Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'High seas'
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Chen, Ying-Ting. "Fishing entity enforcement in high seas fisheries." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/367758/.
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The 1995 UNFSA creates a door for fishing entities’ participation in conservation and management regimes regarding straddling and highly migratory fish stocks through separate RFMOs. However, fishing entities are different from states, leading to some ambiguous circumstances in RFMOs, especially in high seas enforcements. This thesis reviews the concepts of fishing entities and considers fishing entities’ status in international law of the sea and the RFMOs. Then, it considers the role of fishing entity enforcement in high seas with being equivalent to a flag state and non-flag state. This thesis then considers the problems that fishing entities may encounter in high seas enforcement. Finally, it represents the practices of fishing entity enforcement in high seas with a special reference to the role of Taiwan in RFMOs.
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Rajendran, Suresh. "Simulation of vertical ship responses in high seas." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3214.
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Grief, Nicholas. "Public international law in the airspace of the high seas." Thesis, University of Kent, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293127.
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Storlien, Hugh Lars Haakon, and Anton Davis Halldin. "Healthcare on the High Seas : A telemedical perspective on quality." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96112.
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The Telemedical Assistance Service (TMAS) plays a vital role in medical care at sea by linking the medically responsible officers (MROs) on board with onshore physicians. This project aims to investigate telemedical providers’ perceptions of maritime health care quality today, as well as future potential improvements in this field. A qualitative methodology was chosen as its strength lies in focus on the processes – the people, situation and events that lead to certain outcomes. Semi-structured interviews with TMAS professional staff focused on current communication limitations, perceptions of overall care quality, and what developments, technological or otherwise, might improve healthcare at sea. Following interview transcription and coding against the aims, results with a good degree of consensus were as follows. Poor communication is clearly an issue. High speed data transmission would allow TMAS medical staff to directly observe and evaluate injured crew, and to direct MROs with greater certainty. A touchpad-based system to codify onboard pharmaceuticals was recommended. Standardised initial communication templates would save time and uncertainty and are congruent with how ship’s officers deal with many other situations. Given the difficulty MROs have with IV placement, a shift to intraosseous delivery was recommended. A smaller, more focused and integrated TMAS physician cohort in Sweden was suggested. Pulse oximeters, glucometers and defibrillators were seen as ‘must have’ items on board. Developments in point of care blood analysis, especially for detection of inflammation and infection, were seen as important to evaluate. As a general conclusion, progress could be made in improving onboard medical care via a collaboration between TMAS personnel, MROs, and maritime training staff. This would allow for dialogue on what changes to training and onboard equipment might be agreed now; what should be further evaluated; and a mechanism by which developments in communication, techniques, and portable analytic devices might be effectively implemented in the future.Telemedical Assistance Service (TMAS) spelar en viktig roll i sjukvård till sjöss genom att sammanföra sjukvårdsansvariga sjöbefäl (MROs) med sjukvårdspersonal iland. Denna rapport syftar till att undersöka uppfattningar hos landbaserad personal i TMAS-funktionen angående dagens vårdkvalitet inom sjöfarten, samt potentiella förbättringar inom området. En kvalitativ metod valdes då denna lämpar sig väl med hänsyn till att den fokuserar på processerna, vilka inbegriper individer, situationer, och händelser som leder till vissa utfall. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med TMAS-personal inriktades på rådande begränsningar inom kommunikation, vårdkvalitet ombord, samt hur framtidens teknik kan förbättra sjukvård till sjöss. Efter intervjutranskribering och kodning mot tre huvudfrågor har resultat med en hög grad av samstämmighet utkristalliserats. Bristfällig kommunikation är ett uppenbart problem. Dataöverföring med hög hastighet skulle tillåta konsulterande läkare att själv observera och utvärdera skadade besättningsmedlemmar, samt att instruera MROs med högre noggrannhet. Ett system baserat på pekplattor för effektiviserad hantering av mediciner ombord rekommenderades. Standardiserade mallar som stöd för initial patientrapportering skulle spara tid och förebygga osäkerhet, och skulle ligga väl i linje med hur fartygsbefäl hanterar många andra situationer ombord. Mot bakgrund av ombordanställdas besvär med att sätta intravenösa infarter, rekommenderades en övergång från intravenös till intraosseös läkemedelsadministrering. En mindre och mer integrerad arbetsgrupp på TMAS-avdelningen i Sverige föreslogs. Syremättnadsmätare, glukosmätare, och defibrillatorer ansågs vara oumbärliga tillbehör ombord. Utrustning för patientnära blodanalys, i synnerhet för att upptäcka inflammation och infektion sågs som viktigt att utvärdera vidare. Sammanfattningsvis pekar resultaten mot att framsteg inom sjukvård till sjöss kan främjas genom samarbete mellan TMAS-personal, sjukvårdsansvariga ombord, och kursansvariga för sjöfartsutbildningar. Ett sådant samarbete skulle möjliggöra en dialog om vilka förändringar avseende utbildning och utrustning ombord som kan implementeras i dagsläget, och vilka som kräver vidare granskning. Det hade även utgjort ett forum för vad som kan realiseras i framtiden beträffande kommunikation, tillvägagångssätt, och portabla analysverktyg.
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Kim, Jung-Eun. "Evolving legal framework for the environmental protection of the high seas : a legal analysis of the possibility of establishing effective high seas marine protection areas." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54861/.
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Recently there have been a considerable number of calls for high seas marine protected areas to be established. The aim of establishing these marine protected areas is for the protection of deep sea features as well as for the implementation of an ecosystem approach combined with the precautionary principle. This thesis aims to consider the legal issues involved in this action and looks in particular at whether it is legally possible to create the newly required high seas marine protected areas which would be effective. The first task of this thesis is to confirm the calls for the newly required high seas marine protected areas and to consequently ask how they differ from the traditional marine protected areas. This thesis then examines how the relevant international treaties and organizations have provided a legal basis for the new type of high seas marine protected areas to be collectively established by the involvement of multiple States so as to effectively safeguard the targeted deep sea ecosystems. The next question which is answered by this thesis is whether or not the new type of high seas marine protected areas can overcome the third States issue and so would be more effective than traditional area closures. This thesis concludes that the new type of high seas marine protected areas is not far enough advanced in a way which would mean that it can be held as binding on third States. However, it can be more advanced in that its incorporation of the ecosystem approach promotes knowledge of deep sea conservation among international organizations and has influenced peer institutions to swiftly react to the new requirement to conserve vulnerable deep sea features.
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Reindorp, David. "The maritime security space : protecting national interest on the high seas." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630467.
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Theoretically, the High Seas are by definition peaceable. Consequently, there is no requirement for security enforcement upon them. Historically, they are also common territory. Movement on them is unrestricted and states are proscribed from exerting power over them. This image of secure oceans and unfettered use of the seas is the ideational basis of international maritime governance and law. And it is also the key enabler of global maritime trade. Practically, however, this image is flawed. There is an observable rise in incidents of maritime insecurity, some of it minor, but much not. For instance, there is evidence that the high seas are being deliberately exploited for criminal and terrorist purposes. The reasons for this are linked to the High Seas Regime. Specifically, its prescription on the use of enforcement power and the interplay between the international law of the regime, and the domestic jurisdictions of individual maritime actors. This situation now challenges both law makers and security practitioners. So, given this paradox between perceived ideals and actual circumstances, how can states adequately provide for their security upon the oceans? Commentators such as Posen and Holmes suggest a return to the classical maritime strategies of Mahan and Corbett. They compare the oceans to ungoverned or undergoverned space on land, and posit the need for 'command of the commons' . While unashamedly antithetical to the concept of 'free seas', this also ignores the postmodern separation of the delivery of security from the successful practice of warfare. In strategy terms, the ways of achieving the latter (i.e. decisive military action) are not available in the political space of the former. The means, however, (i .e. seapower) are the same. Referencing Till's work on post-modern seapower, and acknowledging that Freedom of the Sea will remain the central tenet of the High Seas Regime, this thesis proposes that the two traditional political narratives of the oceans - the co-operation space or the conflict space - are diverging. And that a third narrative, the Maritime Security Space is emerging between them. In it, the intervention rights available during periods of cooperation, currently limited to situations of piracy, human trafficking and illegal broadcasting, will be unrepresentative of the range of insecurity to be found.
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Cullis-Suzuki, Sarika. "High seas, high risk : a global evaluation of the effectiveness of regional fisheries management organizations." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14014.
