine graduates. Because of the sampling restrictions, the findings cannot be extrapolated beyond the scope of this research. These results should only be treated as indicative within the context of this research. However, they provide useful insights for policy-makers, stakeholders and academics in the Philippines.

This study presents findings obtained from 280 fourth year high school students in Ormoc City, Philippines concerning their attitude towards English and towards Fil-English code-switching. It is a partially comparative study that surveys similarities and differences of attitude towards code-switching between 140 public high school students and 140 private high school students. The survey incorporates both quantitative and qualitative methods. The result shows that participants are generally positive towards English and Fil-English code-switching. However, there are more private school students who have a neutral attitude towards code-switching, compared to public high school students. In addition, the result shows that code-switching amongst the 280 high school students is a marked socio-linguistic activity. Furthermore, the result shows that Fil-English is both subtractive and additive bilingualism from the students’ viewpoint. Finally, findings show that the participants’ attitudes towards English and Fil-English illustrate diglossia in their speech community.

On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, ejected 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, significantly impacting global climate and stratospheric ozone. Recharging basaltic magma mixed into the 50 km³ dacitic magma reservoir 6 to 11 km beneath Mount Pinatubo, and triggered the 1991 eruption. The result of the magma mixing was a hybrid andesite with quenched basalt inclusions that erupted as a dome between June 7 and June 12. On June 15, approximately 5 km³ of anhydrite-bearing magma was erupted from the main phenocryst-rich, dacitic reservoir. This study will utilize this extraordinary framework of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption to investigate the systematics of sulfur uptake by apatite in order to further develop apatite as a monitor for magmatic sulfur. In the dacite and hybrid andesite, apatite occurs as individual phenocrysts (up to ~200 μm diameter) or included within anhydrite, hornblende, and plagioclase phenocrysts. In the basaltic magmatic inclusions, apatite is found as acicular microphenocrysts. Electron microprobe data collected on apatite yield low- (0.7 wt.% SO₃) apatites in all juvenile products, and show that two distinct populations of apatites exist: "silicic" apatites (hosted in dacite and andesite) and basalt apatites. Apatites crystallizing from silicic melt have predominantly low- to medium-sulfur contents, but high-sulfur apatites with as much as 1.2-1.7 wt.% SO₃ occur sporadically as inclusions in plagioclase, hornblende, Fe-Ti oxide, and anhydrite. These concentrations are much higher than what could be achieved through equilibrium crystal-melt partitioning at pre-eruption conditions (760±20°C, 220MPa, NNO+1.7, 77 ppm S in melt inclusions) and a partition coefficient of 13. Apatite in the basalt is always sulfur-rich with compositions forming a continuous array between 0.7 to 2.6 wt.% SO₃. The population of apatite that crystallized from silicic melt has elevated cerium, fluorine, and chlorine and lower magnesium concentrations (average dacite values in wt.%: 0.21 Ce₂O₃, 1.4 F, 1.1 Cl, & 0.14 MgO) relative to the population of apatite from the basalt (average basalt values in wt.%: 0.05 Ce₂O₃, 1.0 F, 0.78 Cl, & 0.22 MgO). LA-ICP-MS trace element data also show distinct apatite populations between silicic and basalt apatites. Silicic apatites have elevated REE concentrations (La avg. = 750 ppm), lower Sr (avg.= 594 ppm), and a pronounced negative Eu anomaly (avg. Eu/Eu* = 0.57) relative to basalt apatites (avg. values: 217 ppm La, 975 ppm Sr, and Eu/Eu* = 1.16). The correlation of EMP sulfur data and LA-ICP-MS trace element data show no difference between high-S and low-S silicic apatites. These compositional systematics rule out the possibility that sulfur-rich apatite from dacite are inherited from mafic magma. Sulfur element maps of apatites show no evidence of S-diffusion from anhydrite hosts. Areas of high-S concentrations show complicated patterns that suggest multiple periods of sulfur enrichment. High-S silicic apatites are likely the product of "fluid-enhanced crystallization" from early enrichment of a SO₂ rich fluid phase from the underplating basalt, which occurred prior to or at anhydrite saturation. This fluid phase is the only possible sufficient source of sulfur for generating high-S apatites in a cool, "wet", dacitic melt. The dynamics of apatite sulfur enrichment via "fluid-enhanced crystallization" is yet unclear and requires further experimental laboratory investigation.

