Journal articles on the topic 'High wealth individuals'
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1
Martin, Nigel, and John Rice. "Spearing High Net Wealth Individuals." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 7, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jisp.2013010101.
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Every day dangerous criminals are targeting high net wealth members of our community as they venture onto the internet. Statements from twenty-nine community organizations and mature age internet users were analyzed using structured coding techniques in order to identify the major criminal risks and threats, and key protective safeguards. The study warns that mature users, particularly those with high net wealth, are critically vulnerable to internet fraud, and personal data and identification theft through spear phishing email and remote access trojan malicious software attacks. The major implication for countries with aging populations, and rising numbers of mature internet users, is the urgent need for ongoing development and resourcing of internet security skills and awareness programs; consumer protection laws and law enforcement assistance; affordable protective internet technologies and complementary support schemes; and the strengthening of online business codes and standards, particularly in dealings with older people.
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Gaubert, Cécile, and Eva Louvet. "Wealth, Power, Status." Social Psychology 52, no. 3 (May 2021): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000443.
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Abstract. The main purpose of the present research was to examine the moderating effect of system-justifying beliefs on the relationship between a target’s hierarchical position in an organizational context and perceived competence. Through three experiments we manipulated an employee’s hierarchical position in various ways and examined the effects on social judgment. Participants’ system-justifying beliefs were assessed in an ostensibly unrelated study. In Studies 1 and 2, as predicted, only participants high in system justification rated the high-position target as more competent than the low-position target. A very different pattern of results emerged when experimentally disentangling hierarchy based on status, and hierarchy based on power (Study 3). Individuals who are respected and admired by others (high-status individuals) were systematically valued on competence, whereas individuals who have asymmetric control over valued resources (high-power individuals) were derogated on competence by participants low in system justification. The present studies provide greater insight into how social judgment can function to maintain the existing social hierarchy, and offer novel empirical support to the widely accepted idea that status and power refer to theoretically different constructs.
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Henrekson, Magnus. "Taxation of Swedish Firm Owners: The Great Reversal from the 1970s to the 2010s." Nordic Tax Journal 2017, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntaxj-2017-0002.
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Abstract By the late 1960s, real effective taxation of income from individual firm ownership in Sweden approached 100 percent. A series of tax reforms has reversed this situation. This paper (1) elucidates the thinking behind the vision of creating a largely market-based system without wealthy capitalists and how that vision guided tax policy; (2) outlines and evaluates the changes in the tax code since the late 1970s, their empirical and intellectual basis, and their implications for the taxation of individual firm ownership; and (3) compares the size of the largest individual wealth holdings in the mid-1960s to their equivalents in the 2010s and discusses how the general public’s views have changed regarding sizeable income streams and wealth from business activity. Today, the tax code favors already wealthy individuals, while high labor income taxation combined with a high valuation of existing assets renders wealth accumulation difficult for persons with no initial wealth.
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Zhang (张丛丛), Congcong, and Chien-Chung Huang (黄建忠). "The Donation of the Extremely Wealthy in China." China Nonprofit Review 11, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341363.
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Abstract As trends in increasing private wealth around the world continue, understanding the charitable contributions of the extremely wealthy is important. Using the Forbes China Rich Lists and the Forbes China Charity Lists from 2013 to 2017, this study examines the social and economic factors present in the donations of the extremely wealthy whose net worth equals at least 649 million (all amounts expressed in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted) in China. The results indicate that net worth, social status, political connection, and source of wealth are important factors in these donations. Specifically, extremely wealthy individuals with high net worth, social status, and political connections are more likely to be and more frequently on the Charity Lists than extremely wealthy individuals without above characteristics, particularly those in the real estate industry. However, the real estate industry’s effect on the dollar amount of donations is not significant. In contrast, the extremely wealthy individuals in professional, scientific, and technical areas donated significantly more money than their counterparts in other areas.
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Aumeboonsuke, Vesarach. "Parents or peers, wealth or warmth? The impact of social support, wealth, and a positive outlook on self-efficacy and happiness." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 6 (June 12, 2017): 732–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2015-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the association between family wealth, positive outlook, and support from significant others, including parents and friends, on self-efficacy and happiness. Design/methodology/approach The impact of family wealth, social support, and positive outlook on self-efficacy and one’s own happiness is analyzed through the partial least squared method. Findings There are five essential points that can be drawn from the statistical results. First, parents’ support tends to be more important than friends’ support for individuals’ happiness. Second, individuals that receive more support from parents tend to develop a higher level of self-efficacy. Third, individuals that are in a less wealthy family tend to develop a higher level of self-efficacy. Fourth, parents’ support plays a more important role in developing a higher level of self-efficacy for individuals that are in a less wealthy family than for individuals that are in a wealthier family. Finally, the positive link between happiness and self-efficacy was stronger for individuals in a wealthier family than for individuals in a less wealthy family. Research limitations/implications In particular, although individuals in a wealthier family tend to exhibit a lower level of self-efficacy, and happiness alone had no significant impact on self-efficacy, happiness significantly promoted self-efficacy more for individuals in a wealthier family than for individuals in a less wealthy family. Social implications In conclusion, the results from this research provide essential recommendations for individuals regarding the approach to happiness and self-efficacy. The results indicated how significant the role of parents’ support is in one’s happiness and that support from parents is more important for one’s self-efficacy and happiness than support from friends. Furthermore, individuals should be aware that money is not the ultimate answer for happiness and self-efficacy. Individuals in less wealthy families were able to enjoy a higher level of self-efficacy given that they were receiving sufficient support from their parents. Originality/value This study found that although individuals in a wealthier family tend to exhibit a lower level of self-efficacy, and happiness alone has no significant impact on self-efficacy, happiness significantly promote self-efficacy more for individuals in a wealthier family than for individuals in a less wealthy family. However, in the less-wealthier family, parents play more significant role and can generate high level of self-efficacy for their children.
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Henrekson, Magnus, and Gunnar Du Rietz. "The Rise and Fall of Swedish Wealth Taxation." Nordic Tax Journal 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntaxj-2014-0002.
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Abstract We study the evolution of modern Swedish wealth taxation from its introduction in**1911 until it was abolished in 2007. The rules concerning valuation of assets, deductions/exemptions and tax schedules to characterize effective wealth tax schedules are described. These rules and schedules are used to calculate marginal and average wealth tax rates for three differently endowed owners of family firms and individual fortunes corresponding to a large, medium-sized and small firm. The overall trend in the direct wealth tax was rising until 1971 for owners of large and medium-sized firms and for individuals of equally-sized wealth consisting of non-corporate assets. Average direct wealth tax rates were low until 1934, except for 1913 when a progressive defense tax was levied. There were three major tax hikes: in 1934, when the wealth tax was more than doubled, in 1948 when tax rates were doubled again and in 1971 for owners of large firms and similarly sized non-corporate fortunes. Effective tax rates peaked in 1973 for owners of large firms and in 1983 for individuals with large non-corporate wealth. Reduction rules limited the wealth tax rates from 1934 for fortunes with high wealth/income ratios. The wealth tax on unlisted net business equity was abolished in 1991. Tax rates for wealthy individuals were decreased in 1991 and in 1992 and then remained at 0.5-1 percent through 2006, depending on whether the reduction rule was applicable. Tax rates for small-firm owners and small individual fortunes were substantially lower. Aggregate wealth tax revenues were rela-tively small; they never exceeded 0.4 percent of GDP in the postwar period and amounted to 0.16 percent of GDP in 2006.
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Ross, Cody T., Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Seung-Yun Oh, Samuel Bowles, Bret Beheim, John Bunce, Mark Caudell, et al. "Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 144 (July 2018): 20180035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0035.
