Relevant bibliographies by topics / Higher-order term

Academic literature on the topic 'Higher-order term'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Higher-order term"

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Pientka, Brigitte. "Higher-order term indexing using substitution trees." ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 11, no. 1 (October 2009): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1614431.1614437.

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Burshtein, D. "Long-term attraction in higher order neural networks." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 9, no. 1 (1998): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/72.655028.

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Ito, Akihiro. "Derivation of Skyrme Lagrangian and higher-order term." Physical Review D 41, no. 9 (May 1, 1990): 2930–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.41.2930.

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D’Abbicco, Marcello, and Enrico Jannelli. "A damping term for higher-order hyperbolic equations." Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata (1923 -) 195, no. 2 (January 29, 2015): 557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10231-015-0477-z.

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Astesiano, Egidio, and Maura Cerioli. "Partial Higher-Order Specifications1." Fundamenta Informaticae 16, no. 2 (March 1, 1992): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1992-16203.

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In this paper the classes of extensional models of higher-order partial conditional specifications are studied, with the emphasis on the closure properties of these classes. Further it is shown that any equationally complete inference system for partial conditional specifications may be extended to an inference system for partial higher-order conditional specifications, which is equationally complete w.r.t. the class of all extensional models. Then, applying some previous results, a deduction system is proposed, equationally complete for the class of extensional models of a partial conditional specification. Finally, turning the attention to the special important case of termextensional models, it is first shown a sound and equationally complete inference system and then necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of free models, which are also free in the class of term-generated extensional models.
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BALDAN, PAOLO, CLARA BERTOLISSI, HORATIU CIRSTEA, and CLAUDE KIRCHNER. "A rewriting calculus for cyclic higher-order term graphs." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 17, no. 3 (June 2007): 363–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129507006093.

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The Rewriting Calculus (ρ-calculus, for short) was introduced at the end of the 1990s and fully integrates term-rewriting and λ-calculus. The rewrite rules, acting as elaborated abstractions, their application and the structured results obtained are first class objects of the calculus. The evaluation mechanism, which is a generalisation of beta-reduction, relies strongly on term matching in various theories.In this paper we propose an extension of the ρ-calculus, called ρg-calculus, that handles structures with cycles and sharing rather than simple terms. This is obtained by using recursion constraints in addition to the standard ρ-calculus matching constraints, which leads to a term-graph representation in an equational style. Like in the ρ-calculus, the transformations are performed by explicit application of rewrite rules as first-class entities. The possibility of expressing sharing and cycles allows one to represent and compute over regular infinite entities.We show that the ρg-calculus, under suitable linearity conditions, is confluent. The proof of this result is quite elaborate, due to the non-termination of the system and the fact that ρg-calculus-terms are considered modulo an equational theory. We also show that the ρg-calculus is expressive enough to simulate first-order (equational) left-linear term-graph rewriting and α-calculus with explicit recursion (modelled using a letrec-like construct).
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Bertolissi, C., P. Baldan, H. Cirstea, and C. Kirchner. "A Rewriting Calculus for Cyclic Higher-order Term Graphs." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 127, no. 5 (May 2005): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2005.01.034.

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Bartušek, Miroslav, Zuzana Došlá, and Mauro Marini. "Oscillation for higher order differential equations with a middle term." Boundary Value Problems 2014, no. 1 (2014): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2014-48.

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Yang, Chunxiao, Feiyu Ji, and Qingyan Yin. "Fujita phenomenon in higher-order parabolic equation with nonlocal term." Applicable Analysis 97, no. 6 (March 6, 2017): 1042–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036811.2017.1298744.

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Bartušek, M., M. Cecchi, Z. Došlá, and M. Marini. "Asymptotics for higher order differential equations with a middle term." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 388, no. 2 (April 2012): 1130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2011.10.059.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Higher-order term"

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KUSAKARI, Keiichirou. "Higher-Order Path Orders Based on Computability." Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14973.

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Gyftodimos, Elias. "A probabilistic graphical model framework for higher-order term-based representations." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425088.

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Broadway, Jr James M. "Running memory/working memory span tasks and their prediction of higher-order cognition /." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22629.

