Journal articles on the topic 'Higher density housing'
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Forsyth, Ann, Gretchen Nicholls, and Barbara Raye. "Higher Density and Affordable Housing: Lessons from the Corridor Housing Initiative." Journal of Urban Design 15, no. 2 (March 25, 2010): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13574801003638079.
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Burford, N. K., J. Thurrot, and A. D. Pearson. "Minimum Energy - Maximum Space: Higher-Density Attached Family Housing." Open House International 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2011-b0007.
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In 2016 all new houses in England and Wales must be zero carbon. To date most work in zero carbon housing has been carried out on detached family housing typologies. Practice has shown that one of the overriding factors in the struggle to achieve zero carbon status (Code for Sustainable Homes Level 6) is the projected significant increase in construction cost. While grant funding can offset some of this increase, further costs savings will be required to allow developers to deliver affordable homes within reasonable profit margins. One result of this will be a reduction in design quality; which will impact on the quality of the spaces provided and the robustness and longevity of the construction and finishes. In order to deliver better design standards, higher density attached family housing models should be considered to ensure that a proportion of the projected increase in cost of the building fabric can be transferred to the internal volume of the house, thus achieving better quality living spaces. The following paper reviews the context for future housing provision in the UK and examines two existing medium density terraced housing developments. The existing examples reflect two contrasting approaches: one derived from low-energy principles utilising minimum space standards, the other reflecting the need for high quality spaces but at premium cost. A new medium density terrace model is proposed that deals with these conflicting demands to demonstrate that it is possible to provide affordable, high quality, higher density, family housing whilst meeting low energy targets.
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Kupke, Valerie, Peter Rossini, and Stanley McGreal. "Measuring the impact of higher density housing development." Property Management 30, no. 3 (June 22, 2012): 274–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02637471211233909.
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Haarhoff, Errol, Lee Beattie, Ann Dupuis, and Ben Derudder. "Does higher density housing enhance liveability? Case studies of housing intensification in Auckland." Cogent Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 1243289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1243289.
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Crookston, M. "The higher-density housing agenda and the ‘urban renaissance’." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 157, no. 4 (December 2004): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.2004.157.4.251.
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Lee, Jin-Seong. "Measuring the value of apartment density?" International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 9, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2015-0047.
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Purpose The primary purpose of this study is to identify whether there is a price premium and consumers’ preferences for higher housing density, and whether there is a relationship between housing densities and sales prices. The second purpose was to identify if there is a non-linear relationship between housing density and prices even though housing density is directly associated with housing prices. Design/methodology/approach This paper applies hedonic modeling techniques to measure the value of development density of apartments in the metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea. The regression of the sale price is a function of different types of variables such as density, market, location and other control variables. Findings For the first question, this paper concludes that the higher densities cause housing prices to decrease in Seoul. The summary of the results presents that housing density, floor area ratio (FAR), building coverage ratio and floor level are all important components affecting housing prices. Generally, consumers tend to buy housing with central heating systems, more parking spaces, smaller portion of rental housing within an apartment and buildings that have more of a mixed-use function. Consumers are also found to pay higher premiums for housing in areas with high population growth and less housing supply. It is conclusive that people are inclined to live in populated areas but do not want more density. For the second question, the results show that generally FAR has quadratic effects, but most housing density variables tend to have a non-linear relationship depending on the different quantile groups. Originality/value There is a knowledge gap in the area of estimating development density of apartments. Generally, studies investigating property value impacts of multifamily housing focus on external effects of the multifamily housing on home values to examine whether high density development could result in a decrease in nearby property values. These studies found that there are some positive effects. A study found that high-density housing increases property values of existing single-family homes (Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2011). More specifically, developments that are of a high design quality and superior landscaping increase values of single-family homes as well. Also, those residents who live in these high-density apartments can be good potential buyers for the existing single-family homes. The greater the number of buyers, the greater the housing market becomes. Similarly, according to a report by the Joint Center for Housing Studies (2011) at Harvard University, the presence of multifamily residents correlates with higher home values in “working communities”. Indeed, density can be an important factor determining value of apartments because of its unique characteristics. However, no empirical evidence has been provided in the literature with regard to the value of the development density. This study contributes toward improving this knowledge gap.
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Kurvinen, Antti, and Arto Saari. "Urban Housing Density and Infrastructure Costs." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020497.
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Urbanisation is one of the most significant global megatrends and, as a result, major cities are facing multiple challenges. In this study, we contribute to the sustainable urban development debate and examine the relation between housing density and infrastructure costs. The analysis is based on four hypothetical design prototypes and a consistent cost calculation framework. Based on the results, infrastructure costs per capita are the highest in low-density areas and the lowest in high-density areas, if parking is excluded. However, if also construction costs of parking structures are included, the costs per capita are the highest in high-density areas. Considering the notably high cost impact of parking structures and people’s limited willingness to pay for parking, municipally zoned parking requirements in urban areas are likely to result in non-optimal land use. Furthermore, construction in poor soil conditions may only be considered feasible if the floor area ratio and residential densities are relatively high. Beyond the cost benefits, the number of residents that may be accommodated is crucial and higher density in central urban locations should be promoted. We also suggest the cost of urban greenness to be reasonable relative to its many reported benefits and conclude that denser urban structure should not be pursued at the expense of green spaces.
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Parham, Susan. "Historical review of ‘the higher-density housing agenda and the “urban renaissance”’." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning 172, no. 6 (December 2019): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.19.00045.
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Raynor, Katrina. "Social representations of children in higher density housing: enviable, inevitable or evil?" Housing Studies 33, no. 8 (February 2018): 1207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2018.1424807.
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Randolph, Bill, and Andrew Tice. "Who Lives in Higher Density Housing? A Study of Spatially Discontinuous Housing Sub-markets in Sydney and Melbourne." Urban Studies 50, no. 13 (March 5, 2013): 2661–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098013477701.
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Turner, David. "Courtyard Housing: A Mid-Density Alternative House-Type." Asylum, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/aslm.2022103.
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The main objectives of housing policy in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland are to increase the city’s density and to increase its total stock of affordable housing. In the current market, family housing for lower-priced mid-density intensification projects is typologically limited to two low-rise alternatives. These are terraced housing at the lower density ranges and small walk-up apartment blocks in the higher scales. From recent practice it is apparent that both typologies have reached their maximum possible site densities, and that further increases can only be gained at the cost of unacceptable residential standards. To diversify market options, this paper suggests that a third house-type, the mid-density courtyard, could be more widely used. Although a rarity in Aotearoa New Zealand’s cities, it is a house type well-suited to our climate, and it is characteristically private, secure, and buildable using standard practices in the housing industry. The paper argues that in a period of domestic price indicators rising but property price inflation showing signs of receding, architects and developers could consider an additional house-type: one that is widely used elsewhere and that has advantages in Aotearoa New Zealand’s culture of urban housing. Conclusions suggest that the courtyard house-type has not been sufficiently explored in mid-density developments and that more examples would prove the merits of this alternative.
