Journal articles: 'High-pressure electrolysis'

1

Ganley, Jason C. "High temperature and pressure alkaline electrolysis." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34, no. 9 (May 2009): 3604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.083.

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Hancke, Ragnhild, Piotr Bujlo, Thomas Holm, and Øystein Ulleberg. "High-Pressure PEMWE Stack and System Characterization." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391748mtgabs.

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As the urgency to decarbonize the industry and transport sector intensifies, renewable energy-based hydrogen production via advanced low temperature water electrolysis is attracting increased interest. Proton exchange membrane water electrolysers (PEMWE) offer several benefits over the more mature alkaline water electrolysis technology, including its load-following capability and the ability to operate at higher pressures. The latter is important because significant benefits can be harvested by adopting systems operating at pressure-levels compatible with the end use applications and thereby render the mechanical compressor redundant. At IFE we have developed a methodology which encompasses detailed energy- and techno-economic calculations of high-pressure systems, and a comparison between high-pressure electrolysis and state-of-the-art electrolysis at 30 bar in combination with a compressor has been carried out. Here, direct pressurization to 80 and 200 bar (relevant for, e.g., methanol and ammonia production) was found to be economically viable. To realize high-pressure H2 generation systems, many challenges related to system operability, efficiency and safety needs to be addressed. As part of the national infrastructure “The Norwegian Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Centre”, Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) has installed a flexible PEM water electrolyzer system platform for testing of small-scale prototype electrolyzers up to 33 kW and 200 bar differential pressure. The test rig is integrated with a sophisticated power conditioning system which consists of three custom-built DC/DC-converters (for PEMWE, PEMFC, and Li-ion battery systems), all coupled to the same DC-bus. This configuration makes it possible to test different hybrid electric topologies and to emulate different loads (e.g., grid load profiles, wind generation). This one-of-a-kind high-pressure PEMWE test facility at IFE is well suited to study performances of next-generation PEMWE stacks and systems, and to tailor and test control strategies that safeguards the system and maximizes efficiency and durability The test rig has been commissioned with a prototype high-pressure stack with a production capacity of 2 Nm3/h (Nel Hydrogen), and the identified economically viable pressure range of 80-200 bar has been the main target for an experimental test campaign. The experimental results are presented from stack testing including polarization curves and EIS data as a function of temperature, pressure and current density. The results are discussed in relation to the techno-economic model, in order to identify pathways towards more efficient hydrogen production. Figure 1

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Todd, Devin, Maximilian Schwager, and Walter Mérida. "Thermodynamics of high-temperature, high-pressure water electrolysis." Journal of Power Sources 269 (December 2014): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.144.

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Kyakuno, Takahiro, Kikuo Hattori, Kohei Ito, and Kazuo Onda. "Prediction of Production Power for High-pressure Hydrogen by High-pressure Water Electrolysis." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 124, no. 4 (2004): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.124.605.

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Onda, Kazuo, Takahiro Kyakuno, Kikuo Hattori, and Kohei Ito. "Prediction of production power for high-pressure hydrogen by high-pressure water electrolysis." Journal of Power Sources 132, no. 1-2 (May 2004): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.01.046.

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Grigoriev, S. A., A. A. Kalinnikov, P. Millet, V. I. Porembsky, and V. N. Fateev. "Mathematical modeling of high-pressure PEM water electrolysis." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 40, no. 5 (November 21, 2009): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-0031-z.

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7

Schug, C. A. "Operational characteristics of high-pressure, high-efficiency water-hydrogen-electrolysis." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 23, no. 12 (December 1998): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(97)00139-0.

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Solovey, Victor, Mykola Zipunnikov, Andrii Shevchenko, Irina Vorobjova, and Kotenko Kotenko. "Energy Effective Membrane-less Technology for High Pressure Hydrogen Electro-chemical Generation." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2018): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv6i1p151-156.

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Water electrolysis process for hydrogen generation is widely used in various branches of industry. But it has disadvantages like important energy consumption and utilization of separate membranes, which limit the generated gases pressure. This article describes the hydrogen and oxygen generation technology excluding the separating ion-exchange membranes and providing high gases pressure due to applying the variable valence metal chemically active electrodes as well as due to separating in time and space the electrolytic processes of water decomposition for gases liberation. The electrolyzer based on this technology surpasses all of the known analogues by the level of technical decisions, simplicity of mounting and servicing, reliability and safety.

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Borsboom-Hanson, Tory, Thomas Holm, and Walter Merida. "The Economics of High Temperature and Supercritical Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391742mtgabs.

