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1
Liu, Suran, Ziwei Wei, Ming Deng, Zhenyu Xian, Dewu Liu, Guangbin Liu, Yaokun Li, Baoli Sun, and Yongqing Guo. "Effect of a High-Starch or a High-Fat Diet on the Milk Performance, Apparent Nutrient Digestibility, Hindgut Fermentation Parameters and Microbiota of Lactating Cows." Animals 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2023): 2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13152508.
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In this study, changes in milk performance, nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation parameters and microflora were observed by inducing milk fat depression (MFD) in dairy cows fed with a high-starch or a high-fat diet. Eight Holstein cows were paired in a completely randomized cross-over design within two 35 d periods (18 d control period and 17d induction period). During the control period, all cows were fed the low-starch and low-fat diet (CON), and at the induction period, four of the cows were fed a high-starch diet with crushed wheat (IS), and the other cows were fed a high-fat diet with sunflower fat (IO). The results showed that, compared to when the cows were fed the CON diet, when cows were fed the IS or IO diet, they had lower milk fat concentrations, energy corrected milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, feed efficiency and apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF. However, cows fed the IO diet had a lower apparent digestibility of ether extracts. In addition, we observed that when cows were fed the high-starch (IS) or high-fat (IO) diet, they had a higher fecal concentration of propionate and acetate, and a lower NH3-N. Compared to when the cows were fed the CON diet, cows fed the IS diet had a lower pH, and cows fed the IO diet had a lower concentration of valerate in feces. In the hindgut microbiota, the relative abundance of Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005 was increased, while the Verrucomicrobiota and Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group were decreased when cows were fed the IO diet. The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 was increased, while the Alistipes and Verrucomicrobiota decreased, and the Treponema, Spirochaetota and Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group showed a decreasing trend when cows were fed the IS diet. In summary, this study suggested that high-starch or high-fat feeding could induce MFD in dairy cows, and the high-fat diet had the greatest effect on milk fat; the high-starch or high-fat diet affected hindgut fermentation and apparent fiber digestibility. The changes in hindgut flora suggested that hindgut microbiota may be associated with MFD in cows.
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Nielsen, Tina S., Zach Bendiks, Bo Thomsen, Matthew E. Wright, Peter K. Theil, Benjamin L. Scherer, and Maria L. Marco. "High-Amylose Maize, Potato, and Butyrylated Starch Modulate Large Intestinal Fermentation, Microbial Composition, and Oncogenic miRNA Expression in Rats Fed A High-Protein Meat Diet." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092137.
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High red meat intake is associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas dietary fibers, such as resistant starch (RS) seemed to protect against CRC. The aim of this study was to determine whether high-amylose potato starch (HAPS), high-amylose maize starch (HAMS), and butyrylated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSB)—produced by an organocatalytic route—could oppose the negative effects of a high-protein meat diet (HPM), in terms of fermentation pattern, cecal microbial composition, and colonic biomarkers of CRC. Rats were fed a HPM diet or an HPM diet where 10% of the maize starch was substituted with either HAPS, HAMS, or HAMSB, for 4 weeks. Feces, cecum digesta, and colonic tissue were obtained for biochemical, microbial, gene expression (oncogenic microRNA), and immuno-histochemical (O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (O6MeG) adduct) analysis. The HAMS and HAMSB diets shifted the fecal fermentation pattern from protein towards carbohydrate metabolism. The HAMSB diet also substantially increased fecal butyrate concentration and the pool, compared with the other diets. All three RS treatments altered the cecal microbial composition in a diet specific manner. HAPS and HAMSB showed CRC preventive effects, based on the reduced colonic oncogenic miR17-92 cluster miRNA expression, but there was no significant diet-induced differences in the colonic O6MeG adduct levels. Overall, HAMSB consumption showed the most potential for limiting the negative effects of a high-meat diet.
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Francesio, Andrea, Lorenzo Viora, Matt J. Denwood, Will Tulley, Nicola Brady, Peter Hastie, Andrew Hamilton, Christopher Davison, Craig Michie, and Nicholas N. Jonsson. "Contrasting effects of high-starch and high-sugar diets on ruminal function in cattle." Journal of Dairy Research 87, no. 2 (April 21, 2020): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202992000031x.
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AbstractThe experiment reported in this research paper aimed to determine whether clinical and subclinical effects on cattle were similar if provided with isoenergetic and isonitrogenous challenge diets in which carbohydrate sources were predominantly starch or sugar. The study was a 3 × 3 Latin square using six adult Jersey cows with rumen cannulae, over 9 weeks. In the first 2 weeks of each 3 week experimental period cows were fed with a maintenance diet and, in the last week, each animal was assigned to one of three diets: a control diet (CON), being a continuation of the maintenance diet; a high starch (HSt) or a high sugar (HSu) diet. Reticuloruminal pH and motility were recorded throughout the study period. Blood and ruminal samples were taken on day-1 (TP-1), day-2 (TP-2) and day-7 (TP-7) of each challenge week. Four clinical variables were recorded daily: diarrhoea, inappetence, depression and ruminal tympany. The effects of treatment, hour of day and day after treatment on clinical parameters were analysed using linear mixed effects (LME) models. Although both challenge diets resulted in a decline in pH, an increase in the absolute pH residuals and an increase in the number of minutes per day under pH 5.8, systemic inflammation was only detected with the HSt diet. The challenge diets differentially modified amplitude and period of reticuloruminal contractions compared with CON diet and both were associated with an increased probability of diarrhoea. The HSu diet reduced the probability of an animal consuming its complete allocation. Because the challenge diets were derived from complex natural materials (barley and molasses respectively), it is not possible to assign all the differential effects to the difference in starch and sugar concentration: non-starch components of barley or non-sugar components of molasses might have contributed to some of the observations. In conclusion, substituting much of the starch with sugar caused no substantial reduction in the acidosis load, but inflammatory response was reduced while feed rejection was increased.
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Levine, Allen S., Martha K. Grace, James P. Cleary, and Charles J. Billington. "Naltrexone infusion inhibits the development of preference for a high-sucrose diet." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 283, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): R1149—R1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00040.2002.
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We hypothesized that the opioid antagonist naltrexone would inhibit the redevelopment of a preference for a high-sucrose diet after an abstention period from this diet. Rats that chose between a starch or sucrose diet for 10 days preferred the sucrose diet. Rats were then given access to the starch diet alone for another 10-day period. A miniosmotic pump containing saline or naltrexone was then implanted (70 μg/h; 1.7 mg/day) for ∼10 days. During the saline infusion, 77% of the total energy came from the sucrose diet, whereas during the naltrexone infusion, 33% of the total energy came from the sucrose diet. We repeated this study in another group of rats but did not restrict the sucrose diet. In this case naltrexone failed to decrease preference for the sucrose diet. Thus naltrexone infusion inhibited redevelopment of a preference for a sucrose diet after a period of restriction to a starch diet for 10 days but had no effect on preference if both diets were present throughout the study.
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Do, Moon Ho, Hye-Bin Lee, Eunjung Lee, and Ho-Young Park. "The Effects of Gelatinized Wheat Starch and High Salt Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorder." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020301.
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Diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt-induced metabolic disorders and changes in gut microbiota have scarcely been studied. In this study, mice on wheat starch diets (WD) exhibited significantly higher body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT), and gut permeability compared to those on normal diet (ND). However, gelatinized wheat starch diet (GWD) and NaCl-supplemented gelatinized wheat starch diet (SGW) mice did not increase body and WAT weights or dyslipidemia, and maintained consistent colon pH at ND levels. WD mice showed higher levels of Desulfovibrio, Faecalibaculum, and Lactobacillus and lower levels of Muribaculum compared to ND mice. However, GWD and SGW mice showed a significantly different gut microbial composition, such as a lower proportion of Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio, and higher proportion of Faecalibaculum and Muribaculum compared to WD mice. High starch diet-induced dysbiosis caused increase of lipid accumulation and inflammation-related proteins’ expression, thereby leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, GWD and SGW showed lower levels than that, and it might be due to the difference in the gut microbial composition compared to WD. Taken together, diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt induced mild metabolic disorders compared to native starch.
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Phipps, R. H., R. Blowey, D. E. Beever, C. K. Reynolds, A. K. Jones, J. G. Perrott, and M. Witt. "Diet and hoof health: a comparison between high starch and high fibre diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001289.
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Lameness in the dairy cow not only causes major financial loss but also has serious welfare implications. Both environmental and nutritional factors have been implicated in its occurrence, which is commonly observed as laminitis, white line disease and sole ulcers, which are disorders of the corium. The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of diet composition in the form of non-structural carbohydrates on hoof health.
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Birkett, Anne M., John C. Mathers, Gwyn P. Jones, Karen Z. Walker, Melinda J. Roth, and Jane G. Muir. "Changes to the quantity and processing of starchy foods in a Western diet can increase polysaccharides escaping digestion and improvein vitrofermentation variables." British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 1 (July 2000): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001240.