Educational leadership preparation is not an explicit priority in the scholastic formation of future Catholic priests in the Philippines. Consequently, there may be those assigned to lead in parochial mission schools early on in their ordained ministry but lack leadership training and experience. Thus, this study sought to answer the following research questions: What are the experiences of educational leadership successes and challenges of newly ordained Jesuit priests assigned as directors of Jesuit mission high schools in the Philippines? What are the perceptions of newly ordained Jesuit priests assigned as directors of Jesuit mission high schools in the Philippines on how their seminary formation contributed to their preparation as school leaders? This phenomenological research explored the experiences of seven first-time Jesuit school directors of mission high schools in the Southern Philippines and examined their perceptions about the leadership formation that they received as seminarians before being missioned to the ministry of leading high-needs schools in the peripheries of rural Philippines. Through a modified educational leadership preparation framework presented originally by Capper, Theoharis, and Sebastian (2006), I analyzed the qualitative data from the field and determined how the participants’ peculiar leadership experiences and keen assessment of their seminary formation can inform enhancements in the Jesuit leadership formation’s context-specific curriculum, andragogy, and holistic evaluation to prepare future Jesuit educational leaders’ critical consciousness and socially just leadership knowledge and skills. In line with this, I recommended the institutionalization of programmatic leadership training modules for Jesuits before they are missioned as first-time school directors.

碩士
臺北市立大學
華語文教學碩士學位學程
106
The Republic of China has been recruiting overseas Chinese students to study in colleges and universities in Taiwan since the early 1950s. In more than 60 years, over 120,000 overseas Chinese students have undergone higher education in Taiwan. Encouraging overseas Chinese students to come to Taiwan for further study has remained a key policy of the government of the Republic of China. Additionally, the reduced domestic student numbers each year due to a low birth rate has caused difficulties for Taiwanese colleges and universities in student recruitment, prompting these institutions to seek students from overseas. Observations made at a teaching site in the Philippines discovered that most local students would choose to pursue further study either in the Philippines or in other English-speaking countries; therefore, this study investigated the challenges faced by the Republic of China in recruiting overseas Chinese students living in the Philippines to study in Taiwan and proposed possible solutions. The research was conducted in Manila, the Philippines, and the subjects were the students and school personnel of Chinese schools in the city. The research data were primarily collected using a questionnaire survey supplemented by interviews. Before officially conducting the survey, the researcher tested and confirmed the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. The data were analyzed using multiple responses analysis, cross analysis, and one-way analysis of variance. The analysis results were subsequently integrated with the interview responses to identify the policy effect and difficulties associated with recruiting overseas Chinese students living in the Philippines to study in Taiwan. The results indicated that family factors, economic factors, and language proficiency were the main factors influencing decision to study in Taiwan or other countries. Student’s backgrounds also affected their awareness of the relevant policies in Taiwan. The lack of information and advertisement regarding further education in Taiwan was also identified to be a factor causing unsatisfactory recruitment. This study obtained the following six conclusions: (1) factors that impede pursuance of further study in Taiwan; (2) a vague impression of Taiwan; (3) unsatisfactory promotion of policies encouraging overseas Chinese students to pursue higher education in Taiwan; (4) insufficient sources of information on studying in Taiwan; (5) lack of student recruitment advertisement; and (6) students’ preference for short-term study programs rather than degree- or diploma-oriented programs. Finally, several suggestions are proposed to serve as a reference for competent authorities seeking to recruit overseas Chinese students living in the Philippines. The results also indicated a few directions for future research investigating the practical design of policies for encouraging overseas Chinese students living in Southeast Asian to study in Taiwan.

