Academic literature on the topic 'High-Orders'
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Journal articles on the topic "High-Orders"
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Bollobás, Béla, and Graham Brightwell. "Random high-dimensional orders." Advances in Applied Probability 27, no. 1 (March 1995): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1428102.
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The random k-dimensional partial order Pk(n) on n points is defined by taking n points uniformly at random from [0,1]k. Previous work has concentrated on the case where k is constant: we consider the model where k increases with n.We pay particular attention to the height Hk(n) of Pk(n). We show that k = (t/log t!) log n is a sharp threshold function for the existence of a t-chain in Pk(n): if k – (t/log t!) log n tends to + ∞ then the probability that Pk(n) contains a t-chain tends to 0; whereas if the quantity tends to − ∞ then the probability tends to 1. We describe the behaviour of Hk(n) for the entire range of k(n).We also consider the maximum degree of Pk(n). We show that, for each fixed d ≧ 2, is a threshold function for the appearance of an element of degree d. Thus the maximum degree undergoes very rapid growth near this value of k.We make some remarks on the existence of threshold functions in general, and give some bounds on the dimension of Pk(n) for large k(n).
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Bollobás, Béla, and Graham Brightwell. "Random high-dimensional orders." Advances in Applied Probability 27, no. 01 (March 1995): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800046292.
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The random k-dimensional partial order P k (n) on n points is defined by taking n points uniformly at random from [0,1] k . Previous work has concentrated on the case where k is constant: we consider the model where k increases with n. We pay particular attention to the height H k (n) of P k (n). We show that k = (t/log t!) log n is a sharp threshold function for the existence of a t-chain in P k (n): if k – (t/log t!) log n tends to + ∞ then the probability that P k (n) contains a t-chain tends to 0; whereas if the quantity tends to − ∞ then the probability tends to 1. We describe the behaviour of H k (n) for the entire range of k(n). We also consider the maximum degree of P k (n). We show that, for each fixed d ≧ 2, is a threshold function for the appearance of an element of degree d. Thus the maximum degree undergoes very rapid growth near this value of k. We make some remarks on the existence of threshold functions in general, and give some bounds on the dimension of P k (n) for large k(n).
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Arévalo López, Angel M. "Multiple orders in high pressure perovskites." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 950 (October 2017): 032002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/950/3/032002.
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Cătinaş, Emil. "A survey on the high convergence orders and computational convergence orders of sequences." Applied Mathematics and Computation 343 (February 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2018.08.006.
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VAN KERVEL, VINCENT, and ALBERT J. MENKVELD. "High‐Frequency Trading around Large Institutional Orders." Journal of Finance 74, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 1091–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12759.
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Montes-Lamas, H. "The method LPLDE applied to high orders." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 37 (May 1, 2006): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/37/1/026.
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Wang, Xiaofeng, Bo Wang, and Liqun Liu. "High uniformity splitter with great inhibition of ±1st orders." Laser Physics 33, no. 10 (September 7, 2023): 106201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/acf4e6.
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Abstract A transmissive double-groove grating under vertical incidence is proposed in this paper. The grating has a total of five diffraction orders, and the effect of a three-channel beam splitter is achieved by inhibiting the diffraction efficiency of ±1st orders. This is a polarization-independent micro-nano structure that achieves triple beam splitting under both TE and TM polarization. The diffraction efficiency of the 0th order and ±2nd orders for TE polarization orders can reach 32.55% and 32.72%, respectively. And the diffraction efficiency of 0th order and ±2nd orders for TM polarization can reach 32.28% and 32.59%, respectively. Both TE and TM polarization can achieve 99% uniformity. The grating performs well in terms of manufacturing tolerances and immunity to interference.
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Zou, W. N., Q. S. Zheng, D. X. Du, and J. Rychlewski. "Orthogonal Irreducible Decompositions of Tensors of High Orders." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 6, no. 3 (June 2001): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108128650100600303.
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Weinhold, F., and C. R. Landis. "CHEMISTRY: High Bond Orders in Metal-Metal Bonding." Science 316, no. 5821 (April 6, 2007): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1140756.
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Szirmai, E., and M. Lewenstein. "Exotic magnetic orders for high-spin ultracold fermions." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 93, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 66005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/93/66005.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "High-Orders"
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Dimov, Ivailo Ivov. "Competing orders and interactions in high temperature superconductors and paired quantum hall states." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1692096871&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Liebowitz, David. "Ending to What End? The Impact of the Termination of Court Desegregation Orders on Patterns of Residential Choice and High-School Completion." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23519637.
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The essays in this thesis examine the impact of the termination of court desegregation orders on patterns of residential choice and high-school completion. I do this by first examining decisions individual households make about where to live in the aftermath of a change in student-assignment policy using evidence from a single school district. Then, I generalize and assess trends in patterns of residential segregation and high-school dropout rates in a national study.
In the first essay, my co-author and I examine whether the legal decision to end race-conscious student assignment policies in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school district increased the probability that families with children enrolled in the district would move to neighborhoods with a greater proportion of student residents of the same race as their own children. We make use of a natural policy experiment—a judicial decision to end court-ordered busing—to estimate the causal impacts of this policy shift on household residential decisions. We find that, for those who moved, the legal decision made white families with children in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools substantially more likely than they were during desegregation to move to a neighborhood with a greater proportion of white residents than their own neighborhood.