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The global decline in coastal fisheries has led to fisheries expansion into high seas. Unlike the majority of fisheries within national jurisdiction, high seas fisheries are managed by intergovernmental entities called ‘regional fisheries management organizations’ (RFMOs). The role of RFMOs is generally that of conserving and managing various stocks and/or species, as is mandated by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Here, we examine the global effectiveness of RFMOs as they fulfill this role. The assessment of the world’s current 18 RFMOs is achieved through a two-tiered approach. First, we assess RFMO effectiveness in theory, as determined by their stated commitment to RFMO best practices. Second, we assess RFMO effectiveness in practice, as determined by the state of their managed stocks. Results reveal that, overall, RFMOs are lacking in commitment to best practices. Additionally, out of the 48 stocks that were assessed which are under RFMO management, 32 have critically low biomass and/or are being overfished. Taken together results indicate that RFMO effectiveness is poor, highlighting the need for increased RFMO accountability and performance.
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Cronjé, Dian. "The pirates of Somalia : maritime bandits or warlords of the high seas." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4112.
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Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Philosophy (Political Management) at Stellenbosch UniversityThesis (MPhil (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Inflicting a financial loss of over $US16 billion to international shipping, the occurrence of maritime piracy in areas such as the Strait of Malacca and the west coast of Africa, has significantly affected the long-term stability of global maritime trade. Since the collapse of the Somali state in the early 1990’s, international watch groups have expressed their concern as to the rise of piracy off the Somali coast and the waterways of the Gulf of Aden. However, 2008 marked an unprecedented increase in pirate attacks in Somali waters. These attacks did not only increase in number but also became more sophisticated. As more than 85% of world trade relies on maritime transport, the world was forced to take notice of the magnitude of Somali piracy. Considering the relative novel nature of Somali piracy, this field presents a vast potential for further and in-depth academic inquiry. This descriptive and explanatory study set out to explore the evasive nature of the what and why (and who) of Somali piracy and relied on inductive reasoning in order (a) to explore and define the contributing causes to the Somali conflict; (b) to indicate how the conflict and the resulting consequences in particularly the Puntland region contributed to the rise of maritime piracy; (c) to determine whether the pirate groups are fishermen protecting their resources by acting like vigilantes and self-defence units, or if they were bandits, warlords, Islamists or a combination of aforementioned; and to (d) establish the role which resource scarcity and state collapse played in rendering Somalia vulnerable to maritime piracy. In pursuing the above mentioned goals, this study relied on an analysis of authoritative and contemporary sources. Media reporting was used for updating the fast moving information. This study attributed the Somali conflict to historic and ethnic clan rivalries and the legacy of colonial rule that led to the arbitrary partitioning of Somalia by colonial superpowers. Military rule, oppression, wars with neighbours (Ethiopia), superpower intervention, famine and the rise of warlords made for state failure in Somalia. In Puntland, such factors were further aggravated by severe environmental hardship and natural disasters. Food became one of the scarcest resources in Somalia. People migrated to cities and to the coast where foreign fishing vessels also exploited the absence of coast guards in plundering fish. Some Somali fishermen reacted and in retrieving fish, apprehended ships, resulting in armed robbery at sea. But many went further, hijacking merchant vessels, and demanding huge ransoms. Initially prompted by grievance towards the exploitation of the Somali coastal resources, the vast financial rewards of piracy rapidly transformed this impetus to personal gain and greed. In doing so, these groups assumed characteristic similar to criminal bandits and warlords. Or were they Islamists fundraising for al-Qaeda? But unlike warlords, pirates normally never kill. The links with either Islamists or terrorism have also not been established either. The alleged link with criminal networks is much more plausible.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Maritieme seerowery in areas soos die Straat van Malacca en aan die weskus van Afrika, het tot op datum, na raming, finansiële verliese van meer as $US16 biljoen aan internasionale skeepshandel berokken en het ‘n beduidende negatiewe effek op die langtermyn stabiliteit van globale maritieme handel. Sedert die verval van die Somaliese staat in 1991, het internasionale waarnemingsgroepe hul besorgdheid uitgespreek oor die toename van seerowery aan die Somaliese kus en die aangrensende Golf van Aden. Vanaf 2008 was daar egter ‘n ongekende toename in seerower aanvalle in Somaliese kuswaters. Nie alleen was daar ‘n toename in die aantal insidente nie, maar die aanvalle is gekenmerk deur meer gesofistikeerde metodes. Aangesien meer as 85% van wêreldhandel afhanklik is van seevervoer, was die wêreld genoodsaak om kennis te neem van die omvang van die verskynsel. Gegewe die feit dat Somaliese seerowery ‘n relatiewe onlangse verwikkeling is, bied hierdie veld groot potensiaal vir verdere en diepgaande studie. Die beskrywende en verduidelikende studie het ten doel om die ontwykende vraagstuk oor die wat, hoekom en wie van Somaliese seerowery te verken en by wyse van induktiewe beredenering die volgende vas te stel: (a) om die bydraende oorsake tot die Somaliese konflik te ondersoek en te definieer, (b) om aan te dui hoe die konflik en die gevolge daarvan, spesifiek in die Puntland streek, bygedra het tot die ontstaan van plaaslike seerowery (c) om vas te stel of die seerower-groepe vissers is wat hul bronne beskerm deur vigilante of selfverdedigings-eenhede te stig en of hulle oorlogsbaronne, radikale Islamiste of ‘n kombinasie van voorafgenoemde is, en (d) om die rol te beskryf wat hulpbron-skaarste en staatkundige verval gespeel het om die risiko van seerowery in Somalie te verhoog. In navolging van voorafgenoemde doelwitte het die ondersoek staatgemaak op ‘n deeglike ontleding van gesaghebbende en kontemporêre bronne. Hierdie teoretiese grondslag is verder aangevul deur media-verslaggewing oor die onderwerp. Die studie het bevind dat die Somaliese konflik toegeskryf kan word aan historiese en klanverskille en die nalatenskap van koloniale heerskappy wat mettertyd gelei het tot die arbitrere verdeling van Somalië deur koloniale moondhede, militêre onderdrukking, geskille met buurstate (Ethiopië), inmenging van supermoonthede, hongersnood en die opkoms van oorlogsbaronne. Hierdie faktore het bygedra tot die staatkundige verval van Somalië. In Puntland in besonder, is hierdie bydraende faktore vererger deur omgewingsontbering en natuurlike rampe. Gevolglik het voedsel een van die skaarste hulpbronne geword in Somalië. Hierdie omstandighede het die bevolking na die kus gedryf, waar buitelandse visserbote onwettig die mariene-bronne geplunder het. In reaksie hierop het die bevolking self die wapen opgeneem om sulke skepe te konfronteer wat gelei het tot gewapende roof ter see. Sekere vissermanne het egter verder oortree en bote gekaap en aangehou in ruil vir omkoopgeld. Dit was egter lank nie meer gekaapte vissersbote nie, maar handelsskepe met ander duursame vragte. Terwyl hul optrede aanvanklik gemotiveer is deur ontevredenheid met die onwettige ontginning van mariene bronne, het die aansienlike finansiele voordele van seerowery hierdie dryfveer mettertyd gewysig tot een van persoonlike gewin en hebsug. In hierdie proses het die groeperinge eienskappe ontwikkel soortgelyk aan kriminele rowers en oorlogsbaronne van die oopsee en radikale Islamiste. Anders as oorlogsbaronne het hierdie groepe egter nie die lewe van hul slagoffers geneem nie. Die verband tussen hierdie seerowergroepe en radikale Islamiste of terroriste groepe kan ook nie verseker vasgestel word nie. Daar is dus ‘n meer geloofwaardige verband tussen sulke groepe en georganiseerde kriminele netwerke.
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Malackany, Paul R. "On the Culinary High Seas: Coworkers, Aesthetics and Culture in Service Work." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1292534760.
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Fauche, H. "Somali pirates take to the high seas: expediency or long-term pirate strategy?" Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001260.
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In 2008 the highest number of attacks recorded against ships in the world was
reported to have taken place off the coast of Africa. These attacks were carried out at
greater distances from land, along the east coast of Africa, than ever before. In this
article the extent of piracy and armed robbery against ships in the African context
and underlying causes of piracy and armed robbery against ships off the coast of
East Africa will be presented. The objective is to analyse incidents and the land and
sea based causes in East Africa to account for the shift in strategy from attacking
ships in territorial waters to attacking ships on the high seas. A secondary aim is to
determine, in view of the shifting background to the attacks, the responsibilities of
navies and other role players in the process of countering such attacks. The article
suggests that states need to review national legislation related to maritime security
and that all state role players in the maritime domain need to cooperate more
efficiently.
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Phelps, Bondaroff Teale Nevada. "Direct enforcement on the high seas : the strategy of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708123.