碩士
國立中正大學
教育領導與管理發展國際碩士學位學程
105
Regionalisation in education is not new or uncommon, but it has gained heightened interest and importance as a result of the ever-increasing collaborations, interactions and cooperation among neighbouring nation-states and even between regions. Constructions and definitions of the term vary, and more so its operationalisation in universities and educational institutions. In the Philippines, the emphasis on regionalisation in higher education has become even more pronounced with the ASEAN Integration Vision. This research explores the constructions and understanding of regionalisation and how it is manifested and made evident in institutional activities and initiatives. Based on a multiple case study of three selected higher education institutions in the Philippines, the research found that the notion of regionalisation is closely intertwined and highly interchanged with internationalisation. It is viewed as a tool for national and institutional capacity building as much as it is envisioned as a mechanism for regional development. This idea of promoting regional development and provide a collective advantage over other regions and/or advanced countries also lends a protectionist lens to the notion of regionalisation. Most of the institutions’ regionalisation efforts are reflective of soft and open collaborations particularly designed to enhance the programmatic and curricular focus of the institutions. Besides enhancing academic mobility and exchange, regionalisation initiatives were also geared at developing and enhancing the academic niches of the institutions. As a push factor, the ASEAN Integration serves as both an opportunity for the institutions to legitimise and rationalise their regionalisation and, by association, internationalisation initiatives; and a consciousness that fosters heightened positional awareness of the institutions and an increased Asian/Southeast Asian bias.

Magmatic-related porphyry copper and high-sulphidation epithermal copper-gold ore deposits in continent-margin and intra-oceanic arcs of the Pacific Rim are spatially clustered in discrete volcanic arc segments. Ore-forming episodes likewise occur within discrete time intervals and are temporally associated with intervals of compression within arcs. Understanding the spatial and temporal controls on fertility of magmas requires detailed multidisciplinary studies of young, ore-productive districts where the tectonic evolution of the arc can be closely integrated with the evolution of crustal stress, with the timing of mineralisation and with evolution of petrological, petrochemical and magmatic physico-chemical properties. The late Miocene to Recent magmatism of the Tampakan ore district of southern Mindanao, Philippines, provides this opportunity. Porphyry copper and high sulphidation epithermal mineralisation within the giant Tampakan Cu-Au deposit (2500 Mt@ 0.48% Cu) are hosted by a polygenetic volcanic complex that was constructed over the past 7 Myr. This interval spans the pre-, syn- and late-collision stages of arc-arc collision in the southern Mindanao segment of the Sangihe arc. Synthesis of tectonic reconstructions and of plate motions from GPS data reveal that crustal compression in southern Mindanao commenced at ~7 Ma and peaked at ~4-3 Ma as subduction waned at the divergent Sangihe and Halmahera subduction systems, and during establishment of the nascent Philippine Trench and Cotabato Trench subduction systems. Porphyry Cu mineralisation at 4.24-4.26 Ma (⁴⁰Ar- ³⁹Ar) and high-sulphidation Cu-Au mineralisation at 3.24-3.28 Ma (⁴⁰Ar- ³⁹ Ar; K/Ar) formed during peak compression. Crustal deformation was manifested by regional folding and thrust faulting. Laser-ablation ICPMS ²³⁸U-²⁰⁶Pb dating of detrital and rock-hosted zircon grains, together with ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar and K/Ar radiometric dating and whole-rock chemistry define five magmatic cycles which extended from the late Miocene to the present. These produced four stratovolcanoes that were built and eroded in successive eruptive and erosional cycles. These semi-continuous magmatic products recorded the covariation of magmatic physico-chemical variables as the arc underwent a transition from normal subduction to cessation of subduction associated with compressive crustal stress during arc-arc collision. The volcanic series evolved from water-poor pyroxene-hornblende-phyric basaltic andesites to hornblende-pyroxene