Academic literature on the topic 'High molar mass'
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Journal articles on the topic "High molar mass"
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Matsuda, Yasuhiro, Fumitada Sugiura, Kazuya Okumura, and Shigeru Tasaka. "Renaturation behavior of xanthan with high molar mass and wide molar mass distribution." Polymer Journal 48, no. 5 (January 27, 2016): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pj.2015.128.
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Tsinas, Zois, Sara V. Orski, Viviana R. C. Bentley, Lorelis Gonzalez Lopez, Mohamad Al-Sheikhly, and Amanda L. Forster. "Effects of Thermal Aging on Molar Mass of Ultra-High Molar Mass Polyethylene Fibers." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071324.
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Ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMMPE) is commonly used for ballistic-resistant body armor applications due to the superior strength of the fibers fabricated from this material combined with its low density. However, polymeric materials are susceptible to thermally induced degradation during storage and use, which can reduce the high strength of these fibers, and, thus, negatively impact their ballistic resistance. The objective of this work is to advance the field of lightweight and soft UHMMPE inserts used in various types of ballistic resistant-body armor via elucidating the mechanisms of chemical degradation and evaluating this chemical degradation, as well as the corresponding physical changes, of the UHMMPE fibers upon thermal aging. This is the first comprehensive study on thermally aged UHMMPE fibers that measures their decrease in the average molar mass via high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) analysis. The decrease in the molar mass was further supported by the presence of carbon-centered free radicals in the polyethylene that was detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. These carbon-centered radicals result from a cascade of thermo-oxidative reactions that ultimately induce C–C ruptures along the backbone of the polymer. Changes in the crystalline morphology of the UHMMPE fibers were also observed through wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), showing an increase in the amorphous regions, which promotes oxygen diffusion into the material, specifically through these areas. This increase in the amorphous fraction of the highly oriented polyethylene fibers has a synergistic effect with the thermo-oxidative degradation processes and contributes significantly to the decrease in their molar mass.
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Duguet, Etienne, Michele Schappacher, and Alain Soum. "High molar mass polysilazane: a new polymer." Macromolecules 25, no. 19 (September 1992): 4835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00045a001.
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Qiu, Wulin, and Bernhard Wunderlich. "Reversible melting of high molar mass poly(oxyethylene)." Thermochimica Acta 448, no. 2 (September 2006): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.07.005.
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Fadeyeva, I. V., S. M. Staroverov, G. V. Lisichkin, A. V. Gaida, Yu V. Magerovskii, and V. A. Monastyrskii. "Gel-chromatography of high molar mass thromboplastin complexes." Polymer Science U.S.S.R. 29, no. 8 (January 1987): 1829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3950(87)90052-9.
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Monnery, Bryn D., Valentin V. Jerca, Ondrej Sedlacek, Bart Verbraeken, Rachel Cavill, and Richard Hoogenboom. "Defined High Molar Mass Poly(2‐Oxazoline)s." Angewandte Chemie 130, no. 47 (November 19, 2018): 15626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201807796.
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Monnery, Bryn D., Valentin V. Jerca, Ondrej Sedlacek, Bart Verbraeken, Rachel Cavill, and Richard Hoogenboom. "Defined High Molar Mass Poly(2‐Oxazoline)s." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57, no. 47 (November 19, 2018): 15400–15404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201807796.
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Blain, Marine, Adrien Cornille, Bernard Boutevin, Rémi Auvergne, Dominique Benazet, Bruno Andrioletti, and Sylvain Caillol. "Hydrogen bonds prevent obtaining high molar mass PHUs." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 134, no. 45 (February 13, 2017): 44958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.44958.
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Snyder, Chad R., Ryan C. Nieuwendaal, Dean M. DeLongchamp, Christine K. Luscombe, Prakash Sista, and Shane D. Boyd. "Quantifying Crystallinity in High Molar Mass Poly(3-hexylthiophene)." Macromolecules 47, no. 12 (June 3, 2014): 3942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma500136d.
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Braendle, Andreas, Carina Vidovič, Nadia Mösch-Zanetti, Markus Niederberger, and Walter Caseri. "Synthesis of High Molar Mass Poly(phenylene methylene) Catalyzed by Tungsten(II) Compounds." Polymers 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080881.
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Poly(phenylene methylene)s (PPMs) with high molar masses were isolated by polymerization of benzyl chloride catalyzed with tungsten(II) compounds and subsequent fractionation. Four different tungsten(II) catalysts were successfully exploited for the polymerization, for which a strict temperature profile was developed. The PPMs possessed roughly a trimodal molar mass distribution. Simple fractionation by phase separation of 2-butanone solutions allowed to effectively segregate the products primarily into PPM of low molar mass (Mn = 1600 g mol−1) and high molar mass (Mn = 167,900 g mol−1); the latter can be obtained in large quantities up to 50 g. The evolution of the trimodal distribution and the monomer conversion was monitored by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy, respectively, over the course of the polymerization. The results revealed that polymerization proceeded via a chain-growth mechanism. This study illustrates a new approach to synthesize PPM with hitherto unknown high molar masses which opens the possibility to explore new applications, e.g., for temperature-resistant coatings, fluorescent coatings, barrier materials or optical materials.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "High molar mass"
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Valois, Pauline. "Comment la formation d'un gel affecte-t-elle la dissolution des polymères de grande masse molaire ?" Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066392/document.
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Les polymères de grande masse molaire sont couramment utilisés comme viscosifiants par l’industrie pétrolière. Ils peuvent se présenter sous la forme d’une poudre qui doit être dissoute dans l’eau le plus rapidement possible avant d’être pompée dans le puits. Cette étude porte sur la compréhension des mécanismes qui entrent en jeu lors de la dissolution de la poudre d’un polyélectrolyte appelé GP. Bien qu’étant solubles dans l’eau, les grains de GP présentent un comportement hydrophobe lorsqu’ils sont mis en contact avec l’eau. Le mouillage est défavorable. Une couche de gel viscoélastique gonfle et bouche les pores entre les grains, provoquant la formation de grumeaux qui augmentent le temps de dissolution. Nous avons montré que c’est la cinétique de gonflement du gel qui contrôle la cinétique de dissolution du GP. Le gonflement du gel est un processus diffusif gouverné par la pression osmotique due à la présence des contre-ions du GP. La reptation ne joue aucun rôle dans le désenchevêtrement des chaines, qui survient uniquement lorsque la concentration en polymère dans le gel devient inférieure à la concentration critique de recouvrement c* du GP. La disparition du gel peut être accélérée en imposant une vitesse d’agitation ω dans le mélange eau/GP qui génère un cisaillement à l’interface gel/solution. La couche de gel est alors érodée lorsque la concentration en polymère dans le gel devient inférieure à la concentration critique d’érosion cer, supérieure à c* et qui augmente avec ω. Nous avons montré que la cinétique de dissolution du GP est alors contrôlée par l’érosion de la couche de gel et que le temps de dissolution varie comme ω à la puissance -1.2Polymers of large molar mass are often used as fluids viscosifiers in the Oil and Gas industry. Ideally, the polymer powder must mix with water and totally dissolve as fast as possible before being pumped in the well. This study focuses on the understanding of the mechanisms at stake during the dissolution of a polyelectrolyte called GP. Even if they are hydrosoluble, GP grains exhibit a hydrophobic behavior when they are put in contact with water, which is responsible for a poor wetting. A viscoelastic gel layer forms and clogs the pores between GP grains, leading to the formation of lumps which increases the dissolution time. We demonstrate that the GP dissolution kinetics is controlled by the gel swelling kinetics. Gel swelling is a diffusive process governed by GP counter-ions osmotic pressure. Gel dissolution is not controlled by a reptation process but occurs when the polymer concentration inside the gel reaches c*, the overlap concentration of the GP. Dissolution is accelerated by stirring the polymer/water mix. The shear at the gel/solvent interface is responsible for the gel erosion. Erosion occurs when the polymer concentration inside the gel reaches the critical erosion concentration cer > c*, which increases with the mixing velocity ω. We demonstrate that GP dissolution kinetics is thus controlled by the erosion of the gel layer and that the dissolution time varies as ω to the power -1.2
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Valois, Pauline. "Comment la formation d'un gel affecte-t-elle la dissolution des polymères de grande masse molaire ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066392.