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Williams, Andrew S. "The interception of civil aircraft over the high seas in the global war on terror /." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100747.
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This study addresses a narrow but important facet of the war on terror: the interception of civil aircraft over the high seas without the consent of the state of registry, when such aircraft are suspected of transporting weapons of mass destruction or terrorists. It introduces the contemporary legal regime over the high seas, in particular the customary norms relating to freedom of overflight, jurisdiction over aircraft, and the 'Rules of the Air' adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The study also examines the legal status of military aircraft in international law as a symbol of a state's sovereignty. It explores the justifications for lawful interceptions as well as the legal obligation of states to show 'due regard' for the safety of civil air navigation. The ICAO standards for the interception of civil aircraft and their applicability to state aircraft are also discussed. In conclusion the remedies an aggrieved state may pursue for alleged violations of international law are addressed.
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Thacker, Emma Sowards. "Smooth Sailing Through Stormy Seas? High School Social Studies Teachers Navigating Their Informal Professional Learning." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/edsc_etds/1.
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The present study used Nardi and O’Day’s (1999) information ecology theory, along with activity theory (Wertsch, 1998), social learning theory (Wenger, 1998), and situated learning theory (Lave, 2009; Lave & Wenger, 1991) to examine the informal professional learning of a high school social studies department. Existing literature is just beginning to attend to the potential of informal professional learning, so this exploratory study used a single-case study of a high school social studies department made up of 12 teachers. Data included observations of scheduled and spontaneous collaborative learning activities, department meetings, and in-service meetings; semi-structured interviews; and relevant documents to consider how high school social studies teacher participants navigate their own informal professional learning. Supporting research questions included: (1) How do high school social studies teacher participants choose what to do to individually and collectively meet their professional learning needs? (2) What actions do participants take to meet their professional learning needs individually and collectively? (3) How do participants evaluate their professional learning growth individually and collectively? (4) How do participants interact with one another and with the environment as they navigate their own professional learning? Results indicated that participants valued their informal professional learning experiences, engaged in reflection throughout their informal professional learning, were influenced by departmental leadership, and experienced successes and failures in their informal professional learning goals. The department’s informal professional learning was important but also imperfect. Further consideration of teachers’ informal professional learning may offer new ways to support teacher growth.
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Warner, Robin Margaret Fraser. "Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1304.
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It is only in recent decades that marine scientific research has begun to reveal the true physical characteristics and resource potential of the open ocean and deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction. A combination of factors such as the depletion of inshore fish stocks and an increase in global maritime trade has led to greater usage of the vast maritime area beyond the territorial sea and exclusive economic zone limits of the coastal states. Human activities in this area of the ocean, which covers approximately 50% of the world’s surface, have expanded to include bioprospecting, exploration for deep seabed minerals, more sophisticated marine scientific research and deep sea tourism. This rise in human activities beyond the offshore zones of coastal states poses actual and potential threats to the physical characteristics and biodiversity of the open ocean and deep sea environments. Arbitrary human intrusions into this largely unexplored marine domain have the potential to harm the intricate links between complex marine ecosystems and to erode components of marine biodiversity. This thesis examines the global and regional provisions which have been put in place to regulate the environmental impacts of human activities that occur beyond national jurisdiction. An analysis of these instruments and their implementation reveals that the current international law framework provides only minimal levels of protection for the marine environment beyond national jurisdiction. It explores several options based on the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to establish a cohesive environmental protection system for the marine environment beyond national jurisdiction.
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Warner, Robin Margaret Fraser. "Protecting the Diversity of the Depths: Strengthening the International Law Framework." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1304.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)It is only in recent decades that marine scientific research has begun to reveal the true physical characteristics and resource potential of the open ocean and deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction. A combination of factors such as the depletion of inshore fish stocks and an increase in global maritime trade has led to greater usage of the vast maritime area beyond the territorial sea and exclusive economic zone limits of the coastal states. Human activities in this area of the ocean, which covers approximately 50% of the world’s surface, have expanded to include bioprospecting, exploration for deep seabed minerals, more sophisticated marine scientific research and deep sea tourism. This rise in human activities beyond the offshore zones of coastal states poses actual and potential threats to the physical characteristics and biodiversity of the open ocean and deep sea environments. Arbitrary human intrusions into this largely unexplored marine domain have the potential to harm the intricate links between complex marine ecosystems and to erode components of marine biodiversity. This thesis examines the global and regional provisions which have been put in place to regulate the environmental impacts of human activities that occur beyond national jurisdiction. An analysis of these instruments and their implementation reveals that the current international law framework provides only minimal levels of protection for the marine environment beyond national jurisdiction. It explores several options based on the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to establish a cohesive environmental protection system for the marine environment beyond national jurisdiction.
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Sovacool, Kelly Elizabeth. "A Stakeholder Analysis of the Creation of High Seas Marine Protected Areas within the Antarctic Treaty System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31716.
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This study evaluates the utility of stakeholder analysis for understanding the relationships among actors involved in creating a marine protected area (MPA) in the Southern Ocean. It relies on the Australian Centre of Excellence on Risk Analysis (ACERA) method of critical stakeholder analysis, a concise, step-by-step model to identify stakeholders, assess their perceptions and values, and reveal power relations. The study uses the first two steps of the ACERA method to analyze stakeholdersâ in this case individuals speaking on behalf of organizationsâ within the Australian delegation of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) concerning the establishment of an MPA in the Southern Ocean. The study reveals both benefits and weaknesses in the ACERA method. It also portrays conflicting views among these stakeholders, and that the process of identifying and analyzing stakeholder interests is highly complex and dynamic.Master of Science
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Johannesson, Gudni Thorlacius. "Troubled waters : cod war, fishing disputes, and Britain's fight for the freedom of the high seas, 1948-1964." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1834.
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The thesis describes Britain's disputes over fishery limits and territorial waters, 1948- 64. Norway, Iceland, the Soviet Union and Denmark (on behalf of Greenland and the Faroe Islands) extended national jurisdiction on the oceans. Britain protested against every move, even despatching the Royal Navy to the disputed waters off Iceland, the main antagonist. Yet, on every occasion Britain had to admit defeat. In analytical terms, the thesis is partly a case study on foreign policy decision-making, the nature of power in international relations, and the relative decline of Britain after the Second World War. It also sets the quarrels over territorial waters in the context of the Cold War. The central conclusion is that Britain was too slow to recognise changes in the composition of power in international relations after the Second World War. British policy-makers overestimated their capability to enforce on other states their interpretation of the law of the sea. Their miscalculations were influenced by five considerations: power (the existence of stronger naval forces than the Nordic opponents), pressure (from the British trawling industry), precedence (the danger that retreat in one place would weaken the British stand elsewhere), principle (adherence to international law as it had been developing when Britain was a stronger power), and prestige (the belief that Britain was still strong enough to have her way on the high seas). Furthen-nore, departmental differences in Whitehall often slowed down the process of decision-making and ensured that the views of those officials who best realised the actual extent of British capabilities did not prevail. And finally, the frustrating obstinacy of a newly independent nation like Iceland contributed to the conflicts. The thesis is based on primary sources from public and private archives in Britain, Iceland, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Norway, the United States and Russia. Numerous interviews were also conducted.
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Yager, Patricia L. "The microbial fate of carbon in high-latitude seas : impact of the microbial loop on oceanic uptake of CO2 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11001.
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Aydin, Kerim Yunus. "Trophic feedback and carrying capacity of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) on the high seas of the Gulf of Alaska /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5334.
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Rengifo, Lozano Antonio Jose. "International regime for fisheries on the high seas : the 1995 UN agreement on straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417086.
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GALLI, LAURA. "Le nuove forme di pirateria marittima e gli strumenti assicurativi a tutela della nave e dell'equipaggio." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/131188.
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Piracy exists since the dawn of navigation and affected all coastal populations, within them, there are groups dedicated to it. By the Phoenicians, the Etruscans, the Greeks pirates, history is full of stories of trips haunted by the threat of piracy. In the Roman conception handed down so far, the pirates were conceived as enemies of all mankind, for the violence in order to kill. They were, therefore, considered a kind of dangerous criminals, who could freely hunt by anyone, as well as any State today can pursue the pirate attack when it occurs on the high seas, or in a marine space not subject, in fact, to the jurisdiction of any.