In the second essay, I assess the impacts of the end of court desegregation orders on a comprehensive national sample of districts under court order in 1991. In a series of analyses, I conclude that the release of these districts from court desegregation orders increased the rates of black-white and, even more conclusively, Hispanic-white residential segregation. Furthermore, the declaration of districts as unitary increased rates of 16-19 year-old school dropouts in these districts by three to seven percentage points for Hispanics, one to two percentage points for blacks, and almost four percentage points for blacks living in school districts outside the South.
Taken together, these findings suggest that barring the use of race in the assignment of students to schools has deleterious effects on black and Hispanic students and the communities in which they reside.
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Virgilio, Gianluca. "Is high-frequency trading a threat to financial stability?" Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/18841.
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The purpose of this thesis is: (i) to produce an in-depth data analysis and computer-based simulations of the market environment to investigate whether financial stability is affected by the presence of High-Frequency investors; (ii) to verify how High-Frequency Trading and financial stability interact with each other under non-linear conditions; (iii) whether non-illicit behaviours can still lead to potentially destabilising effects; (iv) to provide quantitative support to the theses, either from the audit trail data or resulting from simulations. Simulations are provided to test whether High-Frequency Trading: (a) has an impact on market volatility, (b) leads to market splitting into two tiers; (c) takes the lion's share of arbitrage opportunities. Audit trail data is analysed to verify some hypotheses on the dynamics of the Flash Crash. The simulation on the impact of High-Frequency Trading on market volatility confirms that when markets are under stress, High-Frequency Trading may cause volatility to significantly increase. However, as the number of ultra-fast participants increases, this phenomenon tends to disappear and volatility realigns to its standard values. The market tiering simulation suggests that High-Frequency traders have some tendency to deal with each other, and that causes Low-Frequency traders also to deal with other slow traders, albeit at a lesser extent. This is also a kind of market instability. High-Frequency Trading potentially allows a few fast traders to grab all the arbitrage-led profits, so falsifying the Efficient Market Hypothesis. This phenomenon may disappear as more High-Frequency traders enter the competition, leading to declining profits. Yet, the whole matter seems a dispute for abnormal gains only between few sub-second traders. All simulations have been carefully designed to provide robust results: the behaviours simulated have been drawn from existing literature and the simplifying assumptions have been kept to a minimum. This maximises the reliability of the results and minimizes the potential of bias. Finally, from the data analysis, the impact of High-Frequency Trading on the Flash Crash seems significant; other sudden crashes occurred since, and more can be expected over the next future. Overall, it can be concluded that High-Frequency Trading shows some controversial aspects impacting on financial stability. The results are at a certain extent confirmed by the audit trail data analysis, although only indirectly, since the details allowing the match between High-Frequency traders and their behaviour are confidential and not publicly available Nevertheless, the findings about HFT-induced volatility, market segmentation and sub-optimal market efficiency, albeit not definitive, suggest that careful monitoring by regulators and policy-makers might be required.
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Boudehane, Abdelhak. "Structured-joint factor estimation for high-order and large-scale tensors." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG085.
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Les données et les signaux multidimensionnels occupent une place importante dans les applications modernes. La décomposition tensorielle est un outil mathématique puissant permettant de modéliser les données et les signaux multidimensionnels, tout en préservant les relations interdimensionnelles. Le modèle Canonique Polyadique (CP), un modèle de décomposition tensorielle largement utilisé, est unique à des indéterminations d'échelle et de permutation près. Cette propriété facilite l'interprétation physique, ce qui a encouragé l'intégration du modèle CP dans divers contextes. Le défi auquel est confrontée la modélisation tensorielle est la complexité de calcul et l'espace mémoire requis. Les tenseurs d'ordre élevé représentent un problème délicat, car la complexité de calcul et l'espace mémoire requis augmentent de façon exponentielle en fonction de l'ordre. Les tenseurs de grandes tailles (lorsque le nombre de variables selon une ou plusieurs dimensions du tenseur est important) ajoute un fardeau supplémentaire. La théorie des réseaux de tenseurs (Tensor Networks - TN) est une piste prometteuse, permettant de réduire les problèmes d'ordre élevé en un ensemble de problèmes d'ordre réduit. En particulier, le modèle Tensor-Train (TT), l'un des modèles TN, est un terrain intéressant pour la réduction de la dimensionnalité. Cependant, représenter un modèle CP par une représentation TT est extrêmement coûteux dans le cas des tenseurs de grande taille, car il nécessite la matricisation complète du tenseur, ce qui peut dépasser la capacité mémoire.