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Massyn, Mark William, Robert McGaffin, Francois Viruly, and Nicole Hopkins. "The challenge of developing higher density, affordable housing in the inner city of Cape Town." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 8, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-11-2014-0049.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the economics of providing well-located housing in the inner city of Cape Town. The paper emphasises the need to maintain an appropriate balance between the viability and affordability of the product offered to the market and overcoming the value versus cost challenges. While developers have limited influence over value, they do have influence over cost structures through the development approach that is chosen. Moreover, local authorities influence the viability of projects through standards and regulations. The conclusion drawn from the research has considerable implications for the formulation of market-driven housing policy interventions. Design/methodology/approach – In addition to the review of urban economics theory and the literature on the drivers and costs of inner-city, higher-density residential development, a series of interviews with inner-city residential developers was conducted to access current property development cost data and to identify the parameters that determine the viability of inner-city, high-density residential development. Findings – Cape Town, like other South African cities, suffers from being inefficient and inequitable largely due to its low density and sprawling nature. As a result, most planning- and housing-related policy interventions advocate the provision the higher-density, more affordable residential housing in well-located areas such as the inner city. However, to date, these policies have, on the whole, been unsuccessful in achieving these outcomes. This paper argues that this is because these policies largely do not take urban economics into account and fail to address the value versus cost tension that needs to be overcome to allow for the provision of such accommodation. Based on the viability calculations provided, the research illustrates the main cost drivers associated with higher-density, inner-city residential development and makes certain recommendations as to how these cost barriers can be reduced. Research limitations/implications – Financing arrangements and taxation implications have not been accounted for as these are often specific to the developer and thus cannot be generalised. Practical implications – The solutions put forward by the paper offer lower-income households the ability to successfully compete with higher-income households and other land uses for well-located space in Cape Town’s inner city. Social implications – The findings of this research illustrate the type of interventions that the public and private sectors can consider to improve the viability and affordability of affordable housing units in city centres located in emerging countries. Originality/value – While traditional urban economic concepts are drawn upon, the paper contributes to addressing the challenge of providing higher-density, more affordable accommodation in South African inner cities. It does this by applying these well-known concepts to the inner city of Cape Town and draws on current data and developer views to accurately diagnose the problem and, in turn, to offer pragmatic solutions.
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Troy, Laurence. "The politics of urban renewal in Sydney’s residential apartment market." Urban Studies 55, no. 6 (March 15, 2017): 1329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017695459.
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Australia has long had a deeply speculative housing property market. Arguably this has been accentuated in recent years as successive governments have privileged private-sector investment in housing property as the key mechanism for delivering housing and a concurrent winding back of direct government support for housing. This has occurred through a period in which urban renewal and flexible planning regulation have become the key focus of urban planning policy to deliver on compact city ambitions in the name of sustainability. There has been a tendency to read many of the higher density housing outcomes as a relatively homogenous component of the housing market. There has been a comparative lack of critical engagement with differentiated spatial, physical and socio-economic outcomes within the higher density housing market. This paper will explore the interactions between flexible design-based planning policies, the local property market and physical outcomes. Different parts of the property development industry produced distinctive social and physical outcomes within the same regulatory space. Each response was infused with similar politics of exclusion and privilege in which capacity to pay regulated both access and standard of housing accessible, opening new socio-economic divisions within Australia’s housing landscape.
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Glaeser, Edward L., Joshua D. Gottlieb, and Kristina Tobio. "Housing Booms and City Centers." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.127.
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Popular discussions often treat the great housing boom of the 1996-2006 period as if it were a national phenomenon with similar impacts across locales, but across metropolitan areas, price growth was dramatically higher in warmer, less educated cities with less initial density and higher initial housing values. Within metropolitan areas, price growth was faster in neighborhoods closer to the city center. The centralization of price growth during the boom was particularly dramatic in those metropolitan areas where income is higher away from the city center. We consider a number of different explanations for this connection, and find that the connection between centralized price growth and decentralized income seems to be most explained by the faster price growth in central cities that use relatively more public transit.
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Cobanovic, Nikola, Urska Jamnikar-Ciglenecki, Andrej Kirbis, Manja Krizman, Marina Stukelj, and Nedjeljko Karabasil. "Impact of various housing conditions on the occurrence of pathological lesions in slaughtered pigs." Veterinarski glasnik 73, no. 1 (2019): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl190318010c.
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Introduction. This study assessed the effect of farming system, feeding system, floor type, housing density and gender on the occurrence of pathological lesions in slaughtered pigs. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on 400 pigs from four farms with different housing conditions. The plucks of 100 slaughtered pigs from each farm were examined for pneumonia, pleurisy, pericarditis and milk spots. Results and Conclusions. Pigs housed in a large-scale indoor farm had the lowest incidence of pneumonia. The highest occurrence of pneumonia was recorded in pigs fattened in a small-scale farm in pens with outdoor access. Pigs reared on farms in pens with outdoor access had the highest incidence of milk spots. Pigs from farms using pellet feeding systems had higher incidences of pneumonia, pleurisy and milk spots than those from a farm using a liquid feeding system. A rearing system comprising concrete floors without bedding resulted in the highest incidence of pneumonia in pigs. Pigs from a farm using a concrete floor with bedding had the highest occurrence of milk spots. The lowest incidence of milk spots was recorded in pigs from farms using fully-slatted floors. Compared to low housing density, high housing density resulted in higher incidences of pneumonia, pericarditis and milk spots in pigs. A higher prevalence of lung lesions was detected in barrows than in gilts. This study showed the most significant risk factors for the occurrence of pathological lesions in slaughtered pigs are pens with outdoor access, pellet feeding system, concrete floor, high housing density and gender.
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Skrbic, Z., Z. Pavlovski, and M. Lukic. "The effect of housing density on certain slaughter traits of broilers of Cobb genotype." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 24, no. 1-2 (2008): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0802051s.
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Production of poultry meat organized on industrial principles, i.e. in intensive way, is characterized by housing of broilers in closed buildings, often in very high housing densities with completely controlled conditions of environment and nutrition. Objective of the research was to investigate the possibility for improvement of certain slaughter traits of broiler chickens using lower housing density of 12 birds/m2 of box floor area in comparison to control group which was housed in density of 16 birds/m2. Body masses of broilers of both sexes prior to slaughtering were higher in trial group (p<0,01) 2460,91 g for male broilers, and 2063,33 g for female broilers compared to control group (2078,67 g males and 1740,0 g females). As a consequence of greater body masses prior to slaughtering in broilers of trial group also highly significantly greater (p<0,01) masses of processed carcasses were determined. Differences in relative indicators of yield of processed carcasses between investigated groups were not significant. Shared of major carcass part in broilers of both sexes were slightly higher (p>0,05) in trial group compared to control. On carcasses of investigated males in lower housing density the share of breasts was increased the most, and on female carcasses the share of drumsticks.
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Fuentes Flores, César M. "La estructura urbana y las diferencias espaciales en el tiempo de traslado del viaje al trabajo en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua / Urban Structure and Spatial Differences in Travel Time to Work in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v23i1.1303.