andesites and to waterrich hornblende-biotite dacites. Major and trace element chemical data reveal progressive advance of hornblende saturation, and retreat of plagioclase saturation in the crystallisation sequence of successive magmatic cycles. High Sr/Y ratios are commonly attributed as a chemical feature of adakites, which are ascribed an origin by partial melting of an eclogitic source where refractory garnet retains Y. In contrast, high Sr/Y ratios in the Tampakan district are caused by hydrous, high-pressure crystal fractionation in the lower crust, where suppression of plagioclase crystallisation by high magmatic water activities allows Sr to accumulate during crystal fractionation, and crystallisation of hornblende to form lower-crustal hornblende-augitemagnetite cumulates depletes Y from the residual melt. This element ratio (Sr/Y) is identified as a qualitative indicator of the magmatic water activity, and is a robust guide to the ore-forming potential of a magmatic series. Magmatic temperatures for the series range from 765°C to 909°C and volcanic log /02 varies between NNO+l.53 and NN0+2.50. Sulphur abundances in the melt are low (312 to 57 ppm) and decrease systematically with temperature. Data points for the series plot around the anhydrite-saturation curve in :ΣSmelt-temperature coordinates, consistent with sulphur speciation calculations based on measured oxygen fugacity that indicate SO₃:H₂S abundance proportions between ~200: 1 and ~6,000: 1 in the melt. The magmatic series were saturated with anhydrite during much of their evolution. Magmatic water contents were calculated for the successive magmatic cycles that erupted over the past 7 Myr. Magmatic water contents calculated using the Housh and Luhr (1991) plagioclase-melt Na-Ca exchange geohygrometer reveal water contents that increase from 4.1 % in the late Miocene to up to 8.2 % in the Pleistocene. ²³⁸U-²⁰⁶Pb geochronology on 471 zircon samples from the Tampakan volcanic succession were used to parameterise time series in chemical compositions of volcanic rocks and phenocrysts, and time-series in magmatic temperature, oxygen fugacity and wt.% H₂0 in the pre-eruptive magma over the past 7 Myr. U/Ti, U/Ge and Th/Ti ratios in dated detrital zircon grains resolve multiple million-year-scale magma recharge-and-crystallisation cycles within a long-lived lowercrustal chamber. This deep reservoir resides at 18-22 km depth (~5-6 kbars; Al-in-hornblende geobarometry). The cyclic ramp-up and drop of these element ratios coincides with a 7 Myr-long "sawtooth" cyclic ramp-up in concentrations of volatiles and crystal incompatible trace elements in erupted andesites and dacites. Water contents climbed from 4.1 wt.% to 8.2 wt.% as SiO₂ evolved from 57 to 67 wt.%, because the accumulation of volatiles in residual melt was passed down through multiple cycles of magma-chamber replenishment, magma mixing and crystallisation. The lower-crustal chamber was periodically tapped to form overlying subvolcanic chambers and four overprinting stratovolcanoes within the late Miocene to Recent Tampakan polygenetic volcanic complex. A lower-crustal magma chamber having a long lifespan and slow crystallisation rate relative to the frequency of recharge is required in order to generate the observed petrochemical trends and cyclic climb magmatic water content relative to SiO₂ content of the melts. This longevity is thermally and physically permissible where magma entrapment in the lower crust occurs in compressive stress regimes beneath volcanic arc segments that undergo transient collision, or are under-thrust by buoyant segments of the subducting plate. Calculated buoyancy forces of 1-3 km thick basaltic to andesitic melt columns in the ductile lower crust are comparable to horizontal tectonic stresses in orogenic zones, indicating that melt entrapment can be modulated by an ambient stress regime that inhibits magma ascent by dyke propagation. Numerical thermal models created using the 2-D graphical, user-interactive, heat flow program KWare HEAT predict that lower-crustal sills that are entrapped in the lower crust cool extremely slowly, with residual melt fractions remaining above the wet solidus for several million years, so intermittently erupted magmas exhibit chemical continuity over the ~3-10 Myr period of crustal compression in collisional volcanic arcs. The results from this integrated study of the Tampakan district indicate that the spatial and temporal clustering of