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The growth of green energy in recent decades has resulted in increasing demand for hydrogen production with net-zero carbon emissions. Water electrolysis provides a solution to meet this demand, however it is currently too expensive to be cost competitive with hydrogen production methods of higher carbon intensity. High-temperatures and pressures can be leveraged to increase the energy efficiency of water electrolysis through kinetics and thermodynamic benefits, thereby reducing the overall cost of green hydrogen [1]. Additionally, performing water electrolysis directly at high pressures can help to avoid the added cost associated with gaseous hydrogen compression. Little is known about the electrolysis of supercritical water and what benefits it might offer in terms of hydrogen cost reduction [2,3]. In this work, experimental data was collected for supercritical water electrolysis and used to build an electrochemical model suitable for use under those conditions. The results of this model, combined with components of a previously published technoeconomic model for a high-temperature and pressure water electrolysis plant [4], indicate that while supercritical water electrolysis is achievable it is not the most economically efficient choice for hydrogen production. High-temperature and pressure water electrolysis performed under optimal conditions can be used to achieve higher economic efficiency when compared with contemporary water electrolysis solutions. Finally, a thorough optimization of the model presents a grim picture for achieving the US Department of Energy’s $2 kgH2 -1 target through water electrolysis without government subsidy. References: [1] D. Todd, M. Schwager, W. Mérida, Thermodynamics of high-temperature, high-pressure water electrolysis, J. Power Sources. 269 (2014) 424–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.144. [2] H. Boll, E.. Franck, H. Weingärtner, Electrolysis of supercritical aqueous solutions at temperatures up to 800K and pressures up to 400MPa, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 35 (2003) 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9614(02)00236-7. [3] P.C. Ho, D.A. Palmer, Determination of ion association in dilute aqueous potassium chloride and potassium hydroxide solutions to 600°C and 300 MPa by electrical conductance measurements, J. Chem. Eng. Data. 43 (1998) 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1021/je970198b. [4] T. Holm, T. Borsboom-Hanson, O.E. Herrera, W. Mérida, Hydrogen costs from water electrolysis at high temperature and pressure, Energy Convers. Manag. 237 (2021) 114106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114106. Figure 1

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Fletcher, Edward A. "Some Considerations on the Electrolysis of Water from Sodium Hydroxide Solutions." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 123, no. 2 (December 1, 2000): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1351173.

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The unusually high solubilities and thermal coefficients of solubility of the alkali metal hydroxides make them attractive candidates for high-temperature electrolytic processes to produce high-pressure hydrogen. The feasibility of using strong sodium hydroxide (to keep down the saturation pressure of the condensed phase) electrolysis (to facilitate the separation of the hydrogen from oxygen over a liquid phase) at high temperatures (to increase the energy efficiency by substitution of process heat for electric power) and to increase the production rate in a given cell (by increasing the specific conductance of the working fluid) is explored and discussed. Suggestions are made for future research.

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Suermann, Michel, Thomas J. Schmidt, and Felix N. Büchi. "Cell Performance Determining Parameters in High Pressure Water Electrolysis." Electrochimica Acta 211 (September 2016): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.120.

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12

Grigoriev, S. A., V. I. Porembskiy, S. V. Korobtsev, V. N. Fateev, F. Auprêtre, and P. Millet. "High-pressure PEM water electrolysis and corresponding safety issues." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 3 (February 2011): 2721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.03.058.

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13

Koj, Jan Christian, Andrea Schreiber, Petra Zapp, and Pablo Marcuello. "Life Cycle Assessment of Improved High Pressure Alkaline Electrolysis." Energy Procedia 75 (August 2015): 2871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.576.

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14

Lee, Chi-Yuan, Chia-Hung Chen, Guo-Bin Jung, Shih-Chun Li, and Yi-Zhen Zeng. "Internal Microscopic Diagnosis of Accelerated Aging of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Cell Stack." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121078.

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The hydrogen production reaction of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis cell stack is the reverse reaction of the fuel cell, but the water electrolysis operation requires high pressure, and the high pressure decomposes hydrogen molecules, thus aging or causing failure in the water electrolysis cell stack. In addition, there are five important physical parameters (current, voltage, flow, pressure and temperature) inside the water electrolysis cell stack, which can change the performance and shorten the life of the cell stack. However, the present techniques obtain data only by external simulation or single measurement; they cannot collect the internal real data in operation instantly and accurately. This study discusses the causes for aging or failure, and develops an internal real-time microscopic diagnosis tool for accelerated aging of the PEM water electrolysis cell stack. A flexible integrated (current, voltage, flow, pressure and temperature) microsensor applicable to the inside (high voltage and electrochemical environment) of the PEM water electrolysis cell stack is developed by using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology; it is embedded in the PEM water electrolysis cell stack for microscopic diagnosis of accelerated aging, and 100-h durability and reliability tests are performed. The distribution of important physical parameters inside the PEM water electrolysis cell stack can be measured instantly and accurately, so as to adjust it to the optimal operating conditions, and the local aging and failure problems are discussed.

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Holm, Thomas, Tory Borsboom-Hanson, Omar E. Herrera, and Walter Mérida. "Hydrogen costs from water electrolysis at high temperature and pressure." Energy Conversion and Management 237 (June 2021): 114106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114106.