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CHIBA, Yuki, and Keiichirou KUSAKARI. "A Higher-Order Knuth-Bendix Procedure and Its Applications." Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14974.

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Broadway, James M. Jr. "Running memory/working memory: span tasks and their prediction of higher-order cognition." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22629.

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Different versions of complex, simple, and running tests of immediate memory span were compared in their ability to predict fluid intelligence (gF). Conditions across memory tasks differed in terms of whether or not a secondary cognitive task was interleaved between to-be-remembered items (complex versus other span tasks), whether or not more items were presented than were ultimately to-be-remembered (running versus other span tasks), and whether presentation rate was relatively fast or slow (running and simple span tasks). Regressions indicated that up to 42.6% of variance in general fluid gF was explained by the memory span measures entered in different combinations. Across comparisons, shared relationships among span tasks accounted for a plurality of total variance in gF. Results indicate that in spite of procedural differences and resulting intra-individual variance in memory performance, the present memory tasks captured largely the same inter-individual variance in working memory capacity, insofar as this is important for higher-order cognition.
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IWAMI, Munehiro, Masahiko SAKAI, and Yoshihito TOYAMA. "An Improved Recursive Decomposition Ordering for Higher-Order Rewrite Systems." IEICE, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9576.

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Raghunandan, Jayshan. "Curry-Howard Calculi from Classical Logical Connectives : A Generic Tool for Higher-Order Term Graph Rewriting." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508781.

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KUSAKARI, Keiichirou, Masahiko SAKAI, and Toshiki SAKABE. "Primitive Inductive Theorems Bridge Implicit Induction Methods and Inductive Theorems in Higher-Order Rewriting." IEICE, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9580.

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Gioev, Dimitri. "Generalizations of Szego Limit Theorem : Higher Order Terms and Discontinuous Symbols." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mathematics, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3123.

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Gioev, Dimitri. "Generalizations of Szegö limit theorem : higher order terms and discontinuous symbols /." Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3123.

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Books on the topic "Higher-order term"

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Heering, Jan, Karl Meinke, Bernhard Möller, and Tobias Nipkow, eds. Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58233-9.

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Dowek, Gilles, Jan Heering, Karl Meinke, and Bernhard Möller, eds. Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61254-8.

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Gilles, Dowek, and International Workshop on Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting (2nd : 1995 : Paderborn, Germany), eds. Higher-order algebra, logic, and term rewriting: Second international workshop, HOA '95, Paderborn, Germany, September 21-22, 1995 : selected papers. Berlin: Springer, 1996.

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J, Heering, and International Workshop on Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting (1st : 1993 : Amsterdam, Netherlands), eds. Higher-order algebra, logic, and term rewriting: First international workshop, HOA '93, Amsterdam The Netherlands, September 23-24, 1993 : selected papers. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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Mironov, Rinat, Sergey Zubarev, and Marsel' Valeev. Law enforcement and judicial authorities. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1891021.

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The textbook has been prepared on the basis of updated Russian legislation, which is important for the organization and functioning of law enforcement and judicial authorities, ensuring the protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens, organizations and associations for the period of long-term socio-economic development of the country. The main directions, goals and objectives of law enforcement activities, powers and competencies of the judicial authorities, prosecutor's supervision, preliminary investigation, law enforcement, detective, security and human rights organizations to ensure security and law and order in the territory of the Russian Federation are presented. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational and higher educational institutions studying in the specialty and field of training "Jurisprudence", as well as for teachers and practitioners.
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Tyulin, Andrey, and Aleksandr Chursin. Management of competitiveness of products. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1081761.

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The textbook contains the basics of the theory and practice of management by competitiveness of products in the current market conditions. It describes new approaches to management of competitiveness of production taking into account features of knowledge-based industries — the main driving forces of the Russian economy. Considers the practical issues of managing competitiveness in order to enhance the competitiveness of the organization in terms of digitalization of the economy. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. For students of educational institutions of higher education studying in areas of training 38.04.02 "Management" (master level) and 38.04.01 "Economy" (master level), as well as graduate students and University professors engaged in training in these areas. Can be recommended to managers and specialists of companies, involved in the process of management competitiveness of the organization products.
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Heering, Jan, Karl Meinke, and Gilles Dowek. Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting: Second International Workshop, HOA '95, Paderborn, Germany, September 1995. Selected Papers. Springer, 2014.