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Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las diferencias intraurbanas en los tiempos de traslado del viaje al trabajo en transporte público y privado, asociado a variables de uso del suelo (razón empleo/viviendas, densidad de población, valor del suelo), a características socioeconómicas (proporción de población con ingreso bajo y alto), y a la tenencia de la vivienda (proporción de viviendas propias y rentadas) en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Las variables fueron construidas con información de la Encuesta de Origen-Destino 1997 (IMIP), el XII Censo de Población y Vivienda 2000 (INEGI) y el XIII Censo Económico 1999 (INEGI) a nivel de AGEB. El análisis se realizó mediante la construcción de cuatro modelos de regresión que se estimaron mediante la técnica de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Los resultados muestran que las variables razón empleo/viviendas, valor del suelo, y proporción de viviendas rentadas son estadísticamente significativas para explicar menores tiempos de traslado en transporte público. En contraste, la densidad de población y la proporción de viviendas propias son estadísticamente significativas para explicar menores tiempos de traslado en transporte público. La proporción de población de bajos ingresos es estadísticamente significativa para explicar los cambios en los tiempos de traslado en transporte privado. AbstractThe objective of this paper is to address the extent to which the land use (job housing balance, population density, land value), socio-economic characteristics (percentage of low income households and high income households) and housing tenure (percentage of owner-occupied housing and percentage of renter-occupied housing) explains intra urban differences of the commuting time in auto and transit in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. The primary source of data are the Origin-Destination Survey (IMIP) 1997, Housing and Population Census (INEGI), 2000 and Economic Census (INEGI), 1999 all of them at census tract level. Four models were estimated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) statistical method. The findings showed that job housing balance, land value, percentage of renter-occupied housing are statistically significant to explain lower commute time using transit. In contrast, population density and the percentage of owner-occupied housing are statistically significant to explain higher commute time using transit. The percentage of low income households is statistically significant to explain higher commute time using auto.
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Scholz, Wolfgang. "Appropriate Housing Typologies, Effective Land Management and the Question of Density in Muscat, Oman." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 12751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212751.
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The Sultanate of Oman has been undergoing massive changes in the last 50 years. The Gulf State transformed from a very traditional and isolated country into a wealthy and modern state. After Sultan Said was enthroned in 1970, the young Sultan Qaboos, who passed away in 2020, began to modernise Oman’s economy and society. Today, widespread, single-family houses are the prevailing residential building type, with an urban sprawl characterised by mono-functional zoning and a dependency on motorized individual transport with long commuting distances. All these conditions have been strongly supported by governmental planning policies. Since this urban sprawl causes unsustainable land consumption, this study addresses options for urban development and housing typologies aiming at a compact city with a higher density. However, the term density has to reflect local cultural and climatic conditions and, in time of the pandemic as special focus of this issue, has to be critically discussed and reviewed. Thus, this study identifies, as a base line study in Muscat Capital Area, Omani residents’ housing needs by an online questionnaire survey focusing on housing layouts, features and locational preferences, exploring alternatives to the current situation. Findings are that housing needs do not necessarily demand a single-family building but can be achieved better by different housing layouts, at the same time supporting social distances measures via outdoor options during the pandemic.
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Dong, Hongwei, and J. Andy Hansz. "Zoning, density, and rising housing prices: A case study in Portland, Oregon." Urban Studies 56, no. 16 (March 5, 2019): 3486–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018813251.
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This study uses path analysis models to evaluate the associations between zoning, development density and the sales prices of new and existing single-family homes at the dwelling-unit level in Portland, Oregon. Development density is associated with the sales prices of single-family homes directly by determining land costs and indirectly by correlating with the size and construction costs of structures. A prominent trend in Portland’s and the nation’s real estate markets is that new single-family homes are getting bigger. Another trend is that single-family homes have been built on smaller lots despite their growing floor areas. Because developers tend to build smaller homes on smaller lots, the decline of lot sizes helps to contain the effect of growing home size on housing prices. However, the counter effect of smaller lot sizes is somewhat weak because home sizes have a stronger association with housing prices than lot sizes. Homebuyers in Portland are willing to pay a premium to live in neighbourhoods with higher densities, which further limits the potential of higher density development as a tool to reduce single-family home costs. In addition to its indirect associations with home prices via the determination of lot and home sizes, zoning exhibits a significant and direct association with the prices of existing single-family homes, but not with the sales prices of new single-family homes. Existing single-family homes in higher density zones tend to sell at lower prices, ceteris paribus, suggesting that the concern of future neighbourhood change prevails over the opportunity for redevelopment.
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Shester, Katharine L. "The Local Economic Effects of Public Housing in the United States, 1940–1970." Journal of Economic History 73, no. 4 (November 15, 2013): 978–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050713000855.
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Between 1933 and 1973 the federal government funded the construction of over 1 million units of low-rent housing. Using county-level data, I find that communities with high densities of public housing had lower median family income, lower median property values, lower population density, and a higher percentage of families with low income in 1970. However, I find no negative effects of public housing in 1950 or 1960, implying that long-run negative effects only became apparent in the 1960s. The effects found in 1970 are partially due to a decline in human capital.
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Mannocci, Alice, Immacolata Ciarlo, Valeria D’Egidio, Angela Del Cimmuto, Maria de Giusti, Paolo Villari, and Giuseppe La Torre. "Socioeconomic Deprivation Status and Air Pollution by PM10 and NO2: An Assessment at Municipal Level of 11 Years in Italy." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2019 (January 3, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2058467.
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The aim of this observational study was to assess the relationship between environmental risk factors and some aspects of social economic status (SES) of the population in different Italian municipalities. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10) annual means were extracted from ISPRA-BRACE (environmental information system of 483 Italian municipalities, 6% of the total amount of administrative units) from 2002 to 2012. As an indicator of sociodemographic and SES data, we collected the following: resident population, foreign nationality, low level of education, unemployment, nonhome ownership, single-parent family, and overcrowding. Low educational level, unemployment, and lack of home ownership were indirectly associated with the higher mean values of NO2 at the statistically significant level (p<0.05). Major resident population and rental housing percentage determined higher levels of PM10. Northern regions showed similar results compared to the national level, with the exception of foreign residency that showed direct correlation with the increase of PM10. The central regions showed a direct relationship between NO2 and PM10 levels and higher educational levels and between NO2 levels and percentage of single-parent family. In the southern areas, higher NO2 levels were correlated with a higher rental housing percentage, as well as higher PM10 levels with a higher percentage of unemployment and lower housing density. The study shows high heterogeneity in the findings but confirms the relationship between high educational level and employment with the increased concentration of pollutants. The higher rental housing percentage may increase the pollutants’ levels too. The housing density does not seem to be in relationship with NO2 and PM10 at the national level. The analysis stratified by geographical areas showed that the direction of the correlations was different over time as the analysis was at a national level. The study represents an example of how data from national information systems can provide a preliminary evaluation and be a comparative tool for policy-makers to assess environmental risk factors and social inequalities.
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Tůmová, E., M. Englmaierová, Z. Ledvinka, and V. Charvátová. "Interaction between housing system and genotype in relation to internal and external egg quality parameters." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 11 (November 22, 2011): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3838-cjas.
