Books on the topic 'High Speed Probes'

The monograph is devoted to improving the efficiency of forming tools made from the most used tool materials: high-speed steels and hard alloys. For tools made of high-speed steels, a comparative assessment of the standards of industrially developed countries and the Russian Federation was carried out. The characteristic of operational and technological properties is given. High-speed steels and technologies are recommended to increase the efficiency of the tool. Recommendations on the types of tools are given. The properties of hard alloys and the areas of their rational application are analyzed. The structural materials of prefabricated and soldered tools are considered. Recommendations on the choice of hard alloys are given, directions for the creation of new compositions of hard alloys to increase the efficiency of the tool in the processing of hard-to-process heat-resistant steels and alloys are shown. It is intended for engineering, technical and scientific workers of the metallurgical and manufacturing industries. It can be used in the preparation of masters, postgraduates of technological universities.

Adult learning is recognized as a key component of lifelong learning and Member States are required to remove barriers to participation, to increase overall quality and efficiency in adult learning, to speed up the process of validation and recognition and to ensure sufficient investment in and monitoring of the field (European Commission, 2006, 2007; European Parliament, 2008; European Council, 2008). It is unanimously recognized that adult learning can play a pivotal role in meeting the goals of the Lisbon Strategy, by fostering social cohesion, providing citizens with the skills required to find new jobs and helping Europe to better respond to the challenges of globalisation. Such needs are taken into consideration in this Volume where the main issues faced are related to what 33 European countries have been doing in order to raise the skills levels of low-skilled workers, address the problem of the high number of early school leavers, combat social exclusion, ensure the efficiency, effectiveness, quality of adult learning.

The monograph discusses the application of telematics in dispatch control systems in urban passenger transport. The role of telematics as a technological basis in automating the solution of control tasks, accounting and analysis of the volume and quality of transport work in modern dispatch control systems on urban passenger transport is shown. Analytical models have been developed to estimate the capacity of a high-speed bus transportation system on a dedicated line. Mathematical models and algorithms for predicting passenger vehicle interior filling at critical stages of urban passenger transport routes are presented. The issues of application of the concept of the phase space of states introduced by the authors to assess the quality of the passenger transportation process on the route of urban passenger transport are described. The developed classification of service levels and their application in order to inform passengers at stopping points about the degree of filling of the passenger compartment of the arriving vehicle is described. The material is based on the results of theoretical research and practical work on the creation and implementation of automated control systems for urban passenger transport in Russian cities. The material of M.H. Duque Sarango's dissertation submitted for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the specialty 05.22.10 "Operation of motor transport" was used. It will be useful to specialists in the field of telematics on urban passenger transport.

To prepare for the high‐speed world where Galilean relativity breaks down, we now practice the skill of thinking in different frames. Practicing this in our familiar lowspeed world will help us avoid cognitive overload when we enter the more counterintuitive high‐speed world. We examine two problems that illustrate the process of thinking in different frames. Te frst is a brain‐teaser that suddenly becomes easier in a particular frame; the second is a classic problem from introductory physics that we can solve in a new way using symmetry and frame‐based thinking tools alone. Along the way, we will learn how to use the spacetime diagram, a major tool that will appear throughout this book. Te chapter concludes with another look at accelerated vs. inertial frames, from the spacetime diagram point of view

To prepare for the high‐speed world where Galilean relativity breaks down, we now practice the skill of thinking in different frames. Practicing this in our familiar lowspeed world will help us avoid cognitive overload when we enter the more counterintuitive high‐speed world. We examine two problems that illustrate the process of thinking in different frames. Te frst is a brain‐teaser that suddenly becomes easier in a particular frame; the second is a classic problem from introductory physics that we can solve in a new way using symmetry and frame-based thinking tools alone. Along the way, we will learn how to use the spacetime diagram, a major tool that will appear throughout this book. Te chapter concludes with another look at accelerated vs. inertial frames, from the spacetime diagram point of view.