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Monogamy appears to have become the predominant human mating system with the emergence of highly unequal agricultural populations that replaced relatively egalitarian horticultural populations, challenging the conventional idea—based on the polygyny threshold model—that polygyny should be positively associated with wealth inequality. To address this polygyny paradox, we generalize the standard polygyny threshold model to a mutual mate choice model predicting the fraction of women married polygynously. We then demonstrate two conditions that are jointly sufficient to make monogamy the predominant marriage form, even in highly unequal societies. We assess if these conditions are satisfied using individual-level data from 29 human populations. Our analysis shows that with the shift to stratified agricultural economies: (i) the population frequency of relatively poor individuals increased, increasing wealth inequality, but decreasing the frequency of individuals with sufficient wealth to secure polygynous marriage, and (ii) diminishing marginal fitness returns to additional wives prevent extremely wealthy men from obtaining as many wives as their relative wealth would otherwise predict. These conditions jointly lead to a high population-level frequency of monogamy.
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Epper, Thomas, Ernst Fehr, Helga Fehr-Duda, Claus Thustrup Kreiner, David Dreyer Lassen, Søren Leth-Petersen, and Gregers Nytoft Rasmussen. "Time Discounting and Wealth Inequality." American Economic Review 110, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181096.
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This paper documents a large association between individuals’ time discounting in incentivized experiments and their positions in the real-life wealth distribution derived from Danish high-quality administrative data for a large sample of middle-aged individuals. The association is stable over time, exists through the wealth distribution and remains large after controlling for education, income profile, school grades, initial wealth, parental wealth, credit constraints, demographics, risk preferences, and additional behavioral parameters. Our results suggest that savings behavior is a driver of the observed association between patience and wealth inequality as predicted by standard savings theory. (JEL C91, D15, D31, E21)
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Merhej, Ramona, Fernando P. Santos, Francisco S. Melo, and Francisco C. Santos. "Cooperation and Learning Dynamics under Wealth Inequality and Diversity in Individual Risk." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 74 (June 14, 2022): 733–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.13519.
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We examine how wealth inequality and diversity in the perception of risk of a collective disaster impact cooperation levels in the context of a public goods game with uncertain and non-linear returns. In this game, individuals face a collective-risk dilemma where they may contribute or not to a common pool to reduce their chances of future losses. We draw our conclusions based on social simulations with populations of independent reinforcement learners with diverse levels of risk and wealth. We find that both wealth inequality and diversity in risk assessment can hinder cooperation and augment collective losses. Additionally, wealth inequality further exacerbates long term inequality, causing rich agents to become richer and poor agents to become poorer. On the other hand, diversity in risk only amplifies inequality when combined with bias in group assortment—i.e., high probability that agents from the same risk class play together. Our results also suggest that taking wealth inequality into account can help to design effective policies aiming at leveraging cooperation in large group sizes, a configuration where collective action is harder to achieve. Finally, we characterize the circumstances under which risk perception alignment is crucial and those under which reducing wealth inequality constitutes a deciding factor for collective welfare.
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Chen, Yu-Chih, Sojung Park, and Nancy Morrow-Howell. "PATTERNS OF WEALTH TRAJECTORY IN LATER LIFE: CRITICAL PERIOD, ACCUMULATION, AND SOCIAL MOBILITY MODELS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1403.
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Abstract Wealth, an important financial cushion for older adults to buffer economic stress, requires a longer time to accumulate and develop in one’s course of life. However, little is known about the trajectories of wealth in later life, and how the life course socioeconomic status (SES) may contribute to the development of wealth at old-age. This study investigated longitudinal patterns of wealth trajectory and whether SES across the life course affects these trajectories using critical period, accumulation, and social mobility models. Using data from 16,189 adults aged 51 and older from the 2004-2014 Health and Retirement Study, a growth mixture model was used to explore distinct wealth trajectories. Impacts of life course models were studied using multinomial logistic regression. Results showed that four heterogeneous latent classes of wealth were identified: Stable high (reference group), Low and increasing, Stable low, and High but decline. Disadvantaged adulthood SES, accumulated exposure to socioeconomic risks, and downward or persistent socioeconomic disadvantage over the life course were associated with Stable low, Low and increasing, and High but decline, supporting all three life course mechanisms on wealth development in later life. Evidence suggests that wealth development is heterogeneous across individuals, and a strong gradient effect of life-course SES on wealth trajectories are clearly observed. Programs and policies should address the effects of life course on wealth development to strengthen the economic well-being in later life.
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Siregar, Ainun Mardia, Husnarika Febriani, and Melfa Aisyah Hutasuhut. "ANALISIS BIODIVERSITAS JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN LIANA DI TAMAN NASIONAL BATANG GADIS RESORT 7 SOPOTINJAK KABUPATEN MANDAILING NATAL SUMATERA UTARA." KLOROFIL: Jurnal Ilmu Biologi dan Terapan 5, no. 2 (November 8, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/kfl:jibt.v5i2.9403.
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<p>Climbing plants or what is known as Liana is a type of plant that is characteristic of tropical rainforest ecosystems. This study aims to determine the types of lianas, diversity index and wealth index, the method used is descriptive survey method with the sampling technique using the quadratic method, the number of plots used is 24 plots in three transects. Found 12 families consisting of 27 species of lianas with a total number of 1082 individuals. The family with the most species is the Araceae family with 5 species, the families with the least species are Dioscoreaceae, Polypodiaceae, Rosaceae, and Vitaceae, each of which has only one species, the species with the highest number of individuals ishighest number of individuals. <em>Ficus villosa </em>Blume with a total of 182 and species with thethe least amount is <em>Alstonia</em> sp, namely 14 individuals. The species with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) was <em>Entada spiralis</em> Ridl with a value of 54.84. Liana Diversity Index in Batang Gadis Resort 7 National Park is H '3.14 which is included in the high diversity category, one of the factors that resulted in the high diversity value of lianas in BGNP is the availability of many trees as host plants for habitus liana, while the wealth index value of lianas in Batang Gadis Resort 7 National Park is 3.47 which is included in the medium wealth category, one of the factors causing the wealth index value to be included in the moderate category is the number of species found as many as 27 species.</p><p> </p>
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Piketty, Thomas, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. "Wealth Concentration in a Developing Economy: Paris and France, 1807–1994." American Economic Review 96, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 236–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282806776157614.
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Using large samples of estate tax returns, we construct new series on wealth concentration in Paris and France from 1807 to 1994. Inequality increased until 1914 because industrial and financial estates grew dramatically. Then, adverse shocks, rather than a Kuznets-type process, led to a massive decline in inequality. The very high wealth concentration prior to 1914 benefited retired individuals living off capital income (rentiers) rather than entrepreneurs. The very rich were in their seventies and eighties, whereas they had been in their fifties a half century earlier and would be so again after World War II. Our results shed new light on ongoing debates about wealth inequality and growth.
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Smart, Michael, and Sobia Hasan Jafry. "Policy Forum: Inequity and Inefficiency in the Tax Treatment of Capital Gains." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 69, no. 4 (2021): 1157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2021.69.4.pf.smart.
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This article makes the case for increasing tax rates on capital gains income under Canada's Income Tax Act. The current tax preference for capital gains costs $35 billion annually in forgone government revenues, with much of the benefit accruing to high-income families. To address the inequity of the present system, and to reduce tax non-neutralities, the 50 percent inclusion rate for capital gains should be raised to 80 percent. This would constitute a simpler, more efficient way of taxing high-wealth individuals than recent proposals for a novel tax on wealth, and would likely generate far more revenue as well.
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Al-Aidaros, Al-Hasan, Lina Nadhirah Abdul Hadi, and Nor Aishah Hamdan. "ISLAMIC WEALTH PLANNING: THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENT." International Journal of Islamic Business 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/ijib2020.5.2.1.