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The effect of three housing systems (conventional cages, enriched cages and litter) on egg quality parameters was evaluated in two experiments with four brown laying strains ISA Brown, Hisex Brown, Bovans Brown and Moravia BSL. During 40 weeks of lay the total number of 7200 eggs was produced and analysed for egg weight, egg component weight and eggshell quality indicators. In 60 eggs, pore density in the small-end, large-end and equatorial areas was determined. Significant interactions between genotype and housing were found out in egg weight (P ≤ 0.001), yolk and albumen weight (P ≤ 0.001) and yolk colour (P ≤ 0.001). Haugh units were the highest in eggs laid in cages and the lowest in the ISA Brown strain. Eggshell quality indicators were affected more by genotype than by housing. The interaction between genotype and housing was not significant for eggshell thickness but it was significant for eggshell weight and strength. Although eggshell thickness was lower in eggs produced in cages, eggshell strength was higher. A significant negative correlation was found out between pore density and housing system. Results of the study suggest that the ability of a strain to produce eggs of high quality in a particular housing system should be considered, even within brown strains.
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Thomas, Melvin E., Richard Moye, Loren Henderson, and Hayward Derrick Horton. "Separate and Unequal: The Impact of Socioeconomic Status, Segregation, and the Great Recession on Racial Disparities in Housing Values." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 4, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649217711457.
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The effects of race, class, and residential segregation on housing values continue to be a major focus of sociological research. Nevertheless, there has yet to be a study that places these factors in the context of the great recession of 2008 and 2009. Accordingly, the purpose of this work is to assess the extent to which the great recession affected housing values for African Americans and whites relative to the joint effects of race, class, and residential segregation. The following research questions are addressed: (1) How do segregation and socioeconomic status (SES) affect racial differences in housing values? (2) What were the levels of racial disparity in housing values before, during, and after the great recession? and (3) Were the housing values of higher status African Americans insulated from the negative impact of segregation and the great recession compared with their lower status counterparts? Using the Integrated Public Use Micro-data Series, the 2010 metropolitan area dissimilarity and population density scores, and hierarchical linear modeling, the findings revealed that the great recession exacerbated racial differences in housing values most in the higher SES categories. Higher status African Americans were more disadvantaged relative to comparable whites than lower status African Americans compared with similar whites in terms of housing values. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings.
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Ottway, D. S., and D. M. Hawkins. "Cat Housing in Rescue Shelters: A Welfare Comparison Between Communal and Discrete-Unit Housing." Animal Welfare 12, no. 2 (May 2003): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600025628.
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AbstractCats living long-term (over one month) in shelters were assessed for behavioural indicators of stress, using a stress scoring method in combination with behavioural observation. It is hypothesised that because of the inappropriate social grouping of unrelated adult cats and group instability, communal housing creates more stress than discrete-unit housing. Seventy-two cats were observed: 36 were housed communally with unfamiliar conspecifics, and 36 were housed in discrete units, either alone or with other previously familiar conspecifics. The mean stress score was greater in communal housing than in discrete-unit housing. Stress scores range from 1 to 7, with 1 indicating no stress experienced, and 7 indicating extreme stress. Individual scores showed that cats in discrete units, in comparison to those in communal housing, gained a significantly higher percentage of observations in the score 2 category, indicating that no stress was being experienced. Cats in communal housing gained a significantly higher percentage in the score 4 category (stressed). Score 5 was found exclusively in communal housing, but only in 2% of instances. Extreme stress was not found in cats housed under either condition. Cats in the different types of housing differed in their frequencies of hiding, play, sleeping/resting in close contact with one another, and agonistic behaviour. There was no difference between housing types in frequency of eating, drinking, grooming, and toilet use. In this study, cats housed communally experienced moderately higher levels of stress than cats housed in discrete units. Further research is recommended to determine the effect on stress levels of longer shelter residence time and of changes in group size and/or density.
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Caroprese, Mariangela, Giovanni Annicchiarico, Laura Schena, Antonio Muscio, Raffaella Migliore, and Agostino Sevi. "Influence of space allowance and housing conditions on the welfare, immune response and production performance of dairy ewes." Journal of Dairy Research 76, no. 1 (October 16, 2008): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029908003683.
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The experiment used 45 Comisana ewes, divided into 3 groups of 15. The aim was to determine the effects of two different stocking densities and two different housing conditions on welfare, and on production performance of dairy ewes. The stocking densities tested were: high stocking density (1·5 m2/ewe, HD group) and low stocking density (3 m2/ewe, LD group); the two housing conditions tested were: ewes housed indoors (LD group, 3 m2/ewe) and ewes allowed to use an outdoor area (LDP group, 3 m2/ewe divided into 1·5 m2/ewe indoors and 1·5 m2/ewe outdoors). At the beginning of the experiment, and then every 2 months, the cell-mediated immune status of sheep was evaluated. One month after the beginning of the experiment, and 20 d later, the ewes were injected with chicken egg albumin (OVA) to assess their humoural immune responses. Starting from the beginning of the experiment and then monthly, behavioural activities of ewes were monitored using 15-min scans. After lamb weaning, milk yield from individual ewes was measured and milk composition analysed weekly. Housing conditions (low density reared ewes indoors v. low density reared ewes with free access to an outdoor area) affected cell-mediated response, which was higher in LDP than in LD ewes. Concentrations of anti-OVA IgG were mainly influenced by space allowance, with higher antibody titres in LD than in HD ewes throughout the experiment. Both housing conditions and space allowance affected sheep behavioural activities: a greater proportion of LDP ewes displayed standing and drinking behaviours than LD ewes, and a greater proportion of LD ewes was observed walking than HD ewes. Ewes allowed access to the outdoor area had a higher protein content and lower somatic cell count in their milk, whereas reduced space allowance led to a reduction in milk yield and an increase in somatic cell count of milk. Results indicate that both increased space allowance and availability of outdoor area can improve the welfare and production performance of the lactating ewe.
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Van Tonder, F. "An Architectural Design Process for Housing in South Africa." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 5 (November 1, 2022): 052006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/5/052006.
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Abstract The government has provided low-cost housing since 1994 in South Africa. The housing has been efficient in the number of units but has proven ineffective in addressing the housing problem. This paper’s premise is that this is partly due to the limited architectural design process employed for the unit design, resulting in low-cost housing that cannot address the housing problem. This paper presents an architectural design process for a low-cost housing unit. The proposed redesign criterion is listed under two categories, namely ‘existing design generators’ and ‘emerging design generators’. The research findings indicate possible alternatives to the ‘matchbox’ house and that these alternatives can be achieved while remaining within the cost and size of the units currently provided. Furthermore, the research findings indicate that a neighbourhood of these redesigned units could potentially host a higher population density and a greater diversity in use and social inclusion.
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Larsen, Yeshitela, Mulatu, Seifu, and Desta. "The Impact of Rapid Urbanization and Public Housing Development on Urban Form and Density in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Land 8, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8040066.