When building something, it is essential to know the hardware. This chapter contains key things to know about the active components of the brain: nerve cells (aka neurons). Neurons have severe performance limitations. Problems include high energy consumption, mechanical and physiological sensitivity, unreliability, limited connectivity, and difficulty in wiring neurons together. Neurons are at least a million times slower to “compute” than a modern electronic device. This slow speed cannot be avoided because the neuron has to deal with high electrical capacity and resistance and slow conduction times to move information from neuron to neuron. A specialization called the action potential serves as a long-distance communications mechanism. However, the neuron also has major virtues including the ability to integrate, communicate, and process information from multiple sources, and it acts like a tiny electrochemical analog computer.

Africa’s first high-speed transit railway system, the Gautrain, provides an interesting case study of a megaproject that was initially closely identified with the country’s bid to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Completed in June 2012, the Gautrain experiences many of the problems typical of megaprojects elsewhere in the world. This chapter focuses on the three dimensions: public consultation and the role of special interest groups, the issue of costs and passenger forecasts, and the intangible mythical discourses that often surround megaprojects.

China’s high-speed railway network is one of the largest infrastructure programs in human history. Despite global media coverage, we know very little about the political process that led the government to invest in the railway program and the reasons for the striking regional and temporal variation in such investments. In Localized Bargaining, Xiao Ma offers a novel theory of intergovernmental bargaining that explains the unfolding of China's unprecedented high-speed railway program. Drawing on a wealth of in-depth interviews, original data sets, and surveys with local officials, Ma details how the bottom-up bargaining efforts by territorial authorities—whom the central bureaucracies rely on to implement various infrastructure projects—shaped the allocation of investment in the railway system. Territorial authorities and their leaders engage in localized bargaining to navigate and forge consensus among the fragmented entities that comprise the central bureaucracy; those who do so effectively gain an advantage for their localities. The book demonstrates in detail how localities of different types invoke institutional and extra-institutional sources of bargaining power in their competition for railway stations. These dynamics have broader implications for our understanding of the institutional arrangements that shape modern-day China and explain such phenomena as its economic miracle and the resilience of the communist government.

Tool Steels, Fifth Edition provides tutorial explanations along with engineering data on the production, selection, and use of tool steels and related materials. The first six chapters cover topics of a general nature including tool steel classifications and selection factors, primary production processes, the effects of alloying on microstructure and phase composition, and the theory and practice of tool steel heat treatments. The chapters that follow cover specific types or families of tool steels including water-hardening, low-alloy special-purpose, shock-resisting, oil- and air-hardening cold-work, high-carbon high-chromium cold-work, hot-work, and high-speed types as well as mold steels. Each chapter presents information and data on composition, microstructure, processing, properties, and performance. The current edition also includes two new chapters, one on surface modifications and one that provides guidelines for troubleshooting tool steel manufacturing and performance problems. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-599-0, follow this link.

This article examines the practical problem of thermally driven high-speed flux avalanches occurring in superconducting thin films with mesoscopic artificial patterns. The thin films are synthesized with artificial pins in the form of sub-micrometric antidots (ADs). The article first provides an overview of magnetic flux avalanches in superconductors, with particular emphasis on thermally driven avalanches, before discussing the occurrence and morphology of flux avalanches in superconducting thin films comprised of AD arrays. It analyses the influence of lattice symmetry and different AD geometries on the guidance and consequently the branching of flux avalanches. It also explores how artificial pinning centers inserted in superconducting films affect vortex dynamics.

♦ Each modality of imaging—digital radiography, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear medicine studies—has its own advantages and disadvantages♦ Conventional radiography is the best for initial evaluation of a musculoskeletal problem♦ MDCT rapid survey of multiple trauma patients is easily performed using the new high speed computed tomography scanners♦ MRI is the imaging modality of choice for internal derangement of the knee and other soft tissue injuries♦ Radionuclide bone imaging is most suitable for screening the whole skeleton for metastases♦ Positron emission tomography is useful for identification of tumour, inflammation, and infection.