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la réduction de la dimensionnalité dans le contexte de la décomposition tensorielle sous-contrainte de sparsité et la décomposition couplée d'ordre élevé. Sur la base des résultats du schéma JIRAFE (Joint dImensionality Reduction And Factor rEtrieval), nous utilisons la flexibilité du modèle TT pour intégrer les contraintes physiques et les connaissances préalables sur les facteurs, dans le but de réduire le temps de calcul. Pour les problèmes de grandes tailles, nous proposons un schéma permettant de paralléliser et de randomiser les différentes étapes, i.e., la réduction de dimensionnalité et l'estimation des facteurs du modèle CP. Nous proposons également une stratégie basée sur la grille de tenseur, permettant un traitement entièrement parallèle pour le cas des très grandes tailles et de la décomposition tensorielle dynamiqueMultidimensional data sets and signals occupy an important place in recent application fields. Tensor decomposition represents a powerful mathematical tool for modeling multidimensional data and signals, without losing the interdimensional relations. The Canonical Polyadic (CP) model, a widely used tensor decomposition model, is unique up to scale and permutation indeterminacies. This property facilitates the physical interpretation, which has led the integration of the CP model in various contexts. The main challenge facing the tensor modeling is the computational complexity and memory requirements. High-order tensors represent a important issue, since the computational complexity and the required memory space increase exponentially with respect to the order. Another issue is the size of the tensor in the case of large-scale problems, which adds another burden to the complexity and memory. Tensor Networks (TN) theory is a promising framework, allowing to reduce high-order problems into a set of lower order problems. In particular, the Tensor-Train (TT) model, one of the TN models, is an interesting ground for dimensionality reduction. However, respresenting a CP tensor using a TT model, is extremely expensive in the case of large-scale tensors, since it requires full matricization of the tensor, which may exceed the memory capacity.In this thesis, we study the dimensionality reduction in the context of sparse-coding and high-order coupled tensor decomposition. Based on the results of Joint dImensionality Reduction And Factor rEtrieval (JIRAFE) scheme, we use the flexibility of the TT model to integrate the physical driven constraints and the prior knowledge on the factors, with the aim to reduce the computation time. For large-scale problems, we propose a scheme allowing to parallelize and randomize the different steps, i.e., the dimensionality reduction and the factor estimation. We also propose a grid-based strategy, allowing a full parallel processing for the case of very large scales and dynamic tensor decomposition
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Frachet, Mehdi. "Etudes ultrasonores de l'état normal des cuprates supraconducteurs à haute température critique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY063.
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Dans les cuprates, des oxydes de cuivre, une supraconductivité non conventionnelle, confinée entre isolant de Mott et liquide de Fermi corrélé, apparaît par dopage chimique en porteurs de charges. Au-delà de la supraconductivité, le diagramme de phase renferme de nombreux ordres électroniques, notamment des ordres de charges et spins, qui interagissent entre eux mais également avec la supraconductivité. Une connaissance profonde de ce diagramme de phase est une étape nécessaire à la résolution de l'énigme de la supraconductivité des cuprates. Pour cela on propose ici une étude de la vitesse et de l'atténuation du son, une fois la supraconductivité affaiblie jusqu'à basse température par des champs magnétiques intenses.La première (et principale) partie de cette thèse s'intéresse au magnétisme de La2-xSrxCuO4(LSCO). Dans ce composé un verre antiferromagnétique est en forte compétition avec la supraconductivité. L'établissement de signatures ultrasonores associées à cet ordre a permis une étude en champs magnétiques pulsés, jusqu'à environ 90 T, qui indique qu'alors il persiste jusqu'à un dopage qui semble coïncider avec celui de la disparition du pseudogap, p*. L'existence de moments magnétiques quasi-statiques en champs magnétiques intenses suggère que les signatures de criticalités quantiques, mais également la chute du nombre de Hall, observées dans certains cuprates dans des conditions similaires, à p*, pourraient être liées au verre antiferromagnétique plutôt qu'au pseudogap lui-même.Dans une courte seconde partie, on s'intéresse aux deux ordres de charges, 2D et 3D, de YBa2Cu3O6+δ (Y-123) : une problématique distincte mais reliée à la précédente. Une étude systématique en dopage de la vitesse du son dans Y-123 restreint le domaine d'existence de l'ordre de charge 3D et indique que ce dernier est peu probablement à l'origine de la reconstruction de la surface de Fermi observée dans ce composé. La susceptibilité à une déformation élastique de la température critique supraconductrice, dTc/dεi, obtenue également par vitesse du son, interroge quant à elle sur la possibilité d'un scénario dans lequel sa dépendance en dopage - complexe et anisotrope - s'explique uniquement par une compétition entre supraconductivité et ordre(s) de charge(s)In cuprates, copper oxides, an unconventionnal superconductivity appears by chemical doping between a Mott insulator and a correlated Fermi liquid. Beyond superconductivity, the phase diagram includes multiple broken symmetry phases, including spin and charge density waves. All these phases interact together and with superconductivity, in a complex way. A deeper knowledge of this phase diagram is without doubt a necessary step toward the resolution of the high-Tc enigma. In this aim, we propose in this experimental thesis to measure velocity and attenuation of sound in the low temperature normal state of cuprates, using high magnetic fields.The first (main) part of this thesis focus on the magnetism of La2-xSrxCuO4 (LSCO). In this compound, an antiferromagnetic glass competes with superconductivity. By applying high magnetic fields of the order of 90 T we show that, when superconductivity is weakened enough, the antiferromagnetic glass disappears together with the pseudogap. The persistence of this order up to p*, and the associated ordered magnetic moment, could explain recent observations at p* without necessarily implying that the pseudogap is an ordered phase. Among them are the fall of the Hall number and quantum criticality signatures observed in different cuprates.The shorter second part deals with a related topic: the two distinct charge density waves (CDW, 2D and 3D) of YBa2Cu3O6+_ (Y-123). By performing sound velocity measurements in high magnetic fields we constrain the doping range of the 3D CDW and show that the latter is unlikely at the origin of the Fermi surface reconstruction. Sound velocity measurements also allow the determination of dTc/dεi, the Tc's susceptibility to a given elastic deformation. The complex and anisotropic doping dependence of dTc/dεi cannot be easily reconcile alone with a scenario of competition between CDW(s) and superconductivity
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Shin-LiangHuang and 黃鑫亮. "Forecasting High Order Fuzzy Time Series with Minimum Recent orders." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52p98v.