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Urban development is occurring in many Sub-Saharan Africa cities and rapid urbanization is underway in the East African city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In an effort to address urban poverty and increase homeownership opportunities for low and middle-income residents, the City Administration of Addis Ababa initiated a large-scale housing development project in 2005. The project has resulted in the completion of 175,000 units within the city with 132,000 more under construction. To understand the impacts of both rapid growth and the housing program’s impact on the city’s urban form, we compared the type and distribution of land uses in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, between 2006 with 2016 using hand-digitized, ortho-rectified satellite images in Geographic Information Systems (GISs). While residential density has increased, overall density has decreased from 109 people/ha to 98 people/ha. We found that between 2006 and 2016, land occupied by residential housing increased from 33% to 39% and the proportion of informal housing decreased from 57% to 38%. Reflecting the country’s economic prosperity, there was a dramatic increase in the presence of single family housing, particularly on the city’s western side. In 2006, only 1% of residential areas were occupied by high-rise condominiums (4 floors or greater) and this increased to 11% by 2016. The majority of the new, higher density residential developments are located near the eastern edges of the city and this outlying location has significant implications for residents, infrastructure construction, and future development.
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Alfirevic, Djordje, and Sanja Simonovic-Alfirevic. "Urban housing experiments in Yugoslavia 1948-1970." Spatium, no. 34 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1534001a.
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In the period from 1948 to 1970 urban housing architecture in Yugoslavia had a distinctly experimental character as it strived intensively towards research and establishment of new architectural patterns and values that would mark the period of economic growth of the country. In conditions of mass housing construction, initiated by the devastated urban housing fund after the Second World War, significant influx of population to towns and the state directed its socialist aspirations at alloting every family acceptable living space. The period of the so-called ?directed housing construction?, whose imperative was to establish the limits of existential minimum in collective housing, maximal space ?packing? and optimal functionality of flats, at the same time represents the most significant period in the development of housing architecture in Yugoslavia. The architects focused their interests in housing in mainly three directions: a) the creation and application of new prefabrication systems, b) innovative application of modernistic patterns in aestheticization of architecture and c) experimenting with space units which will enable a higher level of privacy in high-density housing conditions. The first direction of research emerged in the context of post-war housing construction of a wide scope, which encouraged the advance of technological research in areas of prefabrication and practical application of achieved results on the whole territory of Yugoslavia. The second direction dealt with architectural planning which was strictly subordinated to social and ideological sphere with domineering socialist monumentalism and artistic and sculptural approach to architecture. The third was related to experimental tendency with new urban housing patterns which aimed to search and find more pragmatic, humane solutions within mass high-density housing constructions which were the first to utilize and show examples of ?double-tract? buildings. These were primarily realized in Serbia, as continuation of tendencies first expressed in activities of ?Belgrade School of Housing?.
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Kang, Chang-Deok. "Effects of spatial access to neighborhood land-use density on housing prices: Evidence from a multilevel hedonic analysis in Seoul, South Korea." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 4 (July 21, 2017): 603–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317721184.
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Attaining a mixture and diversity of land use within walkable neighborhoods is an essential principle within contemporary urban planning and design. Empirical studies by New Urbanists argue that mixed land use, neo-traditional, and walkable neighborhoods yield socioeconomic benefits and generate a substantial premium in residential property prices. However, few studies apply reliable metrics to capture the connections among urban form, the spatial distribution of land use, and travel behavior and then value their combined effects on housing prices. To bridge this gap, this study calculates the metrics of spatial accessibility and centrality, combining street nodes, networks, and built density by land use type within walkable neighborhoods. We investigate empirically the extent to which residents value spatial accessibility and centrality to residential, commercial, office, and industrial space regarding housing prices in Seoul, South Korea in 2010. The multilevel hedonic price models used suggest that residents highly value urban settings that access larger volumes of commercial and residential buildings in densely spaced areas along dense street networks. However, homeowners respond negatively to higher access to industrial property and weakly to office space. This analysis identifies the value of spatial access to heterogeneous land-use density in housing prices and provides policy implications for land use, transportation, and urban design.
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Reto, Alexandra, Renzo Sanabria, José Rodriguez, and Alexandra Hinostroza. "Lightweight Concrete Precast Panels for the Improvement of Thermal Insulation of Housing with Expanded Polystyrene Beads." Materials Science Forum 1033 (June 2021): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1033.163.
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The precast concrete elements in the construction of buildings are increasingly used due to their better quality control, constructive speed, reduction of the number of workers and less waste of resources compared to conventional construction; for wall applications, to these advantages, the design to ensure thermal comfort requires the improvement of the low thermal insulation of conventional concrete panels. The use of materials with lower thermal conductivity such as Expanded PolyStyrene Beads (EPSB) in lightweight concrete for the construction of precast panels in housing, contributes to improve thermal insulation and the saving operational energy during its operation phase, because the aggregate has a small size, low density and thermal conductivity; applied in higher volumes in concrete, reduces indoor heat loss in cold climates and indoor heat gain in warm climates in housing. The purpose of this research is to study the behavior of lightweight concrete with EPSB for 16%, 26% and 36% addition and evaluate the air-dry density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, relationship between air-dry density with compressive strength and thermal conductivity. The results indicate that the higher the percentage of EPSB the air-dry density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity decrease; the relationships between air-dry density with compressive strength and thermal conductivity follow a linear trend and are similar.
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Kusumastuti, Diana, and Alan Nicholson. "Mixed-use development in Christchurch, New Zealand: Do you want to live there?" Urban Studies 55, no. 12 (October 26, 2017): 2682–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017725475.
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Christchurch, one of New Zealand’s major cities, has been dealing with a housing shortage after a series of major earthquakes struck in 2010 and 2011, causing extensive damage to the city. Consequently, two distinct types of housing development appeared in the suburban areas of Christchurch: low-density single-use neighbourhoods and higher-density mixed-use neighbourhoods. The latter type is relatively new for Christchurch suburban areas where low population densities dominated prior to 2011. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the preferences of the residents of Christchurch and its surrounding districts for living in mixed-use neighbourhoods. Specifically, it sought to identify the weights that those residents place on the costs of house purchase and transport, versus neighbourhood costs associated with mixed-use development, when purchasing a residential property in the suburban areas of Christchurch. For this, a stated preference survey was developed, using the efficient design method, and mixed-logit models were estimated using the data. The results show that most of those residents prefer to live in low-density single-use neighbourhoods rather than in higher-density mixed-use neighbourhoods, and are sensitive to increases in the land price, density of development and diversity of land use in the areas.
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Levitt, David. "More thoughts on St Mary's Island." Architectural Research Quarterly 6, no. 1 (March 2002): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135502231449.
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It is good to see innovations in housing design being applied to the private sector; the ultimate test of any new idea is that someone should want to invest in it. All too often in the past any experimentation in housing design was mainly confined to the public sector. Lack of ‘market testing’ was one of the main reasons why brave experiments sometimes went horribly wrong. All through those years of experimentation, between say 1955 and 1975, with the exception of Eric Lyons' Span housing, architects found fertile ground in public sector – local authority – commissions. It is only now, with loads of government encouragement, that major developers are beginning to sponsor new ideas in design, in higher density, ‘joined up’ housing.
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Glaeser, Edward L., and Joshua D. Gottlieb. "The Wealth of Cities: Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Equilibrium in the United States." Journal of Economic Literature 47, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 983–1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.4.983.
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Empirical research on cities starts with a spatial equilibrium condition: workers and firms are assumed to be indifferent across space. This condition implies that research on cities is different from research on countries, and that work on places within countries needs to consider population, income, and housing prices simultaneously. Housing supply elasticity will determine whether urban success reveals itself in the form of more people or higher incomes. Urban economists generally accept the existence of agglomeration economies, which exist when productivity rises with density, but estimating the magnitude of those economies is difficult. Some manufacturing firms cluster to reduce the costs of moving goods, but this force no longer appears to be important in driving urban success. Instead, modern cities are far more dependent on the role that density can play in speeding the flow of ideas. Finally, urban economics has some insights to offer related topics such as growth theory, national income accounts, public economics, and housing prices. (JEL R11, R23, R31, R32)
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Talen, Emily. "Housing Demolition during Urban Renewal." City & Community 13, no. 3 (September 2014): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12070.
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While there continues to be much assessment of the enduring, largely negative legacy of urban renewal, there has been very little quantified, nationwide analysis at the neighborhood level. This paper contributes to the literature on urban renewal by investigating one dimension of mid–20th century urban change: housing demolition. During the middle decades of the 20th century, government–backed demolition occurred under a variety of housing and transportation programs. Because during those controversial decades no single agency kept track of what was demolished and where, I use a proxy: net loss of housing units by census tract for each decade between 1940 and 1970. I consider three hypotheses: that substandard housing and percent nonwhite in a census tract predicted its likelihood of urban renewal demolition, that the eventual outcome of urban renewal was an increase in higher–density housing, and that there was an improvement in socioeconomic factors. None of the hypotheses are supported. Quantitative, national level analysis of urban renewal has been rare, and much more is needed.
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Davis, Sarah E. D., Jack M. Sansone, and Laura M. Hurley. "Postweaning Isolation Alters the Responses of Auditory Neurons to Serotonergic Modulation." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 1 (May 11, 2021): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab051.
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Abstract Juvenile social experience, such as social isolation, has profound effects on communicative behavior, including signal production and reception. In the current study, we explored responsiveness to the neuromodulator serotonin as a potential mechanistic link between early life social isolation and auditory processing. The serotonergic system is sensitive to social isolation in many brain regions including the inferior colliculus (IC), an auditory midbrain nucleus. We investigated the effects of social experience on serotonergic responsiveness by measuring cFos, an immediate early gene product, in the IC of female mice. Serotonin was manipulated pharmacologically by administering fenfluramine, pCPA, or saline to mice that had undergone an extreme dichotomy in social experience after weaning: being housed in social groups versus individually. These mice were exposed to a 60-min recording of vocalizations from an opposite-sex interaction and perfused. Using immunohistochemistry, we measured the density of cFos-positive (cFos+) nuclei in the major subdivisions of the IC. Housing condition, drug treatment, and IC subregion all had a significant effect on cFos+ density. The central IC showed the highest density of cFos+ cells and also the most pronounced effects of housing condition and drug treatment. In the central IC, cFos+ density was higher following fenfluramine treatment than saline, and lower following pCPA treatment than fenfluramine. Individually housed mice showed a higher cFos+ density than socially housed mice in both of the pharmacological treatment groups, but not in the saline group. Drug treatment but not housing condition had strong effects on the behaviors of grooming, digging, rearing, and movement. Once the effects of drug condition were controlled, there were no across-individual correlations between cFos+ densities and behaviors. These findings suggest that the responses of auditory neurons to neuromodulation by serotonin are influenced by early life experience.
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Ahmed, Iftekhar. "Lifestyle and Affordability Choices in Traditional Housing of Old Dhaka." Open House International 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2011-b0008.
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Affordability and lifestyle choices in housing are critical to meet basic human needs for shelter, security and wellbeing. The meaning of a house for a particular group of people and what is ‘affordable’ for a particular community is the critical issue. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has greater population density and rate of expansion compared to almost any other mega cities of Asia. The historic core of the city known as old Dhaka is a combination of several traditional neighborhoods. Houses in these traditional neighborhoods are not only places to live, rather an integral unit of a social system, having a good mix of place of work and individual expression in living. They also show flexibility and adaptability (with more scope for personalization and individual life style choices) compared to the contemporary housing stock. One of the success factors in these traditional houses is the healthy mix of the income ranges to avoid a ghetto effect of low cost housing. The recent rapid urbanization has led to a discontinuity of the traditional housing form of old Dhaka, leading to a disintegration of the mix of lifestyle choices and affordability. Following popular market trends, they are often replaced by housing blocks in a higher density ignoring the need for a diverse mix. This paper studies the traditional housing of old Dhaka with two case study neighborhoods. Several elements of housing like the common price, materials and construction, space layout, scale, social space, facades, street interface, etc are selected for a qualitative study. Local residents interview, archival records, maps, Plans, figure-ground, aerial images are used to analyze, identify and demonstrate the elements that made them socio-culturally sustainable and affordable for the community. With the analysis, lessons from the traditional housing form that may contribute to the new housing in Dhaka are identified.
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Johnston, Ron, Dewi Owen, David Manley, and Richard Harris. "House price increases and higher density housing occupation: the response of non-white households in London, 2001–2011." International Journal of Housing Policy 16, no. 3 (January 29, 2016): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2015.1130607.
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Atiqi, Randhi, Muhammad Dimyati, Ahmad Gamal, and Rizki Pramayuda. "Appraisal of Building Price in Urban Area Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Data in Depok City." Land 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2022): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081320.
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Economic growth and its demographic benefits have enhanced the high rate of urbanization in Indonesia, although property tax revenues are still low compared to G20 countries. This low performance is partly due to the limited capacity of local governments, regarding the determination of building values for tax calculations. To improve local government tax performance, LIDAR mapping is capable of being used for quickly estimating the price of a building. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the patterns by which the spatial differences in building price values influence the tax databases and LiDAR mapping results. Based on this mapping process, the present building site size in high-density housing areas was on average 1.66-times larger than those in the Depok City Government tax database. Meanwhile, the sites in medium-density housing and trade/service areas were 1.35- and 1.08-times wider, respectively. Using a LiDAR 3D model, the observed level of construction was much higher in the highly-urbanized area compared to the price in the Depok City Government tax database. This was based on the construction cost of a building per square meter. Regarding these results, the building prices in high- and medium-density areas, as well as the trade/service area, were nine, six, and three-times higher, respectively.
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Richter, Linda M. "Household Density, Family Size and the Growth and Development of Black Children — A Cross-Sectional Study from Infancy to Middle Childhood." South African Journal of Psychology 19, no. 4 (December 1989): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638901900402.