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Heering, Jan, Karl Meinke, and Bernhard Möller. Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting: First International Workshop, HOA '93, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 23 - 24, 1993. Selected Papers. Springer, 2014.

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Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting: First International Workshop, Hoa '93, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, September 23 - 24, 1993. Selected (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 1994.

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Logic, and Term Rewriting (2nd : 1995 : Paderborn, Germany) International Workshop on Higher-Order Algebra. Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting: Second International Workshop, Hoa '95, Paderborn, Germany, September 21-22, 1995 : Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer-Verlag, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Higher-order term"

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Klop, Jan Willem. "Term graph rewriting." In Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting, 1–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61254-8_16.

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Fang, Wenchang, and Jung-Hong Kao. "Set-of-support strategy for higher-order logic." In Conditional Term Rewriting Systems, 498–501. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56393-8_40.

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Steggles, L. J. "Higher-order algebra with transfinite types." In Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting, 238–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61254-8_29.

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Pol, Jaco. "Termination proofs for higher-order rewrite systems." In Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting, 305–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58233-9_14.

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Berghammer, Rudolf, Thomas F. Gritzner, and Gunther Schmidt. "Prototyping relational specifications using higher-order objects." In Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting, 56–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58233-9_4.

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Deursen, Arie, and T. B. Dinesh. "Origin tracking for higher-order term rewriting systems." In Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting, 76–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58233-9_5.

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van Klink, J. M. M., M. S. Spruijt, and Enrico Lopriore. "Cerebral Palsy and Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Complicated Monochorionic Twin Pregnancy." In Twin and Higher-order Pregnancies, 391–408. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47652-6_27.

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Möller, Bernhard. "Ordered and continuous models of higher-order specifications." In Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting, 223–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58233-9_11.

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Blom, Stefan. "A complete proof system for Nested Term Graphs." In Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting, 74–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61254-8_20.

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Springintveld, Jan. "Third-order matching in the polymorphic lambda calculus." In Higher-Order Algebra, Logic, and Term Rewriting, 221–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61254-8_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Higher-order term"

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Manna, Sukanya, Zoltan Petres, and Tom Gedeon. "Significant term extraction by Higher Order SVD." In 2009 7th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sami.2009.4956610.

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Bendersky, Michael, and W. Bruce Croft. "Modeling higher-order term dependencies in information retrieval using query hypergraphs." In the 35th international ACM SIGIR conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2348283.2348408.

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Jiang, Jiangfeng, Gengfeng Li, Zhaohong Bie, and Huan Xu. "Short-term load forecasting based on higher order partial least squares (HOPLS)." In 2017 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epec.2017.8286222.

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Cheng, Yih-Shyang. "Higher-order analysis of the interference patterns in cross-grating interferometers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.thaa4.

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Both the on-axis and off-axis four-beam, interference patterns are analyzed using ray tracing. The cross-gratinglike interference pattern is accompanied by an extra term which consists of two orthogonal two-beam interference patterns. When partially coherent light is used, the extra term generally degrades the contrast of the cross-gratinglike pattern unless some special kinds of source are utilized. With gratings of high spatial frequencies, the amplitude of the extra term can become large compared with the desired term. In consequence, the localized cross-gratinglike pattern is changed to be periodic in different directions.
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Sangeetha, S., S. K. Thamilvanan, and Ethiraju Thandapani. "The oscillation measures for higher order difference equation having a superlinear neutral term." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS: ICMTA2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0108646.

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Padhy, Saraju Prasad, Madhusmita Panda, Srinivas Sethi, and Aruna Tripathy. "Impact of Higher Order Horizontal Sectorisation on a Real 4G Long Term Evolution Network." In 2020 International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icesc48915.2020.9155608.

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Fronk, Matthew, and Michael J. Leamy. "Waveform Invariance in Nonlinear Periodic Systems Using Higher-Order Multiple Scales." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59547.