magmatic Cu-Au porphyry ores in volcanic arcs is a product of shared regional compressive stress which inhibits magma ascent by sub-vertical dyke propagation and promotes development of sub-horizontal magma chambers in the lower crust, where the trapped magma proceeds to crystallise cumulates until the residual melt evolves to sufficient buoyancy to propagate sub-vertical dykes. Volcanics and epizonal plutons related to porphyry-Cu ore in the Tampakan district display trace-element evidence that the melts segregated from high pressure (lower-crustal) cumulates consisting largely of Al-rich augite and hornblende, but little or no plagioclase. Magma chambers in hot lower crust cool very slowly and live long enough to undergo multiple, million-year-scale cycles of magma replenishment and fractional crystallisation and tapping, over the course of which concentrations of "incompatible components" such as H₂O, Cl and SO₃ are passed on through multiple cycles of chamber replenishment and crystallisation and minor discharge and so accumulate to exceptional concentrations relative to major elements (Si₂, AliO₃, Na₂O etc). Successive batches of increasingly H₂O-rich melt leaving the lower crustal chamber began to exsolve a hydrothermal fluid at successively greater depths. Hydrothermal fluids that exsolve at greater depths are denser and more efficient in scavenging Cu from the melt, because the fluid-melt partition coefficient of Cu is extremely pressure sensitive. This study suggests that the transition to metallogenic fertility of magmas at convergent margins is ultimately modulated by compressional stress that induces deep entrapment, build-up to anomalously high water contents and consequent magmatichydrothermal fluid exsolution at deep mid-crustal depths in ascending magmas, and segregation of Cu-rich brines to apical parts of the ascending magma body. The superposition of both porphyry Cu and high-sulphidation-epithermal Cu-Au mineralisation in the Tampakan deposit, and the partial preservation of the host stratovolcanic edifice, allows investigation of the genetic relationship between these two deposit styles and study of the uppercrustal palaeohydrology of a stratocone-centred, ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal system. ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating reveals that the porphyry Cu mineralisation formed during the early Pliocene (4.24 ± 0.02 Ma, 4.26 ± 0.02 Ma), whereas high-sulphidation-epithermal mineralisation formed during the middle Pliocene (3.23 ± 0.03 Ma, 3.34 ± 0.05 Ma, 3.28 ± 0.06 Ma). The ~1 Myr age difference requires their formation from separate magmatic-hydrothermal systems that were established in the upper crust from different batches of melt. Petrochemical trends indicate that both hydrothermal systems emanated from epizonal magma chambers fed from a shared, longlived lower crustal magma reservoir. Erosion of Cycle 3 andesites during collisional uplift exposed porphyry-Cu-stage quartz stockwork veins at the palaeosurface in less than ~ 350 Kyr after porphyry mineralisation. After unroofing of the porphyry system, construction of the Cycle 4a middle Pliocene volcanic centre commenced at 3.93 Ma. A cryptic unconformity between Cycle 3 and Cycle 4a andesites became the principal surface for a stratigraphic groundwater aquifer that acted as a condensor for high-sulphidation-stage magmatic volatiles. Three aspects of the Tampakan high-sulphidation-epithermal palaeohydrological system are investigated: 1) the physical properties and hydrological transport mechanics of the magmatic supercritical fluids along the "magmatic vapor plume" from the site of accumulation in the carapace beneath the deposit to the meteoric- and magmatic-fluid mixing environment within the deposit; 2) identification of the composition and thermal properties of the fluid end-members and the geometry of mixing paths within the deposit; 3) the geometry and relative mixing ratios of magmatic and meteoric groundwater in various regional alteration zones of the district and the effect of topographic forcing of hybrid hydrothermal fluids along the western flank of the volcanic complex. The Tampakan high-sulphidation epithermal mineralisation formed from a dense vapor-like supercritical fluid with a density of ~ 0 .15 to 0 .25 g/ cc that exsolved from a relatively mafic andesitic melt emplaced at shallow depths of 2.6 km to 4 km. These melts had significantly less magmatic water (~3-4 wt.