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Schalenbach, Maximilian, and Detlef Stolten. "High-pressure water electrolysis: Electrochemical mitigation of product gas crossover." Electrochimica Acta 156 (February 2015): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.010.

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17

Dong, Xian Shu, Lai Hong Feng, Su Ling Yao, and Dong Fang Niu. "Study on Dewatering of Fine Coal by Combination of Electrolysis and Filtration." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.622.

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With enhanced awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection, more attention has been paid to the high moisture content of the filtration products used in the flotation process as commonly employed in coal preparation plants. In this paper, we choose fine coal (–0.5mm) samples obtained from the Xiqu Coal Preparation Plant in China as our research objective. Tests were performed under three different experimental conditions: direct pressure filtration, electrolysis pressure filtration, and electricity decompression filtration with different electrodes. Thus our aim was the evaluation of the impact of electrodes on the electrolysis-pressure-filtration effect on fine coal dewatering. The results of this study indicate that when the coal slurry concentration is 400g/L, and when the electrode is aluminum-aluminum (90V, 14min), we can achieve the best effect and the lowest moisture content of the filter cake, which is 10%. The electrolysis pressure filter has a high dewatering efficiency, an advanced technical index, requires little power consumption (obviously energy-saving), needs only a small amount of maintenance, and is stable and reliable in operation, Thus the electrolysis pressure filter is the most effective and economical processing equipment for fine coal dewatering and has prospects for broad application.

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Jansonius, Ryan, Marta Moreno, and Benjamin Britton. "High Performance AEM Water Electrolysis with Aemion® Membranes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391723mtgabs.

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By 2030 up to 50% of energy is expected to be carried in the bonds of H2. Global electrolysis capacity must increase from the current 240 MW to an anticipated 300 GW in 2030 and 3500 GW in 2050 to enable this transition. Alkaline and PEM electrolyzers are commercially mature with the currently market share of new installations roughly an equal split between these technologies. However, each of these electrolyzers are associated with challenges – alkaline electrolyzers operate at low current density, and require high concentration electrolytes (30 wt% KOH) to conduct hydroxides through the porous electrode separator (I.e., Zirfon). PEM electrolyzers use a proton conductive membrane to enable high current densities, however, running the reaction in acidic electrolyte requires platinum group catalysts and component coatings that hinder scalability at 2050 targets. AEM water electrolyzers address both of these challenges by pairing anion exchange membrane with alkaline electrolyte to enable high current density operation, at high pressure, without noble metal catalysts. These attributes enable the most cost-effective green hydrogen - bringing the DOE hydrogen shot target of $1/kg within reach. Anion exchange membrane chemistries have previously hindered this type of electrolyzer – AEMs based on quaternary amines, or pendant imidazolium groups chemically degrade in concentrated alkaline electrolyte, and mechanically degrade (from swelling) in low concentration alkaline media. Ionomr’s Aemion+ membranes are based on a sterically-protected polybenzimidazole chemistry and are chemically robust (stable in up to 10 M KOH), and exhibit low swelling to enable operation in low concentration electrolytes. These membranes are an enabling technology for long duration water and CO2 electrolysis. This talk highlights how Ionomr’s Aemion+ membranes enable performance in excess of 1 A/cm2 at 1.8 V with non-PGM catalysts and a variety of configurations, and >4000 hours of durability in continuous operation. Figure 1

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Roy, Robert. "Backwards Runs the Reaction." Mechanical Engineering 130, no. 04 (April 1, 2008): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-apr-3.

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This article describes various electrochemical programs that could enable advanced vehicles to generate critical gases directly from water. Energy storage solutions using water electrolysis and fuel cell systems are being examined for applications ranging from backup power systems and lighter-than-air vehicles to extraterrestrial bases on the moon and Mars. The basic architecture of a regenerative fuel cell energy storage system includes a high-pressure water electrolysis system, a fuel cell, a fluid management and storage system, a thermal management system, and a power management system. For extraterrestrial applications, the system would be used in tandem with a photovoltaic array. Recent studies have focused on oxygen and hydrogen storage pressures of between 1000 and 2000 psi, requiring the development of a high, balanced-pressure water electrolysis cell stack and balance of plant to safely manage these fluids. Fuel cell-powered vehicles hold the promise of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, provided the hydrogen fuel is produced from a renewable energy source, such as a high-pressure water electrolyzer operating from wind, solar, or nuclear power.

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Hourng, L. W., T. T. Tsai, and M. Y. Lin. "The analysis of energy efficiency in water electrolysis under high temperature and high pressure." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 93 (November 2017): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/93/1/012035.

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WASHIDA, Shinya, Masaki HIRANO, Nagao HISATOME, and Katsutoshi SHIMIZU. "Hydrogen production by solid polymer membrane water electrolysis under high-temperature and high-pressure." Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 81, no. 5 (2002): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.81.322.

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Ebuehi, Osaretin N. I., Kingsley Abhulimen, and Daniel O. Adebesin. "Modelling Production of Renewable Energy from Water Splitting High Thermal Electrolysis Processes." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.3.2391.