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This paper carries-out a higher-order, multiple scales perturbation analysis on nonlinear monoatomic and diatomic chains with the intent of predicting invariant waveforms. The chains incorporate linear, quadratic, and cubic force-displacement relationships, and linear dampers. Multi-harmonic results for 1st and 2nd order expansions are reported in closed form, while results for the 3rd order are computed numerically on a case-by-case basis, thus avoiding difficulties associated with large symbolic expressions. Dimensionless parameters are introduced which characterize the amplitude-dependent nonlinear nature of a given chain. Interpretation of the perturbation solutions suggests that the nonlinear chains support certain waveforms which propagate invariantly; i.e., the spectral content does not change significantly over time and space. Numerical simulations confirm this finding using initial conditions corresponding to a specific order of the perturbation solution, and subsequent FFT’s of the response track the growth (or decay) of spatial harmonic content. A variance parameter computes mean fluctuation of the harmonics about their initial values. For a variety of parameter sets, the numerical studies confirm that spectral variance reduces when waves receive 2nd order initial conditions as compared to 1st order ones. Furthermore, chains given 3rd order initial conditions exhibit smaller variance when compared to those given 1st and 2nd order ones. The studies’ results suggest that introducing higher-order multiple scales perturbation analysis captures long-term, non-localized invariant waves (or cnoidal waves), which have the potential for propagating coherent information over long distances.
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Haider, Syed Tabish, and Tadeusz W. Patzek. "Higher-Order Derivatives of Production Rate and Convolutional Neural Network for Production Forecasts." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22486-ms.

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Abstract In recent years, many machine-learning models have been developed to predict future production of oil in gas in "shales". Long-short term memory (LSTM), the most widely used model, relies on the long-term production history for a reasonably accurate production forecast. All analytical and machine learning models, including LSTM, fail miserably in the absence of long production history. Our goal is to present a novel method of production forecasting using only 24 months of production data. The first and secondorder derivatives of the distance traveled give speed and acceleration to describe the trajectory and dynamics of a moving vehicle. Similarly, higher-order derivatives of hydrocarbon/water production rate vs. time uncover hidden patterns and fluctuations in a well that act as differential markers of its future recovery factor (RF). In this paper, we couple production data and their higher-order derivatives with other known parameters for a well, i.e., well length and initial production. The time-series data are passed into a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with two hidden layers of 16 nodes each, and one output layer. The model is trained to predict recovery factor (RF) in the 10th year of production. We analyze the first 24 months of production data for the Barnett (1500), Marcellus (800), Haynesville (800), and Eagle Ford (1000) shale wells. All wells have a minimum pressure interference time of 34 months. The production rate vs. time and its first, second, and third-order derivatives are coupled with the well length and initial production rate, and the data are normalized with their respective maxima. For the Barnett wells, the CNN model predicts recovery factors in their 10th year of production with an average accuracy of 90%. For the Marcellus, Haynesville, and Eagle Ford wells, the prediction accuracy in the 8th year of production is 89%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. Further, we divide the wells into three groups (A, B, C) depending on the range of their recovery factor (A:RF=0-0.3, B:RF=0.3-0.6, and C:RF=0.6-0.9). We show that the clusters of wells grouped by their RFs strongly correlate with the distribution of the higher-order de rivatives of production from these wells. Thus, we posit that the detailed production history and its derivatives are the most important variables that define distributions of maximum recoverable hydrocarbon from a source rock. Our novel method uses only 24 months of production data to predict future recovery factor with an outstanding average accuracy of 90%. We show that the higher-order derivatives of high-resolution production data available from the operators could be an excellent tool for well screening and predicting future production with reasonable accuracy.
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Horner, Joseph L., and Bahram Javidi. "Theory of the binary phase-only filters for optical pattern recognition." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.thk3.