The high seas constitutes, therefore, an essential element of the definition of piracy as contained in UNCLOS, or "acts of depredation (animus furandi) or violence committed on the high sea or in areas not under the jurisdiction of any State for private ends by the crew of a ship or a private aircraft against another ship or a private aircraft "and it is distinct from the cases of" armed robbery at sea ", or any act of boarding any ship with the intent to commit a theft or other crime having the ability to use force in the course of the action, regardless of the reasons for which it is committed. What makes piracy similar to other figures, such as terrorism. And it is the conception of private or political order that perhaps, in this writer's opinion, should be thorough and filled by a review of the definitions contained in International Conventions and in national law.
Even in the Italian legal system, the definition of piracy is not unanimous either sharing in the doctrine nor in jurisprudence because of the complexity of the concept that it represents and the heterogeneity of sources, both international and domestic.
important and essential step in fighting and preventing piracy is the law August 2, 2011 n. 130 with the aim of protecting the Italian ships in transit in international sea areas at risk piracy.
This law provides for the possibility, through specific agreements concluded between shipowners and Italian Ministry of Defence, with economic burdens of the first, to take on Military Protection. The subsequent amendments introduced by D.M. 266/2012, states that the owners can use, alternatively, special security guards, similar to international contractors after specific licenses and special training courses.
Piracy (especially in some sea areas in the world) involves high costs with an impact on the shipping companies, crews and maritime traffic, including the insurance costs incurred for compensation, the losses and the ransom paid to the pirates, which is regulated under English law, which hedging policies relating to both the ship and cargo, and crew. And in reference to this last element that are controversial issues arose, regulated differently depending on the legal system.
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Calley, Darren. "An Assessment of the Utility of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations and CITES in Addressing Flag of Convenience Fishing in the High Seas." Thesis, University of Essex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504831.
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DiBiase, Benjanim. "Modern piracy on the high seas : an examination of the variables contributing to the act of piracy in three distinct regions of the world." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1253.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Doson, Coll Yago. "Stable isotope analysis of Rivers Inlet sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) : investigating the contribution of environmental conditions in the high seas to British Columbia population declines." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/53245.
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Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations in BC have undergone varying degrees of decline coinciding with a shift to a warmer phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in 1977. The PDO, and other climate cycles, have been shown to significantly affect the physical and biological characteristics of the North East Pacific Ocean. Changes in ocean productivity have implications for pelagic food webs and may cause shifts in the abundance of potential prey for sockeye salmon, impacting their long-term production patterns. We investigated the coupling of ocean conditions and population fluctuations using Rivers Inlet as a case study, a system that suffered probably the most catastrophic sockeye stock collapse in BC history. Stable isotope analysis was used to access information on ocean conditions stored in the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of archived sockeye scales for the period 1915-2013. Our results indicated that Rivers Inlet sockeye salmon experienced highly variable open ocean conditions during this period. Both decadal scale shifts in North Pacific climate (e.g., PDO) and interannual scale shifts in climate (e.g., El Niño/La Niña events) were reflected in the physical and biological environment of the offshore Gulf of Alaska. Positive phases of the PDO and El Niño events were associated with a warmer and less productive ocean, while negative phases of the PDO and La Niña events were associated with a colder and more productive ocean. Moreover, the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope time-series indicated that the foraging habits of Rivers Inlet sockeye salmon were affected by these shifts of North Pacific climate. A lengthening (shortening) of the food web was associated to warm (cold) and less productive (more productive) periods. In addition, the isotope data also supports Rivers Inlet sockeye salmon shifting diet depending upon prey availability. We concluded that a combination of the two factors was responsible for the changes in the feeding ecology of Rivers Inlet sockeye salmon during the period 1915-2013. Such variation in the feeding ecology of Rivers Inlet sockeye salmon could potentially have a negative effect in the overall survival rates of sockeye salmon.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Subtil, Leonardo de Camargo. "Direito internacional do mar, sistema e regime jurídico de proteção às baleias : a proibição de utilização de métodos letais em pesquisas científicas com baleias em alto-mar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142505.
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A presente tese pretende analisar uma possível proibição de utilização de métodos letais em pesquisas científicas com baleias em alto-mar, no sistema de Direito Internacional do Mar, inserida em um contexto marcado por uma binariedade ou dualidade normativa entre Estados pró e contra a pesca internacional da baleia. A fim de responder esse problema de pesquisa estabelecido, a tese desenvolve, em um primeiro momento, a noção inovadora do Direito Internacional do Mar como sistema. Para tanto, partiu-se da noção do Direito Internacional como um sistema social de validação normativa, onde as noções de técnica positiva de resolução de controvérsias internacionais, função, processo, comunicação social e tempo, tornamse a sua gramática comum. Em tal perspectiva sistêmica e social do Direito Internacional, são demonstradas as comunicações normativas e institucionais para caracterizar o Direito Internacional do Mar como um sistema funcional de regulação global dos oceanos. Tal compreensão, desenvolvida na primeira Parte da tese, levará a um segundo momento de análise em torno da proteção jurídica das baleias no sistema de Direito Internacional do Mar. Baseada na observação do regime tradicional de proteção jurídica das baleias, enquanto fenômeno de produção de sentido normativo, a tese desenvolve as principais controvérsias estabelecidas antes e após a Segunda Guerra Mundial – entre estabilidade e transformação –, bem como o regime jurídico da Convenção Internacional para a Regulamentação da Pesca da Baleia de 1946. Em uma leitura da proteção jurídica das baleias vinculada ao sistema de Direito Internacional do Mar, serão reveladas as (in)suficiências normativas do Artigo VIII, parágrafo 1º, da Convenção de 1946 e as suas relações com o julgamento do Whaling in the Antarctic pela Corte Internacional de Justiça (ICJ), em 2014. Por fim, a partir de uma metodologia sistêmico-pragmática de análise, será desenvolvida a tese da proibição de utilização de métodos letais em pesquisas científicas com baleias em alto-mar, vinculada ao sistema de Direito Internacional do Mar e, mais especificamente, com base na Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (UNCLOS).This thesis analyses the possibility of prohibition against the use of lethal methods in scientific whaling on the high seas under the current International Law of the Sea system, which is marked by a normative binarity or duality between states both for and against international whaling. In order to answer the research question proposed, this thesis develops, at first, the innovative notion of the International Law of the Sea as a system. For such purpose, this thesis initiates with the notion of International Law as a social system for normative validity, whereby the elements of positive technique for international settlement of disputes, function, process, social communication and time become its common syntax. In such a systemic and social perspective of International Law, this thesis demonstrates the normative and the institutional conveyance for characterizing International Law of the Sea as a functional system for the global regulation of the oceans. Such understanding, developed within the first part of this thesis, will lead to the analysis of the legal protection of whales within the International Law of the Sea system. Based on the observation of the traditional regime of legal protection of whales as a normative phenomenon, this thesis examines the main controversies that were established both before and after the Second World War – amid stability and transformation – as well as the legal regime of the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. Within the scope of the legal protection of whales attached to the normative system of the International Law of the Sea, this thesis reveals the normative (in)sufficiency of the paragraph 1 of Article VIII of the 1946 Convention and its relationship to the 2014 Whaling in the Antarctic judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Lastly, within a systemic-pragmatic methodology of analysis, this thesis develops the prohibition theory of the use of lethal methods in scientific whaling on the high seas as established through the International Law of the Sea system and, more specifically, on the basis of the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
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Pogoda, Bernadette [Verfasser], Bela Akademischer Betreuer] Buck, and Wilhelm [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hagen. "Farming the High Seas: Biological performance of the offshore cultivated oysters Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas in the North Sea / Bernadette Pogoda. Gutachter: Wilhelm Hagen ; Bela Buck. Betreuer: Bela Buck." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1072047454/34.
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Buthod-Garçon, Aurélie. "L'opposabilité des régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches à l'égard des tiers." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND008.