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The relationship between household density, family size (number of children) and the physical growth and psychological development of more than 1000 black children between two months and 10 years of age was examined. The results indicated that household density was not linearly related to family size or socioeconomic status, as the housing shortage forces most families to share accommodation. Higher household density was found to be related to smaller growth among children from the beginning of their third year of life, and both higher household density and increased family size were found to be related to lower scores on the developmental measures from six years of age onwards. While household density levels were found to remain constant across the age span represented by the sample, household and family structures underwent several changes, including increased nuclearization. In general, household density measures did not yield data relating to important changes in the interpersonal environment of growing children in black townships.
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Li, Xinba, and Chuanrong Zhang. "Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis Affect Housing Prices Evenly in the U.S.?" Sustainability 13, no. 21 (November 7, 2021): 12277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112277.
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While it is well-known that housing prices generally increased in the United States (U.S.) during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no research conducted to understand the spatial patterns and heterogeneity of housing price changes in the U.S. real estate market during the crisis. There has been less attention on the consequences of this pandemic, in terms of the spatial distribution of housing price changes in the U.S. The objective of this study was to explore the spatial patterns and heterogeneous distribution of housing price change rates across different areas of the U.S. real estate market during the COVID-19 pandemic. We calculated the global Moran’s I, Anselin’s local Moran’s I, and Getis-Ord’s Gi∗ statistics of the housing price change rates in 2856 U.S. counties. The following two major findings were obtained: (1) The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis on housing price change varied across space in the U.S. The patterns not only differed from metropolitan areas to rural areas, but also varied from one metropolitan area to another. (2) It seems that COVID-19 made Americans more cautious about buying property in densely populated urban downtowns that had higher levels of virus infection; therefore, it was found that during the COVID-19 pandemic year of 2020–2021, the housing price hot spots were typically located in more affordable suburbs, smaller cities, and areas away from high-cost, high-density urban downtowns. This study may be helpful for understanding the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the real estate market, as well as human behaviors in response to the pandemic.
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Widyanto, Bambang Eko, Yanyan Agustian, and Asep Setiawan. "THE INFLUENCE OF SLACK LIME TO CLAY TOWARDS OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT (OMC) AND MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY (MDD)." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Infomasi Terapan 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33197/jitter.vol6.iss1.2019.328.
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An increase of popilation in Indonisa, especially in West Java make big changes in land use. Green area had been changed to housing, lime hills were mined and it makes several disaster like flood was happened in a high land and landslide happened in a steep area. A reason of landslide happened is the burden of weight soil is higher than it
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Hansen, William, Ned Kalapasev, Amy Gillespie, Mary Singler, and Marsha Ball. "Development of a Pedestrian Walkability Database of Northern Kentucky Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 6, no. 3 (May 2009): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.3.374.
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Background:Rising obesity rates in the United States has spurred efforts by health advocates to encourage more active lifestyles including walking. Ensuring the availability, quality, and safety of pedestrian walkways has become an important issue for government at all levels.Methods:Pedestrian paths in Campbell County Kentucky were evaluated using a ranking criteria developed by the Walking and Bicycling Suitability Assessment (WABSA) project at the University of North Carolina School of Public Health. A pedestrian path Geographic Information System (GIS) data-layer was created, and mobile GIS units were used to assess the sidewalk segments using the ranking. Data from sidewalk surveys were compared with Census 2000 block group information on age of housing, population density, and household transportation characteristics to examine the correlation between these factors and sidewalk presence and quality. The analysis explored the use of census data to predict walkability factors and looked for trends in quality and availability of pedestrian paths over time.Results:Results showed higher overall scores for older urban areas adjacent to the Ohio River and Cincinnati. Housing built in the 1970s and 1980s showed the lowest scores, while more recent housing showed improvement over earlier decades. Age of housing was determined to be a useful predictor, while economic and population density attributes showed no correlation with walkability factors.Conclusion:Census housing age data are the most useful predictor of walkability demonstrating clear trends over time. The study shows improvements in walkways availability over the past few decades; however, infrastructure improvements are needed to provide more extensive pedestrian walkways and linkages between existing walkways in Campbell County.
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Kirkden, RD, and A. Pajor. "Motivation for group housing in gestating sows." Animal Welfare 15, no. 2 (May 2006): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600030207.
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AbstractIt has been argued that the welfare of gestating sows is higher in groups than singly in stalls, in part because group housing offers them more space and social contact. This study set out to ascertain how important access to a group pen was to dominant sows housed in stalls, using a measure of motivation. Subjects were trained to perform a panel-pressing task, then housed in a stall and permitted each day to work for a day's access to a fully slatted group pen containing two familiar, subordinate sows at a stocking density of 2.7m2 per pig. Social ranking was determined by observations at mixing and from feed competition tests. The fixed-ratio schedule was increased daily and the highest schedule reached (the reservation price) was used as a measure of motivational strength. To interpret this measure, it was compared with the highest schedule that subjects reached when working for access to the last 1/16th of their estimated ad libitum daily food intake after having consumed the first 15/16ths free. Sixteen subjects were tested, eight working for access to the group pen first and eight for access to the food first. Seven subjects yielded useable data: four reached a higher schedule working for food and three reached a higher schedule working for the group pen. Overall, subjects attached no more importance to a day's access to the group pen than to the last 1/16th of their estimated ad libitum food intake. It is likely that the subjects were close to satiation when working for food because consumption frequently fell substantially short of the ‘ad libitum‘ allowance. These results suggest that dominant, stall-housed sows are only weakly motivated to gain access to a fully slatted group pen, although motivation might be higher when deprived of access to the group pen for longer than one day, if tested at a different time of day or if the quality of the group space was improved; these three possibilities still need to be tested.
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Zhang, Ting, Bo Huang, Hung Wong, Samuel Yeung-shan Wong, and Roger Yat-Nork Chung. "Public Rental Housing and Obesogenic Behaviors among Adults in Hong Kong: Mediator Role of Food and Physical Activity Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052960.
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Public rental housing (PRH) for low-income families has been shown in several studies to be associated with poor health status and obesity. However, the causes of this health disparity are controversial, and the associations and pathways between PRH and obesogenic behaviors remain unknown. Using cross-sectional survey data of 1977 adults living in Hong Kong (aged or over 18) together with multi-source GIS-based environmental data, we examined the associations between PRH and obesogenic behaviors and the extent to which those associations can be explained by neighborhood food and physical environment. The unhealthy food environment, which relates with infrequent fruit and vegetables consumption, was calculated based on the relative density of fast food restaurants and convenience stores to grocery stores. The physical activity environment, which relates to physical inactivity and prolonged sitting, was assessed in terms of density of sports facilities and street greenery, separately. Regressions and mediation analyses show that PRH was negatively associated with physical inactivity directly and also indirectly via higher sports facilities density; however, PRH was positively associated with unhealthy diet largely directly and positively associated with prolonged sitting indirectly via less street greenery. We advanced the international literature of PRH health impact assessment and its environmental health pathways by providing evidence from the least housing-affordable city in the world. The findings provide planning implications in formulating a healthier PRH community for these low-income PRH households and mitigating health disparities induced by housing type.
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Skrbic, Z., Z. Pavlovski, and M. Lukic. "Body mass and dynamics of growth of broiler chickens of different genotype in improved rearing conditions." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-2 (2007): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0702347s.