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In this paper, we presentan analysis of the binary phase-only filter (BPOF).1,2 The linear filter function is expressed as the real part of the conventional matched filter, which contains the amplitude and phase of the Fourier transform of the reference signal. The linear filter function is then applied to a binary nonlinear device to produce the BPOF function. Our paper provides analytical expressions for the correlation signals produced by the BPOF. An expression for the BPOF can be obtained by an approach similar to that used in the analysis of nonlinearly transformed filters by the transform method.3 We have investigated the effects of the binary nonlinear transformation on the correlation signals at the output plane. We show that the BPOF results in an infinite sum of harmonic terms. Each harmonic term is phase-modulated by m times the phase modulation of the linear filter function. The amplitude modulation of the harmonic terms is removed in the binary nonlinear transformation. We show that for the first-order harmonic term, the nonlinear transformation preserves the phase of the matched filter. The higher-order terms are added to the first-order term and may be considered as degradation of the filter. The intensity of the higher order terms is less than that of the first-order signal. One component of the first-order term is identical to the continuous phase-only filter. However, the firstorder phase-only filter is degraded by the higher-order intermodulation terms. This explains why the performance of the binary phase-only filter is similar to that of the continuous phase-only filter.
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Baralon, Stephane, Lars-Erik Eriksson, and Ulf Håll. "Evaluation of Higher-Order Terms in the Throughflow Approximation Using 3D Navier-Stokes Computations of a Transonic Compressor Rotor." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-074.

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Two three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solutions of the Nasa 67 transonic compressor rotor with tip clearance, computed at near-peak efficiency and near-stall flow conditions, have been circumferentially averaged in order to evaluate the circumferential spatial fluctuation terms such as u′u′, u′v′, u′w′, etc. The three-dimensional distribution of these fluctuations is presented and physically interpreted for the two flow conditions. Then, the meridional distributions of the tangential average of each of these fluctuation terms, the so-called perturbation stresses, are described and interpreted for the two flow conditions. A meridional throughflow computation for which all stresses were included has been performed for the near-peak efficiency flow condition using a time-marching finite-volume solver. The calculation proved to be in good agreement with the tangentially averaged 3D solution. Moreover, the relative importance of the perturbation and viscous stresses has been investigated. The influence of the viscous stresses on the meridional flow was not found important whereas the perturbation stresses were identified as significant contributors to the blade passage losses and to the spanwise mixing phenomenon. Furthermore, the relative effects of each perturbation term on the meridional flow prediction have been investigated for the near-peak efficiency case. The u′w′~, v′w′~, u′v′~ and u′u′~ stresses proved to exert a significant influence on the prediction of blade design key parameters such as flow angles and losses in the tip region, essentially.
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Reports on the topic "Higher-order term"

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Busso, Matías, and Juan Pablo Chauvin. Long-term Effects of Weather-induced Migration on Urban Labor and Housing Markets. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004714.

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This paper explores the effects of weather-induced rural-urban migration on urban labor and housing markets in Brazil. In order to identify causal effects, it uses weather shocks to the rural municipalities of origin of migrants. We show that larger migration shocks led to an increase in employment growth and a reduction in wage growth of 4 and 5 percent, respectively. The increased migration flows also affected the housing market in destination cities. On average, it led to 1 percent faster growth of the housing stock, accompanied by 5 percent faster growth in housing rents. These effects vary sharply by housing quality. We find a substantial positive effect on the growth rates of the most precarious housing units (with no effect on rents) and a negative effect on the growth of higher-quality housing units (with a positive effect on rents). This suggests that rural immigration growth slowed down housing-quality upgrading in destination cities.
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Qian, Yi, Hui Xie, and Anthony Koschmann. Should Copula Endogeneity Correction Include Generated Regressors for Higher-order Terms? No, It Hurts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29978.

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Sela, Shlomo, and Michael McClelland. Desiccation Tolerance in Salmonella and its Implications. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594389.bard.