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Les organisations et arrangements régionaux de gestion des pêches, qui composent les régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches, se sont progressivement imposés au cours des dernières décennies comme les mécanismes clés de la gouvernance des ressources halieutiques de la haute mer. Leur rôle est d'assurer, notamment à travers l'allocation de quotas de pêche à leurs parties contractantes, mais également à travers l'adoption de mesures techniques, de contrôle et de mise en oeuvre, l'exploitation durable et la conservation des ressources halieutiques de la haute mer. Or pour que les règlementations adoptées dans le cadre de ces régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches soient le plus efficaces possible, il est souhaitable qu'elles ne soient pas remises en cause par des activités de pêche contraires, comme celles que peuvent mener les tiers à ces régimes. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est alors d'analyser la portée et le cadre juridique de l'opposabilité des régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches à l'égard de ces tiers. Différents aspects de l'opposabilité des régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches à l'égard des tiers sont analysés, tout comme sa compatibilité avec le droit international, et notamment avec le principe de pacta tertiis. Pour ce faire, cette recherche s'intéresse entre autres, à l'évolution des mécanismes de gestion des ressources halieutiques de la haute mer, au rôle joué par les instruments universels contraignants et non contraignants, à l'opposabilité des dispositions relatives aux tiers contenues dans les conventions régionales de gestion des pêches, à l'opposabilité des organisations régionales de gestion des pêches et de leur droit dérivé ou encore au comportement des tiers en réaction aux mesures de dissuasion et de contrôle adoptées à leur encontre suite aux activités de pêche des navires battant leur pavillon, qui sont désormais considérées comme une forme de pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée (INN). Enfin, il est également question de tenter d'identifier, si au regard des récentes pratiques des tiers concernés, de nouvelles règles coutumières semblent émerger en ce qui concerne le devoir de coopération à la conservation et à la gestion des ressources halieutiques hauturièresOver the past decades, regional fisheries management organisations and arrangements, which constitute regional fisheries management regimes, have gradually emerged as key mechanisms to the governance of high seas fishery resources. Their role is to ensure, through the allocation of fishing quotas to their contracting parties, as well as the adoption of technical, control and enforcement measures, the sustainable exploitation and conservation of high seas fishery resources. However, in order to ensure the effectiveness of these regulations, fishing activities, such as third party activities, shall not undermine them. The main objective of this research is therefore to analyse the scope and the legal framework of the opposability of regional fisheries management regimes to third parties. Different aspects of the opposability of regional fisheries management regimes to third parties will be analysed, as well as its compatibility with international law, such as the pacta tertiis principle. This research therefore explores, inter alia, the evolution of high seas fisheries management mechanisms, the role of binding and non-binding universal instruments, the opposability of provisions relating to third party contained in regional fisheries management conventions, the opposability of regional fisheries management organisations and their normative power; as well as third party behaviour in reaction to measures implemented against them to deter and control the activities of vessels flying their flag, which can be considered as a form of illegal, undeclared and unregulated fishing (IUU). Finally this research also seeks to identify, if in the light of recent third party practices, we can identify the emergence of new customary rules concerning the duty to cooperate in the conservation and management of high seas fishery resources
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Ereq, Khaled. "Active Suspension Seat for High Speed Craft." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-234825.
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Master of Science thesis in Naval Architecture presents a study and the performance of an active seat suspension with the purpose to suppress shocks, caused by slamming in High Speed Crafts (HSCs). The system is modelled and simulated with the aid of the Mathworks software Simulink, with the main objective to evaluate if the active suspension seat has the potential to mitigate slamming impact loads to a larger extent compared to a passive suspension seat. The active suspension model is developed by adding a PD-controlled actuator in parallel with the spring and damper of a passive seat’s suspension. This paper presents the performance study of an active suspension seat where the seat is given a single impact load as input. The results are then compared to a comparable passive seat. The most promising results show that the active system can reduce the passenger seat’s acceleration response by roughly 30 %. This is achieved on the expense of an increased stroke length, from 30 mm for a comparable passive system, to 34 mm for the active system. To achieve this the actuator need to provide up to 900 N of force with a rise-time of 15 ms. During the assessment of the suspension seat performance four key performance indicators(KPI) were found to be of significance. Those are the seat response acceleration, seat displacement relative to the seat base, settling time and the zero crossing time. The seat acceleration is directly proportional to the load that the passenger is being subjected to. Hence, the acceleration is the property that needs to be reduced in order to decrease risk of injuries. The stroke length of the seat in relation to the seat base should be kept to a minimum for several reasons. One being the risk of bottoming out the suspension if the stroke length is too high, risking damage on equipment as well as injuries on passenger. Since the conditions on sea entail series of impact loads on the hull, the settling time need to be as short as possible to avoid accumulating the displacement. This is caused when the seat has not yet returned to its neutral position before next impact occurs. To define the response time of the system, the zero-crossing performance indicator was defined. Zero-crossing time is defined as the time from when the displacement of the seat starts (the suspension being compressed) until it returns and crosses the neutral position, regardless if the suspension stops at the neutral position or continue extending. A correlation was found between the zero-crossing time and the settling time. Both KPIs are dependent on the 𝑃𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 (the proportional part of the PD-control)and what is found is that a short zero-crossing time entail an increased overshoot, that in turn results in a longer settling time due to the seat’s oscillation about the neutral position. The active suspension seat model in this paper can be further developed and evaluated with respect to the performance indicators stated by (European Union, 2002) like VDV, RMS acceleration values etc.Den här rapporten, som är en del av ett examensarbete inom marina system på masternivå, beskriver studien av prestandan för en stol med aktiv stötdämpningsmekanism, avsedd att användas i höghastighetsfartyg med syftet att reducera de vibrationer och stötar som passagerare utsätts för. Krafterna som stolen utsätts för är en följd av de kraftiga stötar somuppstår när båten färdas i höga hastigheter och studsar på vattenytan. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien är att utreda om en stol med aktiv dämpning kan reducera vibrationer och stötar i högre utsträckning jämfört med en motsvarande stol med passiv dämpning. Den aktiva stolens rörelse kontrolleras med hjälp av ett ställdon som i sin tur styrs av en så kallad PD-kontroller. För modellering samt simulering av stolens beteende används Mathworks mjukvaruprogram Simulink. Rapporten beskriver hur den aktiva dämpningen presterar och beter sig när systemet utsättsför en kraftig stöt. Detta jämförs sedan med den passiva dämpningens prestanda. Resultatenvisar att accelerationen för det aktiva systemet är cirka 30 % lägre jämfört med det passivasystemet. Denna prestation är på bekostnad av en längre slaglängd för stolen, som för det aktiva systemet är ca 34 mm jämfört med 30 mm för det passiva systemet. För detta krävs att ställdonet kan leverera en kraft på cirka 900 N och har en responstid på cirka 15 ms. Studien visar att fyra parametrar är av intresse för att bedöma systemets prestation när det utsätts för en stöt. Dessa är stolens acceleration, stolsitsens maximala slaglängd i förhållandetill stolens bas, tiden det tar för stolen att återgå till dess jämviktsläge samt tiden det tar förstolen att återgå eller passera jämviktsläget efter att det har utsatts för en stöt. Stolensacceleration är direkt proportionerlig mot kraften som passageraren utsätts för. Därför är det accelerationen som behöver reduceras för att minska risken för skador. Slaglängden behövervara så liten som möjligt för att undvika att dämpningsmekanismen bottnar, vilket skulle medföra risk för skada på både utrustningen och passagerare. Förhållandena där höghastighetsfartyg opererar medför ofta att skrovet utsätts för serier av stötar, vilket medför att stolens förflyttning (slaglängd) från neutralläget riskerar att ackumuleras över tid om tiden det tar för stolen att returnera till neutralläget är för lång. Tiden det tar för stolen att återgå eller passera jämviktsläget, efter att ha börjat flytta sig från jämviktsläget, definierades som en nyckelparameter för att bestämma hur snabbt systemet reagerar. Det visar sig finnas enkorrelation mellan responstiden och tiden som det tar för stolen att helt återgå tilljämviktsläget. Båda egenskaperna är beroende av den proportionella parametern 𝑃𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛, som är den proportionella delen av PD-kontrollern. Denna parametern kan ökas för att minskaresponstiden och det har till följd att stolens överslag ökar, vilket medför att stolen oscillerar kring jämviktsläget efter en stöt. Modellen av det aktiva systemet i den här rapporten kan användas för vidare utvärdering, med avseende på de prestandaindikatorer som beslutats av (European Union, 2002), såsom VDV-värden och RMS-accelerationer etc.
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Guizzardi, Righetti Giampaolo. "« Non erit innocens malus ». À la recherche de la justice sur les Crimes maritimes de portée internationale. Une histoire de dichotomies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ0008.
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Cette thèse porte sur les dualités ou les dichotomies. En particulier, elle étudie les relations entre deux types de dichotomies, la dichotomie entre les crimes internationaux et transnationaux et la dualité entre la terre et la mer en tant qu'espaces géographiques et juridictionnels, pour tenter de répondre à la question de savoir qui exerce ou devrait exercer son jus puniendi en cas de crimes maritimes d'intérêt internationalThis dissertation is about dualities or dichotomies. In particular it investigates the interrelationships between two couple of dichotomies, the dichotomy between international and transnational crimes and the duality of land and sea as geographical and jurisdictional spaces in the attempt to answer the question of who does or should exercise its jus puniendi in case of maritime crimes of international concern
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Chilla, Martin. "High-pressure turbine rim seal aerodynamics and design." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648552.