A wheeze is a high-pitched musical sound which reflects airflow obstruction. It may be monophonic or polyphonic, and may be heard during inspiration, expiration, or both phases of respiration. Stridor is the term used to describe wheeze which is louder over the neck than the chest, and may be audible without a stethoscope. Wheezing is typically associated with breathlessness, and may present as an acute or chronic problem. It is most often due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In stable patients, a detailed history should be taken, with particular attention to the speed of onset of wheeze; trigger factors; and history of atopy. The clinical features, measurement of peak expiratory flow, and spirometry will usually differentiate between possible diagnoses. This chapter describes the approach to the diagnosis of patients with wheeze.

This article discusses a variety of laser applications in nanotechnology. The laser has proven to be one of many mature and reliable manufacturing tools, with applications in modern industries, from surface cleaning to thin-film deposition. Laser nanoengineering has several advantages over electron-beam and focused ion beam processing. For example, it is a low-cost, high-speed process in air, vacuum or chemical environments and also has the capability to fulfill flexible integration control. This article considers laser nanotechnology in the following areas: pulsed laser ablation for nanomaterials synthesis; laser nanoprocessing to make nanobumps for disk media nanotribology and anneal ultrashort PN junctions; surface nanopatterning with near-field, and light-enhancement effects; and large-area parallel laser nanopatterning by laser interference lithography and laser irradiation through a microlens array. Based on these applications, the article argues that the laser will continue to be one of the highly potential nanoengineering means in next-generation manufacturing.

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is subjected to strong interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. The Plateau exerts huge thermal forcing on the mid-troposphere over the mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer. This region also contains the headwaters of major rivers in Asia and provides a large portion of the water resources used for economic activities in adjacent regions. Since the beginning of the 1980s, the TP has undergone evident climate changes, with overall surface air warming and moistening, solar dimming, and decrease in wind speed. Surface warming, which depends on elevation and its horizontal pattern (warming in most of the TP but cooling in the westernmost TP), was consistent with glacial changes. Accompanying the warming was air moistening, with a sudden increase in precipitable water in 1998. Both triggered more deep clouds, which resulted in solar dimming. Surface wind speed declined from the 1970s and started to recover in 2002, as a result of atmospheric circulation adjustment caused by the differential surface warming between Asian high latitudes and low latitudes.The climate changes over the TP have changed energy and water cycles and has thus reshaped the local environment. Thermal forcing over the TP has weakened. The warming and decrease in wind speed lowered the Bowen ratio and has led to less surface sensible heating. Atmospheric radiative cooling has been enhanced, mainly through outgoing longwave emission from the warming planetary system and slightly enhanced solar radiation reflection. The trend in both energy terms has contributed to the weakening of thermal forcing over the Plateau. The water cycle has been significantly altered by the climate changes. The monsoon-impacted region (i.e., the southern and eastern regions of the TP) has received less precipitation, more evaporation, less soil moisture and less runoff, which has resulted in the general shrinkage of lakes and pools in this region, although glacier melt has increased. The region dominated by westerlies (i.e., central, northern and western regions of the TP) received more precipitation, more evaporation, more soil moisture and more runoff, which together with more glacier melt resulted in the general expansion of lakes in this region. The overall wetting in the TP is due to both the warmer and moister conditions at the surface, which increased convective available potential energy and may eventually depend on decadal variability of atmospheric circulations such as Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation and an intensified Siberian High. The drying process in the southern region is perhaps related to the expansion of Hadley circulation. All these processes have not been well understood.