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This study investigated how readily achievable changes to the quantity and processing of starchy foods in a typical Western diet: (1) were reflected in levels of resistant starch (RS) and NSP excreted from the small intestine; and (2) more favourable profiles of butyrate, NH3and phenol production. Two diets, a low-starch diet (LSD) and a high-starch, low-fat diet (HSLFD) were compared. The LSD with 20 % total energy (%E) from starch was based on a ‘typical’ Australian diet, while the HSLFD (40 %E as starch) was the same Australian diet modified by an increased content of legumes, starchy foods and coarsely-ground cereals and by a reduced fat content. Four subjects with iliostomies consumed each diet for 2 d, with ileal effluent collection on the second day. On the HSLFD compared with the LSD, RS in ileal effluent increased from from 0·49 to 1·7 g/MJ per d (P< 0·005) while ileal NSP excretion increased from 2·0 to 3·3 g/MJ per d (P< 0·05). Ileal effluents obtained after each diet were incubated for 24 hin vitrowith a human faecal innoculum. After fermentation, ileal effluent from the HSLFD produced more butyrate relative to other short-chain fatty acids (17·5v.15·8 molar %,P< 0·005) and less phenol (2·3v.5·7 mg/l,P< 0·05) and NH3(20·3v.23·1 mmol/l,P< 0·005) than the LSD diet. The HSLFD also generated a lower pH (6·15v.6·27,P< 0·05). On a wt/wt basis, RS was 2·3-fold higher in the HSLFD effluent while NSP did not increase, suggesting that the change in RS largely contributed to the fermentation effects. Changes inin vitrovariables when the HSLFD ileal effluent was ground before fermentation indicated the importance of physical structure in determining ileal excretion of RS. We conclude that: (1) readily achievable modifications to the amount and processing of starchy foods in an Australian diet would produce potential benefits forin vitrofermentation variables; and (2) the physical structure of grains and cereals is important in determining access by colonic bacteria to a carbohydrate substrate.
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Podolin, Deborah A., Ellis C. Gayles, Yuren Wei, Jeffrey S. Thresher, and Michael J. Pagliassotti. "Menhaden oil prevents but does not reverse sucrose-induced insulin resistance in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): R840—R848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.3.r840.
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Although fish oil supplementation may prevent the onset of diet-induced insulin resistance in rats, it appears to worsen glycemic control in humans with existing insulin resistance. In the present study, the euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic (4× basal) clamp technique with [3-3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-[1-14C]glucose was used to directly compare the ability of fish oil to prevent and reverse sucrose-induced insulin resistance. In study 1 (prevention study), male Wistar rats were fed a purified high-starch diet (68% of total energy), high-sucrose diet (68% of total energy), or high-sucrose diet in which 6% of the fat content was replaced by menhaden oil for 5 wk. In study 2 (reversal study), animals were fed the high-starch or high-sucrose diets for 5 wk and then the sucrose animals were assigned to one of the following groups for an additional 5 wk: high starch, high sucrose, or high sucrose with 6% menhaden oil. Rats fed the high-starch diet for 10 wk served as controls. In study 3 (2nd reversal study), animals followed a similar diet protocol as in study 2; however, the reversal period was extended to 15 wk. In study 1, the presence of the fish oil in the high-sucrose diet prevented the development of insulin resistance. Glucose infusion rates (GIR, mg ⋅ kg−1⋅ min−1) were 17.0 ± 0.9 in starch, 10.6 ± 1.7 in sucrose, and 15.1 ± 1.5 in sucrose with fish oil animals. However, in study 2, this same diet was unable to reverse sucrose-induced insulin resistance (GIR, 16.7 ± 1.4 in starch, 7.1 ± 1.5 in sucrose, and 4.8 ± 0.9 in sucrose with fish oil animals). Sucrose-induced insulin resistance was reversed in rats that were switched back to the starch diet (GIR, 18.6 ± 3.0). Results from study 3 were similar to those observed in study 2. In summary, fish oil was effective in preventing diet-induced insulin resistance but not able to reverse it. A preexisting insulin-resistant environment interferes with the positive effects of menhaden oil on insulin action.
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Azzout-Marniche, Dalila, Catherine Chaumontet, Julien Piedcoq, Nadezda Khodorova, Gilles Fromentin, Daniel Tomé, Claire Gaudichon, and Patrick C. Even. "High Pancreatic Amylase Expression Promotes Adiposity in Obesity-Prone Carbohydrate-Sensitive Rats." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy262.
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ABSTRACT Background We have reported large differences in adiposity (fat mass/body weight) gain between rats fed a low-fat, high-starch diet, leading to their classification into carbohydrate “sensitive” and “resistant” rats. In sensitive animals, fat accumulates in visceral adipose tissues, leading to the suggestion that this form of obesity could be responsible for rapid development of metabolic syndrome. Objective We investigated whether increased amylase secretion by the pancreas and accelerated starch degradation in the intestine could be responsible for this phenotype. Method Thirty-two male Wistar rats (7-wk-old) were fed a purified low-fat (10%), high-carbohydrate diet for 6 wk, in which most of the carbohydrate (64% by energy) was provided as corn starch. Meal tolerance tests of the Starch diet were performed to measure glucose and insulin responses to meal ingestion. Indirect calorimetry combined with use of 13C-labelled dietary starch was used to assess meal-induced changes in whole body and starch-derived glucose oxidation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess mRNA expression in pancreas, liver, white and brown adipose tissues, and intestine. Amylase activity was measured in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum contents. ANOVA and regression analyses were used for statistical comparisons. Results “Resistant” and “sensitive” rats were separated according to adiposity gain during the study (1.73% ± 0.20% compared with 4.35% ± 0.36%). Breath recovery of 13CO2 from 13C-labelled dietary starch was higher in “sensitive” rats, indicating a larger increase in whole body glucose oxidation and, conversely, a larger decrease in lipid oxidation. Amylase mRNA expression in pancreas, and amylase activity in jejunum, were also higher in sensitive rats. Conclusion Differences in digestion of starch can promote visceral fat accumulation in rats when fed a low-fat, high-starch diet. This mechanism may have important implications in human obesity.
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Shimotoyodome, Akira, Junko Suzuki, Daisuke Fukuoka, Ichiro Tokimitsu, and Tadashi Hase. "RS4-type resistant starch prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity via increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation and decreased postprandial GIP in C57BL/6J mice." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298, no. 3 (March 2010): E652—E662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00468.2009.
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Chemically modified starches (CMS) are RS4-type resistant starch, which shows a reduced availability, as well as high-amylose corn starch (HACS, RS2 type), compared with the corresponding unmodified starch. Previous studies have shown that RS4 increases fecal excretion of bile acids and reduces zinc and iron absorption in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary RS4 supplementation on the development of diet-induced obesity in mice. Weight- and age-matched male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 24 wk on a high-fat diet containing unmodified starch, hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate (RS4), or HACS (RS2). Those fed the RS4 diet had significantly lower body weight and visceral fat weight than those fed either unmodified starch or the RS2 diet. Those fed the RS4 diet for 4 wk had a significantly higher hepatic fatty acid oxidation capacity and related gene expression and lower blood insulin than those fed either unmodified starch or the RS2 diet. Indirect calorimetry showed that the RS4 group exhibited higher energy expenditure and fat utilization compared with the RS2 group. When gavaged with fat (trioleate), RS4 stimulated a lower postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; incretin) response than RS2. Higher blood GIP levels induced by chronic GIP administration reduced fat utilization in high-fat diet-fed mice. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with RS4-type resistant starch attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity more effectively than RS2 in C57BL/6J mice, which may be attributable to lower postprandial GIP and increased fat catabolism in the liver.
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Grimm, Pauline, Sylvie Combes, Géraldine Pascal, Laurent Cauquil, and Véronique Julliand. "Dietary composition and yeast/microalgae combination supplementation modulate the microbial ecosystem in the caecum, colon and faeces of horses." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519002824.
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AbstractStarchy diets can induce hindgut dysbiosis in horses. The present study evaluated the impact of a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and microalgae (Aurantiochytrium limacinum) supplementation on caecal, colonic and faecal microbial ecosystem and on blood inflammatory parameters of horses fed high-fibre or high-starch diets. Six fistulated geldings in a 2 × 2 Latin-square design were alternatively supplemented and received during each period 100 % hay (4 weeks) followed by a 56/44 hay/barley diet (3 weeks). Caecal, colonic and faecal samples were collected 4 h after the morning meal three times per diet, at 5-d intervals, to measure bacterial composition and microbial end products. Blood was simultaneously collected for measuring inflammatory markers. The starchy diet clearly modified the microbial ecosystem in the three digestive segments, with an increase of the amylolytic function and a decrease of the fibrolytic one. However, no effect of the diet was observed on the blood parameters. When horses were supplemented, no significant change was found in lipopolysaccharides, PG-E2, serum amyloid A concentrations and complete blood count neither in cellulose-utilising, starch-utilising and lactate-utilising bacteria concentrations nor in the volatile fatty acids and lactate concentrations and pH. Under supplementation, relative abundance of Family XIII Clostridiales increased in caecum and faeces irrespective of diet and relative abundance of Veillonellaceae was higher during the hay/barley diet in colon and faeces. Most variations of faecal bacterial taxa under supplementation were not observed in the hindgut. However, all variations suggested that supplementation could increase fibrolytic function whatever the diet and limit dysbiosis when the horses’ diet changed from high fibre to high starch.
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Glass, Michael J., James P. Cleary, Charles J. Billington, and Allen S. Levine. "Role of carbohydrate type on diet selection in neuropeptide Y-stimulated rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 273, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): R2040—R2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.6.r2040.
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We tested whether carbohydrate source (corn starch, sucrose, Polycose) influences the choice between a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet in spontaneously feeding rats and in rats stimulated to eat by neuropeptide Y (NPY) administration or food deprivation. Rats were tested under three diet options: 1) a high-fat diet versus a high-corn starch diet; 2) a high-fat diet versus a high-sucrose diet; and 3) a high-fat diet versus a high-Polycose diet. During daily and stimulated feeding rats ate more of the high-carbohydrate diet than the fat diet when the source of carbohydrate was sucrose or Polycose; however, when corn starch was provided as the carbohydrate source rats ate more of the high-fat diet. Food-deprived rats increased intake of both the high-fat and the high-carbohydrate diets, with the proportion of energy ingested from each of the diets resembling that noted during 3 days of spontaneous feeding. NPY-injected rats ate more of both the high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets during diet options 1 and 3, but not during option 2 when the high-sucrose and high-fat diets were offered concurrently. In that case, rats did not significantly increase their intake of the high-fat diet. Although carbohydrate source and NPY administration each influenced diet selection, altering the source of carbohydrate had a more marked effect.