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Alenezi, Abdulrahman. "Heat removal in high pressure turbine seal segments." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2017. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12318.
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An important parameter for turbomachinery designers is “clearance control”, because the clearances between interfaces must be set to optimum values to maximize power output, operational life and efficiency. Leakage of hot gas result- ing from excessive clearance, can lead to flow instabilities, components overheat- ing, lower cycle efficiency and a dramatic increase in specific fuel consumption (SFC). Seal segments are used to reduce blade tip leakage, maintain coolant air flow and the stability of rotor-dynamic systems, helping to maximize blade perfor- mance. Seal segments in the High-Pressure Turbine (HPT) stages are one of the hottest components as they face the hot gases coming from the combustion chamber with temperatures which can reach 1700 0 C and which makes them sub- ject to oxidation, erosion, and creep. Thus, seal segments need to be protected. They are currently cooled using jet impingement techniques, passing cooling air (supplied by the high-pressure stage of the compressor) through channels to di- rectly impinge on the hot surfaces. The focus of this research was to improve the jet impingement cooling of the seal segments in HPTs by investigating methods that provide more effective heat removal. The role played by configurations of ribs (surface roughness using be- spoke turbulators), custom-made seal-segments, and surface features such as contouring, both in isolation and combination, were investigated using numerical methods. A set of 174 simulations were carried including the use of uniform and non-uniform roughness elements with different shapes and heights. Firstly, three different uniform roughness elements were tested, a square cross-sectional continuous rib, a hemi-spherical pin-fin and a cubical pin-fin for three jet impingement angles of α=90°, 60° and 45°. Each roughness element was also tested for six different heights (e) between 0.25 mm and 1.5 mm in increments of 0.25 mm. Results are presented in the form of average Nusselt number within and beyond the stagnation region. Secondly, the effect of using a roughness element with a square cross section in the shape of a circle, on the average Nu was investigated for four different radial locations (R), three jet angles (α) and six rib heights (e). Finally, the roughness element used was continuous, of square cross-sec- tion, in the shape of tear drops and reversed tear drops. This meant the rib did not act as a total barrier to flow in either the uphill or downhill direction.
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Parihar, Shailendra S. "High Temperature Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1172490697.
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Tuttle, Neil. "Seat Position and Contours for High School Chairs." Thesis, Griffith University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365318.
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School chairs present several particular design difficulties. The need for low cost and durability dictate the use of a firm, non-adjustable chair. The design of a chair to provide the best fit for a population is not simply a matter of fitting the average size person from the population. The appropriate dimensions of a chair to provide the best fit for a population can be determined by ensuring that 'the smallest can fit and the largest can reach.' Just as the anthropometric dimension of an average size person is not necessarily the appropriate dimension to use for determining a dimension of a chair for that population, so too the angles and contours suitable for an average size person are not necessarily the most suitable for the population as a whole. Unfortunately clear principles that enable fitting the dimensions of a chair to a population do not appear to exist for fitting the angles and contours of a chair to a population, particularly a school population.
An understanding of the mechanics of sitting is a prerequisite to addressing the question of fitting a chair to a population. Chapter 2 presents a qualitative discussion of the mechanics of the interaction between a chair and its occupant. In addition to the commonly considered chair design features such as the heights and angles of the seat and backrest the contour of the seat is also shown to be an important element in the overall functioning of a chair.
The purpose of the experiments described in Chapter 3 are to determine the appropriate seat position for the largest size school chair in Australian schools. An experimental chair was constructed with the height of the front of the seat, seat depth, and seat width as described by Sebel Furniture (1995) and Australian Standards (1995). The experiments in Chapter 3 consisted of two groups of 16 Year 11 students adjusting the rear seat height (seat angle) on an experimental chair to their preferred height. The first group adjusted the rear seat height during a simulated classroom activity while sitting at a desk as used in their usual classroom. As the results from this group suggested that the desk height could have influenced the preferred rear seat height a second group adjusted the rear seat height for a brief adjustment period while sitting at three different desk heights. The results indicate that there were no significant differences between the long and short adjustment periods and that the seat angle corresponding to the preferred rear seat height was between -1.1 to + 2.7 degrees. The preferred rear seat height of students exhibited a negative correlation with their popliteal height and a positive correlation with the height of the desk being used at the time. In other words students with a higher popliteal height preferred a lower rear seat height and when a higher desk was used, the students preferred a higher rear seat height.
In Chapter 4 a second experimental chair with a purpose built contour measuring device (bumograph) mounted in place of the seat was used to measure seated buttock contours. The position of the bumograph corresponded with the seat position determined in Chapter 3. The buttock contours of 16 Year 11 students were measured while sitting on the experimental chair in a range of postures used in the school setting. One anterior-posterior (AP) and one lateral profile were extracted from the measured contours and six dimensions from these profiles were analysed for common features and systematic variations related to posture, mass, or gender which may assist in the design of future school chair seats. The data showed consistent patterns in the general shape of both the AP and lateral profiles. Five out of the six profile dimensions were significantly different for males and females. In contrast only one dimension for one pair of postures demonstrated significant differences.
A synthesis of the theoretical and experimental work from Chapters 2-4 is presented in Chapter 5. Particular attention is given to how the findings of the present studies may be applied to future research and to school chair design.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science
Griffith Health
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Ekström, Victor. "Semi-active suspension seats in High speed crafts." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-265586.
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The working environment of a high-speed-craft (HSC) can be uncomfortable and hazardous for the crew and passengers on board. This due to the repeated exposure to high levels of vibration and shocks, that can lead to reduced performance and severe injuries to the back and neck. The most common method to reduce the vibration and shock exposure (to the crew) has been to install passive suspension seats. The passive suspension seats have proved to reduce the vibration and shock exposure to the crew aboard HSC’s, by the measures presented in the international standards SS-ISO 2631-5 and SS-ISO 2631-1. The applicability of these measures towards HSC has been debated for a long time, especially the limit values presented in them for maximum vibration and shock exposure. Also, the limit values that are set are often quickly exceeded despite the use of passive suspension seats. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the possible improvement of reduction of vibrations and shocks by the use of some sort of actively controlled suspension, and to identify what measures are best suited for comparing passive suspension seats with actively controlled suspension seats. A study is conducted where several different measures are evaluated. The measures aim at capturing vibrations and shock aboard HSC’s, the effect they have on the human body from long time exposure and immediate exposure. A semi-active suspension system is chosen as the most suitable suspension system and is compared to a passive system by using several measures that are best suited for evaluating the risks of injuries associated with shocks and vibrations. The semi-active suspension is simulated using Matlab Simulink, where the control method of continuous skyhook control is used for achieving the most efficient damping. Different mechanical set ups for semi-active damping is investigated in order to obtain limitations for the simulation program. The simulation program has seat base acceleration data as the input, and the seat acceleration, that migrate to the human body, as the output. The seat acceleration data of the semi-active seat is compared to recorded and simulated seat acceleration data of passive seats. The result of the comparison is evaluated with the measures presented in ISO 2631-1, ISO 2631-5, BS 1987, and measures that are currently under development. The results show that a semi-active system is more superior than a passive system, but at the cost of a higher travelling distance.Arbetsmiljön hos ett höghastighetsfartyg (HSC) kan vara obekväm och farlig för besättningen och passagerarna ombord. Detta beror på den upprepade exponeringen för höga vibrationer och stötar som kan leda till minskad prestanda och kraftiga skador hos rygg och nacke. Den vanligaste metoden för att minska vibration och stöt exponering för besättningen har varit att installera passiva stötdämpande stolar. De passiva stötdämpande stolarna har visat att de minskar vibrations och stötexponeringen för besättningen ombord på HSC, enligt de mätningsmetoder som presenteras i de internationella standarderna SS-ISO 2631-5 och SS-ISO 2631-1. Användbarheten av dessa mätmetoder mot HSC har diskuterats under lång tid, särskilt de gränsvärden som presenteras för den maximala vibration och stötexponering. Gränsvärdena överskrids ofta snabbt även med användning passiva stötdämpande stolar. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka en möjlig förbättrad reducering av vibrationer och stötar genom användning av någon form av aktivt kontrollerade stötdämpande stolar och bestämma vilka mätmetoder som är bäst lämpade för att jämföra passiva stötdämpande stolar med aktivt kontrollerade stötdämpande stolar. En studie genomförs där flera olika mätningsmetoder utvärderas. Mätningsmetoderna syftar till att fånga accelerationerna ombord på HSC och effekten på människokroppen till följd av långvarig exponering och omedelbar exponering av vibrationer och stötar. Ett semi-aktivt fjädringssystem väljs som det mest lämpliga fjädringssystemet och jämförs med ett passivt system genom att använda flera mätmetoder som är bäst lämpade för att utvärdera riskerna för skador i samband med stötar och vibrationer. De semi-aktiva stötdämpande stolarna simuleras med Matlab Simulink där kontrollmetoden Skyhook kontroll används för att uppnå den mest effektiva dämpningen. Olika tekniker för halvaktiv dämpning undersöks för att få begränsningar för simuleringsprogrammet. Simuleringsprogrammet har accelerationssignaler som inmatning och de reducerade vibrationerna som utmatning, vilket jämfördes med uppmätta och simulerade data för passiva stötdämpande stolar. Resultatet utvärderas med användning av flera mätvärden presenterade i ISO 2631-1, ISO 2631-5 och mätvärden som är under utveckling. Resultaten visar att det semi-aktiva systemet är mer effektivt än ett passivt system, men till kostnad av att stolen förflyttar sig mera under sjögång.