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Salmonella enterica is a worldwide food-borne pathogen, which regularly causes large outbreaks of food poisoning. Recent outbreaks linked to consumption of contaminated foods with low water-activity, have raised interest in understanding the factors that control fitness of this pathogen to dry environment. Consequently, the general objective of this study was to extend our knowledge on desiccation tolerance and long-term persistence of Salmonella. We discovered that dehydrated STm entered into a viable-but-nonculturable state, and that addition of chloramphenicol reduced bacterial survival. This finding implied that adaptation to desiccation stress requires de-novo protein synthesis. We also discovered that dried STm cells develop cross-tolerance to multiple stresses that the pathogen might encounter in the agriculture/food environment, such as high or low temperatures, salt, and various disinfectants. These findings have important implications for food safety because they demonstrate the limitations of chemical and physical treatments currently utilized by the food industry to completely inactivate Salmonella. In order to identify genes involved in desiccation stress tolerance, we employed transcriptomic analysis of dehydrated and wet cells and direct screening of knock-out mutant and transposon libraries. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that dehydration induced expression of ninety genes and down-regulated seven. Ribosomal structural genes represented the most abundant functional group with a relatively higher transcription during dehydration. Other large classes of induced functional groups included genes involved in amino acid metabolism, energy production, ion transport, transcription, and stress response. Initial genetic analysis of a number of up-regulated genes was carried out). It was found that mutations in rpoS, yahO, aceA, nifU, rpoE, ddg,fnr and kdpE significantly compromised desiccation tolerance, supporting their role in desiccation stress response.
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4

VanderGheynst, Jean, Michael Raviv, Jim Stapleton, and Dror Minz. Effect of Combined Solarization and in Solum Compost Decomposition on Soil Health. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594388.bard.

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In soil solarization, moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, resulting in passive solar heating which inactivates soil-borne pathogen/weed propagules. Although solarization is an effective alternative to soil fumigation and chemical pesticide application, it is not widely used due to its long duration, which coincides with the growing season of some crops, thereby causing a loss of income. The basis of this project was that solarization of amended soil would be utilized more widely if growers could adopt the practice without losing production. In this research we examined three factors expected to contribute to greater utilization of solarization: 1) investigation of techniques that increase soil temperature, thereby reducing the time required for solarization; 2) development and validation of predictive soil heating models to enable informed decisions regarding soil and solarization management that accommodate the crop production cycle, and 3) elucidation of the contributions of microbial activity and microbial community structure to soil heating during solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays, and samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2oC to 4oC higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization. The sequencing data obtained from field samples revealed similar microbial species richness and evenness in both solarized amended and non-amended soil. However, amendment led to enrichment of a community different from that of non-amended soil after solarization. Moreover, community structure varied by soil depth in solarized soil. Coupled with temperature data from soil during solarization, community data highlighted how thermal gradients in soil influence community structure and indicated microorganisms that may contribute to increased soil heating during solarization. Reliable predictive tools are necessary to characterize the solarization process and to minimize the opportunity cost incurred by farmers due to growing season abbreviation, however, current models do not accurately predict temperatures for soils with internal heat generation associated with the microbial breakdown of the soil amendment. To address the need for a more robust model, a first-order source term was developed to model the internal heat source during amended soil solarization. This source term was then incorporated into an existing “soil only” model and validated against data collected from amended soil field trials. The expanded model outperformed both the existing stable-soil model and a constant source term model, predicting daily peak temperatures to within 0.1°C during the critical first week of solarization. Overall the results suggest that amendment of soil with compost prior to solarization may be of value in agricultural soil disinfestations operations, however additional work is needed to determine the effects of soil type and organic matter source on efficacy. Furthermore, models can be developed to predict soil temperature during solarization, however, additional work is needed to couple heat transfer models with pathogen and weed inactivation models to better estimate solarization duration necessary for disinfestation.
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5

Willis, Craig. Why Scottish and Welsh Speakers Will Miss European Structural Funds. European Centre for Minority Issues, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/jkwo3330.

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In this blog piece Craig Willis investigates the contribution of European Structural and Investment Funds projects in the period between 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, in order to ascertain direct and indirect links to the four Celtic languages, following the separation of cultural funds from the ESIF into Creative Europe and Erasmus Plus from 2007. He shows that, given that the speakers of such languages often reside in economically peripheral areas (at least in higher percentage terms), their livelihoods and everyday culture in the traditional speaking areas (even for non-speakers) are affected by availability of structural funds.
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6

Perera, Duminda, Ousmane Seidou, Jetal Agnihotri, Mohamed Rasmy, Vladimir Smakhtin, Paulin Coulibaly, and Hamid Mehmood. Flood Early Warning Systems: A Review Of Benefits, Challenges And Prospects. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mjfq3791.