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Zhu, Yanli, Chunyang Wang, and Fuchang Li. "Impact of dietary fiber/starch ratio in shaping caecal microbiota in rabbits." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 61, no. 10 (October 2015): 771–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2015-0201.
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The objective of this experiment was to determine whether changing the dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF)/starch ratio affected caecal microbiota when 4 different diets (diet A: 2.3 NDF/starch, diet B: 1.9, diet C: 1.4, diet D: 1.0) were formulated. A total of 200 weaned rabbits (35 days old, 50 per group) were used for the experiment, which started after an adaptation period of 7 days (i.e., day 42). Caecal contents were obtained from rabbits fed different NDF/starch diets at 52, 62, 72, and 82 days of life. The bacterial community structure was characterized by high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Synergistetes, and Tenericutes did not significantly change with diet or age. However, Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05), Proteobacteria (P < 0.01), and Verrucomicrobia (P < 0.05) reads were significantly affected by diet, and Proteobacteria (P < 0.01) and Verrucomicrobia (P < 0.05) reads were significantly influenced by age. At the genus level, Escherichia/Shigella (P < 0.01) was overrepresented in diet A (high fiber) relative to diet D (high starch) in 52- and 62-day-old rabbits. Venn diagrams and heat map plot analyses revealed that the number of gut species shared between animals with different diet treatments increased with age. These results suggest that dietary fiber per starch ratios and age significantly alter the composition of caecal microbiota in growing rabbits.
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Kim, H. K., and D. R. Romsos. "Adrenalectomy fails to stimulate brown adipose tissue metabolism in ob/ob mice fed glucose." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 255, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): E597—E603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.5.e597.
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Adrenalectomy arrests the development of obesity in ob/ob mice fed nonpurified high-starch diets partly by stimulating the low thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, adrenalectomy fails to suppress the development of obesity in ob/ob mice fed a purified high-glucose diet. Effects of adrenalectomy on BAT metabolism in ob/ob mice fed purified high-starch or high-glucose diets were therefore examined. Adrenalectomy markedly decreased the efficiency of energy retention and increased BAT metabolism (as assessed by GDP binding to BAT mitochondria, GDP-inhibitable acetate- or chloride-induced mitochondrial swelling, and by rates of norepinephrine turnover in BAT) in ob/ob mice fed a high-starch purified diet but had only minimal effects on energy efficiency or BAT metabolism in ob/ob mice fed a high-glucose purified diet. Plasma insulin concentrations decreased and thyroxine concentrations increased in adrenalectomized ob/ob mice fed the high-starch diet; changes in these hormones were less pronounced in adrenalectomized ob/ob mice fed the high-glucose diet. Consumption of glucose mimics effects of adrenal secretions on BAT metabolism in ob/ob mice.
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Goux, Aurélie, Anne-Esther Breyton, Alexandra Meynier, Stéphanie Lambert-Porcheron, Monique Sothier, Laurie Van Den Berghe, Olivier Brack, et al. "Design and Validation of a Diet Rich in Slowly Digestible Starch for Type 2 Diabetic Patients for Significant Improvement in Glycemic Profile." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082404.
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This study aimed at designing a—diet high in slowly digestible starch (SDS) by carefully selecting high-SDS starchy products and to validate its implementation, acceptance, and impact on the postprandial glycemic response in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Starchy products were screened and classified as being either high (high-SDS) or low (low-SDS) in SDS (in vitro SDS method). A randomized controlled cross-over pilot study was performed: Eight patients with T2D consumed randomly a high-SDS or a low-SDS diet for one week each, while their glycemic profile was monitored for 6 days. Based on 250 food product SDS analyses and dietary recommendations for patients with T2D, the high-SDS and low-SDS diets were designed. The high-SDS diet significantly increased SDS intake and the SDS/carbohydrates proportion compared to the low-SDS diet (61.6 vs. 11.6 g/day and 30% vs. 6%; p < 0.0001, respectively). Increasing the SDS/carbohydrate proportion to 50% of the meal was significantly correlated with a 12% decrease in tAUC0–120 min and a 14% decrease in the glycemic peak value (p < 0.001 for both). A high-SDS diet can be easily designed by carefully selecting commercial starchy products and providing relevant recommendations for T2D to improve their glycemic profile.
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Laroche, Noémie, Pauline Grimm, Samy Julliand, and Gabriele Sorci. "Diet modulates strongyle infection and microbiota in the large intestine of horses." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 9, 2024): e0301920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301920.
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The use of anthelminthic drugs has several drawbacks, including the selection of resistant parasite strains. Alternative avenues to mitigate the negative effects of helminth infection involve dietary interventions that might affect resistance and/or tolerance by improving host immunity, modulating the microbiota, or exerting direct anthelmintic effects. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of diet on strongyle infection in horses, specifically through immune-mediated, microbiota-mediated, or direct anthelmintic effects. Horses that were naturally infected with strongyles were fed either a high-fiber or high-starch diet, supplemented with either polyphenol-rich pellets (dehydrated sainfoin) or control pellets (sunflower and hay). When horses were fed a high-starch diet, they excreted more strongyle eggs. Adding sainfoin in the high-starch diet reduced egg excretion. Additionally, sainfoin decreased larval motility whatever the diet. Moreover, the high-starch diet led to a lower fecal bacterial diversity, structural differences in fecal microbiota, lower fecal pH, lower blood acetate, and lower hematocrit compared to the high-fiber diet. Circulating levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, lipopolysaccharides, procalcitonin, and white blood cells proportions did not differ between diets. Overall, this study highlights the role of dietary manipulations as an alternative strategy to mitigate the effect of helminth infection and suggests that, in addition to the direct effects, changes in the intestinal ecosystem are the possible underlying mechanism.
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Busserolles, Jérôme, Edmond Rock, Elyett Gueux, Andrzej Mazur, Pascal Grolier, and Yves Rayssiguier. "Short-term consumption of a high-sucrose diet has a pro-oxidant effect in rats." British Journal of Nutrition 87, no. 4 (April 2002): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002524.
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The underlying mechanisms for the detrimental consequences of a high-fructose diet in animal models are not clear. However, the possibility exists that fructose feeding facilitates oxidative damage. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess, in weaning rats, the effect of a high-sucrose diet v. starch diet for 2 weeks on oxidative stress variables. Plasma lipid levels were measured and lipid peroxidation was evaluated by urine and plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). The susceptibilities of several tissues to peroxidation were determined in tissue homogenates after in vitro lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant defence variables were evaluated by measuring plasma and heart vitamin E levels, and heart superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. Higher plasma triacylglycerol (P<0·01) and TBARS (P<0·01) levels were found in rats fed the sucrose diet as compared with the starch-fed group, whereas plasma α-tocopherol levels were significantly decreased in the sucrose-fed group compared with the starch-fed group (P<0·01). Higher urine TBARS (P<0·01) were found in the sucrose-fed group compared with the starch-fed group, suggesting increased production of these substances from lipid peroxidation in vivo. Higher susceptibility to peroxidation in heart, thymus and pancreas was also found in the sucrose-fed group v. the starch-fed group. No statistical differences were observed for liver TBARS level between the two groups. Heart SOD activity was significantly decreased (P<0·001) in the sucrose-fed group compared with the starch-fed group, whereas heart vitamin E level and GPX activity were not different between the groups. However, the in vitro generation of superoxide radical in heart homogenate, measured by electron spin resonance detection and spin trapping, was not increased in the sucrose-fed group compared with starch-fed rats. Altogether, the results indicate that a short-term consumption of a high-sucrose diet negatively affects the balance of free radical production and antioxidant defence in rats, leading to increased lipid susceptibility to peroxidation.
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Bingham, S. A. "Diet and colorectal cancer prevention." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280012.
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The majority of cancers are sporadic and epidemiological estimates suggest that up to 80% of colorectal cancer is attributable to diet. Epidemiologically, cross-sectional comparisons, case-control studies and trends in food intake show high rates of colorectal cancer in populations consuming diets high in meat and fat, and low in starch, NSP (non-starch polysaccharides, fibre) and vegetables. In general, prospective studies tend to support these findings although estimates of relative risk are not high. Existing prospective studies have however used crude indices of diet subject to substantial measurement error, and interactions with genetic polymorphisms in, for example, phase-1 and -II enzymes have been studied only rarely. The association between meat consumption and colorectal cancer is usually attributed to the formation of heterocyclic amines in meat when it is cooked. In addition, in humans high-meat diets increase the level of nitrosatable material entering the colon so that faecal N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) increase in a dose-responsive manner following endogenous synthesis in the colon. Some of the mutations and guanine adducts accumulated during colorectal cancer progression are characteristic of alkylative damage, which would be compatible with NOC exposure. To date, NSP, resistant starch and vegetables have not reduced faecal NOC levels.
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Ulfa, Maria, Elly Nurus Sakinah, Yohanes Sudarmanto, and Jauhar Firdaus. "Efek Pati Resisten Singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) terhadap Indeks HOMA-IR dan HOMA-B Tikus Model Diabetes." Pustaka Kesehatan 7, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/pk.v7i1.17586.
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Insulin resistance is a condition in which target organs fail to respond normally to insulin. Cassava contains 9,69 percent starch that resist to digestive enzyme in intestine and has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and enhance β cell function. The aim of this study was to analyze the difference effect of native cassava starch and cassava resistant starch consumption on insulin resistance and β cell function indexes. This study was quasy experimental research with post-test only control group design using 16 male wistar strain rats divided into four groups: K1 (normal rats with standard diet), K2 (diabetic rats with standard diet), P1 (diabetic rats with native cassava starch diet) and P2 (diabetic rats with cassava resistant starch diet). The rats were fed with high fat diet and injected with low-dose streptozotocin to mimic the patogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The rats were then fed with assigned diet for 28 days. The data collection was obtained from laboratory examination of fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin to determine HOMA-IR and HOMA-B indexes. Post Hoc analysis showed no difference in both indexes between native cassava starch and cassava resistant starch fed groups (p>0,05).
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Vercalsteren, Ellen, Christine Vranckx, Katrien Corbeels, Bart Van der Schueren, Greetje Vande Velde, Roger Lijnen, and Ilse Scroyen. "Carbohydrates to Prevent and Treat Obesity in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Obesity." Obesity Facts 14, no. 4 (2021): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000516630.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The biggest risk factor for obesity and its associated comorbidities is a Western diet. This Western diet induces adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, which causes an AT dysfunction. Since AT is a vital endocrine organ, its dysfunction damages other organs, thus inducing a state of chronic inflammation and causing various comorbidities. Even though it is evident a Western diet, high in fat and carbohydrates, induces obesity and its complications, it is not known yet which macronutrient plays the most important role. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of macronutrient composition on obesity and to reverse the Western diet-induced metabolic risk via caloric restriction (CR) or a change of diet composition. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Male, C57BL/6JRj mice were fed with a diet high in fat, sucrose, fructose, sucrose and fructose, starch, a Western diet, or a control diet for 15 weeks. To assess reversibility of the metabolic risk, mice were first made obese via 15 weeks of WD and then put on either a CR or switched to a sucrose-rich diet. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A sucrose-rich and high-starch diet induced less obesity and a better metabolic profile than a Western diet, evidenced by less hepatic steatosis, lower plasma cholesterol, and less insulin resistance. Furthermore, these diets induced less intra-abdominal AT inflammation than a Western diet, since mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory markers were lower and there was less macrophage infiltration. Expression of tight junction markers in colon tissue was higher in the sucrose-rich and high-starch group than the Western group, indicating a better intestinal integrity upon sucrose-rich and high-starch feeding. Additionally, CR induced weight loss and decreased both metabolic abnormalities and AT inflammation, regardless of macronutrient composition. However, effects were more pronounced upon CR with sucrose-rich or high-starch diet. Even without CR, switching obese mice to a sucrose-rich diet induced weight loss and decreased AT inflammation and metabolic aberrations. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> A diet high in sucrose or starch induces less obesity and obesity-associated complications. Moreover, switching obese mice to a sucrose-rich diet elicits weight loss and decreases obesity-induced metabolic complications, highlighting the potential of carbohydrates to treat obesity.
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Wolever, Thomas M. S. "Small intestinal effects of starchy foods." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-013.
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Recent dietary guidelines advocate increased starch intake, but it is not clear as to how the increased intake of starch should be achieved. Recent data suggest that the quality of starch as well as its quantity is important in determining the biological effects of high carbohydrate diets. The quality of starchy foods can be assessed by their rates of digestion, which in turn are related to their glycaemic responses. Many factors affect the rate of digestion of foods and these are probably related to alterations in the chemical structure or nature of the starch. The incorporation of slowly digested, low glycaemic index foods into the diets of healthy subjects and individuals with diabetes and hyperlipidaemia is associated with the predicted reductions in postprandial glycaemic responses and with reductions in insulin secretion and blood lipids. In the past, the aim of starch processing has been to increase digestibility and improve absorption. However, it is now suggested that the use of more slowly digested starchy foods may have positive health benefits.Key words: carbohydrate, blood glucose responses, diet, small intestine, colonic fermentation.
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Chen, Jia-Ping, Kuerbanjiang Maierheba, Ying Zhang, Hui Cheng, Binbin Lin, Pan Yue, Le-Hua Wang, et al. "Octenyl Succinic Anhydride-Modified Starch Attenuates Body Weight Gain and Changes Intestinal Environment of High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice." Foods 11, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 2980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11192980.
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Effects of octenylsuccinate (OS) starch on body composition and intestinal environment in high-fat diet-fed mice were investigated. C57BL/6J mice were treated with a regular-fat (RF) diet, a high-fat (HF) diet, or a high-fat diet supplemented with OS starch (HFOSS). Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were quantified using gas chromatography, and the fecal microbiota profile was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. One-way ANOVA and metastats analysis were performed for statistical analysis. After 22 weeks of feeding, mice in the HFOSS group had significantly lower body weight, body fat, liver weight, and cumulative food intake than those in the HF group but higher than that of the RF group. Fecal total SCFA, acetic, propionic, and butyric acid concentrations were significantly higher in the HFOSS group than that in the HF and RF groups. OS starch intervention increased the relative abundance of Parabacteroides, Alistipes, and Ruminiclostridium_5 and decreased that of Tyzzerella, Oscillibacter, Desulfovibrio, and Anaerotruncus compared with the RF and HF groups. The relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 in the HFOSS group was lower than that in the HF group but higher than that in the RF group. In conclusion, OS starch prevents fat accumulation in high-fat diet-fed mice and might provide potential health benefits due to its fermentability in the gut and its ability to regulate gut microbial community structure.
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Tetlow, Ian. "Starch Biosynthesis in Crop Plants." Agronomy 8, no. 6 (May 25, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8060081.
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Starch is a water-insoluble polyglucan synthesized inside the plastids of plant tissues to provide a store of carbohydrate. Starch harvested from plant storage organs has probably represented the major source of calories for the human diet since before the dawn of civilization. Following the advent of agriculture and the building of complex societies, humans have maintained their dependence on high-yielding domesticated starch-forming crops such as cereals to meet food demands, livestock production, and many non-food applications. The top three crops in terms of acreage are cereals, grown primarily for the harvestable storage starch in the endosperm, although many starchy tuberous crops also provide an important source of calories for various communities around the world. Despite conservation in the core structure of the starch granule, starches from different botanical sources show a high degree of variability, which is exploited in many food and non-food applications. Understanding the factors underpinning starch production and its final structure are of critical importance in guiding future crop improvement endeavours. This special issue contains reviews on these topics and is intended to be a useful resource for researchers involved in improvement of starch-storing crops.
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Goda, T., H. Yasutake, Y. Suzuki, S. Takase, and O. Koldovsky. "Diet-induced changes in gene expression of lactase in rat jejunum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 268, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): G1066—G1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.268.6.g1066.
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To explore the mechanisms by which jejunal lactase activity is modified by carbohydrate and/or fat intake, mRNA levels and the absolute synthesis rate of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) were determined in 6-wk-old rats that were fed either low-starch diets containing long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT, 73% energy as corn oil) or medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT, 66% energy as MCT, 7% energy as corn oil), or a high-starch diet (70% energy as cornstarch) for 7 days. LPH mRNA levels in the jejunum were similar between LCT-fed and MCT-fed rats, but animals fed the high-starch diet exhibited a greater (2x) LPH mRNA level than other groups. The absolute synthesis rate of LPH, estimated by the flooding dose technique using [3H]phenylalanine, was greater (2.4x) in rats fed the high-starch diet than in other groups. A short-term force-feeding experiment revealed that sucrose was able to evoke LPH mRNA levels within 12 h but that a nonmetabolizable sugar (alpha-methylglucoside) was unable to enhance it. By contrast, animals fed the high-LCT diet showed a lower (by 30%) lactase activity than rats fed the low-starch, high-MCT diet, which was accompanied by not only a reduction of immunoreactive LPH in brush-border membranes but also a reduction in lactase activity per unit weight of immunoreactive LPH. These results suggest that both gene expression and posttranslational events of LPH might be influenced by dietary manipulations; carbohydrate intake primarily increases LPH mRNA levels, and LCT accelerates inactivation and/or degradation of lactase.
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Liang, Xiaofang, Pei Chen, Xiaoliang Wu, Shujuan Xing, Sofia Morais, Maolong He, Xu Gu, and Min Xue. "Effects of High Starch and Supplementation of an Olive Extract on the Growth Performance, Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Metabolism of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)." Antioxidants 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030577.
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An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of high-starch diets and the supplementation of an olive extract (OE) on the growth performance, liver health and lipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were prepared: two basal diets containing low (9.0%) and high (14.4%) levels of starch (named as LS and HS), and 0.125% OE was supplemented to each basal diet (named LSOE and HSOE). The results show that high-starch diets had significant negative effects on growth performance, with lower FR, SGR and higher FCR, whereas OE significantly lowered FCR, determined by two-way ANOVA analysis. High-starch diets induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and liver function injury, with significant increases in the content of plasmatic AKP, AST, ALT, hepatic SOD and MDA, and up-regulation of hepatic TNFα, IL1β, and TGFβ1 gene expression. In addition, a high-starch diet decreased the phosphorylation of AMPK and upregulated the expression of SREBP, together with higher hepatic liver lipid and HSI. The oxidative stress and lipid metabolism disorders indicate metabolic liver disease (MLD) of largemouth bass fed high-starch diets. Feeding on OE-supplemented diets increased the hepatic antioxidant capacity by decreasing the content of MDA and SOD. Fish fed the HSOE diet had an activated phosphorylation of JNK and decreased expression of pro-inflammatory IL1β compared with those fed the HS diet, which strongly indicated that the degree of inflammatory responses was reduced after OE supplementation. Interestingly, this study demonstrated that OE regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in fish by inhibiting the expression of hepatic lipogenesis genes (ACC1 and FASN) and promoting lipolysis (ATGL) and β-oxidation (CPT1α) to prevent TG accumulation. In conclusion, high-starch feed induced oxidative stress and lipid metabolic disorder of largemouth bass, while supplementation with OE improved its antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism. However, hepatic histopathological results suggested that OE supplementation could not completely repair the MLD caused by the high level of starch in largemouth bass.
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Widiastini, T. Ariani, Elly Nurus Sakinah, Yudha Nurdian, and Jauhar Firdaus. "Type 3 Resistant Starch Effect of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on Fasting Blood Glucose in Diabetes Mellitus Wistar Rat Models." Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences 4, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ams.v4i3.6469.
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a condition in which both insulin secretion and insulin sentivity disturbed. One of therapeutic approach of T2DM is through diet modification using resistant starch (RS) that has proven controlling both postprandial and fasting blood glucose. Cassava starch has 28,57% amylose and 51,24% amylopectin that can be increased through autoclaving-cooling process. Therefore, it can resist the digestion proess by amylose enzyme. The aim was to describe the effect of type 3 resistant starch cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Wistar diabetic rat models. This study was quasy experimental post-test only control group design using 16 Wistar rats divided into 4 groups, KN (normal), K- (DM), P1 (DM + cassava starch diet), and P2 (DM + type 3 RS cassava diet). High fat diet (HFD) and low dose streptozotocin (STZ) used as diabetic agents. Rats fed cassava starch or type 3 RS cassava diet for 28 days. GOD-PAP method used to measure the FBG level. The data analyzed using One Way ANOVA test with p>0,05 as significant value. The result shows no significant differences within experimental groups.
Keywords: cassava, autoclaving-cooling, resistant starch, FBG
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Babinszky, L., M. W. A. Verstegen, L. A. den Hartog, T. Zandstra, P. L. van der Togt, and J. T. P. van Dam. "Effect of dietary fat and α-tocopherol level in the lactation diet on the performance of primiparous sows and their piglets." Animal Science 55, no. 2 (October 1992): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100037508.
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AbstractA total of 63 primiparous hybrid sows were used in two experiments to study the effect of different fat and α-tocopherol levels in the lactation diet on the performance and milk production of sows and on the performance of sucking piglets. In experiment 1, the major differences in energy sources in the lactation diets were tapioca starch or animal fat. Fifteen sows received the low-fat diet (starch and fat content: 396 and 43 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and 16 sows were given the moderate-fat diet (starch and fat content: 286 and 75 g/kg DM) during 4 weeks of lactation. In experiment 2,16 sows were given a low-fat diet (diet 1: starch and fat content: 418 and 37 g/kg DM) and 16 were given a high-fat diet (diet 2: starch and fat content: 266 and 125 g/kg DM) during 4 weeks of lactation. In diet 2, 68 g animal fat replaced the 200 g starch present in diet 1. The mean α-tocopherol contents of foods in experiment 1 were 14 and 126 mg/kg diet and in experiment 2, 22 and 151 mg/kg diet. The live weight, backfat thickness and milk production of sows were not significantly affected by the different dietary fat levels (P > 0·05). The high dietary fat level increased the DM, fat and energy content of milk and the daily gain of piglets in the second part of lactation in experiment 2 (P < 0·05). The correlation between piglet growth and milk fat and milk energy intake (r) in experiment 1 were: 0·57 and 0·66 and in experiment 2 were 0·41 and 0·40 respectively. The utilization of whole milk and DM, fat, protein and energy content of milk for piglet growth was not influenced by dietary fat level. Varying the level of dietary α-tocopherol did not affect the variables investigated.
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Busserolles, Jérôme, Andrzej Mazur, Elyett Gueux, Edmond Rock, and Yves Rayssiguier. "Metabolic Syndrome in the Rat: Females are Protected Against the Pro-Oxidant Effect of a High Sucrose Diet." Experimental Biology and Medicine 227, no. 9 (October 2002): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020222700918.
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Metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in men than in women. In an experimental dietary model of metabolic syndrome, the high-fructose–fed rat, oxidative stress has been observed in males. Given that estradiol has been documented to exert an antioxidant effect, we investigated whether female rats were better protected than males against the adverse effects of a high-sucrose diet, and we studied the influence of hormonal status in female rats. Males and females were first fed a sucrose-based or starch-based diet for 2 weeks. In the males, the plasma triglyceride (TG)-raising effect of sucrose was accompanied by significantly lowered plasma α-tocopherol and a significantly lowered α-tocopherol/TG ratio (30%), suggesting that vitamin E depletion may predispose lipoproteins to subsequent oxidative stress. In males, after exposure of heart tissue homogenate to iron-induced lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric reactive substances were significantly higher in the sucrose-fed than in the starch-fed rats. In contrast, in sucrose-fed females, neither a decrease in vitamin E/TG ratio nor an increased susceptibility of heart tissue to peroxidation was observed, despite both a significantly decreased heart superoxide dismutase activity (14%) and a significant 3-fold increase in plasma nitric oxide concentration compared with starch-fed females. The influence of hormonal status in female rats was then assessed using intact, ovariectomized, or estradlol-supplemented ovariectomized female rats fed the sucrose or starch diet for 2 weeks. After exposure of heart tissue to iron-induced lipid peroxidation, higher susceptibility to peroxidation was found only in ovariectomized females fed the sucrose diet compared with the starch group and not in intact females or ovariectomized females supplemented with estradiol. Thus, estrogens, by their effects on antioxidant capacity, might explain the sexual difference in the pro-oxidant effect of sucrose diet resulting in metabolic syndrome in rats.
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Nastiti, Azkia, Agnes Murdiati, and Y. Marsono. "The Effect Of Autoclaved – Cooled Jack Bean (Canavalia Ensiformis (L.) Dc.) High RS-4 Starch On Lowering Glucose Level And Characteristics Of Digesta Of Stz-Na Induced Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats." Indonesian Food and Nutrition Progress 14, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ifnp.28539.
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Jack bean is one of local beans known to contain natural resistant starch (RS) content. To increase its RS content, four cycle autoclaving – cooling treatment modification was applied to generate resistant starch type 4 (RS-4) which refers to RS obtained from modification. RS is able to improve blood glucose level of diabetic individuals. This research aimed to measure the effect of jack bean autoclaved – cooled starch (AC starch) diet on blood glucose level and digesta characteristics of type-2 diabetic Sprague Dawley rats in vivo. Bioassay analyses showed that jack bean AC starch consumption decreased blood glucose level at range of 96.05mg/dl – 135.97mg/dl. The diet was also able to increase short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production in form of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butiric acid, to increase total weight and moisture content of digesta, while reduce digesta pH, as well as to inhibit glucose absorption. Diet of 50% high RS jack bean AC starch showed the best results in all glucose metabolism parameters for type-2 diabetic animals.
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Chess, David J., Biao Lei, Brian D. Hoit, Agnes M. Azimzadeh, and William C. Stanley. "Deleterious effects of sugar and protective effects of starch on cardiac remodeling, contractile dysfunction, and mortality in response to pressure overload." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 3 (September 2007): H1853—H1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00544.2007.
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Little is known about the effects of the composition of dietary carbohydrate on the development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure (HF) under conditions of pressure overload. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate composition on LVH, LV function, and mortality in a mouse model of chronic pressure overload. Male C57BL/6J mice of 6 wk of age ( n = 14–16 mice/group) underwent transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham surgery and were fed either standard chow (STD; 32% corn starch, 35% sucrose, 3% maltodextrin, and 10% fat expressed as a percent of the total energy), high-starch chow (58% corn starch, 12% maltodextrin, and 10% fat), or high-fructose chow (9% corn starch, 61% fructose, and 10% fat). After 16 wk of treatment, mice with TAC fed the STD or high-fructose diets exhibited increased LV mass, larger end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, and decreased ejection fraction compared with sham. The high-starch diet, in contrast, prevented changes in LV dimensions and contractile function. Cardiac mRNA for myosin heavy chain-β was increased dramatically in the fructose-fed banded animals, as was mortality (54% compared with 8% and 29% in the starch and STD banded groups, respectively). In conclusion, a diet high in simple sugar was deleterious, resulting in the highest mortality and expression of molecular markers of cardiac dysfunction in TAC animals compared with sham, whereas a high-starch diet blunted mortality, increases in cardiac mass, and contractile dysfunction.
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Zhao, Yiguang, Fuguang Xue, Dengke Hua, Yue Wang, Xiaohua Pan, Xuemei Nan, Fuyu Sun, Linshu Jiang, and Benhai Xiong. "Metagenomic Insights into Effects of Thiamine Supplementation on Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes’ Profile in Dairy Cows Fed High-Concentrate Diets." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020304.
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As the co-enzyme of pyruvate formate-lyase under ruminal anaerobic condition, thiamine plays a critical role in carbohydrate metabolism in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of thiamine supplementation on ruminal carbohydrate-active enzymes. Twelve Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments: control diet (CON; 20% starch, dry matter (DM) basis), high-concentrate diet (HC; 33.2% starch, DM basis) and a high-concentrate diet supplemented with 180 mg thiamine/kg DM (HCT; 33.2% starch, DM basis). Dry matter intake and milk production were recorded for 21 days. Rumen fluid samples were collected, and ruminal pH and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were measured. The metagenome sequencing technique was used to detect the genes in ruminal microorganisms and identify putative carbohydrate-active enzymes. The total abundances of carbohydrate-active enzymes and fiber-degrading enzymes were both reduced by HC with no effect on starch-degrading enzymes compared with CON. However, the fiber-degrading enzymes and starch-degrading enzymes were both increased after thiamine supplementation. These results indicated that 180 mg thiamine /kg DM might effectively improve rumen carbohydrate metabolism through increasing the abundance of ruminal carbohydrate-active enzymes and consequently balanced the rumen volatile fatty acids and rumen pH, providing a practical strategy in preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in cows offered HC.
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Mahanama, Dulmini, Kumudu Radampola, and Erangi Heenkenda. "Effect of Cassava Starch Sources on Growth and Feed Utilization of Nile Tilapia Fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) Reared Under Two Dietary Protein Levels." Aquaculture Studies 21, no. 4 (August 8, 2021): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/2618-6381-v21_4_04.
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A 42-day experiment was performed to evaluate the growth performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings fed iso-lipidic diets (5% lipid) contain 17% or 25% of cassava starch extract from fresh root (R starch) or from dry chips (D-starch) at 37% and 30% protein levels. The diets were ie: 37% protein -FM25R17 & FM25D17, 30% Protein- FM15R25 & FM15D25. 144 fish (1.11+0.02g) were distributed in 12 tanks (54 L). Protein level or starch source had no impact on final weight, length, average daily gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, hepato somatic index, viscero somatic index, and Whole-body composition of fish. Protein Efficiency Ratio was not affected by starch source; however, it was significantly higher in diets with low protein content. Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of dry matter was not affected by starch source but was significantly high in low (30%) protein diet. Inclusion of R starch substantially reduced the cost of feed and increased economic profitability. Tilapia fed FM15R25 diet showed similar growth and nutrient utilization to fish fed 37% protein diets and cost of FM15R25 diet was lower than other diets. Therefore, FM15R25 is the best practical diet among the tested diets for Nile tilapia fingerlings.
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Nugraheni, Mutiara, Siti Hamidah, and Rizqie Auliana. "A Potential of Coleus Tuberosus Crackers Rich in Resistant Starch Type 3 Improves Glucose and Lipid Profile of Alloxan –Induced Diabetic Mice." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 5, no. 3 (December 14, 2017): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.5.3.16.
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This study aims to determine the consumption effect of Coleus tuberosus flour and crackers rich in resistant starch type 3 to glucose and lipids profiles in diabetic mice. The study was conducted with four treatments (normal mice with AIN 93 diet, diabetic mice with AIN 93 diet, diabetic mice with Coleus tuberosus flour diet, diabetic mice with coleus tuberosus crackers rich in resistant starch type 3). The analysis of blood glucose levels and lipids profile were determined using an enzymatic colorimetric method with a commercial kit. The results showed that the consumption of Coleus tuberosus flour and crackers rich in resistant starch type 3 can improve glucose and lipids profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The atherogenic index was smaller on the diet treatment of Coleus tuberosus flour rich in resistant starch type 3 and Coleus tuberosus crackers rich in resistant starch type 3 compared to the AIN 93 feed.This study shows that the raw material (Coleus tuberosus flour rich in resistant starch type 3) and Coleus tuberosus crackers that are rich in resistant starch type 3 can potentially be consumed as a functional food to improve glucose and lipid profiles in diabetes mellitus condition.
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Jansen, Lisa T., Nianlan Yang, Julia M. W. Wong, Tapan Mehta, David B. Allison, David S. Ludwig, and Cara B. Ebbeling. "Prolonged Glycemic Adaptation Following Transition From a Low- to High-Carbohydrate Diet: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial." Diabetes Care 45, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1970.
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OBJECTIVE Consuming ≥150 g/day carbohydrate is recommended for 3 days before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for diabetes diagnosis. For evaluation of this recommendation, time courses of glycemic changes following transition from a very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) to high-carbohydrate diet were assessed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS After achieving a weight loss target of 15% (±3%) on the run-in VLC diet, participants (18–50 years old, BMI ≥27 kg/m2) were randomly assigned for 10 weeks to one of three isoenergetic diets: VLC (5% carbohydrate and 77% fat); high carbohydrate, high starch (HC-Starch) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% refined grains); and high carbohydrate, high sugar (HC-Sugar) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% sugar). CGM was done throughout the trial (n = 64) and OGTT at start and end (n = 41). All food was prepared in a metabolic kitchen and consumed under observation. RESULTS Glucose metrics continued to decline after week 1 in the HC-Starch and HC-Sugar groups (P < 0.05) but not VLC. During weeks 2–5, fasting and 2-h glucose (millimoles per liter per week) decreased in HC-Starch (fasting −0.10, P = 0.001; 2 h −0.10, P = 0.04). During weeks 6–9, 2-h glucose decreased in HC-Starch (−0.07, P = 0.01) and fasting and 2-h glucose decreased in HC-Sugar (fasting −0.09, P = 0.001; 2 h −0.09, P = 0.003). The number of participants with abnormal glucose tolerance by OGTT remained 10 (of 16) in VLC at start and end but decreased from 17 to 9 (of 25) in both high-carbohydrate groups. CONCLUSIONS Physiological adaptation from a low- to high-carbohydrate diet may require many weeks, with implications for the accuracy of diabetes tests, interpretation of macronutrient trials, and risks of periodic planned deviations from a VLC diet.
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Vanhoof, K., and R. De Schrijver. "The influence of enzyme-resistant starch on cholesterol metabolism in rats fed on a conventional diet." British Journal of Nutrition 80, no. 2 (February 1998): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711459800110x.
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Male Wistar rats were fed on a conventional diet containing normal corn starch or 6 % enzyme-resistant starch originating from either raw or retrograded high-amylose corn starch. Furthermore, the diets were either cholesterol-free or contained 1 % cholesterol and 0·1 % cholic acid. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the addition of enzyme-resistant starch to a rat conventional diet had any effect on cholesterol metabolism. Therefore, plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations, plasma HDL:LDL cholesterol ratios and neutral steroid and bile acid excretion were determined. No significant effect of enzyme-resistant starch feeding on plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations was found. However, consumption of raw or retrograded high-amylose corn starch resulted in a decrease in esterified and total liver cholesterol concentrations of 24 and 22 %, respectively. This was accompanied by a reduction in plasma esterified and total cholesterol levels of 4 % and a tendency to higher daily faecal coprostanol and total bile acid excretion.
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Zimonja, O., A. Stevnebø, and B. Svihus. "Nutritional value of diets for broiler chickens as affected by fat source, amylose level and diet processing." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas07044.
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Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of fat source, fat level, amylose level and processing technique on technical pellet quality and broiler performance. In both experiments wheat-barley-based diets were either pelleted or expanded and pelleted using the same production conditions. In exp. 1 soy oil and akofeed fat at inclusion levels of 25 and 50 g kg-1, respectively, were tested. Akofeed fat containing diets resulted in significant (P < 0.001) improvement in pellet durability compared with soy oil containing diets under both processing methods and both fat levels. As a consequence of higher content of amylose-lipid complexes, feeding the akofeed fat containing diets resulted in significant reduction (P < 0.05) of starch digestibility at jejunual level. In exp. 2, three barley cultivars with varying amylose content were tested. Total tract starch digestibility was higher (P < 0.0001) for normal amylose (NA) containing diets compared with low amylose (LA) and high amylose (HA) containing diets. In vitro results, however, showed highest starch degradation for LA diets compared with NA and HA diets, indicating that the in vitro method did not seem to be a good predictor of starch digestibility for broiler chickens. Key words: Starch; Barley; Amylose-lipid complex; Akofeed fat; Soy oil; Expander-pelleting treatment
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Hao, Qin, Haldis H. Lillefosse, Even Fjære, Lene Secher Myrmel, Lisa K. Midtbø, Ragnhild H. Jarlsby, Tao Ma, et al. "High-glycemic index carbohydrates abrogate the antiobesity effect of fish oil in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 302, no. 9 (May 1, 2012): E1097—E1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00524.2011.
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Fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is known to attenuate diet-induced obesity and adipose tissue inflammation in rodents. Here we aimed to investigate whether different carbohydrate sources modulated the antiobesity effects of fish oil. By feeding C57BL/6J mice isocaloric high-fat diets enriched with fish oil for 6 wk, we show that increasing amounts of sucrose in the diets dose-dependently increased energy efficiency and white adipose tissue (WAT) mass. Mice receiving fructose had about 50% less WAT mass than mice fed a high fish oil diet supplemented with either glucose or sucrose, indicating that the glucose moiety of sucrose was responsible for the obesity-promoting effect of sucrose. To investigate whether the obesogenic effect of sucrose and glucose was related to stimulation of insulin secretion, we combined fish oil with high and low glycemic index (GI) starches. Mice receiving the fish oil diet containing the low-GI starch had significantly less WAT than mice fed high-GI starch. Moreover, inhibition of insulin secretion by administration of nifedipine significantly reduced WAT mass in mice fed a high-fish oil diet in combination with sucrose. Our data show that the macronutrient composition of the diet modulates the effects of fish oil. Fish oil combined with sucrose, glucose, or high-GI starch promotes obesity, and the reported anti-inflammatory actions of fish oil are abrogated. In conclusion, our data indicate that glycemic control of insulin secretion modulates metabolic effects of fish oil by demonstrating that high-GI carbohydrates attenuate the antiobesity effects of fish oil.
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Santos, Betty K. Samulitis-Dos, Toshinao Goda, and Otakar Koldovsky. "Dietary-induced increases of disaccharidase activities in rat jejunum." British Journal of Nutrition 67, no. 2 (March 1992): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920030.
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A study was carried out to examine whether the responsiveness of small intestinal epithelial cells to dietary carbohydrate varied during the daily 24 h cycle. The effect of sucrose on disaccharidase activities was compared during a period of decreasing disaccharidase activities, i.e. between 22.00 and 10.00 hours, and increasing disaccharidase activities, i.e. between 10.00 and 22.00 hours, in the jejunum of 7-week-old-rats. Rats were fed on a low-starch, high-fat diet (Lst; starch 5 and fat 73% of gross energy), or a high-starch, low-fat diet (Hst; starch 70 and fat 7% of gross energy). Both dietary groups exhibited typical diurnal variations in jejunal sucrase (EC3.2.1.48), maltase (EC3.2.1.20) and lactase (EC3.2.1.23) activities, exhibiting a peak around 22.00 hours and a trough at approximately 10.00 hours. When rats were fed on diet Lst for 7 d and then force-fed on an isoenergetic sucrose diet (S; sucrose 40 and fat 37% of gross energy) for 6 or 12 h they exhibited increased sucrase, maltase and lactase activities compared with rats fed on diet Lst. The absolute increase in disaccharidase activities was similar regardless of the time diet S was given or whether rats were killed at 10.00 hours or at 22.00 hours. Analyses of sucrase and lactase activities along the villus–crypt columns showed that the distribution of cell cohorts that responded to diet S was not influenced by the time of introduction of diet S. These findings suggest that small intestinal epithelial cells possess the ability to respond to dietary carbohydrate throughout the daily 24 h cycle.
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Hewson-Hughes, Adrian K., Matthew S. Gilham, Sarah Upton, Alison Colyer, Richard Butterwick, and Andrew T. Miller. "The effect of dietary starch level on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in cats and dogs." British Journal of Nutrition 106, S1 (October 12, 2011): S105—S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511001887.
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A charge made against feeding dry foods to cats is that the high carbohydrate (i.e. starch) content results in high blood glucose levels which over time may have detrimental health effects. The present study determined the post-meal concentrations of plasma glucose and insulin in adult cats (seven males and four females) and dogs (Labrador retrievers; four males and five females) fed dry diets with low-starch (LS), moderate-starch (MS) or high-starch (HS) levels. In a cross-over design with at least 7 d between the test meals, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured following a single meal of a LS, MS and HS diet (209 kJ/kg bodyweight). Only the HS diet resulted in significant post-meal increases in plasma glucose concentration in cats and dogs although the time-course profiles were different between the species. In cats, plasma glucose concentration was significantly increased above the pre-meal concentration from 11 h until 19 h after the meal, while in dogs, a significant increase above baseline was seen only at the 7 h time point. Plasma insulin was significantly elevated in dogs 4–8 h following the MS diet and 2–8 h after the HS diet. In cats, plasma insulin was significantly greater than baseline from 3–7 and 11–17 h after the HS diet. The time lag (approximately 11 h) between eating the HS diet and the subsequent prolonged elevation of plasma glucose concentration seen in cats may reflect metabolic adaptations that result in a slower digestive and absorptive capacity for complex carbohydrate.
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Rooke, J. A., A. Ainslie, R. G. Watt, F. M. Alink, T. G. McEvoy, K. D. Sinclair, P. C. Garnsworthy, and R. Webb. "Dietary carbohydrates and amino acids influence oocyte quality in dairy heifers." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 3 (2009): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd08193.
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The objective of the present experiment was to determine whether increasing plasma insulin by different nutritional regimes affects oocyte quality. Holstein dairy heifers (eight per treatment) were assigned, using a two times two factorial design, to diets containing either low or high dietary leucine and either low or high dietary starch. Each heifer underwent six sessions of ovum pick-up beginning 25 days after introduction of the diets. Oocyte quality was assessed by development to the blastocyst stage in synthetic oviducal fluid following in vitro fertilisation. Feeding diets containing high leucine resulted in significantly higher plasma free leucine and tyrosine concentrations. The high-starch diet significantly increased plasma insulin but not glucagon concentration, whereas high dietary leucine increased plasma glucagon but not insulin. Oocyte cleavage was not influenced by diet. The high-starch diet, which was associated with a high plasma insulin : glucagon ratio, had adverse effects on oocyte quality that were avoided when leucine intake was increased. There was an association between total plasma free amino acid concentration and oocyte cleavage. Therefore, in dairy heifers dietary amino acids and carbohydrates during antral follicle development appear to mediate effects on oocyte quality by different mechanisms. These findings have implications for both diet formulation and feeding regimes.
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Kozlov, A. I., and I. A. Nikitin. "Farinaceous and starchy foods in the diet of the indigenous people of the high-latitude and Arctic regions of Russia: tradition and modernity." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4(59) (December 15, 2022): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-59-4-18.
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The object of the study is the indigenous population of the North and the Arctic of the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is changes in nutrition during transition from the traditional to modernized lifestyle. The purpose of the study is to consider the risk to the health of the northerners in the quantitative and qualitative changes in the consumption of flour and starch-containing products. The consumption of bread products and starch by the population of the northern regions of the Russian Federation in the 19th – 20th centuries and in the 2010s – 2020s was estimated. Estimates of the frequencies of the amylase genes AMY1, AMY2B, AMY2A in the populations that differ in geographic localization and type of management are systemized. In the 20th century, per-capita consumption of bread in Russia decreased from 700 to 260 g/day, among the indeginous northerners — from 300 to 250 g/day. The inclusion of pasta products and potato in the diet of the northerners changed the volume and structure of the consumed carbohydrate foods. The intake of high glycemic load starch increased from 100 to 250 g/day. Replacing the dried crusts with pasta and potato meals eased mastication of food, thus inducing a reflectory rise in serum glucose at ingestion and increasing the risk of developing chronic carbohydrate metabolism disorders. High-latitude populations are distinct in the prevalence of the genotypes that determine low activity of the polysaccharidase enzymes necessary for starch digestion. The ample production of amylase and less prominent blood glucose upswing in response to the consumption of starchy foods are determined by the number of successive copies of the amylase genes on the AMY locus. For the AMY1 gene, a negative correlation was found between the gene copy number and the geographical latitude of the population area (rSp = -0.19), for the AMY2A gene rSp = -0.33 (p < 0.001 in both cases). In addition, in the Arctic groups there is a high frequency of deletions of the AMY2A gene, which also lead to insufficient synthesis of pancreatic amylase. In the European populations, AMY2A deletions occur in 10–11 %; among the Khanty, Mansi, and Selkups — in 28 %; among the indigenous population of Chukotka — in 52 %. Changes in the “Arctic diet” in the 20th century led to a sharp increase in the starch consumption. With the traditional way of life, the northerners did not form adaptations to the nutrient intake of large volumes of starchy foods. In modern conditions, accumulation of nutritional, physiological and genetic factors increases the risk of metabolic disorders related to the consumption of high-starch food.
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Dai, Xiaoxia, Wenli Li, Amelie Fischer, and Kenneth Kalscheur. "320 Liver Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Important Genes Involved in the Feed Efficiency of Lactating Cows Fed a High and Low Starch Diet." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.324.
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Abstract The objectives of this study were to identify different gene expression and metabolic pathways in the liver associated with feed efficiency of lactating cows fed high or low starch diets. Ten lactating cows were involved in a cross-over design experiment consisting of two 56-d treatment periods with 11-d diet adaptation fed either high starch (HS; 27% starch) or low starch (LS; 13% starch) diets. Feed efficiency, measured by residual feed intake (RFI), was estimated based on the difference between observed and expected metabolizable energy intake within each experimental period. The 3 highest RFI cows were considered high RFI (HRFI), the 3 lowest RFI cows were considered low (LRFI), and the remaining 4 cows were considered medium (MRFI) in each experimental period. Total RNA was used for next-generation RNA sequencing analysis. Raw reads were mapped to the cattle genome (UMD3.1) using STAR. Differential gene expression analysis was done using Cufflinks. We discovered 642 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HS and LS (FDR< 0.05) with 240 genes upregulated and 402 genes downregulated for HS versus LS diet. Via gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis (FDR< 0.05), these genes were enriched in 25 gene ontology (GO) pathways related to mitochondria components and 4 GO biological processes involved in peptide metabolism. There were 1427 DEGs impacted by RFI (FDR< 0.05), of which 829 were upregulated, and 598 were downregulated in LRFI compared to HRFI. The 6 GO biological processes enriched by these genes were mainly related to organic substrate metabolism processing and carbon metabolism (FDR< 0.05). Between the DEGs affected by diet and RFI, 522 DGEs were unique to diet and 1307 DEGs were unique to RFI. Our results suggested that genes contributing to different RFIs and the ones associated with the dietary starch treatment may impact distinct pathways. Further functional annotation of these genes may improve feed efficiency.
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Bernard, L., C. Leroux, J. Rouel, M. Bonnet, and Y. Chilliard. "Effect of the level and type of starchy concentrate on tissue lipid metabolism, gene expression and milk fatty acid secretion in Alpine goats receiving a diet rich in sunflower-seed oil." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 8 (August 30, 2011): 1147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511004181.
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The potential benefits on human health have prompted an interest in developing nutritional strategies for reducing saturated and increasing specific unsaturated fatty acids (FA) in ruminant milk. The impact of the level and type of starchy concentrate added to diets supplemented with sunflower-seed oil on caprine milk FA composition and on mammary, omental and perirenal adipose, and liver lipid metabolism was examined in fourteen Alpine goats in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 21 d experimental periods. Treatments were a grass hay-based diet with a high level of forage (F) or a high level of concentrate with either maize grain (CM) or flattened wheat (CW) as source of starch and supplemented with 130 g/d sunflower-seed oil. Milk yield was enhanced (P < 0·01) and milk fat content was decreased on the CM and CW diets compared with the F diet, resulting in similar milk fat secretion. Both high-concentrate diets increased (P < 0·05) milk yield of 10 : 0-16 : 0 and decreased trans-9,11-18 : 1 and cis-9, trans-11-18 : 2. The CW diet decreased (P < 0·05) the output of Σ C18 and Σ cis-18 : 1 and increased (P < 0·05) the output of trans-10-18 : 1 in milk. The expression and/or activity of fourteen proteins involved in the major lipogenic pathways in mammary tissues and of lipogenic genes in adipose and liver tissues were similar among treatments. In conclusion, high starch concentrates alter milk FA yield via mechanisms independent of changes in mammary, liver or adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression. Furthermore, data provided indications that mammary lipogenic responses to starch-rich diets differ between caprine and bovine ruminants.
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Zhang, Hong, Pei Cao, Luis B. Agellon, and Cheng-Kai Zhai. "Wild rice (Zizania latifolia(Griseb) Turcz) improves the serum lipid profile and antioxidant status of rats fed with a high fat/cholesterol diet." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 12 (July 27, 2009): 1723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509991036.
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The diet consumed by urban residents in modern China has become rich in saturated fats and cholesterol. In addition, the diet is high in carbohydrates from white rice and processed wheat starch. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of replacing white rice and processed wheat starch with wild rice (WR) as the chief source of dietary carbohydrates. Rats fed with the diet patterned after the diet consumed by city residents of modern China showed elevated serum lipid levels comparable with rats consuming a high fat/cholesterol diet known to induce hyperlipidaemia in this species. Meanwhile, rats consuming the city diet with WR as the carbohydrate source suppressed the increase in serum TAG and total cholesterol, and the decrease in HDL cholesterol level. In addition, the rats fed the WR diet suppressed the build-up of oxidative stress by improving antioxidant capacity, increasing superoxide dismutase activity and reducing malondialdehyde concentration, both in the serum and liver. These findings illustrate that WR is effective in suppressing hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress in rats even when the diet consumed is high in fat and cholesterol.
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Graugnard, Daniel E., Larry L. Berger, Dan B. Faulkner, and Juan J. Loor. "High-starch diets induce precocious adipogenic gene network up-regulation in longissimus lumborum of early-weaned Angus cattle." British Journal of Nutrition 103, no. 7 (December 21, 2009): 953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509992789.
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Adipocyte differentiation is probably controlled by transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Longissimus lumborum from Angus steers (aged 155 d; seven animals per diet) fed high-starch or low-starch diets for 112 d (growing phase) followed by a common high-starch diet for an additional 112 d (finishing phase) was biopsied at 0, 56, 112 and 224 d for transcript profiling via quantitative PCR of twenty genes associated with adipogenesis and energy metabolism. At 56 d steers fed high starch had greater expression of PPARγ as well as the lipogenic enzymes ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), fatty acid synthase (FASN), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial (GPAM), and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase homologue 2 (DGAT2), and the adipokine adiponectin (ADIPOQ). Expression of insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) was also greater with high starch at 56 d. Steers fed low starch experienced a marked increase in FASN, FABP4, SCD, DGAT2 and thyroid hormone-responsive (SPOT14 homologue, rat) (THRSP) between 56 and 112 d of feeding. A greater expression of the transcription factors sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) and MLX interacting protein-like (MLXIPL) was observed at 224 d in steers fed high starch, suggesting a nutritional imprinting effect. Carryover effects of low starch feeding were discerned by greater expression at 224 d of THRSP, FABP4, SCD and DGAT2. These steers also had greater PPARγ at 224 d. Despite these responses, low starch led to greater expression at 224 d of nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2 (NR2F2), a known repressor of rodent adipocyte differentiation through its negative effects on PPARγ, ADIPOQ and FABP4. Results suggested that early exposure to high starch induced precocious intramuscular adipocyte proliferation and metabolic imprinting of lipogenic transcription regulators. Low starch might have blunted the PPARγ-driven adipogenic response through up-regulation of NR2F2 but the endogenous ligand for this nuclear receptor remains unknown.
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Kabir, Morvarid, Michèle Guerre-Millo, Muriel Laromiguiere, Gerard Slama, and Salwa W. Rizkalla. "Negative regulation of leptin by chronic high-glycemic index starch diet." Metabolism 49, no. 6 (June 2000): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/meta.2000.6258.
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Rattigan, Stephen, Peter R. C. Howe, and Michael G. Clark. "The effect of a high-fat diet and sucrose drinking option on the development of obesity in spontaneously hypertensive rats." British Journal of Nutrition 56, no. 1 (July 1986): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860086.
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1. Energy intakes, body-weights, body fat index, total body fat and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) were examined in adult male, spontaneously hypertensive, stroke-prone (SHR-SP) rats and normotensive Wistar/Kyoto (WKY) controls given one of four diets for 33 d: (a) a starch diet, (b) a starch diet and a sucrose solution drinking option, (c) an 80xenergy from fat (F80) diet, (d) the F80 diet and a sucrose drinking option.2. The SHR-SP rats showed a complete resistance to obesity on all four diets. For the high-fat diet the WKY animals became markedly obese with approximately two-fold increases in body-weight gain and body fat index when compared with the SHR-SP rats. The gain in total body fat was also significantly greater. IBAT as a percentage of total body-weight did not differ between the WKY and SHR-SP groups.3. Compared with the WKY animals, the SHR-SP rats showed a reduced food intake but had the same potential to gain weight from the high-fat diet.4. It is concluded that the resistance to obesity by the hypertensive animals is the result of a diminished energy intake.
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Smith, Kelsey, Sarah Francisco, Ying Zhu, Chia-Fang Tsai, Kathryn Barger, Donald Smith, Andrew Greenberg, Allen Taylor, and Sheldon Rowan. "The Interaction of Gut Microbiota Composition and Dietary Starch Form on Gut Health in Aged Mice." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa062_042.
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Abstract Objectives A high glycemic diet has been shown to increase gut permeability, which is associated with increased disease risk. Our objective was to evaluate the role of gut microbiota in mediating the relationship between dietary starch composition and gut health. Methods A high (HG) or low glycemic (LG) diet was fed in equal amounts to male mice from 12 to 24 months of age. The diets differed only by starch composition, which was 100% rapidly-digested amylopectin in the HG diet or 30% amylopectin/70% amylose in the LG diet. Within each diet, mice were assigned to one of three treatment conditions: continuous broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (ampicillin and neomycin; HGabx or LGabx), weekly fecal microbiota transplants (FMT) from donor control mice fed the alternate diet (HG[tLG] or LG[tHG]), or a control group receiving no additional treatment. Feces were collected for microbiome analysis. Colon sections were collected for histology. Results The diet affected gut microbiota composition, with significantly greater abundance of Clostridium, Ruminococcus, and Coprobacillus in the HG-fed control animals compared with LG-fed controls. Antibiotic treatment in HG-fed animals resulted in elimination of Bacteroidetes and most Firmicutes and a proliferation of Proteobacteria, whereas LG-fed animals were able to maintain Bacteroidetes and a lower abundance of Proteobacteria. Fecal microbiota transplants altered the gut microbiome and recipients differed from their donors. Histological evaluation of colons showed increased intestinal disease in HG-fed animals across all treatments, including increased inflammatory cell infiltration and abnormal villi. Antibiotic treatment in HG-fed animals resulted in the most severe disease phenotype, and most animals died within 4–6 months on treatment and presented with an enlarged and hemorrhagic cecum upon necropsy. Conclusions The high glycemic diet altered the gut microbiome and increased the prevalence of pathological intestinal morphology, which was further exacerbated with antibiotic treatment. Our work suggests that dietary starch form has a substantial effect on the gut health outcomes, particularly in the context of antibiotic treatment or fecal microbiota transplants. Funding Sources BrightFocus Foundation, USDA/NIFA AFRI, USDA, Stanley N. Gershoff Scholarship, NIH RO1, Thome Memorial Foundation.
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Seo, Kangmin, Hyun-Woo Cho, Ju Lan Chun, Kyoung Min So, and Ki Hyun Kim. "Body Weight Development in Adult Dogs Fed a High Level Resistant Starch Diet." Animals 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 3440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233440.
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This study investigated the effect of Dodamssal rice, which has a high content of resistant starch, on obesity and hematologic properties in dogs. In Experiment 1, 24 spayed dogs were divided into three feeding groups: normal-fat basal diet (control), high-fat diet with 12% normal amylose type rice (hNAR), and high-fat diet with 12% high amylose type rice (Dodamssal rice; hHAR). In Experiment 2, 8 spayed dogs were assigned to a normal amylose type rice (NAR) group and a high amylose type rice group (HAR) with a normal-fat basal diet. After 24 weeks, an increase in weight and blood cholesterol was observed in both high-fat diet groups for Experiment 1. Specifically, an increase in serum alanine aminotransferase was observed over time in the hNAR group compared with that of the control; however, no such patterns were present in the hHAR group. Further, a significant weight-loss effect was observed in the HAR group in Experiment 2 at 4 weeks. The effect on body weight was due to the reduced digestibility of amylose and thereby lower dietary ME content. Overall, this confirmed that Dodamssal rice had a positive effect on weight loss in dogs, and these results suggest that Dodamssal rice has potential value as a raw ingredient for preventing obesity in dogs.
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Lunesu, Mondina Francesca, Mauro Decandia, Giovanni Molle, Alberto Stanislao Atzori, Giovanni Cristoforo Bomboi, and Antonello Cannas. "Dietary Starch Concentration Affects Dairy Sheep and Goat Performances Differently during Mid-Lactation." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051222.
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Evolution of milk production, body reserves and blood metabolites and their relationships with dietary carbohydrates were compared in 30 Sarda dairy ewes and 26 Saanen dairy goats in mid-lactation. From 92 to 152 ± 11 days in milk (DIM), each species was allocated to two dietary treatments: high-starch (HS: 20.0% starch, on DM basis) and low-starch (LS: 7.8% starch, on DM basis) diets. In mid-lactating goats, the HS diet increased fat-corrected milk yield (FCM (3.5%); 2.65 vs. 2.53 kg/d; p = 0.019) and daily milk net energy (NEL; p = 0.025), compared to the LS diet. The body condition score (BCS) was not affected. In mid-lactating ewes, the LS diet increased FCM (6.5%) (1.47 vs. 1.36 kg/d; p = 0.008), and NEL (p = 0.008), compared to the HS diet. In addition, BCS was greater in HS than in LS ewes (3.53 vs. 3.38; p = 0.008). Goats had a higher growth hormone (GH) and lower insulin concentration than ewes (GH: 2.62 vs. 1.37 ng/mL; p = 0.04; insulin: 0.14 vs. 0.38 µg/L; p < 0.001 in goats and ewes, respectively). In conclusion, in mid-lactation, the two species responded differently to dietary carbohydrates, probably due to differences in the concentration of GH and insulin. The HS diet favored milk yield in goats and body reserve accumulation in ewes. In ewes, the partial replacement of starch with highly digestible fiber increased energy partitioning in favor of milk production.