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碩士國立成功大學
資訊管理研究所
101
Businesses usually use data mining or variety of techniques to analyze the likely next step of customer’s behavior or trend in order to get the higher satisfaction and also increase self-profits. Therefore, the capability of data analysis is quite important in today’s situation. However, the data type may come in fuzzy which cannot be solved in traditional mathematics. Until Zadeh(1965) proposed fuzzy theory the questions finally saw the daylight. Fuzzy theory is now used in so many fields and fuzzy time series is one of them. Time series usually oscillate between likely trends in nature. Although high order fuzzy logical relationship may capture trends in time series, it still cannot precisely predict the situation which cannot find the same FLR in training data. Even if we can find the same FLR, it doesn’t mean that the linguistic class will be the same. Therefore, in the steps of fuzzification and rule establishment we not only use the larger membership degree be a linguistic class, but also take the smaller one into consideration and separate it into major and minor linguistic class. Finally we use KNN method to search the similar FLR. Although high order FLR may capture the likely trends, sometimes the best order which is quite large will lead to inconvenient in practice. In order to use the shortened order but also keep the high accuracy, we proposed the concept of minimum recent orders (MRO) in second stage. We use the uniqueness of LHS and consistency of RHS to find the MRO in each record in the training data to early predict the result.
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Hsu, ChengHung, and 徐政宏. "Simulation Comparisons of Dispatching Rules for Multitasking Workers in Flow Shop with High Priority Job Orders." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82996242747309153891.
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碩士朝陽大學
工業工程與管理系碩士班
88
High priority job orders are often encountered by manufacturing industries. They need to be taken care of to improve a company’s customer service level as well as to keep the ordinary orders shipping on schedule. This research exams the feasibility and effects of adding multitasking workers to the production line when high priority job orders occur. By computer simulation, it is found that adding multitasking workers indeed increase the system’s ability in handling these high priority job orders. This research further compares the dispatching rules for dynamically assigning multitasking workers in the production line when high priority job orders occur. Two responses variables, the cycle time for the high priority job order and the system’s recovery time, are chosen and a 25 factorial experiment is conducted using computer simulation. The simulation results show that LSF (Last Station First) is the best dispatching rule when the cycle time for the high priority job order is considered. On the other hand, when considering the best when the system’s recovery time, LNQ (Length of the Queue) is the best when process times at each station is normally distributed and FASFS (First Arrived in the System, First Serve) is the best when it’s exponentially distributed.
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Tsai, Ming-Chien, and 蔡明蒨. "Fuzzy High-Orders Time-Series Model Based on GSP and Association Rule in Financial Market Application." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29207658329658943039.
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碩士雲林科技大學
資訊管理系碩士班
99
In the recent years, traditional time series model has been widely researched. The previous time series methods can predict future problems based on historical data, but have a problem that determines subjectively the length of intervals. Song and Chissom (1993) proposed the fuzzy time series to solve the problem of traditional time series methods. So far, many researchers have proposed different fuzzy time series models to deal with uncertain and vague data. Besides, the consideration of a forecasting stage only discusses the relations for previous period and next period. In the financial markets, the price is influenced by the pervious price. For these reasons, this study uses a granular spread partition (GSP) algorithm to calculate the length of intervals under the given number of linguistic value, and automatically create the lower bound and upper bound of universe of discourse. In addition, a shortcoming of previous time series models didn’t consider appropriately the weights of fuzzy relations. This study builds fuzzy rule based on association rules and compute the cardinality of each fuzzy relation. Then, calculating the weights of fuzzy relations solve above problems. Moreover, the proposed method is able to build the high-orders fuzzy rules based on concept of large itemsets of Apriori. To verify the proposed model, the gold price datasets and exchange rates (US Dollar (USD) vs. Taiwan Dollar (TWD)) are employed as experimental datasets. This study compares the forecasting accuracy of proposed model with other methods, and the comparison results show that the proposed method has better performance than other methods.
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Chen, Wei-Ting, and 陳瑋婷. "Effect of High Risk Results Reminder System on the Interval of Changing Antibiotics Orders in a Hospital." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27542755019934807552.
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碩士臺北醫學大學
醫學資訊研究所
95
Title of Thesis：Effect of High Risk Results Reminder System on the Interval of Changing Antibiotics Orders in a Hospital Author：Chen, Wei-Ting Thesis advised by ： Chien-Yeh Hsu Taipei Medical University, Graduate Institute of Medical Informatics Thesis co-advised by ： Li, Yu-Chuan National YangMing University, Institute of Biomedical Informatics Many research indicate that information technology can reduce medical errors and medical adverse events rate. The Department of Health improves patient safety by promoting information technology, including the establishment of High Risk Results Reminder System and its evaluation. This study also evaluates the effects of the establishment of High Risk Results Reminder System on the culture . Purpose：Effect of High Risk Results Reminder System on the interval of changing antibiotics orders in a hospital . Design and settings：The culture of High Risk Result Reminder System was activated in one medical center for a 6-month intervention period from January to June 2006; compared with a 6-month control period without intervention from January to June 2005. Result：When the system was set online, doctor reduced time to modify the antibiotics order. There was a significant difference after intervention (p=.004<0.05). The results of the culture in blood showed the significant difference between before and after the system online (p=0.010<0.05). In one day, the general ward there was significantly different between the system online before and after (p=0.010<0.05), but the ICU there showed no significant difference (p=0.151>0.05). Conclusions：Doctors have reduced time to modify the order after intervention of the system. The shorting of delay has proven to be more prominent in the general ward patients than in the ICU inpatients.
Books on the topic "High-Orders"
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Sun, Yan. High-Orders Motion Analysis. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9191-4.
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Emmanuel, Zafar, ed. Ethics of criminal practice: Criminal practice of High Court :High Court rules & orders ... Lahore: Khyber Law Publishers, 2010.
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Pakistan. Ethics of criminal practice: Criminal practice of High Court :High Court rules and orders ... 2nd ed. Lahore: Khyber Law Publishers, 2004.
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Waseer, Muhammad Nawaz. High Court rules & orders: Criminal : vol. iii, iv, v, vi. Lahore: Irfan Law Book House, 2011.
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Pakistan. The Oaths Act, 1873: With High court rules and orders ... Lahore: Kausar Brothers, 2002.
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Pakistan. Criminal courts practice and procedure: High Court rules and orders criminal. Lahore: Lahore Law Times Publications, 2005.
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Pakistan. Criminal courts practice and procedure, High court rules and orders criminal. Lahore: Nadeem Law Book House, 1996.
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Inherent jurisdiction of High Court: Quashment of FIR/Orders and proceedings. Lahore: Imran Law Book House, 2011.
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Bhagat, Y. P. Code of civil procedure: With exhaustive case law, state and high courts amendments, letter patents, high courts acts, and orders. New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2012.
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Bangladesh. Hāikorṭa'sa jenārela ruls eṇḍa sārkulāra, aḍārsa (krimināla) =: High Court's general rules and circular, orders (criminal). Ḍhākā: Pramā Ananyā Cakrabartī, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "High-Orders"
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Sun, Yan. "Describing Motion in Computer Images’ Stream: Optical Flow." In High-Orders Motion Analysis, 3–21. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9191-4_2.
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Sun, Yan. "Analysing Acceleration in Computer Images’ Stream." In High-Orders Motion Analysis, 23–44. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9191-4_3.
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Sun, Yan. "Detecting Heel Strikes for Gait Analysis Through Higher-Order Motion Flow." In High-Orders Motion Analysis, 55–77. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9191-4_5.
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Sun, Yan. "More Potential Applications Via High-Order Motion." In High-Orders Motion Analysis, 79–80. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9191-4_6.
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Sun, Yan. "Overview." In High-Orders Motion Analysis, 1–2. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9191-4_1.
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Sun, Yan. "Jerk and High-Order Motion in Computer Images’ Streams." In High-Orders Motion Analysis, 45–53. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9191-4_4.
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Krivoshapko, S. N., and V. N. Ivanov. "Algebraic Surfaces of the High Orders." In Encyclopedia of Analytical Surfaces, 627–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11773-7_36.
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Šimberová, Stanislava, and Tomáš Suk. "Analysis of Dynamic Processes by Statistical Moments of High Orders." In Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications, 33–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41822-8_5.
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Wei, Anjiang, Pu Yi, Tao Xie, Darko Marinov, and Wing Lam. "Probabilistic and Systematic Coverage of Consecutive Test-Method Pairs for Detecting Order-Dependent Flaky Tests." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 270–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72016-2_15.
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AbstractSoftware developers frequently check their code changes by running a set of tests against their code. Tests that can nondeterministically pass or fail when run on the same code version are called flaky tests. These tests are a major problem because they can mislead developers to debug their recent code changes when the failures are unrelated to these changes. One prominent category of flaky tests is order-dependent (OD) tests, which can deterministically pass or fail depending on the order in which the set of tests are run. By detecting OD tests in advance, developers can fix these tests before they change their code. Due to the high cost required to explore all possible orders (n! permutations for n tests), prior work has developed tools that randomize orders to detect OD tests. Experiments have shown that randomization can detect many OD tests, and that most OD tests depend on just one other test to fail. However, there was no analysis of the probability that randomized orders detect OD tests. In this paper, we present the first such analysis and also present a simple change for sampling random test orders to increase the probability. We finally present a novel algorithm to systematically explore all consecutive pairs of tests, guaranteeing to detect all OD tests that depend on one other test, while running substantially fewer orders and tests than simply running all test pairs.
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van der Walt, Gerhard, Olasumbo Makinde, and Khumbulani Mpofu. "A Model to Balance Production Workload Distribution in a Trailer Manufacturing Organisation Under Fluctuating Customer Ordering Condition." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 391–400. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_44.
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AbstractTrailer manufacturing organisation considered in this study is currently experiencing a high volume of backlog orders due to its poor balancing of production workload distribution during capacity planning and scheduling. This issue has resulted in loss of sales orders experienced by the trailer manufacturing organisation. In light of this, this research study developed a model that could be used to balance production workload distribution that could be used to timeously meet varying customer orders as well as drastically minimise the backlog cost experienced in a trailer manufacturing organisation. To achieve this, on the one hand, a system model of the current production workload distribution used at this trailer manufacturing organisation was developed using AnyLogic software and parametrized using the manufacturing system operation operating conditions obtained via system observation for a period of three (3) months, in order to identify the bottleneck stations and inefficiencies present within this organisation. On the other hand, design of experiments, equipped with feasible workload control strategies were conducted on the model. The result of the simulated model revealed that the usage of an additional two bending machines and two primer paint workers, usage of additional three laser machines and three treatment workers, Heijunka order dispatching principle and Constant Work-In-Process (ConWIP) will increase the service level and mean machine capacity utilisation of the organisation, as well as reduce the backlog cost, opportunity cost and average order lead time.
Conference papers on the topic "High-Orders"
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Jensen, Arthur E. "Interferogram aberration analysis to very high orders." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.mv6.
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Three-hundred and sixty-one Zernike circle polynomials (with radial index N and angular index M so that 0 ≤ N + M ≤ 36, 0 ≤ M ≤ N, N – M is even) have been least-squares fit to wavefront maps derived from interferograms or synthesized test data. The analysis is based on the assumption that the wavefront aperture is symmetric about the X, Y and 45° axes. This, however, covers a large and useful class of circular or noncircular apertures with circular or noncircular obstructions. The role of aperture symmetry and wavefront manipulation in the analysis is discussed along with the accuracy and convergence of the Zernike circle polynomial representation of the wavefront.
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Hambach, Dirk. "High numerical aperture zone plates using high orders of diffraction." In Sixth international conference on x-ray microscopy (XRM99). AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1291228.
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Ku, Yi-Sha, Wei-Ting Wang, Yi-Chang Chen, Ming-Chang Chen, Chia-Liang Yeh, and Chun-Wei Lo. "EUV scatterometer with multiple orders of high-harmonic generation." In Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XXXIV, edited by Ofer Adan and John C. Robinson. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2552218.
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Chung, Yong H., Sang C. Park, Byung H. Kim, and Jeong C. Seo. "Due date control in order-driven FAB with high priority orders." In 2014 Winter Simulation Conference - (WSC 2014). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2014.7020098.
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Berger, Naum K., Boris Levit, and Baruch Fischer. "Delay lines with tailored high dispersion orders for periodic optical pulses." In 2006 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo.2006.4628787.
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Kim, Doohwan H., and Bernard P. Zeigler. "Orders-of-magnitude speedup with DEVS representation and high-performance simulation." In AeroSense '97, edited by Alex F. Sisti. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.276715.
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Tsitouras, Ch, and Ioannis Th Famelis. "High phase-lag order Runge Kutta pairs of orders 8(7)." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS (ICNAAM 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4992714.
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Kazakov, V. I., and A. S. Paraskun. "Grating Spectral Device with Possibility of Working in High Diffraction Orders." In 2018 Wave Electronics and its Application in Information and Telecommunication Systems (WECONF). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/weconf.2018.8604416.
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Sugimoto, Yuya, Shigeki Miyabe, Takeshi Yamada, Shoji Makino, and Fred Juang. "Employing moments of multiple high orders for high-resolution underdetermined DOA estimation based on MUSIC." In 2013 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/waspaa.2013.6701866.
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Siems, Malte Per, Jens Ulrich Thomas, Christian Vetter, Klaus Bergner, Herbert Gross, and Stefan Nolte. "Beam Shaping with Higher Laguerre-Gaussian Orders for High Power Bessel Beams." In 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8873095.
Full textReports on the topic "High-Orders"
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Berz, M. Differential algebraic description of beam dynamics to very high orders. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6876262.
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Alferov, Zh I., and I. S. Tarasov. Technical report on task orders no. B239703 and B239705: Development of technology of Al-free high-power laser diodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/503345.
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Muxo, Robert, Kevin Whelan, Raul Urgelles, Joaquin Alonso, Judd Patterson, and Andrea Atkinson. Biscayne National Park colonial nesting birds monitoring protocol—Version 1.1. National Park Service, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2290141.
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Breeding colonies of wading birds (orders Ciconiiformes, Pelecaniformes) and seabirds (orders Suliformes, Pelecaniformes) serve as important indicators of aquatic ecosystem health, as they respond to changes in food abundance and quality, contaminants, invasive species, and disturbance. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, Restoration Coordination & Verification program (CERP-RECOVER) has identified wading-bird colonies as an important ecosystem restoration indicator. The National Park Service South Florida/Caribbean Inventory & Monitoring Network (SFCN) ranked colonial nesting birds eighth out of 44 vital signs of park natural resource conditions for ecological significance and feasibility. However, while large-scale monitoring efforts are occurring in the rest of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, only minimal historic data collection and no extensive ongoing monitoring of wading bird and seabird nesting have occurred in Biscayne National Park. Consequently, due to their high importance as biological indicators and because they are a gap occurring in regional monitoring efforts, the network has initiated a monitoring program of colonial nesting birds in Biscayne National Park. This protocol provides the rationale, approach, and detailed Standard Operating Procedures for annual colonial bird monitoring within and close to Biscayne National Park and conforms to the Oakley et al. (2003) guidelines for National Park Service long-term monitoring protocols. The specific objectives of this monitoring program are to determine status and long-term trends in: Numbers and locations of active colonies of colonial nesting birds with a special focus on Double-crested Cormorants, Great Egrets, Great White Herons, Great Blue Herons, White Ibises, and Roseate Spoonbills. Annual peak active nest counts of colonial nesting birds in Biscayne National Park with a special focus on the species mentioned above. An annual nesting index (i.e., sum of monthly nest counts) with a special focus on the species mentioned above. Timing of peak nest counts for the focal species.
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Busso, Matías, Juanita Camacho, Julián Messina, and Guadalupe Montenegro. Social Protection and Informality in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002865.
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Latin American governments swiftly implemented income assistance programs to sustain families' livelihoods during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. This paper analyzes the potential coverage and generosity of these measures and assesses the suitability of current safety nets to deal with unexpected negative income shocks in 10 Latin American countries. The expansion of pre-existing programs (most notably conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions) during the COVID-19 crisis was generally insufficient to compensate for the inability to work among the poorest segments of the population. When COVID-19 ad hoc programs are analyzed, the coverage and replacement rates of regular labor income among households in the first quintile of the country's labor income distribution increase substantially. Yet, these programs present substantial coverage challenges among families composed of fundamentally informal workers who are non-poor, but are at a high risk of poverty. These results highlight the limitations of the fragmented nature of social protection systems in the region.
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Johnson, David, Robert Boyd, Anthony Bednar, Cynthia Banks, Charles Weiss, Jessica Coleman, Burton Suedel, and Jeffery Steevens. Terrestrial fate and effects of nanometer-sized silver. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43800.
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Although engineered nanomaterials are active components in a wide variety of commercial products, there is still limited information related to the effects of these nanomaterials once released into the terrestrial environment. A high number of commercial applications use silver nanoparticles (nAg) due to its anti-microbial activity. This may be of concern for waste management since nAg could be applied to soil (e.g., biosolids) or disposed of in traditional landfills, which could lead to possible leaching into surrounding soil. This report aims to provide additional insight into the fate and effects of nAg in terrestrial systems. The studies in this report examine the leachability of nAg in field soil and compares the soil migration to bulk (i.e., micron-sized) silver; examine the ecotoxicity of nAg to earthworms in four field soils spanning several different soil orders; and examine the behavioral effects of earthworms when exposed to engineered nanoparticles in field soil. These data provide additional insight into engineered nanoparticle fate and effects to terrestrial receptors in field soils, an important distinction from laboratory-generated soils. These data will also assist ecological risk assessors to better determine the acute environmental risks of nAg in terrestrial ecosystems with different soil compositions.
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Perrels, Adriaan, and Kaisa Juhanko. Socio-economic Benefits of the EPS Sterna constellation at high latitudes. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361836.
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This report presents a combined meteorological and economic study commissioned by EUMETSAT as part of the planning trajectory for the EPS-Sterna polar-orbiting satellite constellation. The focus of the study is on the foreseeable effects of EPS Sterna on meteorological forecasts and the resulting socioeconomic benefits, particularly regarding application at high latitudes, with emphasis on the Nordic countries. The study has an explorative character, hence the quantified estimates of benefits only indicate orders of magnitude for selected sectors. A more comprehensive assessment of expected benefits would necessitate a larger study. The report focuses on sectors for which significant benefits were expected, being civil aviation in Nordic countries (excluding Iceland) and wind turbine-based electricity production in the Nordpool area. For civil aviation, increased precision in forecasting winterly precipitation enhances preparedness on airports, thereby reducing weather-related delays. The potential annual benefit for the aviation sector in the Nordic countries is estimated at approximately €5 million, with an additional €1 million in avoided travel time loss. The upscaled effect for aviation in Europe is estimated at around €15 million per year. In wind power production, timely identification of probable formation of ice and snow on turbine blades benefits the Nordic power market through smoother operations and cost savings. The expected annual benefits for society are approximately €15 million, growing to €27 million when considering growth in electricity use. Applying a satellite constellation lifetime of 12 years (2029–2040), the estimated cumulative benefits range from €240 million (using base year levels without expansion) to €495 million (using maximum values per sector). No discounting of benefits nor costs has been applied. Other sectors with potential benefits include construction, tourism, urban operational management, and more. A coarse assessment for the Finnish building sector suggests expected annual benefits of about €1 million. The study notes that EPS Sterna's forecast improvements may lead to the development of new smart services, influencing property management and generating economic effects. Realizing the benefit potential of EPS Sterna data requires dedicated weather service development and improved data integration with non-meteorological data. The report recommends establishing a repository of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) data and results to facilitate future evaluations of satellite constellations.
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Busby, Ryan, H. Torbert, and Stephen Prior. Soil and vegetation responses to amendment with pulverized classified paper waste. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44202.
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The United States Army produces a significant amount of classified paper waste that is pulverized to a fine consistency unsuitable for recycling. However, cheap, high quality organic materials such as classified paper waste are useful as soil amendments. The objective of this research was to evaluate the utilization of pulverized classified paper waste as a soil amendment to improve soil health and increase establishment of desirable native grasses on degraded Army training lands. Paper was applied at rates of 9 to 72 Mg ha⁻¹ to two soil types at Fort Polk, LA: an alfisol (very fine sandy loam - Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Vertic Hapludalfs) and an ultisol (loamy fine sandy - Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults). These are common soil orders found on military training lands nationwide and represent fertile (alfisol) and unfertile (ulitsol) soils. Vegetation and soils were monitored over 2 growing seasons. No increase in heavy metals were observed in soils. Extensive analysis showed very low levels of regulated contaminants in the paper, but most were below detection limits. The ultisol site showed improved soil physical and chemical properties, while desirable vegetation benefitted from nutrient immobilization at the alfisol site. Based on the results of this study, applying pulverized paper waste to soil at a rate of 35.9 Mg ha⁻¹ is recommended. Application of paper waste to soils had no adverse environmental effects, improved soil physiochemical properties, and facilitated establishment of desirable native vegetation.
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.
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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Achilleas Grigoriadis, Maria Moustaka, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.
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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.
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Droby, Samir, Joseph W. Eckert, Shulamit Manulis, and Rajesh K. Mehra. Ecology, Population Dynamics and Genetic Diversity of Epiphytic Yeast Antagonists of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568777.bard.
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One of the emerging technologies is the use of microbial agents for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. A number of antagonistic microorganisms have been discovered which have the potential to effectively control postharvest diseases. Some of this technology has been patented and commercial products such as AspireTM (Ecogen Corporatin, Langhorne, PA, USA), Biosave 10TM and Biosave 11TM (Ecoscience Inc., Worchester, MA, USA) have been registered for commercial use. The principal investigator of this project was involved in developing the yeast-based biofungicide-AspireTM and testing its efficacy under commercial conditions. This research project was initiated to fill the gap between the knowledge available on development and commercial implementation of yeast biocontrol agents and basic understanding of various aspects related to introducing yeast antagonists to fruit surfaces, along with verification of population genetics. The main objectives of this study were: Study ecology, population dynamics and genetic diversity of the yeast antagonists Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, and Debaryomyces hansenii, and study the effect of preharvest application of the yeast antagonist C. oleophila naturally occurring epiphytic microbial population and on the development of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit during storage. Our findings, which were detailed in several publications, have shown that an epiphytic yeast population of grapefruit able to grow under high osmotic conditions and a wide range of temperatures was isolated and characterized for its biocontrol activity against green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Techniques based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), as well as homologies between sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene, were used to characterize the composition of the yeast population and to determine the genetic relationship among predominant yeast species. Epiphytic yeasts exhibiting the highest biocontrol activity against P. digitatum on grapefruit were identified as Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, C. sake, and Debaryomyces hansenii, while C. guilliermondii was the most predominant species. RAPD and ap-PCR analysis of the osmotolerant yeast population showed two different, major groups. The sequences of the ITS regions and the 5.8S gene of the yeast isolates, previously identified as belonging to different species, were found to be identical. Following the need to develop a genetically marked strain of the yeast C. oleophila, to be used in population dynamics studies, a transformation system for the yeast was developed. Histidine auxotrophy of C. oloephila produced using ethyl methanesulfonate were transformed with plasmids containing HIS3, HIS4 and HIS5 genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In one mutant histidin auxotrophy was complemented by the HIS5 gene of S. cerevisiae is functionally homologous to the HIS5 gene in V. oleophila. Southern blot analysis showed that the plasmid containing the S. cerevisiae HIS5 gene was integrated at a different location every C. oleophila HIS+ transformant. There were no detectable physiological differences between C. oleophila strain I-182 and the transformants. The biological control ability of C. oleophila was not affected by the transformation. A genetically marked (with b-glucuronidase gene) transformant of C. oleophila colonized wounds on orange fruits and its population increased under field conditions. Effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on population dynamics of epiphytic microbial population on wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface in the orchard and after harvest was also studied. In addition, the effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on the development of postharvest decay was evaluated. Population studies conducted in the orchard showed that in control, non-treated fruit, colonization of wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface by naturally occurring filamentous fungi did not vary throughout the incubation period on the tree. On the other hand, colonization of intact and wounded fruit surface by naturally occurring yeasts was different. Yeasts colonized wounded surface rapidly and increased in numbers to about two orders of magnitude as compared to unwounded surface. On fruit treated with the yeast and kept on the tree, a different picture of fungal and yeast population had emerged. The detected fungal population on the yeast-treated intact surface was dramatically reduced and in treated wounds no fungi was detected. Yeast population on intact surface was relatively high immediately after the application of AspireTM and decreased to than 70% of that detected initially. In wounds, yeast population increased from 2.5 x 104 to about 4x106 after 72 hours of incubation at 20oC. Results of tests conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest application of AspireTM on the development of postharvest decay indicated the validity of the approach.