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Application of lower housing density and discontinuous light programme, which at the same time marked the application of moderate photoperiod, had positive effect on realized final body masses of broiler chickens of both investigated genotype, however, exhibited effect was higher in chickens of Cobb genotype, considering that significantly greater body mass was established. Chicken genotype is confirmed as important interactive factor in improved rearing conditions, considering higher average daily gains of Cobb chickens compared to Arbor Acres, also in all weekly investigations.
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Brown, Helen, Katrina Proust, Barry Newell, Jeffery Spickett, Tony Capon, and Lisa Bartholomew. "Cool Communities—Urban Density, Trees, and Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (July 22, 2018): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071547.
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A move towards more compact and climate-resilient cities is being encouraged around the world. As part of these plans, there is a need to manage the potential conflict between increasing urban densities and the extent of tree canopy in cities. Reductions in tree canopy are a major contributor to the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which will act to reduce rather than increase climate resilience in many cities. A systems thinking approach called Collaborative Conceptual Modelling was used to study the interaction between urban infill, tree canopy, and human health in Perth, Australia. The results indicated that under current planning policies and development practices, the behaviour of the system is dominated by the drive towards higher housing densities. While this may result in the attainment of urban infill targets, it is likely to lead to a reduction in tree canopy, higher temperatures, and a decrease in a range of other benefits provided by trees. Recommended actions to overcome this behaviour were determined by the identification of leverage points in the system. These included a shift to a sustainable development paradigm that places greater value on the environmental and social benefits provided by trees and a greater emphasis on a climate-resilient future. Market and legislative mechanisms should be integrated into the city’s greening strategy and development plans to ensure the protection of existing trees and the inclusion of new trees on public and private land.
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Legarias, Tenty Melvianti, Renny Nurhasana, and Edy Irwansyah. "Building Density Level of Urban Slum Area in Jakarta." Geosfera Indonesia 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v5i2.18547.
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Currently, the number of urban residents is increasing and some of the urban population live in slum areas. Therefore, identifying the characteristics of slum areas has become crucial. This study aimed to identify more specific slum locations in Jakarta through the pattern of building densities analysis between case studies of neighborhoods association (RT) in 15 hamlets (RW) that classified as heavy slums category. This study also attempted to determine the relation between building density levels in the slum area and Jakarta spatial detail planning. This study engaged the Cluster and Outlier Analysis (Anselin Local Moran's I) method. This study also observed socio-economic factors of citizen census data based the Dasawisma Census of Family Welfare Empowerment in 2019. The result shows that slum locations that had direct neighbors towards areas which was designated at spatial detail planning as industrial zones and ware housing areas as well as office, trade and service zones, obtained a higher level of building density compared to slum locations that secured neighbors to areas that were designated as housing zones. High economic opportunities provided attraction and affected the growth of slum locations. The results also reveal that slum areas were not a concentrated population with low income and/or low education. Applying cluster and outlier modeling of building density levels of urban slums in Jakarta based on RT cluster level could reveal more specific slum locations and could identify factors that influence the differences of building density levels.
Keywords: Slums; Spatial Detail Planning; Cluster and Outlier Analysis; Geographic Information System
Copyright (c) 2020 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
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Skřivanová, V., E. Tůmová, M. Englmaierová, D. Chodová, and M. Skřivan. "Do rearing system and free-range stocking density affect meat quality of chickens fed feed mixture with rapeseed oil?" Czech Journal of Animal Science 62, No. 4 (April 1, 2017): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2016-cjas.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, consumers have paid an attention to animal-friendly meat. The aim of the study was to evaluate the meat quality of breast muscles in indoor and free-range chickens with respect to the stocking density of outdoor chickens (8.3 or 4.15 birds per m<sup>2</sup>) fed feed with rapeseed oil. The free-range chickens reached 96 and 97% of the final live weight of the indoor chickens and their feed : gain ratio was by 7 and 9% higher. The pasture intake had a small effect on the breast meat quality and was presumably associated with rapeseed oil in the basal diet which strongly influenced meat monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid content and reduced the effect of pasture. The free-range system and lower stocking density led to an increase in muscle fibre cross-sectional area and diameter and a higher meat shear force (P = 0.003). Concerning the meat sensory properties, the total acceptability of the meat of free-range chickens with a lower stocking density was found to be lower compared with the other groups.esults indicate a minor effect of the rearing system and free-range stocking density on chicken meat quality, and also that meat quality in experiments with free-range housing can be affected by a fat source in basal diet.
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Ismoyowati, Ismoyowati, Imam Suswoyo, Rosidi Rosidi, Sigit Mugiyono, and Nu’man Hidayat. "The Effect of Environmental Factor, Population and Age of Duck on Egg Production." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 22, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2020.22.2.51.
Full textAbstract:
Duck is one of the commodities that contribute to the national livestock production and Central Java is home to the fourth biggest duck population after West Java, South Sulawesi and East Java. The 2019 egg production in Central Java was 36.174 tons or 11.3% of the total egg production nationwide. Accordingly, it is important to investigate the effect of environmental factor, total number and age of ducks on egg production in Central Java. Specifically, this study aimed to observe the effect of region on egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the total livestock (chicken), age (month), stocking density (ducks/m2), internal housing temperature (oC), and humidity (%) on Hen day production/HDP. A survey engaging purposive random sampling was conducted on the population of duck farming in Central Java especially Tegal, Pemalang and Brebes districts. The data were subjected to General Linear Model (GLM) and a regression-correlation analysis using an SPSS program. The result showed that region significantly affected hen day production (HDP) but did not affect FCR. Housing temperature affected HDP by 14.9% and the higher the temperature, the lower the HDP. Duck age affected HDP by 11.7%, and the older the ducks the lower the egg production. Duck population, stocking density and humidity did not significantly affect egg production. Conclusively, duck egg production (HDP) is significantly affected by temperature inside the housing and the duck age.
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Kovács-Györi, Anna, Günter Gruber, Michael Mehaffy, and Lei Ma. "Towards Liveable Urban Densities Using a GIS-Based Assessment Methodology." Built Environment 48, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.48.3.415.
Full textAbstract:
Urban density and densi fication are hotly debated topics of sustainable urban development. On the one hand, international landmark agreements such as the Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda highlight the importance of good quality urban environments with low pollution, easy access to green spaces, walkability, and active mobility. On the other hand, densi fication can increase pollution, decrease available green spaces, and degrade walkability by concentrating vehicles and their operations. The result can be a degradation of urban liveability, de fined as a city's capacity to promote the wellbeing of residents. Yet higher urban density can also result in more effi cient urban infrastructures and networks and provide more housing (including more aff ordable housing) in more appropriate mixed-use locations. The challenge, then, is to maintain the liveable quality of this denser urban fabric. The GIS-based approach presented in this paper uses a basic liveability assessment by calculating connectivity, greenery, and urban form complexity metrics to be employed in the context of densi fication, aiming to optimize sustainability and liveability aspects. Using our study area in Salzburg, Austria, we demonstrate how such a GIS-based liveability assessment, relying on spatial data, can aid urban planners in quantifying and achieving both urban density and liveability.