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The purpose of this paper is to develop new instrument that measures the Islamic wealth planning concept based on the Islamic literature. The concept was conceptualized and transformed into an instrument based on two methods, namely experts’ validity (using Lawshe’s technique with eight Malaysian certified Islamic financial planners and two representatives from the official Islamic religious departments in Kedah and Perlis states/Malaysia) and focus group session with seven experts in several related areas, i.e. Islamic philosophy, Islamic finance, and Islamic financial planning. This paper used a quantitative approach using questionnaire. The developed instrument was then distributed to 120 respondents to further improve its validity and two analyses were performed: reliability analysis and exploratory factor analysis. The finding of this study is a new validated instrument for the concept of Islamic wealth planning which contains two main sections, i.e. worldly financial planning and hereafter financial planning. The first section consists of income/investment planning, retirement planning, education (for the individual) planning, and Takaful/insurance planning, while the second section consists of education (for his/her family) planning, Faraid planning, Wasiyyah planning, Zakat/taxes planning, Hajj planning, Hibah planning, Waqf planning, and charitable financial planning. This paper contributes to the existing scarce studies in the area of Islamic wealth planning and management. In addition, this study contributes in transforming the Islamic wealth planning concept into a measurable instrument that can be used for several parties such as Islamic financial planners, high net worth individuals (HNWI) as well as middle class individuals, Islamic financial institutions, and researchers.
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Rakhmanov, Azat B. "The business elites of the leading countries of the world in 2019." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-12-141-154.
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The article is dedicated to a comparative analysis of business elites (billionaires and millionaires) of the leading countries of the world in 2019. The paper considers the number of rich individuals, their wealth, percentage of self-made businessmen, education, age, sectoral specialization, level of oligarchy’s domination, geographical spread and global mobility. The advantages of Russian business elite are the high level of wealth, young age, the high percentage of self-made businessmen, and the high level of global mobility. The disadvantages of Russian business community are the small number, the highest level of orientation towards the energy and natural resources industries, the highest level of concentration in one city, and the highest level of oligarchy’s domination.
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Chitumbura, Jonathan, and Oliver Takawira. "Transformation of the private offshore wealth management service industry in the emerging economy." Journal of Governance and Regulation 10, no. 2 (2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv10i2art13.
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Dollarisation in emerging economies of Southern Africa like Zambia and Zimbabwe, led High-Income Earning Individuals (HIEI) to invest offshore as an investment diversification strategy. The turbulent past experiences influenced African HIEI behavior in relation to their wealth management approaches. HIEI started looking for ways to protect its financial assets against future political and economic volatilities. The purpose of this study was to equip academics and the wider commercial fraternity with practical and strategic knowledge of the emerging markets’ offshore wealth management services industry. This would assist emerging markets to regulate HIEI markets, boost capital flow, fight tax evasion to allow banks to assist, help governments protect pensions, promote transparency in investments and avoid negative effects of dollarisation. Data were collected from 81 participants including HIEIs with offshore investments, those individuals without, financial advisors, and the Securities Exchange Commission (the industry regulator). The study used a qualitative approach in its methodology using questionnaires, interviews, and a computer-aided system for data analysis. We found that HIEI feels their wealth is under attack and looks towards offshore investing as a refuge. We identified the desperate urge of African HIEIs to secure their wealth as the main influence driving the offshore investing phenomenon
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Nicholas, Tom. "Clogs to Clogs in Three Generations? Explaining Entrepreneurial Performance in Britain Since 1850." Journal of Economic History 59, no. 3 (September 1999): 688–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700023536.
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Research into sculture and entrepreneurship in Britain has been dominated by casual empiricism. This article shows the benefits of using a new method. Lifetime wealth accumulation is specified as a measure of entrepreneurial performance, and applied to data collected from dictionaries of business biography. Industry, region, and religious dissent are ruled out as explanations of entrepreneurial performance. Education and entrepreneurial type are the important predictors. Firm inheritors and those receiving a high-status education experienced relatively low lifetime rates of wealth accumulation. Firm founders, managers, and individuals with a lower-status education were comparatively successful.
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Oreopoulos, Philip, and Kjell G. Salvanes. "Priceless: The Nonpecuniary Benefits of Schooling." Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.1.159.
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Increasing wealth provides key motivation for students to forgo earnings and struggle through exams. But, as we argue in this paper, schooling generates many experiences and affects many dimensions of skill that, in turn, affect central aspects of individuals' lives. Schooling not only affects income, but also the degree to which one enjoys work, as well as one's likelihood of being unemployed. It leads individuals to make better decisions about health, marriage, and parenting. It also improves patience, making individuals more goal-oriented and less likely to engage in risky behavior. Schooling improves trust and social interaction, and may offer substantial consumption value to some students. We discuss various mechanisms to explain how these relationships may occur independent of wealth effects and present evidence that nonpecuniary returns to schooling are at least as large as pecuniary ones. Ironically, one explanation why some early school leavers miss out on these high returns is that they lack the very same decision-making skills that more schooling would help improve.
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Hanna, Daniel R., Jennifer A. Campbell, Rebekah J. Walker, Aprill Z. Dawson, and Leonard E. Egede. "Association between Health and Wealth among Kenyan Adults with Hypertension." Global Journal of Health Science 13, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n4p86.
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BACKGROUND: This paper examines the relationship between hypertension and wealth in a national sample of Kenyan adults.
METHODS: Data from 27,552 individuals from the Demographic and Health Survey Program (DHS) for Kenya were analyzed. Wealth index, a cumulative measure of household standard of living, was the outcome. The final analysis was stratified by gender with covariates added in blocks (demographics, economic, and cultural) to investigate the independent association of hypertension with wealth index.
RESULTS: Approximately 7.6% of those with hypertension had a wealth index above the median. For women and men, hypertension was significantly associated with higher wealth index (women ß=0.26; CI=0.19; 0.34; men ß=0.36; CI=0.19; 0.53). After adjusting for age, rural location, children, employment, education, ethnicity, and religion, hypertension maintained statistical significance with wealth index for both women and men (women ß=0.06; CI=0.01; 0.11; men ß=0.20; CI=0.08; 0.31).
CONCLUSIONS: As Kenya as a nation undergoes health care reform while also experiencing a high burden of hypertension, the results presented here provide preliminary evidence that may be used in support for decision makers for the wealth effects of health interventions. Additional work is needed to understand the longitudinal relationship between hypertension and wealth at the national level.
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Assari, Shervin. "College Graduation and Wealth Accumulation: Blacks’ Diminished Returns." World Journal of Educational Research 7, no. 3 (June 28, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v7n3p1.
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Background: Based on the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, indicators of high Socioeconomic Status (SES), such as high maternal educational attainment, show weaker protective effects on various developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for Black than White families. As a result of these MDRs, families and individuals with high educational attainment still report high levels of depression, smoking, obesity, and chronic disease. Limited knowledge exists on MDRs of maternal education on indicators of wealth such as home ownership and home value. Aims: Built on the MDRs framework, we tested the hypothesis of whether the effects of maternal educational attainment at birth on home ownership and home value, as proxies of wealth, vary between Black and White families. We hypothesized that: 1) high maternal education would be associated with more wealth 15 years later, and 2) compared to Whites, Blacks would be less likely to accumulate wealth (own a house) across all educational levels, given a weaker boosting effect of maternal educational attainment on wealth for Black than White families. Methods: The Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study, is a 15-year follow up study of a random sample of births in cities larger than 200,000 population in the US. A total number of 2004 White or Black youth were included and were followed from birth to the age of 15. The predictor of interest was maternal educational attainment at birth, treated as a categorical variable (college graduation). The outcomes were home ownership and home value (worth-owed) 15 years later, as proxies of wealth. Logistic and linear regression were used for data analysis. Results: High maternal education at birth was associated with home ownership and higher value of owned home at age 15. We also found that maternal educational attainment at birth and race interact with each other, suggesting that the effects of high maternal educational attainment at birth on home ownership/value at age 15 were weaker for Black than White families. Conclusions: Diminished returns of maternal educational attainment at birth on wealth accumulation in Black families may be a mechanism that contributes to racial health disparities in high socioeconomic status and also poor outcomes of high SES Black families. That is, a smaller effect of maternal educational attainment on changing the real lives of Black than White youth may be one of the mechanisms by which health remains worse than expected in high SES Black families. Not all of the health, behavioral, and developmental disparities are due to the racial gap in SES but also diminishing returns of socioeconomic status indicators such as maternal educational attainment for racial minorities. Research should study how social stratification, discriminatory mortgage and banking, residential segregation, family formation, employment, and occupational prestige reduce Black families’ ability to mobilize their human capital and secure tangible economic and non-economic outcomes.