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Ricard, Pascale. "La conservation de la biodiversité dans les zones maritimes internationales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D065.
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Le régime juridique relatif à la conservation de la biodiversité dans les zones maritimes internationales est actuellement au cœur des discussions entre États au sein des Nations Unies. En effet, la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, véritable «Constitution des océans», ne permet pas d’assurer une conservation effective de la biodiversité dans la Zone et en haute mer. En 1982, lorsqu’elle a été adoptée, la notion de «biodiversité» n’existait pas encore, la Convention s’y référant alors uniquement de manière indirecte. Certaines ressources comme les ressources génétiques marines ne sont ainsi pas couvertes par la Convention, de même que certaines activités, ou outils de protection tels que les aires marines protégées. De plus, la division des océans en différentes zones aux régimes juridiques distincts et fragmentés ne permet pas aux États de mettre en œuvre leurs obligations conventionnelles de manière efficace. L’adoption d’un nouvel accord de mise en œuvre de la Convention dans le cadre des Nations Unies pourrait permettre, dans une certaine mesure, de pallier ces diverses insuffisances. Cependant, l’issue des négociations reste encore incertaine. Finalement, il conviendra d’observer que seule une approche plus globale, fondée sur la reconnaissance de l’existence d’une obligation générale de conservation de la biodiversité dans les zones maritimes internationales, pourrait permettre de dépasser les limites inhérentes à une approche exclusivement spatiale de la conservation de la biodiversité dans des espaces communs à tous les États, aux régimes distincts voire opposésMarine biodiversity conservation beyond national jurisdiction is currently subject of discussions in the United Nations. Indeed, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the «Constitution of the Oceans», is not sufficient to protect marine biodiversity efficiently, in the high seas and the Area. In 1982, the word «biodiversity» did not exist yet, so the Convention only refers to marine pollution or biological resources conservation or management. Some resources, as marine genetic resources, are not covered by the Convention, as well as certain activities or conservation and management tools like marine protected areas. The division of the oceans in different maritime zones, moreover, with distinct and fragmented legal regimes, does not allow States to accomplish their conventional obligations dealing with biodiversity conservation. The adoption of a new implementing agreement related to the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea and dealing with marine biodiversity conservation and sustainable use beyond national jurisdiction would clearly improve the cur-rent regime. However, such an agreement could turn not being enough toward this objective, and the achievement of the process of negotiation remains uncertain. Finally, it appears necessary to build a more global approach, resting on the identification of an international general obligation of conservation of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. Such a global approach helps to overcome the limits of the actual regime of conservation, which is centered on a spatial approach of marine biodiversity conservation in common spaces, having opposed legal regimes
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Waite, Jason S. "The application of brush seals to steam turbine generators." Thesis, Northumbria University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367419.
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Liam, Christopher Charles. "Testing and Modeling of Shock Mitigating Seats for High Speed Craft." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32874.
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This study conducted a series of tests on a shock mitigating seat designed for high speed craft using various input excitations to better understand the relationship between various seat and operational conditions, and the response of the seat. A seat model of the test seat is used for a parametric study of various spring, damping and operational configurations.
A seat shake rig is implemented to simulate motions of multiple high-speed craft as well as various defined inputs. At each test input the occupant weight and suspension preload is varied and the response is analyzed to find changes in acceleration, which is representative of the changes in force and displacement. By representing the seat as a based-excitation two-degree-of-freedom system, we develop the equations of motion and model them in Simulink to analyze the effects of various spring rates and damping coefficients.
Based on the results it is found that an increase in occupant mass results in a decrease in observed acceleration. Increasing suspension preload is found to be detrimental to the mitigating abilities of the seat, changing the dynamics to those similar of a rigid-mounted seat. An analysis of the defined inputs resulted in confirming various seat characteristics. The analysis of the Simulink model revealed that increasing the spring rate results in an increase in acceleration. An increase in damping coefficient resulted in an increase in acceleration and ride harshness.Master of Science
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Suthar, B. S. "Numerical modelling of the high speed resistance seam welding process." Thesis, Swansea University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639138.
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High Speed Resistance Welding (HSRW) is a high-volume manufacturing route for the production of welded steel cans. Full optimisation of such a process requires a scientific understanding of the relationships between process variables and thermal effects occurring in the weld zone and heat affected zone. This body of work describes the development of a predictive electro-thermal FE computer model to provide a more profound understanding of the HSRW process. The model has been used to investigate the thermal effects of welding speed and A.C. frequency on the macro-scale evolution of the nuggets developed during welding. Factors affecting weld quality and previous attempts to model the process are highlighted and the evolution of the model is described in detail determining the unsuitability of finite difference to the final Windows based user friendly interface for the validated finite element model. The model formulation and generated results are described and a novel method of using Re-melted Tin Zone measurements for validation is presented.
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Bullock, Arthur. "Fundamental concepts associated with hydraulic seals for high bandwidth actuation." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.524117.
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This thesis is concerned with issues relating to the development of an active sealing system for hydraulic actuators where the sealing elements can be radially extended and retracted to vary the friction and leakage characteristics. In order to determine the feasibility of the active sealing concept it is necessary to establish that varying the seal geometry may achieve useful improvements in the friction-leakage trade-off and that a practical method of achieving this seal extension can be realised. Experimental and simulation approaches for seal friction prediction have been developed and active seal prototypes produced to demonstrate the concept. Experiments were carried out to measure the constant velocity friction for single-lip and double-lip seals over a range of sliding speeds and sealed pressures with special consideration applied to the instroke-outstroke direction dependence. Additional experiments were performed with sinusoid motion to provide an indication of the transient friction characteristics. Friction was shown to increase towards the end of the outstroke cycle and decrease once the instroke motion began.
Tribology simulations were produced based on the results of a FEA simulation of the rod-seal contact pressure. Empirical friction-load relationships and novel contact mechanics approaches for high loads were considered. Simulations based on the Reynolds equation including standard inverse EHL theory and the GW-average Reynolds lubrication are also presented. Experimental agreement could be improved if loading is assumed to transfer to the fluid to maintain a fluid film. A hysteresis friction model was also developed in attempt to improve the prediction of speed dependent friction.
Two active seal prototypes were produced, each with an adjustable external pressure supplied to the outer circumference of the sealing element. Constant velocity friction measurements for different external pressures and the transient response following step changes in this pressure are presented.
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Gomes, Themis de Brito Abagge e. Varella. "High-altitude operations for a typical 70 - seat-regional jet." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2005. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=687.
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Civil aircraft manufactures seek profitable subsonic transport category operations above 40.000 feet through new and advanced civil aircraft projects, in order to meet with modern airline needs. This is due to the increase of air traffic below this altitude, as well as lower operational cost, and more efficient engines above this altitude. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), responsible for certification of aeronautical products in the United States has adapted requirement 14 CFR 25.841(a) for high-altitude operations, based on the numerous executive jets that operate at altitude above 40.000 feet and have obtained their type cetificate based on special conditions1. Although the FAA is considering revising this regulation, there is not enough physiological substantiation to do so at this time. This way, aircraft with wing-mounted engines cannot fully comply with this requirement and petition for a exemption which is always required. A trade-off analysis of a typical 70-seater regional jet, with wing-mounted engines, for high altitude operation trends has been completed. Aspects such as operational and economical advantages, certification and compliance impacts were considered.
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Barnes, Jonathan James. "The performance of high speed reciprocating polymer seals in water." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18302.