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Recently, fuel gas from water has become the center of attention because it is a renewable source of energy and eco-friendly. In this study, the hydrogen gas simulated was obtained from the high-temperature water splitting electrolysis model, because it is more efficient than the low-temperature water splitting electrolysis process. It also releases oxygen as a byproduct. The high-temperature electrolysis model is made up of three loops: primary high-temperature helium loop, secondary helium loop, and high-temperature electrolysis loop. Hydrogen gave a temperature of 27.20C, a pressure of 49.5 bars, and a molar flow of 84.02MMSCFD. The hydrogen gas from a high-temperature electrolysis model is simulated with a CO2 gas stream to produce methane and water, also releasing unreacted carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Key parameters such as molar entropy, molar enthalpy, heat flow, and cost flow were evaluated by Aspen HYSYS V8.8. The simulation model used for this work is the Sabatier Process Model. In this model, Continuous stirred tank, Converter, Equilibrium, Gibbs, Plug flow reactors were used to generate methane. The Converter reactor gave the highest yield of methane gas with a mole fraction of 0.2390. Key benchmarks, including temperature, heat flow, cost flow, cost factor were varied to see how they can affect methane gas and other products.

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Ebuehi, Osaretin N. I., Kingsley Abhulimen, and Daniel O. Adebesin. "Modelling Production of Renewable Energy from Water Splitting High Thermal Electrolysis Processes." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.3.2391.

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Recently, fuel gas from water has become the center of attention because it is a renewable source of energy and eco-friendly. In this study, the hydrogen gas simulated was obtained from the high-temperature water splitting electrolysis model, because it is more efficient than the low-temperature water splitting electrolysis process. It also releases oxygen as a byproduct. The high-temperature electrolysis model is made up of three loops: primary high-temperature helium loop, secondary helium loop, and high-temperature electrolysis loop. Hydrogen gave a temperature of 27.20C, a pressure of 49.5 bars, and a molar flow of 84.02MMSCFD. The hydrogen gas from a high-temperature electrolysis model is simulated with a CO2 gas stream to produce methane and water, also releasing unreacted carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Key parameters such as molar entropy, molar enthalpy, heat flow, and cost flow were evaluated by Aspen HYSYS V8.8. The simulation model used for this work is the Sabatier Process Model. In this model, Continuous stirred tank, Converter, Equilibrium, Gibbs, Plug flow reactors were used to generate methane. The Converter reactor gave the highest yield of methane gas with a mole fraction of 0.2390. Key benchmarks, including temperature, heat flow, cost flow, cost factor were varied to see how they can affect methane gas and other products.

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Cacciuttolo, Quentin, Julien Vulliet, Virginie Lair, Michel Cassir, and Armelle Ringuedé. "Effect of pressure on high temperature steam electrolysis: Model and experimental tests." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 35 (September 2015): 11378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.034.

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Suermann, Michel, Alexandra Pătru, Thomas J. Schmidt, and Felix N. Büchi. "High pressure polymer electrolyte water electrolysis: Test bench development and electrochemical analysis." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 17 (April 2017): 12076–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.224.

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Grigoriev, S. A., P. Millet, S. V. Korobtsev, V. I. Porembskiy, M. Pepic, C. Etievant, C. Puyenchet, and V. N. Fateev. "Hydrogen safety aspects related to high-pressure polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34, no. 14 (July 2009): 5986–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.01.047.

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Bernadet, L., J. Laurencin, G. Roux, D. Montinaro, F. Mauvy, and M. Reytier. "Effects of Pressure on High Temperature Steam and Carbon Dioxide Co-electrolysis." Electrochimica Acta 253 (November 2017): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.037.

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Wu, Hao, Fu Bao Li, Qin Li, and Wei Sha. "Design of Impinging Stream-Cavitations and Micro-Electrolysis Reactor and Treatment of High Concentration Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 1994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.1994.

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A micro-electrolysis reactor combined with the technology of impinging stream-cavitations drum was designed. Then it was used in the treatment of high concentration wastewater. Under the conditions of reaction time is 60 min, ratio of iron to carbon is 1 and the pressure of the air compressor is 8Mpa, the COD and chromaticity could remove 95.7% and 85.9% respectively. The biodegradability was improved obviously with 0.55 of BOD5/COD. The determinations of kinetics under the best conditions show that, the mode of COD removal basically conforms to the rule of first order kinetics. The reaction rate in our reactor was faster than only micro-electrolysis or only cavitations obviously. The conjunction of impinging stream-cavitations and micro-electrolysis has good synergism and facilitation.

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Roy, Robert J., John C. Graf, Timothy D. Gallus, Dax L. Rios, Sarah R. Smith, and Greg S. Diderich. "Development Testing of a High Differential Pressure (HDP) Water Electrolysis Cell Stack for the High Pressure Oxygen Generating Assembly (HPOGA)." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 4, no. 1 (July 12, 2009): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2346.