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Lea, Amanda J., Charles Waigwa, Benjamin Muhoya, Francis Lotukoi, Julie Peng, Lucas P. Henry, Varada Abhyankar, et al. "Socioeconomic status effects on health vary between rural and urban Turkana." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 406–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoab039.
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Abstract Background and objectives Understanding the social determinants of health is a major goal in evolutionary biology and human health research. Low socioeconomic status (often operationalized as absolute material wealth) is consistently associated with chronic stress, poor health and premature death in high-income countries. However, the degree to which wealth gradients in health are universal—or are instead made even steeper under contemporary, post-industrial conditions—remains poorly understood. Methodology We quantified absolute material wealth and several health outcomes among a population of traditional pastoralists, the Turkana of northwest Kenya, who are currently transitioning toward a more urban, market-integrated lifestyle. We assessed whether wealth associations with health differed in subsistence-level versus urban contexts. We also explored the causes and consequences of wealth-health associations by measuring serum cortisol, potential sociobehavioral mediators in early life and adulthood, and adult reproductive success (number of surviving offspring). Results Higher socioeconomic status and greater material wealth predicts better self-reported health and more offspring in traditional pastoralist Turkana, but worse cardiometabolic health and fewer offspring in urban Turkana. We do not find robust evidence for either direct biological mediators (cortisol) or indirect sociobehavioral mediators (e.g. adult diet or health behaviors, early life experiences) of wealth–health relationships in either context. Conclusions and implications While social gradients in health are well-established in humans and animals across a variety of socioecological contexts, we show that the relationship between wealth and health can vary within a single population. Our findings emphasize that changes in economic and societal circumstances may directly alter how, why and under what conditions socioeconomic status predicts health. Lay Summary High socioeconomic status predicts better health and more offspring in traditional Turkana pastoralists, but worse health and fewer offspring in individuals of the same group living in urban areas. Together, our study shows that under different economic and societal circumstances, wealth effects on health may manifest in very different ways.
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Adjei, David N., Karien Stronks, Dwomoa Adu, Erik Beune, Karlijn Meeks, Liam Smeeth, Juliet Addo, et al. "Cross-sectional study of association between socioeconomic indicators and chronic kidney disease in rural–urban Ghana: the RODAM study." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e022610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022610.
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ObjectivesStudies from high-income countries suggest higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among individuals in low socioeconomic groups. However, some studies from low/middle-income countries show the reverse pattern among those in high socioeconomic groups. It is unknown which pattern applies to individuals living in rural and urban Ghana. We assessed the association between socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and CKD in rural and urban Ghana and to what extent the higher SES of people in urban areas of Ghana could account for differences in CKD between rural and urban populations.SettingThe study was conducted in Ghana (Ashanti region). We used baseline data from a multicentre Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study.ParticipantsThe sample consisted of 2492 adults (Rural Ghana, 1043, Urban Ghana, 1449) aged 25–70 years living in Ghana.ExposureEducational level, occupational level and wealth index.OutcomeThree CKD outcomes were considered using the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes severity of CKD classification: albuminuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate and high to very high CKD risk based on the combination of these two.ResultsAll three SES indicators were not associated with CKD in both rural and urban Ghana after age and sex adjustment except for rural Ghana where high wealth index was significantly associated with higher odds of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (adjusted OR, 2.38; 95% CI 1.03 to 5.47). The higher rate of CKD observed in urban Ghana was not explained by the higher SES of that population.ConclusionSES indicators were not associated with prevalence of CKD except for wealth index and reduced eGFR in rural Ghana. Consequently, the higher SES of urban Ghana did not account for the increased rate of CKD among urban dwellers suggesting the need to identify other factors that may be driving this.
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Fafchamps, Marcel, and Julien Labonne. "Family Networks and Distributive Politics." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 4 (May 6, 2019): 1697–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz023.
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Abstract We study the distribution of public services by local politicians when political support spreads through social networks. We sketch a model showing that incumbents target goods and services to individuals who would lead to the largest aggregate loss of support if they stopped supporting the incumbent. Those individuals have high betweenness centrality. Using data on 3.6 million households from the Philippines, we show that households with high betweenness centrality receive a greater number of public services from their local government. This result is robust to the inclusion of controls for program eligibility, detailed measure of family wealth and elite status, family ties with politicians, and other measures of centrality.
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Privara, Andrej. "Citizenship-for-Sale Schemes in Bulgaria, Cyprus, and Malta." Migration Letters 16, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182//ml.v16i2.735.
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Citizenship-for-sale schemes aimed at attracting wealthy and mobile individuals, so-called “high net worth individuals” (HNWIs) whose net assets are of US$1 million or more. A growing number of governments now seek to attract this category of migrants with abundant wealth. Many large and small states introduced various programmes and schemes to attract foreign investors. However, the European Commission has many concerns about these schemes regarding national security risks, ethics of nationality and can possible economic distortions. In a resolution adopted in January 2014, the European Parliament expressed its concern that the “outright sale of EU citizenship undermines the mutual trust upon which the Union is built”. It maintained that “EU citizenship implies the holding of a stake in the Union” and this “should never become a tradeable commodity”. This article explores citizenship for sale schemes in three new member states that joined the EU in 2004-2007 pointing out key areas of concern in the implementation of citizenship-for-sale schemes in the cases of Cyprus, Malta, and Bulgaria.
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Masood, Mohd, and Daniel D. Reidpath. "Effect of national wealth on BMI: An analysis of 206,266 individuals in 70 low-, middle- and high-income countries." PLOS ONE 12, no. 6 (June 29, 2017): e0178928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178928.
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Fan, Huijun. "Research on Inheritance of Wealth in Mainland China and Upgrade of Family Trusts in the 21st Century." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 1 (November 28, 2022): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v1i.2334.
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In the turbulent second half of the twentieth century, with the reform and opening up, a large number of entrepreneurs emerged in China who seized the dividends of the times. With the passage of time, the "generation" is nearly in its twilight years, and it is urgent to make a transition from creating wealth to preserving wealth. According to the "2020 China Family Wealth Sustainability Report" jointly released by CCB Trust and Hurun Research Institute, China will have 39 trillion in wealth in the next 20 years from the first generation of founders to the second generation. However, it is worth thinking about what kind of scientific and mature financial planning tools can help break the curse of "the rich can't be more than three generations". With the current development, China's family trust industry is rapidly rising. Family trusts can just help high-net-worth individuals achieve intergenerational inheritance of wealth, isolation and protection of assets and other functions. The objective of the study is to research the complementary relationship between wealth inheritance and family trust upgrading in mainland China in the 21st century. It uses qualitative research and literature analysis methods to analyze the development background and value of Chinese family trust industry. The results of the study revealed that the family trust industry in mainland China has potential market development space, which needs to be adjusted according to the characteristics of China's economic environment.
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Frid, Casey J., David M. Wyman, William B. Gartner, and Diana H. Hechavarria. "Low-wealth entrepreneurs and access to external financing." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 22, no. 4 (June 6, 2016): 531–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-08-2015-0173.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between low-wealth business founders in the USA and external startup funding. Specifically, the authors test whether a founders’ low personal net worth is correlated with a lower probability of acquiring funding from outside sources during the business creation process. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a double-hurdle Cragg model to jointly estimate: first, the decision to acquire external financing; and second, the amount received. The sample is the US-based Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics II (PSED II). The PSED II tracks business founders attempting to start ventures from 2005 to 2012. Findings – Receipt of outside financing during business formation is largely determined by the business founder’s personal finances (controlling for human capital, venture type and industry, and whether money was sought in the first place). A higher household net worth results in larger amounts of external funding received. Low-wealth business founders, therefore, are less likely to get external funds, and they receive lower amounts when they do. The disparity between low-and high-wealth business founders is more pronounced for formal, monitored sources of external financing such as bank loans. Research limitations/implications – Because the study eliminates survivor bias by using a nationally representative sample of business founders who are in the venture creation process, the findings apply to both successful business founders and those who disengaged during the business creation process. The authors offer insights into the sources and amounts of external funds acquired by individuals across all levels of wealth. The authors accomplish this by disaggregating business founders into wealth quintiles. The study demonstrates the importance of personal wealth as a factor in acquiring external startup financing compared to human capital, industry, or personal characteristics. Social implications – If the ability to acquire external funding is significantly constrained, the quality of the opportunity and the skill of the business founder may be less a determinant of success at creating a new business as prior studies have suggested. Consequently, entrepreneurship (as measured by business formation) as a path toward upward, socioeconomic mobility will be afforded only to those individuals with sufficient financial endowments at the outset. Originality/value – Unlike prior studies, the data used are not subject to survivor bias or an underrepresentation of self-employment. The statistical model jointly estimates acquisition of financing and the amount received. This resolves selection and censoring problems. Finally, the dependent variables directly measure liquidity constraints in the context of business formation, that is, before a new venture is created. Prior research contexts have typically studied existing businesses, and are therefore not true examinations of conditions affecting business creation.
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Washburn, Paul Jordan. "Health Ballistics." International Journal of User-Driven Healthcare 6, no. 1 (January 2016): 5–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijudh.2016010102.
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Health Ballistics aims to quantify preventive health measures in relation to their health impact on an individual's productive lifespan, and in turn for a societally beneficial impact. An uninformed individuals behaviors will significantly affect their overall Health Wealth Commodity and are based upon the notion that what an individual does not know will with high probability lead to unhealthy monetary savings decision further empowering already established poor health outcome trajectories. The current theory emphasized the necessity for intensified focus on only a few health variables, as only a few variables indeed affect an individual's health trajectory with extreme weight at any moment. By calculating the highly probable and realistic health outcomes of an individual's health behavior based on these variables, a monetary savings can be retrospectively associated with the preventive measures utilized to obtain the health outcomes observed and in turn, prospectively associated to calculate statistically predictable individual health behavior and chronic diseases.
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Bellows, Nicole, Michelle Weinberger, and Meghan Reidy. "Using the Demographic Health Survey wealth index to create family planning market segments based on absolute income levels." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 9 (September 2020): e002450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002450.
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Family planning market segmentation approaches typically include analysis by wealth, particularly when considering whether individuals can afford out-of-pocket expenses in the private sector. Most commonly, this is done using the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) wealth index, which uses a relative approach by summing household asset questions and categorising respondents into five groups from poorest to wealthiest within a country. In addition, the use of absolute measures, such as segmenting populations based on whether one lives below or above the International Poverty line, defined by the World Bank as US$1.90 per person per day, may provide further useful insights when designing strategies to ensure access to family planning. While such measures are not readily available in the DHS, a simple approach can be used to combine the wealth index and World Bank poverty lines to generate an absolute measure for an additional perspective when conducting family planning market segmentation. Family planning market size estimates were made for 24 low-income countries using wealth quintiles and World Bank poverty lines. The results show large variations in market size based on what measure is used, particularly for countries with a high density of poverty. Looking at both types of measures and understanding the reasons for the differences in market size estimates between the approaches can help lend a more nuanced understanding of the distribution of wealth and income in a country, leading to improved family planning market segmentation and ultimately to ensure more women have access to a method of their choice.
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Soroko, Agata. "Buying into Dominant Ideas About Wealth and Poverty: An Examination of U.S. and Canadian Financial Literacy Standards." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 122, no. 3 (March 2020): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200301.
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Background In the wake of the 2007–2008 global financial crisis, calls for financial literacy education increased dramatically. In both the United States and Canada, the financial collapse and its aftermath saw a resurgence of personal finance programs and initiatives in schools. While financial literacy education continues to be introduced in U.S. and Canadian high schools through the implementation of financial literacy standards into social studies curricula, few studies have focused on the content and ideology of these standards. This study is the first to provide a systematic review of all available high school financial literacy standards across the United States and Canada. Purpose The purpose of this research was to render visible the hidden ideological underpinnings of financial literacy standards. Specifically, the study investigated what the discourse in the standards implied about individuals’ financial outcomes and what was made invisible about the ways in which people achieve or fail to achieve economic security and wealth. Research Design This study employed critical discourse and ideological analysis to examine state-sanctioned financial literacy standards from 43 high school social studies curriculum documents in the United States and Canada. Findings The analysis revealed that, overall, financial literacy standards framed financial wellbeing as a personal doing while neglecting to consider the broader social, economic, and political forces influencing financial outcomes. This research demonstrates how financial literacy discourses, rooted in ideologies of merit, often tell an incomplete story about the origins and determinants of both wealth and poverty. Conclusions The results from this study offer insight into how deficit thinking about economically marginalized individuals and groups continues to permeate educational discourse. In examining financial literacy standards in particular, this study contributes to existing research problematizing financial literacy initiatives and calling for more critical, inclusive, and nuanced approaches. This research also adds to scholarship unpacking the ideological assumptions embedded in state-mandated academic standards concerning wealth and poverty.
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Kachhawa, Dilip, Hemamalini Narasimhan, and Pankaj Rao. "Selection of Anti-Depressants in Geriatric Dermatoses- A Questionnaire Study of Dermatologists in Western Rajasthan, India." Dermatology and Dermatitis 6, no. 1 (June 4, 2021): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8949/074.
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Background: The Global Wealth Migration Review 2019 report, published by New World Wealth, estimated that 48% of India's total wealth was held by high-net worth individuals. Distinct factors dominate the prescription of anti-depressants in the geriatric population. Accordingly, the intention of pharmacotherapy in geriatric psycho dermatoses is deciphered in the study. . Objective: To survey and analyze the selection of anti-depressants by the dermatologists in the practice of geriatric pharmacotherapy. Methods: A questionnaire was designed and circulated among ninety-three dermatologists in three sessions and the data collected was analyzed through the cross-sectional study statistics. Results: The typical senior people attending the specialist were 25-50%. A sizeable familiarity of psycho cutaneous disturbance was attributed to dermatophyte infections, lichen simplex chronic, and Prurigo in descending order. The largely established primary disorder was neurotic excoriation. The prescription pattern was classified and 51.9% dermatologists are customary with psychotropic agent Doxepin over other agents. The discipline of the multidisciplinary approach was also studied. Limitation: Small sample size, uniregional study, prevalence study. Conclusions: The survey aids in evaluating mental health in cutaneous dermatoses of the elderly and assists the dermatologists to offer understated economical options and amend existing guidelines.
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Menzies, Adam C. J., and Mikael J. Haller. "A Macroregional Perspective on Chiefly Cycling in the Central Region of Panama During the Late Ceramic Ii Period (A.D. 700–1522)." Latin American Antiquity 23, no. 4 (December 2012): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.23.4.449.
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AbstractThe sixteenth-century indigenous societies who inhabited the Pacific plains of Panama have occupied an important place in discussions of social hierarchy in the Americas. Beginning with the discovery of the richly stocked tombs at Sitio Conte in the 1930s the origins of social hierarchy and wealth accumulation has been a key theme in the Central Region of Panama. Although the most lavish burial hoards at Sitio Conte contained hundreds of sumptuary goods elaborately decorated with cosmological iconography, no other contemporary cemetery shows evidence for this degree of wealth accumulation. The only other site with mortuary patterning suggestive of high ranking individuals is He-4, where high ranking mound burials were interred following the abandonment of the Sitio Conte cemetery. From a macroregional perspective the increase in access to prestige goods in mound burials at He-4 contemporaneous with, or immediately after, the decline of Sitio Conte is best explained as a result of changes in political organization of the kind often associated with the growth and decline of chiefly polities.
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Chen, Yi-Wen, Joseph T. Halford, Hung-Chia Scott Hsu, and Chu-Bin Lin. "Personal Bankruptcy Laws and Corporate Policies." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55, no. 7 (August 20, 2019): 2397–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109019000620.
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In this article we examine whether and how changes in personal bankruptcy laws, viewed as a shock to employees’ expected personal wealth, affect corporate policies. Following a reform in personal bankruptcy laws that limits individuals’ access to bankruptcy protection, firms more affected by this regulation reform increase labor costs, reduce investment, and engage in less risk taking. The effects are stronger when employees have more bargaining power. Furthermore, firms in industries characterized by high unemployment risk reduce leverage. These results support the view that firms choose more conservative policies to mitigate employees’ expected welfare losses.
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Sepp, Katrin, and Urmas Kaarlep. "The Estonian Foundation – What is Missing for It to Be A Well-Designed Wealth-Management Vehicle for Local and Foreign High-Net-Worth Individuals?" Juridica International 24 (October 9, 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/ji.2016.24.10.
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Although Estonia has a foundations regulation that enables establishing private foundations, the local high-net-worth individuals prefer to use schemes and foundations offered by other countries and Estonia’s export of the relevant service is a non-issue today. The article explores why this is so. One of the biggest problems certainly is the current double taxation of private foundations. Another major problem is excessive accountability and publicity: an Estonian foundation is registered in a public register from which the information on that foundation is accessible to everyone. This includes the data on the founder and beneficiaries; the content of the bylaws; and, through annual reports, information on the foundation’s income, wealth, and assets. The authors propose amendments to the current regulation and, to justify the changes, suggest some incentives for encouraging the establishment of private foundations in Estonia.
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Borjesson, Mats, Mikael Dellborg, Josef Niebauer, Andre LaGerche, Christian Schmied, Erik E. Solberg, Martin Halle, et al. "Brief recommendations for participation in leisure time or competitive sports in athletes–patients with coronary artery disease: Summary of a Position Statement from the Sports Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 27, no. 7 (September 12, 2019): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319876186.
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This paper presents a brief summary of the recommendations from the Sports Cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) on sports-participation in patients with coronary artery disease, coronary artery anomalies or spontaneous dissection of the coronary arteries, all entities being associated with myocardial ischaemia.1 Given the wealth of evidence supporting the benefits of exercise for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease, individuals should be restricted from competitive sport only when a substantial risk of adverse event or disease progression is present. These recommendations aim to encourage regular physical activity including participation in sports and, with reasonable precaution, ensure a high level of safety for all individuals with coronary artery disease. The present document is based on available current evidence, but in most instances because of lack of evidence, also on clinical experience and expert opinion.
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Tairou, Fassiatou, Saira Nawaz, Marc Christian Tahita, Samantha Herrera, Babacar Faye, and Roger C. K. Tine. "Malaria prevention knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among adolescents living in an area of persistent transmission in Senegal: Results from a cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): e0274656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274656.
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Introduction While malaria morbidity has sharply declined in several areas in Senegal, it remains an important problem in the southern part of the country, particularly among adolescents. Understanding adolescents’ knowledge, attitudes, prevention and care-seeking practices is important to inform more targeted interventions aimed at optimizing adolescents’ uptake of malaria prevention and control measures. This study assessed malaria-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among adolescents living in a highly persistent transmission area in Senegal. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 391 adolescents living in the Saraya health district. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select households. An electronic questionnaire developed on Open Data Kit (ODK), was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, household assets, adolescents’ knowledge of malaria, as well as their attitudes with regards to malaria prevention, and care-seeking behaviors. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors associated with adolescents’ KAP towards malaria. Results Nearly, one-third of the participants had good knowledge of malaria (34.4%) and good practice in regards to malaria preventive measures (32.8%) while 59.0% had a positive attitude and 73.8% had good care-seeking behavior regarding malaria. Multivariate analysis revealed that a primary (aOR = 5.43, p = 0.002) or secondary level of education (aOR = 10.41, p = 0.000) was associated with good knowledge of malaria transmission, signs, and prevention measures. Male individuals had lower knowledge compared to female ones (aOR = 0.40, p = 0.001). Individuals belonging to households from the highest wealth quintile were more likely to have a positive attitude towards malaria compared to those from households in the lowest wealth quintile (aOR = 3.49, p = 0.004). The odds of positive attitude towards malaria decreased among participants with koranic and primary education level, respectively (aOR = 0.14, p = 0.005) and (aOR = 0.24, p = 0.019). A positive attitude was 1.89 more likely to be (aOR = 1.89, p = 0.026) associated with good practice of prevention measures compared to adolescents who demonstrated negative attitudes. Individuals from households in the fourth (aOR = 0.42, p = 0.024), middle (aOR = 0.34, P = 0.005), and second (aOR = 0.42, p = 0.027) wealth quintiles were less likely to use malaria prevention measures compared to those from households in the highest wealth quintile. Conclusion The study revealed that adolescents, generally have poor levels of malaria knowledge and low uptake of malaria prevention and control interventions. Targeted interventions for high-risk adolescents are needed, that focus on improving their knowledge of the disease and effective preventive measures, and on increasing their access to health care services and LLINs.
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Boylan, Scott J., and Peter J. Frischmann. "Experimental Evidence on the Role of Tax Complexity in Investment Decisions." Journal of the American Taxation Association 28, no. 2 (September 1, 2006): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2006.28.2.69.
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Past behavioral research has demonstrated that complexity in determining one's marginal tax rate can produce systematic decision errors in single-person investment settings in which individuals must choose between investments with different after-tax returns. In this paper, we examine the degree to which such a phenomenon exists when investments are made in competitive markets. More specifically, we conduct a series of oral double-auctions in which buyer profits are taxed and in which we manipulate the complexity required for buyers to arrive at their marginal tax rates. Our two main results are as follows. First, tax complexity leads to systematically (and inefficiently) high trading prices and quantities in these markets, which jointly limits the amount of wealth created, and leads to systematic wealth transfers between market participants and to the taxing authority. Second, these effects generally diminish over the course of the experiment, but do not disappear entirely. The latter result suggests that competitive markets can be effective at mitigating, although not necessarily eliminating, the negative effects of tax complexity on investment decisions.
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Acevedo, Juan David Rivera, and Min-ni Wu. "A Proposed Framework to Analyze the Impact Investing Ecosystem in a Cross-Country Perspective." Review of European Studies 10, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v10n4p87.
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This study developed an impact investing ecosystem framework to present a comprehensive overview of the impact investing sector, identifying key challenges and possibilities. Two Asian countries, Japan and Singapore, were used as case studies. The proposed framework revealed that the market scales in Japan and Singapore were small and each country faces unique challenges for developing impact investing. For Japan, the low level of philanthropic activities and the small social sector were the key challenges to overcome for impact investing growth. For Singapore, the government’s low social expending strategy may limit the development. However, both countries have supportive environments for impact investing due to high-quality human resources, well-developed financial markets and political interest. In particular, the high total wealth of high network individuals (HNWI) in Japan and large donations to charities in Singapore (% GDP) offer rich potential.
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Ma, Yingyan, Senlin Lin, Liping Li, Yingnan Jia, and Haidong Zou. "Socioeconomic mechanisms of myopia boom in China: a nationwide cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e044608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044608.
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ObjectivesTo assess the association between socioeconomic development and the myopia boom in China.DesignNationwide cross-sectional study.SettingWe used data from the China Family Panel Study (CFPS 2010), and the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH 2010).ParticipantsParticipants included 33 600 individuals and 14 226 families from the CFPS 2010, and 86 199 students aged 7–12 years from the CNSSCH 2010.MeasuresThe main measure was students’ visual impairment (defined as Snellen visual acuity ≤20/25 (0.8) in the worse eye) rate of each province (or municipality or autonomous region); other measures included the Gini coefficient of property, logarithm of average property, Gini coefficient of education, average education duration and return-to-education rate of each province (or municipality or autonomous region). The visual impairment rate was calculated using students’ data, aged 7–12 years, from the CNSSCH 2010. The Gini coefficient of property and logarithm of average property were calculated using the families’ data from the CFPS 2010; the Gini coefficient of education, average education duration and return-to-education rate were calculated using individuals’ data aged 18–44 years from the CFPS 2010.ResultsThe urban environment (coefficient: 0.209; p<0.001), Gini coefficient of property (coefficient: 1.979; p=0.005), logarithm of average property (coefficient: 0.114; p<0.001), average education duration (coefficient: 0.041; p<0.001) and return-to-education rate (coefficient: 0.195; p<0.001) were positively associated with the logit function of visual impairment rate.ConclusionsEconomic development may promote an increased desire to pursue wealth. Regarding high return to education and a fairly competitive education system, individuals are likely to pursue wealth through education, which is associated with a heavier education burden and higher prevalence rates of myopia.
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Li, Qiong, Chen Deng, Bin Zuo, and Xiaobin Zhang. "Vertical position can affect categorization of the rich and the poor in Chinese culture." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 15 (January 2021): 183449092110257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/18344909211025705.
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This study explored whether vertical position affects social categorization of the rich and the poor. Experiment 1 used high- and low-income occupations as stimuli, and found participants categorized high-income occupations faster when they were presented in the top vertical position compared to the bottom vertical position. In Experiment 2, participants responded using either the “up” or “down” key to categorize high- and low-income occupations, and responded faster to high-income occupations with the “up” key and low-income occupations with the “down” key. In Experiment 3, names identified as belonging to either rich or poor individuals were presented at the top or bottom of a screen, and the results were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. These findings suggest that social categorization based on wealth involved perceptual simulations of vertical position, and that vertical position affects the social categorization of the rich and the poor.
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Frank, Sarah, Carolina Batis, Lana Vanderlee, Lindsay M. Jaacks, and Lindsey Smith Taillie. "Informing Health and Environmental Policies to Reduce Red and Processed Meat Intake in North America: Sociodemographic Predictors of Consumption in the US, Canada, and Mexico." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_028.
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Abstract Objectives Close economic ties have encouraged production and trade of meat between the US, Canada, and Mexico. Understanding the sociodemographic correlates of red and processed meat intake in North America may inform policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and non-communicable diseases. Methods Data were from one day of 24-hour dietary recall in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016), Mexico National Health and Nutrition Survey (2016), and Canadian Community Health Survey (2015). Adult participants were classified as consumers or non-consumers of the following three categories: red meat (mammalian muscle and organ meat); processed meat (all meats processed for preservation and flavor); and any meat (red and/or processed meat). Negative binomial regression accounting for complex survey design was used to model sociodemographic correlates (sex, ten-year age categories, wealth, and education) of being a consumer of red, processed, and any meat. Results The overall prevalence of any meat consumption in a given day was higher in the US (74%) than in Canada (66%) or Mexico (63%). Age was not associated with meat intake. In the US and Canada, females were less likely to consume all three categories of meat (all P < 0.001). In Mexico, females were less likely to be in the any meat consumer category (P < 0.001). Compared to high school or lower, those with college education or higher were less likely to consume processed (all P < 0.05) and any meat (all P < 0.05). In the US only, college education or higher was associated with a lower likelihood of eating red meat (P < 0.001). There was no association between education and meat intake in Mexico. Compared to the lowest wealth tertile, in Canada and Mexico, individuals in the highest wealth tertile were more likely to consume processed (all P < 0.01) or any (all P < 0.01) meat. In Mexico only, those with greater wealth were more likely to eat red meat (P < 0.05). There was no association between wealth and meat intake in the US. Conclusions Overall consumption of red and processed meat remains high in North America. Although the sociodemographic predictors vary across country, population-based approaches to reduce meat intake are appropriate for all three settings. Funding Sources Carolina Population Center; Wellcome Trust.
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Niederstrasser, Nils Georg, and Nina Attridge. "Associations between pain and physical activity among older adults." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): e0263356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263356.
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Objectives Chronic pain is a significant societal problem and pain complaints are one of the main causes of work absenteeism and emergency room visits. Physical activity has been associated with reduced risk of suffering from musculoskeletal pain complaints, but the exact relationship in an older adult sample is not known. Methods Participants self-reported their physical activity level and whether they were often troubled by bone, joint, or muscle pain. Logistic regression analyses revealed the nature of the relationship between musculoskeletal pain and physical activity cross-sectionally and longitudinally over the course of 10 years. Data were taken from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, comprising of 5802 individuals residing in England aged 50 or older. Results Only high levels of physical activity were associated with a reduced risk of suffering from musculoskeletal pain compared to a sedentary lifestyle longitudinally. In addition, having low wealth, being female, and being overweight or obese were found to be risk factors for suffering from musculoskeletal pain. Conclusions The development of interventions aimed at alleviating and preventing musculoskeletal pain complaints might benefit from incorporating physical activity programs, weight loss, and aspects addressing wealth inequality to maximise their efficacy.
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Mungan, Murat C. "Rewards versus Imprisonment." American Law and Economics Review 23, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 432–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahab011.
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Abstract This article considers the possibility of simultaneously reducing crime, prison sentences, and the tax burden of financing the criminal justice system by introducing rewards, which operate by increasing quality of life outside of prison. Specifically, it proposes a procedure wherein a part of the imprisonment budget is redirected towards financing rewards. The feasibility of this procedure depends on how effectively the marginal imprisonment sentence reduces crime, the crime rate, the effectiveness of rewards, and how accurately the government can direct rewards towards individuals who are most responsive to such policies. A related welfare analysis reveals an advantage of rewards: they operate by transferring or creating wealth, whereas imprisonment destroys wealth. Thus, the conditions under which rewards are optimal are broader than those under which they can be used to jointly reduce crime, sentences, and taxes. With an exogenous [resp. endogenous] budget for law enforcement, it is optimal to use rewards when the imprisonment elasticity of crime is small [resp. the marginal cost of public funds is not high]. These conditions hold, implying that using rewards is optimal, in numerical examples generated by using estimates for key values from the empirical literature.
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Hawes, Frances, Jane Tavares, Marc Cohen, and Ann Hwang. "PERSON-CENTERED CARE: WHY TAKING INDIVIDUALS' CARE PREFERENCES INTO ACCOUNT MATTERS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1861.
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Abstract Person-centered care has been recognized as an integral part of a high-quality health care system. Utilizing the 2014 to 2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, we explore trends in person-centered care among those 50 and older by examining the extent to which they feel their care preferences are being taken into account, that is, that they are being heard by providers. We analyze the impact of not receiving person-centered care on health care utilization, health outcomes, and preventative care utilization. One-third of respondents reported that their care preferences were “sometimes” or “never” considered. Findings show that wealth and racial disparities in person-centered care are worsening over time. From 2014 to 2018, the percentage of non-Hispanic White respondents who reported that their care preferences were never taken into account decreased while the percentage for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black individuals increased. Similar trends were seen for low-income individuals. Having a usual source of care was associated with a greater likelihood of having care preferences considered as well as significantly better control of chronic condition and greater use of preventive care. When care preferences are not being taken into account, there is less utilization of health care services, less preventive care usage, poorer control of chronic conditions, and increased risk for higher health care costs. These findings highlight the importance of assuring that people feel listened to by health care providers and emphasize a need for strategies to advance person-centered care for people of color and low-income populations.
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Dhakan, Viraj, and Yagnesh Dalvadi. "Application of ARIMA model for Forecasting Daily Gold Prices in India." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i07.005.
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Gold is the most desired high value commodity in almost all the nations. Gold not only provides safety against financial odds but also prove to be a vital parameter for wealth of individuals, governments and central banks worldwide. Gold prices are very volatile through all the commodity exchanges among different nations. With proper forecasting risk of high volatility could be avoided and returns could be more stable. Forecasting, if done with robust modelling and accurate data can lead to precise investment planning yielding well estimated returns. Present paper exhibits forecasting of gold prices in India using ARIMA model developed by Box and Jenkins 1976. Data taken from World Gold Council website for almost 43 years on daily basis is put to use to identify and fit ARIMA model. Identified model is found to be fit and forecasting is done with very high accuracy in the present study.
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Brooks, Benjamin A., Karla Hoff, and Priyanka Pandey. "Cultural impediments to learning to cooperate: An experimental study of high- and low-caste men in rural India." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 45 (November 5, 2018): 11385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804639115.
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We report experimental findings on how individuals from different cultures solve a repeated coordination game of common interest. The results overturn earlier findings that fixed pairs are almost assured to coordinate on an efficient and cooperative equilibrium. Subjects in the prior experiments were US university students, whereas the subjects in our study are men drawn from high and low castes in rural India. Most low-caste pairs quickly established an efficient and cooperative convention, but most high-caste pairs did not. The largest difference in behavior occurred when a player suffered a loss because he had tried to cooperate but his partner did not: In this situation, high-caste men were far less likely than low-caste men to continue trying to cooperate in the next period. Our interpretation is that for many high-caste men, the loss resulting from coordination failure triggered retaliation. Our results are robust to controls for education and wealth, and they hold by subcaste as well as by caste status. A survey we conducted supports the ethnographic evidence that more high-caste than low-caste men prefer to retaliate against a slight. We find no evidence that caste differences in trust or self-efficacy explain the caste gap in cooperation in our experiment. Our findings are of general interest because many societies throughout the world have cultures that lead individuals to (mis)perceive some actions as insults and to respond aggressively and dysfunctionally.
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Inoguchi, Takashi. "Social Capital in Japan." Japanese Journal of Political Science 1, no. 1 (May 2000): 73–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109900000141.
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Japanese society is often said to be one with a high premium on social capital. Two major theses have been put forward with regard to social capital in the last few years. One, advanced by Putnam (1993), is that social capital enables democracy to work. In other words, the historically acquired and accumulated social capital in terms of the propensity of individuals to engage with others in community and associational life facilitates the task of democratically working out the resolution of conflicts of interest and collectively producing good public policy. The other, advanced by Fukuyama (1995), postulates that social capital allows the creation of prosperity. In other words, a high level of social capital enables business firms to take risks and stretch networks fully in the creation of wealth on a large scale for a prolonged period of time.
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Varghese, Jithin Sam, and Aryeh D. Stein. "Malnutrition among women and children in India: limited evidence of clustering of underweight, anemia, overweight, and stunting within individuals and households at both state and district levels." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, no. 4 (March 18, 2019): 1207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy374.
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ABSTRACT Background In India, the prevalences of stunting and anemia have declined in the last decade, but continue to remain high in many regions, whereas those of overweight and obesity have increased in all age and socioeconomic groups. Determining whether these forms of malnutrition cluster is important for the development of appropriate interventions. Objectives Our objective was to describe the prevalence of a comprehensive list of dual burdens of malnutrition in individuals and households across the 36 states and 640 districts of India. Methods We analyzed data from the National Family Health Survey-4, 2015–2016, including 655,156 women aged 15–49 y and 145,653 children aged 6–59 mo in India. We measured the coexistence of 19 combinations of women's anemia, underweight, and overweight and children's stunting, underweight, overweight, and anemia at the individual and household levels. We aggregated this information to the state (n = 36) and district (n = 640) levels. We examined whether the observed dual burden prevalence exceeded the expected prevalence, and whether any such excess was related to household wealth. Results Of the 19 dual burdens examined, 8 had significant excess prevalence at the state level and 5 had significant excess prevalence at the district level. All but 1 of these instances reflected an excess dual burden of undernutrition as opposed to clustering of overweight with a form of undernutrition. Household wealth was not positively associated with any clustering of burdens. Conclusions While dual burdens of anemia, stunting, and underweight are prevalent, there is no evidence of clustering of overweight with other forms of malnutrition in India.
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Giles Leigh, Egbert, and Geerat Jacobus Vermeij. "Does natural selection organize ecosystems for the maintenance of high productivity and diversity?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1421 (May 29, 2002): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0990.
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Three types of evidence suggest that natural ecosystems are organized for high productivity and diversity: (i) changes not previously experienced by a natural ecosystem, such as novel human disturbances, tend to diminish its productivity and/or diversity, just as ‘random’ changes in a machine designed for a function usually impair its execution of that function; (ii) humans strive to recreate properties of natural ecosystems to enhance productivity of artificial ones, as farmers try to recreate properties of natural soils in their fields; and (iii) productivity and diversity have increased during the Earth's history as a whole, and after every major biotic crisis. Natural selection results in ecosystems organized to maintain high productivity of organic matter and diversity of species, just as competition among individuals in Adam Smith's ideal economy favours high production of wealth and diversity of occupations. In nature, poorly exploited energy attracts more efficient users. This circumstance favours the opening of new ways of life and more efficient recycling of resources, and eliminates most productivity–reducing ‘ecological monopolies’. Ecological dominants tend to be replaced by successors with higher metabolism, which respond to more stimuli and engage in more varied interactions. Finally, increasingly efficient predators and herbivores favour faster turnover of resources.
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Tormos, Raül, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, and Henrik Dobewall. "Does Contextual Change Affect Basic Human Values? A Dynamic Comparative Multilevel Analysis Across 32 European Countries." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 4 (February 1, 2017): 490–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117692675.
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This article examines the relationship of stable contextual differences and contextual change with the endorsement of Schwartz’s (1992) two basic value dimensions—Openness-to-Change versus Conservation and Self-Enhancement versus Self-Transcendence. Using six waves of the European Social Survey, an extension of multilevel analysis is used which combines both a cross-national comparative and a dynamic analysis of values. The hierarchical data structure and the covariates for value endorsement are defined at three distinct levels: a first level for individuals (with sociodemographic variables, such as age and gender), a second level for country-waves (with time-varying covariates), and a third level for country (with time-invariant covariates). The main aim is to determine if changes in contextual covariates over time are related to value differences between countries over and above contextual time-invariant covariates. High national wealth and low income inequality predicted high Self-Transcendence values and low Conservation values. Low national unemployment rates were associated with less conservatism. When entered simultaneously into the model, only time-invariant differences in gross domestic product (GDP) remained to be a significant predictor of Schwartz’s two basic value dimensions. Finally, we found that an increase in income inequality over time has a certain incremental effect on the endorsement of Conservation over Openness-to-Change values. There were no associations for changes in national wealth and unemployment rates, suggesting that for value endorsement, time-varying contextual effects are less important overall than time-invariant contextual effects.