% H20) than the more evolved andesitic melts associated with precursor porphyry Cu mineralisation (~ 6.0 wt.% H20). The lower water content of highsulphidation- stage melts allowed shallower crustal emplacement and fluid exsolution as a low-density vapor, whereas more water-rich porphyry-stage melts from the preceding cycle exsolved a dense supercritical brine phase (0.3 to 0.45 g/cc) at deeper (~ 6 to 8 km) crustal levels. Pressure and enthalpy constraints calculated for the high-sulphidation-stage magmatic fluid at several points along its flow path provide substantial insights into the magmatic fluid transport process. The magmatic vapor ascended along a nearly isochoric decompression path from the site of exsolution to the site of fluid mixing. The density of the vapor increased from ~0.2 g/cc to ~0.3 g/cc over a vertical ascent distance of ~1.2 km. During transit, the vapor cooled conductively by ~350°C. The nearly isochoric vapor transport mechanism through the lithostatically pressured, ductile rock column requires propagation of fluid-filled, fine-scale, migratory hydrofractures, with intimate contact between the vapor and the ductile wall rocks during vapor ascent. This ensured substantial conductive cooling (~875°C to ~525°C) along the ascent path and that thermal contraction of the vapor balanced the tendency to expand with decompression. Instantaneous isoenthalpic decompression of the magmatic-vapor-charged mobile hydrofractures at the lithostatic-hydrostatic interface (brittle/ductile transition) near the base of the deposit, was associated with "instantaneous" cooling of the supercritical vapor from ~525°C to ~375°C. This pressure-temperature quenching efficiently condensed magmatic vapor to a modestly saline (5 wt.% NaCl equivalent) condensate that concurrently mixed with ambient meteoric water within a palaeo-aquifer at the base of the hydrostatic regime. Cooling of the dense magmatic condensate liquid (~0.62 g/cc) by dilution in the mixing column was associated with hydrolysis of SO₂ to H₂SO₄ , HSO₄ , SO₄ and to H₂S which in turn produced a vertical pH gradient and a vertical textural zonation in alteration facies in the advanced-argillic lithocap. Oxygen-isotope and enthalpy balances indicate that sericite in the deep portions of the deposit and pyrophyllite at higher and peripheral regions precipitated from hybrid magmatic-meteoric waters which comprised ~50% magmatic condensate. The hot, hybrid fluids formed a thermally buoyant plume due to transfer of heat from the high-enthalpy magmatic vapor into the meteoric water regime. The plume ascended and became entrained into a stratabound aquifer system on the west slope of the volcano. A substantial hydraulic head in the aquifer is implied by downstratigraphic- slope deflections in the time-integrated proxy fluid isotherms identified by calibration of PIMA II™ infrared spectral parameters with the chemical composition of potassic white mica. These calibrations reveal chemical trends in the composition of potassic white micas that can be tracked across several alteration environments. A central, and deep-seated, hightemperature zone of nearly stoichiometric muscovite coincides with the locus of the inferred magmatic vapour plume. This zone is transitional to shallower and peripheral regions where there is an increasing replacement of K ions by neutral H₂O molecules in the potassic white mica crystal structure, and decreasing Cu and Au grades. These trends reflect a central, deep-level zone of high fluid temperatures, with cooling paths deflected down-palaeo-slope at shallower levels in the volcanic edifice. Substantial magmatic fluid ascended into the hydrostatic regime along a 5 km by 1.5 km wide NNE-trending fault zone that partly controlled mineralisation. Lateral outflow of the hybrid fluids was controlled by regional dilational faults that transect the volcanic centre. Zoning of hydrothermal mineral compositions and assemblages reveal a superb example of hydrothermal plume-groundwater interaction and downslope dispersion. The plume of heated meteoric water and admixed magmatic condensate in the hydrostatic environment was centred within the Tampakan deposit. The deposit is located where gradients in the hybrid fluid's temperature proportion of magmatic fluid are greatest. Mineralisation was localised in the zone of steep temperature and pressure gradients associated with the interface between a deep lithostatic-pressured plume and a shallow hydrostatic-pressured plume.

博士
國立中央大學
地球物理研究所
94
In this study, the group and phase velocities of more than 3000 Rayleigh wave paths across the Philippine Sea Basin and its surrounding area are determined at the periods between 20 and 120 seconds. To investigate the lateral variation of shear velocity, the study area is divided into 399 blocks with the block size of 2 x 2 , and the group and phase velocity dispersions in each block are also derived by the pure-path method, respectively. By inversion of these dispersion data, high-resolution shear velocity structures along several east-west and north-south profiles of the Philippine Sea Basin are deduced. The results reveal the major geological structural features of the basin and its surroundings. The plate thickness is about 50 km in the western Philippine Sea Basin and 35 to 38 km in the Shikoku and Parece-Vela Basins. These results consistent with the basin evolution described in previous studies and quite match the values estimated by the cooling model of the plate. The azimuthal anisotropy is also derived in the study. The fast velocity directions are roughly agree with the spreading motions given by the ocean-floor topographic features.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
This study investigates the oral communication strategies used by pre-service teachers and the oral instructional strategies used by teacher educators in English medium classrooms within the Philippines, a country characterised by a high-context and high power distance socio-cultural milieu. The government of the Philippines wants its citizens to develop communicative competence in English, considered essential in an era of Asian globalisation and modernisation. There have been few studies that have examined the way in which a high-context/high power distance culture affects the development of students’ oral communication in English. As such, this study is an innovative exploration of the communicative interactions between pre-service teachers and teacher educators in the Philippines. Data were gathered from pre-service teachers and teacher educators in three teacher education institutions located in Central Mindanao. The investigation used a mixed method approach that included surveys, focus group interviews, and classroom observations. The study investigated the following areas in particular: the oral communication strategies used by pre-service teachers; the oral instructional strategies used by teacher educators; the strategies considered helpful by pre-service teachers and teacher educators; the level of agreement between pre-service teachers and teacher educators on helpfulness of strategies; and links between communication strategies and the high- context/high power distance culture that characterizes the Philippines. Findings from the three sources of data show general agreement between pre-service teachers and teacher educators in terms of the types of communication strategies each use and in terms of the strategies they find useful. These strategies can be located within the framework of a high-context/high power distance culture. It is argued that many of these strategies do not facilitate oral communication, and that current approaches to classroom communication could be improved by adjusting the strategies used by both pre-service teachers and teacher educators. Consequently, a set of recommendations to enhance oral communication in English medium classes in teacher education institutions is put forward.

碩士
國立成功大學
高階管理碩士在職專班
93
In recent years, the high-tech industry of our country has been facing shortage of workers in the labor force. This is due to several factors: the booming development of the high-tech industry, the gradual transformation of the domestic population structure, the exaltation of the national income and the living standard, the promotion of the education standard and the change of concept in social values. In order to maintain the competitive advantage, the demand for foreign labor to be admitted grows day by day. 　　According to government reports, the number of foreign labor in Taiwan already surpasses three hundred thousand, in which eighty-six percent are from Philippine and Thailand. They are an indispensable manpower for the electronic industry. However, because foreign labor comprises of different national cultures, manners and customs, religious belief and values, enterprises must be able to consider cross-cultural factors in their management. Furthermore, they must be able to understand dispositions and behaviors of foreign labor and the differences between their cultural context, enterprise environment and the organization culture, so that the goals of the labor meets the goals of the enterprises. This would enhance the labors’ work performance and increase the enterprises’ competitive advantage. Because of the reasons listed above, this research seeks to discuss the correlation between culture values of labor from different countries and their actual work performance and the interdependence of the national culture and work performance. 　　The range and object of this research is based on the Philippine & Thailand labor of high-tech electronic industries in Hsinchu industrial science centre and Kaohsiung Nanzih Export Processing centre. Using the Snowball Method of sampling, 650 questionnaires are sent out and 433 are replied, in which 381 (115 of Thai & 266 of Philippine) are valid. Through a statistical analysis, we acquire the conclusion as follows: 1. There is a significant difference between the three dimensions of the national culture- “Power Distance”, “Uncertainty Avoidance” & “Individualism” for Thailand and Philippine labor, but no significant difference between “Masculinity” & “Long-term Orientation” 2. Based on “Job Performance”, there is a significant difference in “Productivity”, “Job Satisfaction” and “Employee Work Attitudes” between Thailand and Philippine labor. 3. Different personal variable is significantly related to the factor of the national culture and job performance. 4. For the foreign labor in high-tech industry, the higher power distance, lower personal consciousness will promote their outer job satisfaction; the higher power distance, lower self-direction and a better interaction with colleagues will promote their inner satisfaction. The higher power distance, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation has significant positive correlation to productivity and employee work attitudes.