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Floods are major water-related disasters that affect millions of people resulting in thousands of mortalities and billiondollar losses globally every year. Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS) - one of the floods risk management measures - are currently operational in many countries. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction recognises their importance and strongly advocates for an increase in their availability under the targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, despite widespread recognition of the importance of FEWS for disaster risk reduction (DRR), there’s a lack of information on their availability and status around the world, their benefits and costs, challenges and trends associated with their development. This report contributes to bridging these gaps by analyzing the responses to a comprehensive online survey with over 80 questions on various components of FEWS (risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and communication, and response capabilities), investments into FEWS, their operational effectiveness, benefits, and challenges. FEWS were classified as technologically “basic”, “intermediate” and “advanced” depending on the existence and sophistication of FEWS` components such as hydrological data = collection systems, data transfer systems, flood forecasting methods, and early warning communication methods. The survey questionnaire was distributed to flood forecasting and warning centers around the globe; the primary focus was developing and least-developed countries (LDCs). The questionnaire is available here: https://inweh.unu.edu/questionnaireevaluation-of-flood-early-warning-systems/ and can be useful in its own right for similar studies at national or regional scales, in its current form or with case-specific modifications. Survey responses were received from 47 developing (including LDCs) and six developed countries. Additional information for some countries was extracted from available literature. Analysis of these data suggests the existence of an equal number of “intermediate” and “advanced” FEWS in surveyed river basins. While developing countries overall appear to progress well in FEWS implementation, LDCs are still lagging behind since most of them have “basic” FEWS. The difference between types of operational systems in developing and developed countries appear to be insignificant; presence of basic, intermediate or advanced FEWS depends on available investments for system developments and continuous financing for their operations, and there is evidence of more financial support — on the order of USD 100 million — to FEWS in developing countries thanks to international aid. However, training the staff and maintaining the FEWS for long-term operations are challenging. About 75% of responses indicate that river basins have inadequate hydrological network coverage and back-up equipment. Almost half of the responders indicated that their models are not advanced and accurate enough to produce reliable forecasts. Lack of technical expertise and limited skilled manpower to perform forecasts was cited by 50% of respondents. The primary reason for establishing FEWS, based on the survey, is to avoid property damage; minimizing causalities and agricultural losses appear to be secondary reasons. The range of the community benefited by FEWS varies, but 55% of FEWS operate in the range between 100,000 to 1 million of population. The number of flood disasters and their causalities has declined since the year 2000, while 50% of currently operating FEWS were established over the same period. This decline may be attributed to the combined DRR efforts, of which FEWS are an integral part. In lower-middle-income and low-income countries, economic losses due to flood disasters may be smaller in absolute terms, but they represent a higher percentage of such countries’ GDP. In high-income countries, higher flood-related losses accounted for a small percentage of their GDP. To improve global knowledge on FEWS status and implementation in the context of Sendai Framework and SDGs, the report’s recommendations include: i) coordinate global investments in FEWS development and standardise investment reporting; ii) establish an international hub to monitor the status of FEWS in collaboration with the national responsible agencies. This will support the sharing of FEWS-related information for accelerated global progress in DRR; iii) develop a comprehensive, index-based ranking system for FEWS according to their effectiveness in flood disaster mitigation. This will provide clear standards and a roadmap for improving FEWS’ effectiveness, and iv) improve coordination between institutions responsible for flood forecasting and those responsible for communicating warnings and community preparedness and awareness.
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7

Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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8

Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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9

Haddock, John E., Reyhaneh Rahbar-Rastegar, M. Reza Pouranian, Miguel Montoya, and Harsh Patel. Implementing the Superpave 5 Asphalt Mixture Design Method in Indiana. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317127.

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Recent research developments have indicated that asphalt mixture durability and pavement life can be increased by modifying the Superpave asphalt mixture design method to achieve an in-place density of 95%, approximately 2% higher than the density requirements of conventionally designed Superpave mixtures. Doing so requires increasing the design air voids content to 5% and making changes to the mixture aggregate gradation so that effective binder content is not lowered. After successful laboratory testing of this modified mixture design method, known as Superpave 5, two controlled field trials and one full scale demonstration project, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) let 12 trial projects across the six INDOT districts based on the design method. The Purdue University research team was tasked with observing the implementation of the Superpave 5 mixture design method, documenting the construction and completing an in-depth analysis of the quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) data obtained from the projects. QC and QA data for each construction project were examined using various statistical metrics to determine construction performance with respect to INDOT Superpave 5 specifications. The data indicate that, on average, the contractors achieved 5% laboratory air voids, which coincides with the Superpave 5 recommendation of 5%. However, on average, the as-constructed mat density of 93.8% is roughly 1% less than the INDOT Superpave 5 specification. It is recommended that INDOT monitor performance of the Superpave 5 mixtures and implement some type of additional training for contractor personnel, in order to help them increase their understanding of Superpave 5 concepts and how best to implement the design method in their operation.
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10

Olsson, Olle. Industrial decarbonization done right: identifying success factors for well-functioning permitting processes. Stockholm Environment Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.034.

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1 Introduction 1.1 The urgency of industrial decarbonization The last few years have seen several of the world’s largest carbon dioxide-emitting countries and leading heavy industry companies committing to mid-century net-zero targets (Buckley 2021; Denyer and Kashiwagi 2020; McCurry 2020; Myers 2020). Consequently, the discussion on economy-wide transition to net-zero is accelerating, with focus shifting from “if” to “when” and “how”, even for heavy industry sectors like steel, cement and chemicals. This makes it increasingly urgent to analyse not just whether it is technologically feasible to decarbonize heavy industry, but also investigate issues more directly related to practical implementation. This includes site-specific planning, infrastructure availability, and consultation with local authorities and other stakeholders. Many of the latter considerations are formalized as part of the permitting processes that are an essential vehicle to ensure that industrial interests are balanced against interests of society at large. However, doing this balancing act can turn out to be very complicated and associated with uncertainties as to their outcome, as well as being demanding in resources and time. At the same time, to ensure broad buy-in and support from society, the investments needed must be implemented in a way that takes a broad spectrum of sustainability concerns into account, not just climate change mitigation. A key question is if and how permitting processes can run more smoothly and efficiently while still ensuring inclusive consultations, fair procedures and adherence to legal certainty. This policy brief discusses this question from the starting point of Swedish conditions, but many of the points raised will be relevant for a broader international discussion on taking industrial decarbonization to implementation. 1.2 Industrial transition and permitting processes in Sweden Decarbonization of the industrial sector in Sweden essentially entails a relatively small number of investment projects in the cement, steel, petrochemical and refinery sectors, where the vast majority of carbon emissions are concentrated (Karltorp et al. 2019; Nykvist et al. 2020). However, while few in number, the size of these investments means that their implementation will by necessity become relevant to many other parts of society. In connection with the increasing focus on how to implement industrial decarbonization in Sweden, discussions about permitting processes have been brought higher up on the agenda. While there has been an active discussion on permitting processes in Sweden for quite some time, it has primarily been focused on aspects related to mining and wind power (Larsen et al. 2017; Raitio et al. 2020). The last few years have, however, focused increasingly on industrial projects, in particular related to a proposed – though eventually cancelled – expansion of an oil refinery in the southwestern part of the country (Blad 2020). In terms of political discussions, both the governmental initiative Fossil-free Sweden (2020) and the Swedish Climate Policy Council (2020) emphasize that permitting processes need to become faster in order for Sweden’s industrial transition to be implemented in line with the time plan set by the 2017 Swedish Climate Act. Business representatives and organizations are also voicing concerns about the slow speed of permitting (Balanskommissionen 2019; Jacke 2018). At the same time, criticism has been raised that much of the environmental damage done in Sweden comes from activities conducted within limits set by environmental permits, which could be a flaw in the system (Malmaeus and Lindblom 2019). Finally, recent public inquiries have also discussed permitting processes.
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