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Bibliography: pages 93-94.The elastohydrodynamic lubrication of polymeric piston seals in a water powered rockdrill has been modelled in this thesis. Current seal designs, consist of an Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) ring, energised to remain in contact with the reciprocating piston, using a nitrile rubber o-ring. The design of the seals is such that they do not facilitate the formation of a lubricating film, and the high contact stresses at the seal face due to the seal pressure cause excessive wear of the seals. The elastohydrodynamic model is based on a numerical algorithm in which the elasticity equations for the seal deflection and the one dimensional lubrication equation have been solved simultaneously. The polymeric ring has been simplified due to its axisymmetry, and modelled in cross section as an elastic beam resting on a spring base, while the deformation of the o-ring has been considered independently since the moduli of the two materials differs by nearly two orders of magnitude. The o-ring was modelled using the non-linear Mooney-Rivlin constitutive equation implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS. With this model, the contact stresses existing between the o-ring and the back of the polymer seal have been determined for a range of o-ring squeezes and rubber hardnesses. The resultant lubrication and o-ring forces acting on the rectangular polymer seal have been used in a finite difference formulation of the seal (or beam on a spring base) to determine the seal deflection above the piston.
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Steinetz, Bruce Michael. "Evaluation of an innovative high-temperature ceramic wafer seal for hypersonic engine applications." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1055533299.
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Salem, Khlifi. "Analysis of tilting-pad oil seals for high pressure centrifugal compressors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45937.
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Oil ring seals are one major source of instability in high pressure centrifugal compressors. This thesis presents a method for analysis of an improved seal concept that has been used in very high pressure designs (900 PSI). The improved design uses a combination of ring seals and tilting pad bearing elements. The stable tilting pad is used to center the heavily grooved seal element. The eight stiffness and damping coeflicients which represent the hydrodynamic forces between the journal and the seal assembly are computed by an automated computer code for evaluation of both the standard ring seal and the tilting pad elements. Both synchronous and nonsynchronous steady state characteristics have been included in the analysis. The nonsynchronous whirl of the rotor and its effects on the stiffness and damping coefiicients of a 5 tilting pad seal have been given in the form of design curves. The effect of pad inertia which has been neglected in many bearing analysis codes has been incorporated in this seal analysis, and allowed the determination of the exact cross coupling stiffness and damping coefficients.
Master of Science
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Lee, Sang Soo. "Soil surface-seal measurement using high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT)." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4507.
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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 24, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wang, Wenbo. "Failure Analysis of High Nickel Alloy Steel Seal Ring Used in Turbomachinery." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6635.
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The system of upper high nickel alloying steel seal ring and lower high nickel alloying steel seal ring, installed in the grooves of turbine, can extend out and fit with the wall of valve cage, resulting in forming a good seal under the pressure. In the project, the failure steel seal ring is considered. This situation had threatened the safety of the whole steam turbine system. The purpose of this study is to identify the failure cause of the steel seal ring used in nuclear steam turbines. New high nickel steel alloy seal ring was compared with the failed seal ring. The dimensions of macroscopic ring with clearly plastic deformation were measured using calipers. Surface morphology of ring was observed by optical microscopy through metallographic analysis. There is a lot of precipitation in the grain boundaries of used seal ring, along with smaller grain size than the new seal ring. To explore the composition of precipitation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used. The results indicated that the concentration of titanium (Ti) and molybdenum (Mo) was higher in the precipitation of used seal ring. At the same time, the hardness and elastic modulus of used seal ring were reduced, measured by nanoindentation test. In-situ SEM tensile testing were used to record and analyze the generation of crack source and crack development under applied load. The reasons of the seal ring failure can be answered because of these experimental results at both macroscopic and microscopic scales.
The main reason of the seal ring failure is a combination of long-term stress and elevated temperature during turbine operation. Complex work environment caused recrystallization and recovery, resulting in grain refinement and secondary phase precipitation. Further embodiment, recrystallization and recovery caused the elastic modulus and hardness of used seal ring decrease. Moreover, a lot of secondary phase precipitates appeared at grain boundaries during use. The appearance of secondary phase precipitates become the weakest part of used seal ring. The applied load lead to seal ring failure from the formation of microvoids to microvoids aggregated becoming microcracks until to the appearance of cracks at macroscopic scale. These changes of microscopic structure ultimately reflected in critical plastic deformation of used seal ring.
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Ashraf, Syeda Nishat. "Applicability of coagulation technologies for high-turbidity coal seam gas water treatment." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127500/1/Syeda_Ashraf_Thesis.pdf.
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This project developed new strategies to facilitate reuse of water from the coal seam gas (CSG) industry. Both chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation were examined for their ability to protect downstream reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems from detrimental fouling and scaling. Electrocoagulation in particular was highly effective at removing dissolved silicates, alkaline earth ions and suspended solids; thus RO operation was expected to be improved. In addition the purification of resultant brine was demonstrated, thus potentially enabling the recovery of salt as a product. It was recommended to scale-up electrocoagulation testing to pilot plant.
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Jerrett, Rhodri Mathieu. "Coal seams as high-resolution records of base-level change in terrestrial environments." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539576.
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Fortunato, Francesca <1990>. "High-dimensional and one-class classification." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8412/1/ThesisMain.pdf.
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When dealing with high-dimensional data and, in particular, when the number of attributes p is large comparatively to the sample size n, several classification methods cannot be applied. Fisher's linear discriminant rule or the quadratic discriminant one are unfeasible, as the inverse of the involved covariance matrices cannot be computed. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on Random Projections (RPs), which have emerged as a powerful method for dimensionality reduction. In 2017, Cannings and Samworth introduced the RP method in the ensemble context to extend to the high-dimensional domain classification methods originally designed for low-dimensional data. Although the RP ensemble classifier allows improving classification accuracy, it may still include redundant information. Moreover, differently from other ensemble classifiers (e.g. Random Forest), it does not provide any insight on the actual classification importance of the input features. To account for these aspects, in the first part of this thesis, we investigate two new directions of the RP ensemble classifier. Firstly, combining the original idea of using the Multiplicative Binomial distribution as the reference model to describe and predict the ensemble accuracy and an important result on such distribution, we introduce a stepwise strategy for post-pruning (called Ensemble Selection Algorithm). Secondly, we propose a criterion (called Variable Importance in Projection) that uses the feature coefficients in the best discriminant projections to measure the variable importance in classification. In the second part, we faced the new challenges posed by the high-dimensional data in a recently emerging classification context: one-class classification. This is a special classification task, where only one class is fully known (the target class), while the information on the others is completely missing. In particular, we address this task by using Gini's transvariation probability as a measure of typicality, aimed at identifying the best boundary around the target class.
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Casabianca, Davide. "High-pressure/high temperature hydrocarbon plays : a rock mechanics approach for seal capacity evaluation from North Sea case studies." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407815.
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Thomas, Austen Clause. "Diet analysis of Pacific harbour seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) using high-throughput DNA sequencing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54899.
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Harbour seals have long been perceived to compete with fisheries for economically valuable fish resources in the Pacific Northwest, but assessing the amounts of fish consumed by seals requires estimates of harbour seal diets. Unfortunately, traditional diet analysis techniques cannot provide the necessary information to estimate the species, life stage, and biomass of key prey (e.g. salmonids) consumed by seals. I therefore developed a new harbour seal diet analysis methodology, using scat DNA metabarcoding and prey hard-part analysis to create refined estimates of salmon in harbour seal diet. I also sought to understand the quantitative potential of DNA metabarcoding diet analysis (i.e. the relationship between prey biomass proportions and DNA sequence percentages produced by high-throughput amplicon sequencing of seal scat DNA). Analysis of faecal samples (scats) from captive harbour seals fed a constant diet indicated that a wide range of factors influence the numbers of prey sequences resulting from scat amplicon sequencing. These biases ranged from preferential amplification of certain prey species DNA, to sequence quality filtering—in addition to interactions between the various biases. I was able to apply correction factors derived from tissue mixtures of the species fed to captive seals that improved prey biomass estimates from DNA, and found that the lipid content of prey fish species perfectly predicted the magnitude of bias resulting from differential prey digestion. My results suggest that highly accurate pinniped prey biomass estimates can be attained by applying two stages of corrections to prey DNA sequence counts. However applying these corrections to the scats of wild seals is challenging, and requires a complete prey tissue mix library to create species-specific correction factors for all prey. While I established an approach that could be applied to wild seals, a thorough statistical evaluation and follow-up feeding studies are needed to determine if the additional effort is justified for population level diet estimates. Lastly, I developed a decision tree approach for merging salmon DNA and hardparts data from seal scats to determine the species and life stages of salmon consumed by seals in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia.Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate