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1
Lecture notes on equilibrium point defects and thermophysical properties of metals. Singapore: World Scientific, 2000.
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2
Fridman, Yuriy, and Aleksandr Korzhenevich. Learning to solve problems in physics: preparing for the Unified State Exam. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/995926.
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If you are holding this textbook in your hands, it means that you understand the need to solve problems when studying a physics course at school. Indeed, it is difficult to overestimate the effect that the solution of problems in the study of physics gives. The textbook contains about 800 problems for the high school physics course. The tasks are based on the examination materials of various universities, including the Republic of Crimea, data from the magazines "Kvant", "Physics at School", information received from correspondence physics and mathematics schools of the Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov, National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University). We also used the problem books that were released in various years to help those entering universities. The number of problems and their selection are not random and allow, according to the compilers, to demonstrate the types of problems that are often found in the high school physics course, the most rational methods, general approaches and ideas for solving them, and also help to acquire certain skills in solving problems. Can be useful for use in secondary schools when working with students for whom physics is of interest, optional, if you prepare for the entrance exams for physics, a specialized school with advanced study of physics, as well as anyone who wants to learn how to solve problems in physics.
3
Uchida, K., R. Ramos, and E. Saitoh. Spin Seebeck effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0018.
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Chapter 18 This chapter discusses the spin Seebeck effect (SSE), which stands for the generation of a spin current, a flow of spinangular momentum, as a result of a temperature gradient in magnetic materials. In spintronics and spin caloritronics, the SSE is of crucial importance because it enables simple and versatile generation of a spin current from heat. Since the SSE is driven by thermally excited magnon dynaimcs, the thermal spin current can be generated not only from ferromagnetic conductors but also from insulators. Therefore, the SSE is applicable to “insulator-based thermoelectric conversion” which was impossible if only conventional thermoelectric technologies were used. In this chapter, after introducing basic characteristics and mechanisms of the SSE, important experimental progresses, such as the high-magnetic-field response of the SSE and the enhancement of the SSE in multilayer systems, are reviewed.
4
(Editor), Claude Berthier, Laurent P. Levy (Editor), and Gerard Martinez (Editor), eds. High Magnetic Fields: Applications in Condensed Matter Physics and Spectroscopy (Lecture Notes in Physics). Springer, 2002.
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5
Kraftmakher, Yaakov. Lecture Notes on Equilibrium Point Defects and Thermophysical Properties of Metals. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000.
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6
(Editor), German Sierra, and Miguel A. Martin-Delgado (Editor), eds. Strongly Correlated Magnetic and Superconducting Systems: Proceedings of the El Escorial Summer School, Held in Madrid, Spain, 15-19 July 1996 (Lecture Notes in Physics). Springer, 1997.
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7
Morris, Shad, and James Oldroyd. Stars that Shimmer and Stars that Shine. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.5.
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Stars are not only much higher performing than their peers, but also much more visible within the firm. Star employees are likely to be sought out by their lower-performing peers. Moreover, high visibility and frequent interaction make it likely that the stars will develop abundant social capital. Thus, they are relied on to develop information advantage through their social capital. However, not all of the information effects of stardom are beneficial. Stars’ abundant social capital may produce the unintended side effect of information overload. We highlight the role of talent management in mitigating these information-overload effects for stars, to allow them to shine.
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Heijstek, Marloes, Mario Abinun, and Nico Wulffraat. Vaccination in immunocompromised children. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0095.
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Can immunocompromised children be safely and effectively vaccinated? This chapter discusses the recommendations from the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) for the immunization of immunocompromised patients. Patients with rheumatic or autoinflammatory diseases treated with high-dose glucocorticoids, high-dose disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or biologicals are considered immunocompromised. Safe and effective vaccination is crucial in these patients, given their increased risk of infection. Safe vaccination implies that vaccination has no effect on disease activity and has only mild adverse effects. Effective vaccination denotes that patients are protected against infections after immunization. Particularly in severely immunosuppressed patients, concerns arise on the safety of (live-attenuated) vaccines and on the detrimental effect of immunosuppressive treatment on the immunogenicity of vaccines. Overall, vaccinations do not increase disease activity and do not cause severe adverse events. Although non-live vaccines are safe, it is recommended to withhold live-attenuated vaccines in patients on high-dose immunosuppressive drugs and biologicals. However, booster vaccinations can be considered when essential. Generally, immunogenicity of vaccines is good with some exceptions: responses are reduced in patients on high-dose glucocorticoids and rituximab; methotrexate reduces responses to (pneumococcal) polysaccharide vaccines; and anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) may lower vaccine-induced antibody concentrations. Offering vaccination before immunosuppressive drugs and/or measuring antibodies after immunization is recommended.
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Heijstek, Marloes, Mario Abinun, and Nico Wulffraat. Vaccination in immunocompromised children. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0095_update_003.
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Can immunocompromised children be safely and effectively vaccinated? This chapter discusses the recommendations from the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) for the immunization of immunocompromised patients. Patients with rheumatic or autoinflammatory diseases treated with high-dose glucocorticoids, high-dose disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or biologicals are considered immunocompromised. Safe and effective vaccination is crucial in these patients, given their increased risk of infection. Safe vaccination implies that vaccination has no effect on disease activity and has only mild adverse effects. Effective vaccination denotes that patients are protected against infections after immunization. Particularly in severely immunosuppressed patients, concerns arise on the safety of (live-attenuated) vaccines and on the detrimental effect of immunosuppressive treatment on the immunogenicity of vaccines. Overall, vaccinations do not increase disease activity and do not cause severe adverse events. It is recommended to withhold live-attenuated vaccines in patients on high-dose immunosuppressive drugs and biologicals, but booster vaccinations can be considered when essential. Generally, immunogenicity of vaccines is good with some exceptions: responses are reduced in patients on high-dose glucocorticoids and rituximab; methotrexate reduces responses to (pneumococcal) polysaccharide vaccines; and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) may lower vaccine-induced antibody concentrations and may cause accelerated waning of immunity. Offering vaccination before immunosuppressive drugs and/or measuring antibodies after immunization is recommended.
10
Fishe, Raymond P. H. High Frequency Trading of Commodities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0023.
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Electronic platforms and high frequency traders (HFTs) have changed the nature of trading. Like equity markets, commodity markets have experienced an influx of algorithmic traders and a decline in “pit” or open outcry trading. Regulatory efforts to understand the effects of HFTs and to offer prudent guidelines or new rules are in their infancy. An overall hesitancy exists because academic studies have produced diverse results on liquidity, volatility, and market quality. This survey focuses on high frequency trading research in commodity derivative markets, documenting basic results and extracting inferences when warranted. Evidence indicates that HFTs act as market makers and their speed advantage has lowered transaction costs, generally during normal markets. Although not entirely conclusive, evidence also suggests that HFTs may exacerbate volatility by withdrawing liquidity in times of market stress, such as during “flash” crashes.
11
Pinckney, Jonathan C. From Dissent to Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190097301.001.0001.
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Under what conditions will successful nonviolent revolutions lead to democratization? While the scholarly literature has shown that nonviolent resistance has a positive effect on a country’s level of democracy, little research to date has disaggregated this population to explain which cases of successful nonviolent resistance lead to democracy and which do not. This book presents a theory of democratization in transitions initiated by nonviolent resistance based on the successful resolution of two central strategic challenges: maintaining high transitional mobilization and avoiding institutionally destructive maximalism. I test the theory, first, on a data set of every transition from authoritarian rule in the post–World War II period and, second, with three in-depth case studies informed by interviews with key decision-makers in Nepal, Zambia, and Brazil. The testing supports the importance of high mobilization and low maximalism. Both have strong, consistent effects on democratization after nonviolent resistance.
12
Reade, Michael C., and Peter D. Thomas. Pathophysiology of ballistic trauma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0339.
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Bullets and other projectiles cause ballistic trauma. Explosions wound by the effect of a blast pressure wave, penetrating fragments propelled by the explosion, the mass movement of gas interacting with the casualty or the environment, and miscellaneous effects. Most blast casualties surviving to hospital care will not have significant pressure wave injury, but some will. Blast fragmentation most commonly resembles other types of low energy transfer ballistic trauma.. The effect of bullets depends on the kinetic energy transferred and the nature of the tissues struck, with energy transfer partly determined by bullet design. Low energy transfer bullets wound by crushing and laceration, limited to the tissues struck. High energy bullets may impart kinetic energy to surrounding tissues, causing a temporary cavity which sucks in debris and damages tissues sometimes well beyond the bullet track. Predicting the extent of devitalization can be difficult at the time of initial inspection. Wound contamination, particularly with soil, may modify the usual conservative approach to initial debridement.
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Kennedy, James, and Ronald Kroeze. The Paradox of “A High Standard of Public Honesty”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0015.
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This chapter takes as its starting point the contemporary idea that the Netherlands is one of the least corrupt countries in the world; an idea that it dates back to the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. In this chapter, the authors explain how corruption was controlled in the Netherlands against the background of the rise and fall of the Dutch Republic, modern statebuilding and liberal politics. However, the Dutch case also presents some complexities: first, the decrease in some forms of corruption was due not to early democratization or bureaucratization, but was rather a side-effect of elite patronage-politics; second, although some early modern forms of corruption disappeared around this period, new forms have emerged in more recent times.
14
Little, Mark P. Environmental radiation. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0340.
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Risks associated with ionizing radiation have been known for almost as long as ionizing radiation itself. Within a year of the discovery of X-rays by Röntgen, skin burns had been reported and, within 7 years, a case of skin cancer was observed, all associated with high-dose X-ray exposure. In general, the risks associated with ionizing radiation can be divided into what have been termed (by the International Commission on Radiological Protection) stochastic effects (e.g. genetic risks in offspring, and somatic effects (cancer) in the directly exposed population), and deterministic, or tissue-reaction, effects. Deterministic effects are typically associated with high-dose exposures, and will not be considered further here.
15
Fernandes, Nuno. Sovereign Wealth Funds. Edited by Douglas Cumming, Geoffrey Wood, Igor Filatotchev, and Juliane Reinecke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.013.29.
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This chapter examines investments of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in publicly traded firms, focusing on how these investments impact firms, and the potential channels through which their effects materialize. Using data that includes SWF holdings in 8,000 firms in 58 countries, we find that SWF investments have a positive effect on firm valuations and operating performance. The results are not driven by any particular SWF and are stronger for foreign SWF holdings. Additionally, we find evidence that after a large investment by SWFs, firms have better monitoring, expand their international operations, and are able to raise more capital as a consequence of the SWF investment. In terms of determinants of their holdings, we find that SWFs prefer large and profitable firms that enjoy significant external visibility. Additionally, they tend not to invest heavily in firms in high-tech industries or those operating in areas involving intensive research and development.
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Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Yvonne, and Konrad E. Bloch. Sleep at high altitude and during space travel. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0054.
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This chapter summarizes data on sleep–wake disturbances in humans at high altitude and in space. High altitude exposure is associated with periodic breathing and a trend toward reduced slow-wave sleep and sleep efficiency in healthy individuals. Some subjects are affected by altitude-related illness (eg, acute and chronic mountain sickness, high-altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema). Several drugs are available to prevent and treat these conditions. Data about the effects of microgravity on sleep are limited and do not allow the drawing of firm conclusions. Microgravity and physical and psychological factors are responsible for sleep–wake disturbances during space travel. Space missions are associated with sleep restriction and disruption and circadian rhythm disturbances encouraging use of sleep medication. An unexplained and unexpected finding is the improvement in upper airway obstructive breathing events and snoring during space flight.
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Mello, Edison de. Food Addiction. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0003.
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Although an impressive and increasing amount of research has shown how particular foods affect brain chemistry and can lead to food addictions, the idea of food addiction as an actual disease is still controversial. The alarming growth in the obesity epidemic in the United States, however, is quickly eating away at this controversy. Research now shows that genetics, the nucleus accumbens, the gut bacteria (microbiota), and other physiological factors have a vast effect on obesity, cravings, binge eating, and food addiction. Speculation that the food industry has utilized the effects of the high glycemic index foods, such as refined starches, sugars, and fat have on the brain to engineer foods for taste, not nutrition and to get people “hooked” is also discussed. Integrative treatment approaches to food addiction that can synergically help with food addiction recovery are presented. These include biochemical restoration, IV nutrient therapy, meditation practices, pharmacological intervention, and more.
18
Morawetz, Klaus. Simulations of Heavy-Ion Reactions with Nonlocal Collisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0023.
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The scenario of heavy-ion reactions around the Fermi energy is explored. The quantum BUU equation is solved numerically with and without nonlocal corrections and the effect of nonlocal corrections on experimental values is calculated. A practical recipe is presented which allows reproducing the correct asymptotes of scattering by acting on the point of closest approach. The better description of dynamical correlations by the nonlocal kinetic equation is demonstrated by an enhancement of the high-energy part of the particle spectra and the enhancement of mid-rapidity charge distributions. The time-resolved solution shows the enhancement of neck formation. It is shown that the dissipated energy increases due to the nonlocal collision scenario which is responsible for the observed effects and not due to the enhancement of collisions. As final result, a method is presented how to incorporate the effective mass and quasiparticle renormalisation with the help of the nonlocal simulation scenario.
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Reintges, Chris H., and Sonia Cyrino. Analyticization and the syntax of the synthetic residue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0010.
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Current understanding of syntactic variation and change relies on the notion of parameters of varying magnitude (micro- and macroparameters). This chapter focuses on the flipside of parameter change, namely the retention and survival of synthetic morphological structure in a context of widespread analyticization. The global effects of synthetic-to-analytic drift are examined in two diachronic scenarios: one in which the process has almost, though not entirely been completed (Coptic Egyptian), and another one in which the process is still under way (Brazilian Portuguese). Coptic has gone very far in abandoning its former synthetic features and thus exhibits a high degree of analyticity. In Brazilian Portuguese, the analyticization process is an advanced state, with synthetically inflected tenses exhibiting a decreasing productivity and gradually being replaced by the corresponding auxiliary verb constructions in the spoken language. The restriction on verb movement is a side effect of ongoing analyticization that affects language’s word order.
20
Förster, André, and Malte Kaukal. Economic Performance and Turnout in Regional Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0007.
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Following the idea that the behavior of individuals is framed by their contextual setting, this chapter tackles the persistent research gap regarding the impact of regionally varying economic performance on individual turnout. By looking at German districts and applying a multilevel design, we analyze the interplay of an individual’s characteristics and the regional economic performance regarding the decision to cast a vote. Results do not show a direct effect of regional economic performance in the data for 2009 and 2013, but high regional unemployment rates enforce the negative effect of individual unemployment on turnout in the German federal election in 2009, in the middle of the European economic crisis. Additionally, we find evidence that during this crisis election in 2009, East Germans seem to be more susceptible to economic threat scenarios than West Germans, as the former tend to withdraw from voting when regional unemployment rates are high.
21
Kusumawardhani, Niken, Rezanti Pramana, Nurmala Saputri, and Daniel Suryadarma. Heterogeneous impact of internet availability on female labour market outcomes in an emerging economy: Evidence from Indonesia. 49th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/987-7.
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Greater female labour market participation has important positive implications not only for women’s empowerment and the well-being of their families but also for the economy they live in. In this paper, we examine the various effects of internet availability on women’s labour market outcomes in Indonesia. As each worker subgroup tends to respond differently to changes in technology, examining the heterogeneity in the impact of internet availability on female labour market outcomes is central to our research. By constructing a district-level longitudinal dataset covering the period 2007–18, we find that internet availability has only a small significant effect on the female labour force participation rate and no statistically significant effect on the employment rate. However, internet availability increases the probability of women having a full-time job, especially for women aged 15–45 and those with a low level of education. Our study shows that internet availability does not always bring favourable labour market outcomes for women. We find that internet availability lowers the probability of women with a low level of education working in a high-skilled job and in the formal sector. Our results are robust to several robustness checks. Analysis of our qualitative interviews with a subsample of recent mothers supports the conclusion that the ability to be prepared for and attain flexible working conditions are two important values provided by the internet. We argue that a women-friendly working environment and adequate IT infrastructure are crucial elements in maximizing the role of the internet in helping women to achieve more favourable labour market outcomes.
22
Ranucci, Marco, Serenella Castelvecchio, and Andrea Ballotta. Perioperative management of the high-risk surgical patient: cardiac surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0077.
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During the last decade, as a result of continually improving surgical strategy and the technology which supports it (e.g. anaesthesia), cardiac surgery is offered to patients with advanced age and those with increasingly complex co-existing conditions that were previously considered to be contraindications. In addition, an increasing number of patients have previously undergone angioplasty, thereby delaying their initial coronary artery bypass graft surgery to a more advanced age. In general, candidates for cardiac surgery may now be not only older than in the past, but also more likely to have health problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Risk stratification may help to identify ‘the’ high-risk patient: ‘pre-warned is pre-armed’. In high-risk cardiac surgery patients, the surgical treatment options and perioperative care must be tailored to each patient, in order to optimize the benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. The preoperative anticoagulation practice is an important aspect, balancing the risk between ischaemic and bleeding complications. New antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants have been recently delivered, and their role in patients scheduled for heart surgery is an additional important issue.
23
Ranucci, Marco, Serenella Castelvecchio, and Andrea Ballotta. Perioperative management of the high-risk surgical patient: cardiac surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0077_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
During the last decade, as a result of continually improving surgical strategy and the technology which supports it (e.g. anaesthesia), cardiac surgery is offered to patients with advanced age and those with increasingly complex co-existing conditions that were previously considered to be contraindications. In addition, an increasing number of patients have previously undergone angioplasty, thereby delaying their initial coronary artery bypass graft surgery to a more advanced age. In general, candidates for cardiac surgery may now be not only older than in the past, but also more likely to have health problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Risk stratification may help to identify ‘the’ high-risk patient: ‘pre-warned is pre-armed’. In high-risk cardiac surgery patients, the surgical treatment options and perioperative care must be tailored to each patient, in order to optimize the benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. The preoperative anticoagulation practice is an important aspect, balancing the risk between ischaemic and bleeding complications. New antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants have been recently delivered, and their role in patients scheduled for heart surgery is an additional important issue.
24
Ranucci, Marco, Serenella Castelvecchio, and Andrea Ballotta. Perioperative management of the high-risk surgical patient: cardiac surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0077_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
During the last decade, as a result of continually improving surgical strategy and the technology which supports it (e.g. anaesthesia), cardiac surgery is offered to patients with advanced age and those with increasingly complex co-existing conditions that were previously considered to be contraindications. In addition, an increasing number of patients have previously undergone angioplasty, thereby delaying their initial coronary artery bypass graft surgery to a more advanced age. In general, candidates for cardiac surgery may now be not only older than in the past, but also more likely to have health problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Risk stratification may help to identify ‘the’ high-risk patient: ‘pre-warned is pre-armed’. In high-risk cardiac surgery patients, the surgical treatment options and perioperative care must be tailored to each patient, in order to optimize the benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. The preoperative anticoagulation practice is an important aspect, balancing the risk between ischaemic and bleeding complications. New antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants have been recently delivered, and their role in patients scheduled for heart surgery is an additional important issue.
25
Ranucci, Marco, Serenella Castelvecchio, and Andrea Ballotta. Perioperative management of the high-risk surgical patient: cardiac surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0077_update_003.
Full textAbstract:
During the last decade, as a result of continually improving surgical strategy and the technology which supports it (e.g. anaesthesia), cardiac surgery is offered to patients with advanced age and those with increasingly complex co-existing conditions that were previously considered to be contraindications. In addition, an increasing number of patients have previously undergone angioplasty, thereby delaying their initial coronary artery bypass graft surgery to a more advanced age. In general, candidates for cardiac surgery may now be not only older than in the past, but also more likely to have health problems such as hypertension and diabetes. Risk stratification may help to identify ‘the’ high-risk patient: ‘pre-warned is pre-armed’. In high-risk cardiac surgery patients, the surgical treatment options and perioperative care must be tailored to each patient, in order to optimize the benefits and minimize the risk of detrimental effects. The preoperative anticoagulation practice is an important aspect, balancing the risk between ischaemic and bleeding complications. New antiplatelet agents and oral anticoagulants have been recently delivered, and their role in patients scheduled for heart surgery is an additional important issue.
26
Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Awards in Firms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0006.
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Money is not always successful in sustaining and raising employee motivation. When money is perceived to be controlling, financial incentives may backfire and undermine motivation. High-powered incentives can also lead to strategic behaviour and gaming. Many firms are aware of the limitations of monetary incentives. They use non-financial rewards in an effort to sustain and raise employee motivation. Awards are a special kind of non-financial yet extrinsic incentive, whose value resides primarily in the recognition conveyed among peers and in the public. Awards are used in firms to raise employees’ motivation, to foster retention, and to establish role models. They are a valuable component of organizations’ human resource strategy. Outside the boundaries of the firm awards are used to set standards, to establish norms, and to support innovation. Awards may have unintended motivational effects, particularly on non-recipients. Awards may create and foster competitive advantage.
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Archibald, Robert B. Internal Threat II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190251918.003.0005.
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Demographic trends and changes in the perceived value of a degree both can have significant effects on the demand for higher education. Demographic changes in the United States are unlikely to reduce the demand for places in college overall, but falling high school enrollment in the Northeast and Midwest will pressure financially weaker schools in those regions. On average, the payoff to a college degree has grown substantially. The chapter shows that the return to marginal students may also be quite high. Lastly, the evidence from labor markets indicates that a college education is not simply correlated with higher income. It helps cause higher income.
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Ferro, Charles J., and Khai Ping Ng. Recommendations for management of high renal risk chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0099.
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Poorer renal function is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality. In the wider population this is mainly as a consequence of cardiovascular disease. Renal patients are more likely to progress to end-stage renal disease, but also have high cardiovascular risk. Aiming to reduce both progression of renal impairment and cardiovascular disease are not contradictory. Focusing on the management of high-risk patients with proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rates, it is recommended that blood pressure should be kept below 140/90, or 130/80 if proteinuria is > 1 g/24 h (protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) >100 mg/mmol or 0.9 g/g). These targets may be modified according to age and other factors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor antagonists should form part of the therapy for patients with proteinuria > 0.5 g/24 h (PCR > 50 mg/mmol or 0.45 g/g). Use of ACEIs or angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with lower levels of proteinuria may be indicated in some patient groups even in the absence of hypertension, notably in diabetic nephropathy. Evidence that other agents that reduce proteinuria bring additional benefits is weak at present. The best studies of ‘dual-blockade’ with various combinations of ACEIs, ARBs, and renin inhibitors have shown additional hazard with little evidence of additional benefit. Hyperlipidaemia—regardless of lipid levels, statin therapy is indicated in secondary cardiovascular prevention, and in primary prevention where cardiovascular risk is high, noting that current risk estimation tools do not adequately account for the increased risk of patients with CKD. There is not substantial evidence that lipid lowering therapy impacts on average rates of loss of GFR in progressive CKD. Non-drug lifestyle interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk, including stopping smoking, are important for all. Acidosis—in more advanced CKD it is justified to treat acidosis with oral sodium bicarbonate. Diet—sodium restriction to < 100 mmol/day (6 g/day) and avoidance of excessive dietary protein are justified in early to moderate CKD. Recommendations to limit levels of protein to 0.8 g/kg body weight are suggested by some, but additional protective effects of this are likely to be slight in patients who are otherwise well managed. Low-protein diets may carry some risk. Lower-protein diets may however be used to prevent symptoms in advanced CKD not treated by dialysis.
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Meyers, Maria Christina, Nicky Dries, and Giverny De Boeck. Talent or Not. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.10.
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It is assumed that employees display favorable attitudes (e.g., high organizational commitment) and behaviors (e.g., high work effort) when identified as organizational talent. If they did not, the idea that talent management creates value by making disproportionate investments into organizational talent would need to be reconsidered. We reviewed the literature to explore whether the assumed favorable reactions among talent are valid and the results are not straightforward. Many studies found evidence for the assumption; however, several studies revealed that talent designation bears considerable risks: Being identified as talent creates (overly optimistic) expectations of receiving rewards and benefits from the organization and it increases the felt pressure to meet high performance standards. We discuss the findings in the light of social exchange theory, psychological contract theory, and others commonly used in talent-management research, highlighting key issues regarding talent designation and identifying avenues for future research.
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Jacquemyn, Yves, and Anneke Kwee. Antenatal and intrapartum fetal evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0006.
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Antenatal and intrapartum fetal monitoring aim to identify the beginning of the process of fetal hypoxia before irreversible fetal damage has taken place. Fetal movement counting by the mother has not been reported to be of any benefit. The biophysical profile score, incorporating ultrasound and fetal heart rate monitoring, has not been proven to reduce perinatal mortality in randomized trials. Doppler ultrasound allows the exploration of the perfusion of different fetal organ systems and provides data on possible hypoxia and fetal anaemia. Maternal uterine artery Doppler can be used to select women with a high risk for intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia but does not directly provide information on fetal status. Umbilical artery Doppler has been shown to reduce perinatal mortality significantly in high-risk pregnancies (but not in low-risk women). Adding middle cerebral artery Doppler to umbilical artery Doppler does not increase accuracy for detecting adverse perinatal outcome. Ductus venosus Doppler demonstrates moderate value in diagnosing fetal compromise; it is not known whether its use adds any value to umbilical artery Doppler alone. Cardiotocography (CTG) reflects the interaction between the fetal brain and peripheral cardiovascular system. Prelabour routine use of CTG in low-risk pregnancies has not been proven to improve outcome; computerized CTG significantly reduces perinatal mortality in high-risk pregnancies. Monitoring the fetus during labour with intermittent auscultation has not been compared to no monitoring at all; when compared with CTG no difference in perinatal mortality or cerebral palsy has been noted. CTG does lower neonatal seizures and is accompanied by a statistically non-significant rise in caesarean delivery. Fetal blood sampling to detect fetal pH and base deficit lowers caesarean delivery rate and neonatal convulsions when used in adjunct to CTG. Determination of fetal scalp lactate has not been shown to have an effect on neonatal outcome or on the rate of instrumental deliveries but is less often hampered by technical failure than fetal scalp pH. Analysis of the ST segment of the fetal ECG (STAN®) in combination with CTG during labour results in fewer vaginal operative deliveries, less need for neonatal intensive care, and less use of fetal blood sampling during labour, without a change in fetal metabolic acidosis when compared to CTG alone.
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Chau, Anthony T. Magnesium Toxicity. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0058.
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Magnesium sulfate is currently the drug of choice for prophylaxis against eclampsia in women with preeclampsia and first-line treatment for eclampsia. In this population, medication administration error is a frequent cause of magnesium toxicity. Symptoms of toxicity are linked to increasing serum concentrations, but routine monitoring is not recommended. Instead, deep tendon reflexes and respiratory rate are the most commonly monitored parameters. However, magnesium serum concentration should be monitored when magnesium toxicity is suspected or in patients at high risk of toxicity. The gastrointestinal and central nervous systems are usually affected first. As the serum concentration becomes extremely high, neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects may occur, leading to respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. In addition to standard advanced life support measures, calcium is the mainstay of treatment and in some cases forced diuresis and dialysis may also be considered.
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Rantanen, Jorma H. A Global Perspective on Occupational Health and Safety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0040.
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Occupational hazards as well as occupational injuries and diseases are frequent and serious problems not only in industrialized high-income countries, but also in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In high-income countries, the occurrence of occupational injuries and chemically-related disorders has decreased while psychosocial problems and issues for disabled, aging, and other vulnerable workers have increased. In the LMICs, “traditional” occupational hazards and related injuries and diseases are still a major concern. Globalization, while providing some benefits to workers, has presented many negative effects, such as transfer of hazardous technologies and substances to LMICs, widening of income gaps, and worsening of working conditions and worker income, especially for agricultural workers, those with little education, and informal workers. The chapter provides a global overview of work and workers as well occupational health and safety hazards and related challenges.
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Macauley, Robert C. Pain and Symptom Management at the End of Life (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
The pendulum of pain treatment has swung from stoic acceptance before the widespread availability of opioids, to embrace of opioids as pain became the “fifth vital sign,” to significant concern in light of the current opioid epidemic. The use of opioids for chronic pain should be differentiated from their use in palliative care, where there still exists significant concern for hastened death when high doses are used (i.e., opiophobia). While clinicians should be familiar with the Rule of Double Effect to justify such use, the rule is not truly needed because of the rarity of respiratory depression when opioids are used appropriately. Appropriate pain treatment is a human right, and as such surrogates should not be able to refuse it based on their own views, and global inequities prompt significant justice concerns.
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Goodin, Robert E., and Kai Spiekermann. Discussion and Deliberation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823452.003.0009.
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Virtually all of our knowledge is second-hand, learned from others. In ideal deliberative settings, such as Habermas’s ‘ideal speech situation’, learning from others works well because participants are challenged to provide evidence and be consistent in their arguments. Not all real-world deliberation lives up to such high standards, but even non-ideal deliberation can be epistemically advantageous. We investigate five ways how: by improving voter competence; by reducing positive correlation; by incentivizing more sincere voting; by making the decision problem more truth-conducive; and by changing the decision problem in epistemically beneficial ways. The chapter ends with the conjecture that the ‘Deliberation Effect’ will boost group competence at least a little.
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Mathews, Jud. Germany’s Postwar Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682910.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
The German Federal Constitutional Court granted extensive horizontal effect to the rights in Germany’s constitution, the Basic Law, starting in the late 1950s. This chapter lays out the institutional and normative context against which these moves played out and in light of which they made sense. The new Court spent its first decade fending off attempts to marginalize it, not only from the executive branch but also from Germany’s other, more established, high courts. At the same time, the new Basic Law furnished the Court with interpretive authority over an expansive set of new rights, while the private law establishment was slow to satisfy the normative demands of a liberalizing postwar Germany.
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Gao, Qin. Family Expenditures and Human Capital Investment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190218133.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 focuses on Dibao’s influence on family expenditures. The chapter documents the high expenditure demands on healthcare and education faced by most Dibao families across urban and rural areas. While Dibao has enabled urban recipient families to spend more on both of these items, it has helped rural families pay for healthcare but not education. Meeting survival needs is not found to be a priority in the use of Dibao money for either urban or rural recipients, suggesting that these families may be maintaining a bare-minimum level of livelihood while having to meet urgent health or education needs. In both urban and rural areas, Dibao receipt is associated with reduced spending on leisure. Rural Dibao receipt is also associated with reduced spending on alcohol, tobacco, gifts to others, and social insurance contributions, while the same effect is either not found or not examined in urban Dibao.
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Niaudet, Patrick, and Alain Meyrier. Minimal change disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0056_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Minimal change disease is characteristically responsive to high-dose corticosteroids. As this is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, and responses are usually prompt, response to 60 mg/m2/day of oral prednisolone (max. 80 mg) is often used as a diagnostic test. Adults respond more slowly and have a wider differential diagnosis, and often a high risk of side effects, so therapy is not recommended without confirmation by renal biopsy. Then first-line treatment is again prednisolone or prednisone, at 1 mg/kg/day (max. 60 mg). KDIGO and other treatment protocols recommend 6 weeks treatment at full dose then 6 weeks at half dose. Shorter protocols seem to increase the risk of relapse. Children frequently have a relapsing pattern of disease which may be managed by less extreme steroid exposure, but for which second-line therapies may be needed to avoid severe steroid side effects. This can arise in adults too. Some children and adults have steroid-dependent or steroid-resistant disease, leading to earlier initiation of treatment with second-line agents. These include levamisole, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, and anti-B cell antibodies. The evidence for these and recommendations for relapsing/resistant disease are given in this chapter.
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Keh, Didier. Steroids in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0054.
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The benefit of prolonged application of moderate-dose corticosteroids in systemic inflammatory diseases remains controversial. In critical illness, the endogenous cortisol effect may become insufficient due to adrenal dysfunction and corticosteroid resistance to counterbalance an exaggerated and protracted inflammatory response, which has been termed ‘critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency’ (CIRCI). There is evidence that moderate-dose hydrocortisone (200–300 mg/day) significantly fastens shock reversal in patients with septic shock, but may improve survival probably only in patients with high risk of death. Thus, therapy should be considered only in refractory shock with poor response to fluid administration and vasopressor therapy. The indication should be based on clinical judgement and not on cortisol measurement. The application prolonged of moderate-dose methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) was found to be most effective in early acute respiratory distress syndrome, and associated with improved lung function, reduction of mechanical ventilation, and faster discharge from the ICU, but a survival benefit was found only in pooled data, including cohort studies. A continuous infusion and weaning of corticosteroids may be preferable to bolus applications and abrupt withdrawal to avoid side effects such as rebound of inflammation and shock, glucose variability, or respiratory failure. There is currently no evidence that prolonged application of moderate-dose corticosteroids increase the risk of secondary infections or muscle weakness, but infection surveillance should be implemented and combination with muscle relaxants be avoided.
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Steane, Andrew. The Structure of Science, Part 1. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
The first major theme of the book is introduced. This is that science does not present a ladder or tower of explanation, but a network of mutually interacting and informing ideas. The digital computer is invoked to introduce the concept of low-level and high-level language. The role of symmetry and symmetry principles in physics is discussed at length. It is argued, in agreement with Anderson, that symmetry is central to fundamental physics, but, more importantly, it is shown that what symmetry offers is a subtle constraining influence that is not the same as cause and effect, but is nevertheless central to the concept of explanation and understanding. It is argued that the laws of thermodynamics and the laws of particle physics are in a relationship of mutual consistency with neither able to render the other superfluous. Numerous examples are invoked.
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Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, María Elena Medina-Mora, Isidore Obot, et al. Preventing illicit drug use by young people. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Amongst the plethora of school, education, and community-based prevention programmes, there is evidence that some approaches can delay the initiation of drug and alcohol use. A small number of high quality studies find evidence of protection from specific family-based or classroom-management programmes in preventing drug or alcohol use. It is notable that these programmes do not focus exclusively or specifically on drug or alcohol use per se. Rather, their aim is to improve behaviour and social skills more generally, within the family or classroom environment. These programmes also show evidence of wider effect beyond drugs or alcohol. In contrast, purely didactic prevention programmes have no evidence of effectiveness, whether delivered through the mass media, in the community, or in the classroom.
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Schwartz, Peter J., and Lia Crotti. Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias—catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0152.
Full textAbstract:
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare inherited disorder associated with syncope and sudden death manifesting in the young during sympathetic activation. The electrocardiogram is normal and the heart is structurally normal. The diagnosis is usually made with an exercise stress test that shows a typical pattern of onset and offset of adrenergically induced ventricular arrhythmias. Molecular screening of RyR2, the major CPVT gene, is recommended whenever the suspicion of CPVT is high. If a disease-causing mutation is identified, cascade screening allows pre-symptomatic diagnosis among family members. All affected subjects should be treated with beta blockers (nadolol or propranolol). Preliminary data support the association of beta blockers with flecainide. After a cardiac arrest, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) should be implanted, but it is accompanied by a disquietingly high incidence of adverse effects. After syncope on beta blocker therapy, left cardiac sympathetic denervation is most effective, preserves quality of life, and does not preclude a subsequent ICD implantation.
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Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., and Sarah L. Clark. Pain Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190684747.003.0004.
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Adequate pain control has a high priority. In any acute neurologic pain syndrome it must be assumed that pain management is possible, effective, and simple; unfortunately, most patients in pain have been poorly managed. The pharmacopeia of pain management is growing and changing and several trends have been noted. Pain is underreported in the intensive care unit and should be treated when indicated. Acetaminophen is often the first agent used in pain management. Next are weak narcotic analgesics which could have less severe side effects than stronger opioid analgesics. This chapter discusses types of pain in the neurosciences intensive care unit and specific pharmacologic approaches.
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Elliman, David. Secondary prevention: principles and good practice/screening tests. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Screening can be a very important means to reduce the morbidity and mortality of conditions that cannot currently be prevented. However, it also has the capacity to do harm by incorrectly labelling people as having a condition, when in reality they do not, thus causing anxiety and sometimes resulting in unnecessary interventions. The UK National Screening Committee recommends national policy on screening on the basis of the evidence of the overall effects of a potential programme and its cost-effectiveness. Once a programme is introduced, it should be carefully monitored to ensure that it lives up to expectations, coverage is appropriately high, the expected outcomes are delivered, and that it does not increase inequality. More detail can be found on the UK National Screening Committee website.
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Giele, Henk. Children’s hand trauma. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.014007.
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♦ This chapter reinforces that children are not small adults and the management of these injuries must consider the effect on growth and development♦ Nail bed injuries require microsurgical repair if permanent deformity is to be avoided♦ Every attempt should be made to replace amputated digits, whatever the level of amputation♦ Good results are the common outcome in children’s fractures unless complicated by surgical intervention or infection. However, angulation, rotation, and intra-articular deformities should be corrected where possible♦ All children with deep lacerations of the upper limb should have a general anaesthetic for adequate exploration and repair of the wound♦ A high index of suspicion of nerve injury should exist when assessing hand lacerations, and the outcome of early surgical repair is good.
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Allen, Robert C. 2. The pre-Industrial Revolution, 1500–1700. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198706786.003.0002.
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‘The pre-Industrial Revolution, 1500–1700’ uses the cloth industry in Witney, a small Oxfordshire market town, as an example of the many themes of both the pre- and main Industrial Revolution. During the Industrial Revolution, the technology changed and so did the organization of work, but these changes did not benefit the workforce. Despite the decline in employment and real wages, the woven blanket industry remained the economic basis of the town for two more centuries. England’s success in the global economy had important effects beyond the growth of cities and rural manufacturing. These include the agricultural revolution, the coal revolution, the high wage economy, and the expansion of literacy.
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Alarie, Benjamin, and Andrew J. Green. Who Hears the Particular Appeal? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199397594.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines panel selection and explains that it is not only who is appointed to a court that matters, but also who hears particular appeals. Does it make a difference whether all judges hear each appeal en banc, or whether certain subsets of judges hear particular appeals? Indeed it does matter a great deal, and judges tend to influence each other through “panel effects.” This chapter looks at the whether the identity of the judges on the panel matters, including whether courts have no or high discretion in choosing the panel. It holds for the next chapter the relationships between the judges on a given panel.
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Wigmans, Richard. Fluctuations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0004.
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The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined by fluctuations in the absorption and signal formation processes. In this chapter, the different types of fluctuations that may play a role are examined, and their relative practical importance is addressed. Sources of fluctuations include fluctuations in the number of signal quanta, sampling fluctuations, fluctuations in shower leakage, as well as a variety of instrumental effects. Since the energy dependence of the different types of fluctuations is not the same, different types of fluctuations may dominate the energy resolution at low and and at high energies. An important type of fluctuations is part of the non-compensation phenomena. It concerns fluctuations in the strength of the electromagnetic component of hadronic showers. The effects of these fluctuations, which typically dominate the energy resolution for hadron and jet detection, are examined in detail. In sampling calorimeters, one particular shower particle may sometimes have catastrophic effects on the calorimeter performance. Several examples of such cases are discussed.
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Korkeila, Maarit, Bengt Lindholm, and Peter Stenvinkel. The obese patient (metabolic syndrome). Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0168.
Full textAbstract:
Overweight and obesity cause pathophysiological changes in renal function and increase the risk for chronic kidney disease in otherwise healthy subjects. This should not be a surprise as the risk factors for metabolic syndrome largely overlap with those for chronic kidney disease. Intentional weight loss has beneficial effects on risk factors, but long term effects are less clear. Bariatric surgery does seem to achieve rapid benefits on blood pressure and proteinuria as well as on other aspects of metabolic syndrome, but its long term implications for kidney function are less clear cut as there may be an increased risk of nephrolithiasis, and possibly AKI and other complications.Obesity in haemodialysis patients is one of those paradoxical examples of reverse epidemiology where a factor associated with negative outcomes in the general population is associated with better outcomes in dialysis patients. The same is true for high blood cholesterol values. Interpretation is complicated by complex competing outcomes and confounders.
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Ravindran, Rekha, and Suresh Babu M. Premature deindustrialization and income inequality in middle-income countries. 8th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/942-6.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the income inequality implications of a ‘premature deindustrialization’ trend in middle-income countries. To identify the premature deindustrialization phase, we arrive at five conditions based on the trends in employment and value-added share of manufacture. Among these five conditions, the first and second examine the deindustrialization pattern in economies. The last three classify the identified deindustrialization phase as premature or not. We apply panel fixed-effects and bootstrap-corrected dynamic fixed-effects models to empirically examine the relationship between premature deindustrialization and income inequality. Our findings suggest that income inequality rises with premature deindustrialization if the displaced workers are absorbed into low-productivity and informal market services (especially with employment increase in non-business market services such as trade, transport, hotels, and accommodation activities). In contrast, if high-productivity non-market services are the dominant employment provider, this helps to reduce income inequality even in the presence of premature deindustrialization.
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Carrero, Juan Jesús, Hong Xu, and Bengt Lindholm. Diet and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0101.
Full textAbstract:
The dietary management of non-dialysed CKD patients has focused on limiting the intake of substances which lead to accumulation of urea, potassium, phosphorus, and sodium. Recent advances in nutritional epidemiology have given us the opportunity to examine the relationships between diet and CKD. This chapter focuses on evidence relating to retarding progression of renal impairment in the early to mid stages of CKD. Limits may need to change if GFR falls. The hypothesis that a high dietary protein intake leads to progressive CKD through a mechanism of glomerular hyperfiltration has been taught for decades, and it appears effective in animals. However, the evidence that low-protein diets (LPDs) halt CKD progression in patients is weak. Their management is of course likely to include other interventions such as blood pressure control. There is risk to low-protein diets. There is some evidence that high protein intakes are harmful. We therefore recommend moderate protein intake (not low; not high – no protein supplements; around 1g/kg/day). Salt handling is impaired in most patients with CKD, probably even early stages, and hypertension is an early feature, except in salt-losing patients, to whom different rules apply. Salt intake tends to raise blood pressure, worsen proteinuria, and reduce the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on blood pressure and proteinuria. Very low salt intakes are difficult to comply with and limit diet. In early stages of CKD we therefore recommend restriction to moderately low levels (below 6g/day of salt; 100 mmol of sodium). Lower levels may have additional benefits, and these limits may need to be reduced as GFR declines. Potassium is associated with healthy, desirable foods such as fruit and vegetables. It should only be restricted if high serum values make this necessary.