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Gross, Maximilian, Faisal Sedeqi, Diana-María Amaya-Dueñas, Marc P. Heddrich, and S. Asif Ansar. "Characterisation of a 10-Layer SOC Stack Under Pressurised CO₂ Electrolysis Operation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491950mtgabs.

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One promising way of facing recent challenges to slow down the climate crisis or to reduce dependencies on fossil energy sources, e.g. natural gas, is using renewable methane and other e-fuels for storage and distribution via existing infrastructure. Solid oxide cell (SOC) reactors play an important role in the conversion of sustainable electric power into chemicals as they can be obtained from combined steam and CO2 co-electrolysis for syngas production. The pressurised electrolysis operation is a key factor for increasing the system efficiency of PtX-processes, including balance-of-plant (BoP) components, electrochemical reactors and high pressure downstream processes. In general, the yield of CO2 electrochemical reduction at atmospheric and pressurised conditions in high temperature co-electrolysis is still controversially discussed. Previously, several SOC short stacks were thoroughly analysed in pressurised steam- and co-electrolysis operation in a test-rig environment. These experimental results indicate marginal influence of pressure on the performance of electrolyte supported cells (ESC). In contrast, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) suggests that pressurisation of pure CO2 electrolysis significantly reduces the fuel electrode impedance contribution, especially at lower temperatures around 700 °C [1,2]. This work aims to experimentally determine the kinetic behaviour of pure CO2 electrolysis by varying operating conditions like pressure, temperature, reactant conversion and feed gas composition. The investigation of kinetic parameters during these experiments could complement the formerly described research. Furthermore, the kinetic expressions can be used when studying co-electrolysis operation to identify the shares of: (i) the reverse water-gas-shift (rWGS) and (ii) the CO2 electrochemical reduction. Polarisation curves were dynamically recorded and different current densities were evaluated in steady-state operation. Additionally, EIS measurements were performed at open circuit voltage (OCV), as well as under different current densities. The kinetic parameters were estimated by curve-fitting analysis of the experimental results. The resulting expressions will be implemented in the in-house modelling framework, TEMPEST, based on [3,4] with the aim to increase the accuracy of modelling high-temperature CO2 electrolysis and co-electrolysis systems. [1] Riedel, M., Heddrich, M. P., & Friedrich, K. A. (2020). Experimental Analysis of the Co-Electrolysis Operation under Pressurized Conditions with a 10 Layer SOC Stack. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167(2), 024504, DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab6820. [2] Riedel, M. (2020, October 20–23). Experimental analysis of SOE stacks under pressurized co- and CO2 electrolysis operation [Paper presentation]. 14th European SOFC & SOE Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland. [3] Tomberg, M., Santhanam, S., Heddrich, M. P., Ansar, A., & Friedrich, K. A. (2019). Transient Modelling of Solid Oxide Cell Modules and 50 kW Experimental Validation. ECS Transactions, 91(1), 2089, DOI: 10.1149/09101.2089ecst. [4] Srikanth, S., Heddrich, M. P., Gupta, S., & Friedrich, K. A. (2018). Transient reversiblesolid oxide cell reactor operation–Experimentally validated modeling and analysis. Applied Energy, 232, 473-488, DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.186.

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Zhang, Xinrong, Wei Zhang, Weijing Yang, Wen Liu, Fanqi Min, Samuel S. Mao, and Jingying Xie. "Catalyst-coated proton exchange membrane for hydrogen production with high pressure water electrolysis." Applied Physics Letters 119, no. 12 (September 20, 2021): 123903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0060150.

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Solovey, Victor, Nguyen Tien Khiem, Mykola Zipunnikov, and Andrii Shevchenko. "Improvement of the Membrane - less Electrolysis Technology for Hydrogen and Oxygen Generation." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 2 (2018): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv6i2p73-79.

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To provide the most efficient electrolysis process of hydrogen and oxygen generation and the electrode twain design there were studied the following: - The process of high pressure hydrogen and oxygen cyclic generation in the membrane less electrolysis systems. - The permissible ranges of voltage variation on the electrodes were determined depending on the electrochemical reactions taking place on the active electrode. - There was studied the process of hydrolysis and oxidation of the active electrode hypoferrite at the corresponding half-cycles of hydrogen and oxygen release. - There was studied the effect of variation of the distance between the active and passive electrodes onto the electrolysis process efficiency.

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Todd, Devin, Maximilian Schwager, and Walter Mérida. "Corrigendum to “Thermodynamics of high-temperature, high-pressure water electrolysis” [J. Power Sources (2014) 424–429]." Journal of Power Sources 289 (September 2015): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.04.161.

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Rusanov, Andrii, Victor Solovey, Mykola Zipunnikov, and Vitaliy Semikin. "Method for Calculation of the Current Concentration of Alkali in the Electrolyte During the Water Electrolysis Process." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 2 (2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv9i2p27-33.

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The article proposes a method for calculation of the current concentration of alkali in the electrolyte, taking into account the consumption and replenishment of feed water in the electrolyzer, which allows to estimate the specific electrical conductivity of the electrolyte during electrolysis process. This is important to increase the efficiency of the water electrolysis process. The calculated change of the current concentration of alkali in the electrolyte in high-pressure electrolyzers taking into account the volume of produced hydrogen is given. With the usage of the proposed method, it is established that the current concentrations of alkali in the electrolyte during the operation of the developed high-pressure electrolyzers are in the range of optimal concentrations, where the specific electrical conductivity of the electrolyte is close to maximum and changes according to alkali concentration change.

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Zhu, Jian Xin, and Bo Yu. "Electrochemical Performance and Microstructural Characterization of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2506.

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High temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) through solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC), a promising high-efficiency and zero-emission way to large-scale hydrogen production, has been received increasingly international interest. The hydrogen production efficiency of HTSE is more than 50%. In this paper, the electrochemical performance and microstructure change of single button cells operating in both fuel cell (SOFC) and electrolysis modes (SOEC) were studied at 850°C. Also, the degradation mechanisms of hydrogen electrodes were investigated. The results showed that OCV decreased from 0.944 V to 0.819 V when the steam content increased from 20% to 80%. The voltage began to increase rapidly at relatively higher current density for lower steam content because of steam starvation; however, steam starvation did not occur at higher steam content. The ASR data decreased from 1.68 to 0.645Ωcm2 with the increase of steam contents, while steam content had little effect on ASR data in SOFC mode. The polarization loss of the single cell was higher in electrolysis mode than that in fuel cell mode. The microstructure of the hydrogen electrode changed obviously after electrolysis process. Furthermore, the performance degraded at high steam partial pressure due to the oxidation of Ni grains at the interface of hydrogen electrode.

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Alia, Shaun M., Saad Intikhab, Mai-Anh Ha, and Shraboni Ghoshal. "(Invited) Materials Integration, Durability, and Perspectives in Anion Exchange Membrane-Based Low Temperature Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 33 (July 7, 2022): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01331337mtgabs.

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As an energy carrier, hydrogen has unique advantages due to its high energy density, ability for long-term storage, and the ability to convert between chemical bonds and electricity. [1] Although hydrogen currently has a small role in energy pathways, decreasing electricity prices can allow for a significant growth opportunity. Compared to alkaline electrolysis, anion exchange membrane (AEM) systems utilize zero-gap membrane electrode assemblies that improve performance and potentially enable hydrogen compression with back pressure. Compared to proton exchange membrane (PEM) systems, the high pH of AEMs allows for non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) catalysts and component coatings (transport layers, separators) that can reduce system cost and improve long-term durability. This presentation includes on an overview of NREL efforts in AEM electrolysis, and focuses on operation choices, materials integration, and catalysis. In recent years, membrane advancements have enabled higher AEM performance, particularly in supporting electrolytes. [2] Testing has included supported and unsupported (water) feeds, and operational strategies largely depend on the intended market. Efforts have been made to investigate the role supporting electrolytes play in improving AEM performance and assess the viability of AEM as a PEM replacement through water-only feeds and dry-cathode operation. [3,4] Materials integration focuses on strategies for incorporating catalysts and ionomers that have improved water performance and allowed for short-term durability testing. [3] These efforts include coating approaches and processing conditions to rearrange catalyst layers, and detail the complications of developing protocol recommendations with component changes. In catalysis, fundamental studies have improved an understanding of materials requirements in the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, and the impact of ionomer interactions on reactivity. Ab-initio simulations have provided feedback into low- and non-PGM catalyst development studies that improve device-level kinetics. Perspectives in AEM electrolysis will be discussed, and include ongoing needs for component development and durability testing, to separate and accelerate relevant degradation mechanisms. References [1] B. Pivovar, N. Rustagi, S. Satyapal, The Electrochemical Society Interface 2018, 27, 47. [2] G. Bender, H. Dinh, HydroGEN: Low-Temperature Electrolysis (LTE) and LTE/Hybrid Supernode, https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review20/p148a_bender_2020_o.pdf 2020. [3] S. M. Alia, HydroGEN: Low Temperature Electrolysis, https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review21/p148a_alia_2021_p.pdf 2021. [4] S. Ghoshal, B. S. Pivovar, S. M. Alia, J. Power Sources 2021, 488, 229433.

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Esposito, Elisa, Angelo Minotti, Enrica Fontananova, Mariagiulia Longo, Johannnes Carolus Jansen, and Alberto Figoli. "Green H2 Production by Water Electrolysis Using Cation Exchange Membrane: Insights on Activation and Ohmic Polarization Phenomena." Membranes 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010015.

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Low-temperature electrolysis by using polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) can play an important role in hydrogen energy transition. This work presents a study on the performance of a proton exchange membrane in the water electrolysis process at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In the perspective of applications that need a device with small volume and low weight, a miniaturized electrolysis cell with a 36 cm2 active area of PEM over a total surface area of 76 cm2 of the device was used. H2 and O2 production rates, electrical power, energy efficiency, Faradaic efficiency and polarization curves were determined for all experiments. The effects of different parameters such as clamping pressure and materials of the electrodes on polarization phenomena were studied. The PEM used was a catalyst-coated membrane (Ir-Pt-Nafion™ 117 CCM). The maximum H2 production was about 0.02 g min−1 with a current density of 1.1 A cm−2 and a current power about 280 W. Clamping pressure and the type of electrode materials strongly influence the activation and ohmic polarization phenomena. High clamping pressure and electrodes in titanium compared to carbon electrodes improve the cell performance, and this results in lower ohmic and activation resistances.

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Varela-Rodríguez, Sergio, Juan Luis Sánchez-González, José Luis Sánchez-Sánchez, Miguel Delicado-Miralles, Enrique Velasco, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, and Laura Calderón-Díez. "Effects of Percutaneous Electrolysis on Endogenous Pain Modulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study Protocol." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060801.

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Percutaneous electrolysis consists of the application of a galvanic electrical current throughout an acupuncture needle. It has been previously hypothesized that needling procedures’ neurophysiological effects may be related to endogenous pain modulation (EPM). This protocol study describes the design of a double-blind (participant, assessor) randomized controlled trial with the aim to investigate whether percutaneous electrolysis is able to enhance EPM and whether the effect is different between two applications depending on the dosage of the galvanic electrical current. Seventy-two asymptomatic subjects not reporting the presence of pain symptoms the previous 6 months before the study, aged 18–40 years, are randomized into one of four groups: a control group who does not receive any intervention, a needling group who receives a needling intervention without electrical current, a low-intensity percutaneous electrolysis group (0.3 mA × 90 s), and a high-intensity percutaneous electrolysis group (three bouts of 3 mA × 3 s). Needling intervention consists of ultrasound-guided insertion of the needle on the common extensor tendon of the lateral epicondyle. The primary outcome is conditioned pain modulation (CPM), and secondary outcomes include widespread pressure pain sensitivity (pressure pain thresholds (PPT) over the lateral epicondyle, the cervical spine, and the tibialis anterior muscle) and temporal summation (TS). We expected that percutaneous electrolysis would have a greater influence on CPM than an isolated needling procedure and no intervention. In addition, we also postulated that there might be differences in outcome measures depending on the intensity of the electrical current during the percutaneous electrolysis application. This study makes a new contribution to the field of neurophysiological effects of percutaneous electrolysis and needling interventions.

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Stopic, Srecko, and Bernd Friedrich. "Advances in Understanding of the Application of Unit Operations in Metallurgy of Rare Earth Elements." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060978.

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Unit operations (UO) are mostly used in non-ferrous extractive metallurgy (NFEM) and usually separated into three categories: (1) hydrometallurgy (leaching under atmospheric and high pressure conditions, mixing of solution with gas and mechanical parts, neutralization of solution, precipitation and cementation of metals from solution aiming purification, and compound productions during crystallization), (2) pyrometallurgy (roasting, smelting, refining), and (3) electrometallurgy (aqueous electrolysis and molten salt electrolysis). The high demand for critical metals, such as rare earth elements (REE), indium, scandium, and gallium raises the need for an advance in understanding of the UO in NFEM. The aimed metal is first transferred from ores and concentrates to a solution using a selective dissolution (leaching or dry digestion) under an atmospheric pressure below 1 bar at 100 °C in an agitating glass reactor and under a high pressure (40–50 bar) at high temperatures (below 270 °C) in an autoclave and tubular reactor. The purification of the obtained solution was performed using neutralization agents such as sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate or more selective precipitation agents such as sodium carbonate and oxalic acid. The separation of metals is possible using liquid (water solution)/liquid (organic phase) extraction (solvent extraction (SX) in mixer-settler) and solid-liquid filtration in chamber filter-press under pressure until 5 bar. Crystallization is the process by which a metallic compound is converted from a liquid into a crystalline state via a supersaturated solution. The final step is metal production using different methods (aqueous electrolysis for basic metals such as copper, zinc, silver, and molten salt electrolysis for REE and aluminum). Advanced processes, such as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, microwave assisted leaching, and can be combined with reduction processes in order to produce metallic powders. Some preparation for the leaching process is performed via a roasting process in a rotary furnace, where the sulfidic ore was first oxidized in an oxidic form which is a suitable for the metal transfer to water solution. UO in extractive metallurgy of REE can be successfully used not only for the metal wining from primary materials, but also for its recovery from secondary materials.

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Mojtahed, Ali, and Livio De Santoli. "Hybrid Hydrogen production: Application of CO₂ heat pump for the high-temperature water electrolysis process." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012053.

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Abstract Hydrogen is considered an energy vector which ensures a pivotal role in the energy market in near future. As a subsequent, the need to provoke novel technologies and investigate the potential layouts rising from hybridization remains on the shoulder of research literature., The current work investigates the potential role of the supercritical CO2 heat pump to contribute to hydrogen production inside a hybrid energy system. The case study is a generic biogas power plant characterized by the combination of diverse hydrogen production technologies such as water electrolysis and the reforming process. Water electrolysis takes place through high (SOEC) and low-temperature(AEC) The role of the heat pump unit is defined to operate between these two technologies to recover heat losses and transfer them to high-temperature electrolysis. The performance of the CO2 cycle in the presented hybrid energy system is simulated via MATLAB SIMULINK and the effective indicators to improve its performance have been carried out.In the end, the result of the simulation shows a production rate of 19.27 kgH2/h. Furthermore, thanks to heat recovery the total thermal efficiency increases by 80%. It also reveals that the heat pump unit operates with COP in the range of 4.5 – 3.3 based on pressure ratios providing temperature in the range of 151-184 °C by fixing the cold sink input temperature and pressure at 70 °C, 75 bar respectively.

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Shoikhedbrod, M. "Automated Process Control System for the Production of Advanced Foam Materials Using a Programmable Logic Controller." Journal of Control System and Control Instrumentation 8, no. 3 (October 21, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jocsaci.2022.v08i03.001.

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Obtaining foam materials with high physical and mechanical properties is one of the most important tasks, associated with the needs of the chemical industry, medicine, mechanical engineering and space technology. Known methods for producing foam materials create foam materials by foaming aqueous dispersions of high polymers, using thermal decomposition of organic and inorganic substances, by using radiation degradation of a thermoplastic polymer; by foaming polyurethane compositions by injection of condensed hydrogen under high pressure and others. All these methods, on the one hand, are uneconomical and harmful. The toxicity of thermal decomposition products and the unfavorable influence of the chemical nature of gas-forming agents worsen the properties of the resulting material. On the other hand, these processes only produce certain foams, which greatly limit their applicability to a wide range of foams. This article presents the developed automated process control system of production of advanced foam materials using a programmable logic controller, in the RAM of which a computer program is embedded, which allows the use of vibroturbulization intensive mixing with optimal parameters for the formation of electrolytic hydrogen bubbles from the hydrogen gas entering to the chamber with a thermoplastic, obtained separately in the electrolysis chamber by electrolysis of water, and uniform saturation by them of the thermoplastic at its melting temperature in automatic mode.

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Bernadet, L., G. Gousseau, A. Chatroux, J. Laurencin, F. Mauvy, and M. Reytier. "Assessment of Pressure Effects on High Temperature Steam Electrolysis Based on Solid Oxide Technology." ECS Transactions 68, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 3369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06801.3369ecst.

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Allebrod, Frank, Christodoulos Chatzichristodoulou, and Mogens B. Mogensen. "Alkaline electrolysis cell at high temperature and pressure of 250 °C and 42 bar." Journal of Power Sources 229 (May 2013): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.105.

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Jiang, X. G., Y. P. Zhang, C. Song, Y. C. Xie, T. K. Liu, C. M. Deng, and N. N. Zhang. "Performance of nickel electrode for alkaline water electrolysis prepared by high pressure cold spray." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 58 (November 2020): 33007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.022.

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Kim, Huiyong, Mikyoung Park, and Kwang Soon Lee. "One-dimensional dynamic modeling of a high-pressure water electrolysis system for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 6 (February 2013): 2596–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.12.006.

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Lee, Boreum, Juheon Heo, Sehwa Kim, Choonghyun Sung, Changhwan Moon, Sangbong Moon, and Hankwon Lim. "Economic feasibility studies of high pressure PEM water electrolysis for distributed H2 refueling stations." Energy Conversion and Management 162 (April 2018): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.02.041.

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KELLY, N., T. GIBSON, and D. OUWERKERK. "A solar-powered, high-efficiency hydrogen fueling system using high-pressure electrolysis of water: Design and initial results." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 11 (June 2008): 2747–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.03.036.

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Honda, Yusuke, Naoya Fujiwara, Shohei Tada, Yasukazu Kobayashi, Shigeo Ted Oyama, and Ryuji Kikuchi. "Direct electrochemical synthesis of oxygenates from ethane using phosphate-based electrolysis cells." Chemical Communications 56, no. 76 (2020): 11199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc05111j.

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Narayanan, S. R., Andrew Kindler, Adam Kisor, Thomas Valdez, Robert J. Roy, Christopher Eldridge, Bryan Murach, Mark Hoberecht, and John Graf. "Dual-Feed Balanced High-Pressure Electrolysis of Water in a Lightweight Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Stack." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 158, no. 11 (2011): B1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.038111jes.

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Kelly, Nelson A., Thomas L. Gibson, and David B. Ouwerkerk. "Generation of high-pressure hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles using photovoltaic-powered water electrolysis." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 24 (December 2011): 15803–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.058.

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Journal articles on the topic 'High-pressure electrolysis'

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