Abstract Nanometre sized structures made of semiconductors, insulators and metals and grown by modern growth technologies or by chemical synthesis exhibit novel electronic and optical phenomena due to confinement of electrons and photons. Strong interactions between electrons and photons in narrow regions lead to inhibited spontaneous emission, thresholdless laser operation, and Bose Einstein condensation of exciton-polaritons in microcavities. Generation of sub-wavelength radiation by surface Plasmon-polaritons at metal-semiconductor interfaces, creation of photonic band gap in dielectrics, and realization of nanometer sized semiconductor or insulator structures with negative permittivity and permeability, known as metamaterials, are further examples in the area of nanophotonics. The studies help develop Spasers and plasmonic nanolasers of subwavelength dimensions, paving the way to use plasmonics in future data centres and high speed computers working at THz bandwidth with less than a few fJ/bit dissipation. The present book intends to serveas a textbook for graduate students and researchers intending to have introductory ideas of semiconductor nanophotonics. It gives an introduction to electron-photon interactions in quantum wells, wires and dots and then discusses the processes in microcavities, photonic band gaps and metamaterials and related applications. The phenomena and device applications under strong light-matter interactions are discussed by mostly using classical and semi-classical theories. Numerous examples and problems accompany each chapter.

The book is devoted to the research and development of methods for combining computational structures for reconfigurable signature-based information protection tools for computer systems and networks in order to increase their efficiency. Network security tools based, among others, on such AI-based approaches as deep neural networking, despite the great progress shown in recent years, still suffer from nonzero recognition error probability. Even a low probability of such an error in a critical infrastructure can be disastrous. Therefore, signature-based recognition methods with their theoretically exact matching feature are still relevant when creating information security systems such as network intrusion detection systems, antivirus, anti-spam, and wormcontainment systems. The real time multi-pattern string matching task has been a major performance bottleneck in such systems. To speed up the recognition process, developers use a reconfigurable hardware platform based on FPGA devices. Such platform provides almost software flexibility and near-ASIC performance. The most important component of a signature-based information security system in terms of efficiency is the recognition module, in which the multipattern matching task is directly solved. It must not only check each byte of input data at speeds of tens and hundreds of gigabits/sec against hundreds of thousand or even millions patterns of signature database, but also change its structure every time a new signature appears or the operating conditions of the protected system change. As a result of the analysis of numerous examples of the development of reconfigurable information security systems, three most promising approaches to the construction of hardware circuits of recognition modules were identified, namely, content-addressable memory based on digital comparators, Bloom filter and Aho–Corasick finite automata. A method for fast quantification of components of recognition module and the entire system was proposed. The method makes it possible to exclude resource-intensive procedures for synthesizing digital circuits on FPGAs when building complex reconfigurable information security systems and their components. To improve the efficiency of the systems under study, structural-level combinational methods are proposed, which allow combining into single recognition device several matching schemes built on different approaches and their modifications, in such a way that their advantages are enhanced and disadvantages are eliminated. In order to achieve the maximum efficiency of combining methods, optimization methods are used. The methods of: parallel combining, sequential cascading and vertical junction have been formulated and investigated. The principle of multi-level combining of combining methods is also considered and researched. Algorithms for the implementation of the proposed combining methods have been developed. Software has been created that allows to conduct experiments with the developed methods and tools. Quantitative estimates are obtained for increasing the efficiency of constructing recognition modules as a result of using combination methods. The issue of optimization of reconfigurable devices presented in hardware description languages is considered. A modification of the method of affine transformations, which allows parallelizing such cycles that cannot be optimized by other methods, was presented. In order to facilitate the practical application of the developed methods and tools, a web service using high-performance computer technologies of grid and cloud computing was considered. The proposed methods to increase efficiency of matching procedure can also be used to solve important problems in other fields of science as data mining, analysis of DNA molecules, etc. Keywords: information security, signature, multi-pattern matching, FPGA, structural combining, efficiency, optimization, hardware description language.

What configuration of institutions and policies is most conducive to human flourishing? The historical and comparative evidence suggests that the answer is social democratic capitalism — a democratic political system, a capitalist economy, good elementary and secondary schooling, a big welfare state, pro-employment public services, and moderate regulation of product and labor markets. Lane Kenworthy shows that this system improves living standards for the least well-off, enhances economic security, and boosts equality of opportunity. And it does so without sacrificing other things we want in a good society, from liberty to economic growth to health and happiness. Its chief practitioners have been the Nordic nations. The Nordics have gone farther than other rich democratic countries in coupling a big welfare state with public services that promote high employment and modest product- and labor-market regulations. Many believe this system isn’t transferable beyond Scandinavia, but Kenworthy shows that social democratic capitalism and its successes can be replicated in other affluent nations, including the United States. Today, the U.S. lags behind other countries in economic security, opportunity, and shared prosperity. If the U.S. expanded existing social programs and added some additional ones, many Americans would have better lives. Kenworthy argues that, despite formidable political obstacles, the U.S. is likely to move toward social democratic capitalism in coming decades. As a country gets richer, he explains, it becomes more willing to spend more in order to safeguard against risk and enhance fairness. He lays out a detailed policy agenda that could alleviate many of America’s problems.

It is obvious that the process of developing cancer—oncogenesis—is a multistep process. We know that smoking, obesity, and a family history are strong independent predictors of developing malignancy; yet, in clinics, we often see that some heavy smokers live into their nineties and that some people with close relatives affected by cancer spend many years worrying about a disease that, in the end, they never contract. For many centuries scientists have struggled to understand the process that make cancer cells different from normal cells. There were those in ancient times who believed that tumours were attributable to acts of the gods. Hippocrates suggested that cancer resulted from an imbalance between the black humour that came from the spleen, and the other three humours: blood, phlegm, and bile. It is only in the last 100 years that biologists have been able to characterize some of the pathways that lead to the uncontrolled replication seen in cancer, and subsequently examine exactly how these pathways evolve. The rampant nature by which cancer invades local and distant tissues, as well its apparent ability to spread between related individuals led some, such as Peyton Rous in 1910, to suggest that cancer was an infectious condition. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1966 for the 50 years of work into investigating a link between sarcoma in chickens and a retrovirus that became known as Rous sarcoma virus. He had shown how retroviruses are able to integrate sequences of DNA coding for errors in cellular replication control (oncogenes) by introducing into the human cell viral RNA together with a reverse transcriptase. Viruses are now implicated in many cancers, and in countries where viruses such as HIV and EBV are endemic, the high incidence of malignancies such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma is likely to be directly related. There are several families of viruses associated with cancer, broadly classed into DNA viruses, which mutate human genes using their own DNA, and retroviruses, like Rous sarcoma virus, which insert viral RNA into the cell, where it is then transcribed into genes. This link with viruses has not only led to an understanding that cancer originates from genetic mutations, but has also become a key focus in the design of new anticancer therapies. Traditional chemotherapies either alter DNA structure (as with cisplatin) or inhibit production of its component parts (as with 5-fluorouracil.) These broad-spectrum agents have many and varied side effects, largely due to their non-specific activity on replicating DNA throughout the body, not just in tumour cells. New vaccine therapies utilizing gene-coding viruses aim to restore deficient biological pathways or inhibit mutated ones specific to tumour cells. The hope is that these gene therapies will be effective and easily tolerated by patients, but development is currently progressing with caution. In a trial in France of ten children suffering from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and who were injected with a vector that coded for the gene product they lacked, two of the children subsequently died from leukaemia. Further analysis confirmed that the DNA from the viral vector had become integrated into an existing, but normally inactive, proto-oncogene, LM02, triggering its conversion into an active oncogene, and the development of life-threatening malignancy. To understand how a tiny change in genetic structure could lead to such tragic consequences, we need to understand the molecular biology of the cell and, in particular, to pay attention to the pathways of growth regulation that are necessary in all mammalian cell populations. Errors in six key regulatory pathways are known as the ‘hallmarks of cancer’ and will be discussed in the rest of this chapter.