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Les polymères de grande masse molaire sont couramment utilisés comme viscosifiants par l’industrie pétrolière. Ils peuvent se présenter sous la forme d’une poudre qui doit être dissoute dans l’eau le plus rapidement possible avant d’être pompée dans le puits. Cette étude porte sur la compréhension des mécanismes qui entrent en jeu lors de la dissolution de la poudre d’un polyélectrolyte appelé GP. Bien qu’étant solubles dans l’eau, les grains de GP présentent un comportement hydrophobe lorsqu’ils sont mis en contact avec l’eau. Le mouillage est défavorable. Une couche de gel viscoélastique gonfle et bouche les pores entre les grains, provoquant la formation de grumeaux qui augmentent le temps de dissolution. Nous avons montré que c’est la cinétique de gonflement du gel qui contrôle la cinétique de dissolution du GP. Le gonflement du gel est un processus diffusif gouverné par la pression osmotique due à la présence des contre-ions du GP. La reptation ne joue aucun rôle dans le désenchevêtrement des chaines, qui survient uniquement lorsque la concentration en polymère dans le gel devient inférieure à la concentration critique de recouvrement c* du GP. La disparition du gel peut être accélérée en imposant une vitesse d’agitation ω dans le mélange eau/GP qui génère un cisaillement à l’interface gel/solution. La couche de gel est alors érodée lorsque la concentration en polymère dans le gel devient inférieure à la concentration critique d’érosion cer, supérieure à c* et qui augmente avec ω. Nous avons montré que la cinétique de dissolution du GP est alors contrôlée par l’érosion de la couche de gel et que le temps de dissolution varie comme ω à la puissance -1.2Polymers of large molar mass are often used as fluids viscosifiers in the Oil and Gas industry. Ideally, the polymer powder must mix with water and totally dissolve as fast as possible before being pumped in the well. This study focuses on the understanding of the mechanisms at stake during the dissolution of a polyelectrolyte called GP. Even if they are hydrosoluble, GP grains exhibit a hydrophobic behavior when they are put in contact with water, which is responsible for a poor wetting. A viscoelastic gel layer forms and clogs the pores between GP grains, leading to the formation of lumps which increases the dissolution time. We demonstrate that the GP dissolution kinetics is controlled by the gel swelling kinetics. Gel swelling is a diffusive process governed by GP counter-ions osmotic pressure. Gel dissolution is not controlled by a reptation process but occurs when the polymer concentration inside the gel reaches c*, the overlap concentration of the GP. Dissolution is accelerated by stirring the polymer/water mix. The shear at the gel/solvent interface is responsible for the gel erosion. Erosion occurs when the polymer concentration inside the gel reaches the critical erosion concentration cer > c*, which increases with the mixing velocity ω. We demonstrate that GP dissolution kinetics is thus controlled by the erosion of the gel layer and that the dissolution time varies as ω to the power -1.2
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Pucheu, Mathilde. "Dimensional/Viscosimetric properties and branching rate of poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate) of high molar mass used for Enhanced Oil Recovery." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3077.
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Le pétrole est à la base du développement de notre société moderne, offrant accès à une source d'énergie abondante, bon marché et facilement transportable. Il est utilisé aussi bien pour la production d'électricité que pour les transports et représente la première source de matières premières pour l'industrie chimique. La production de pétrole est généralement assurée par des réservoirs matures exploités par injection d'eau dans un but de maintien de pression ou de balayage du réservoir. Pour améliorer l'efficacité de balayage du réservoir par l'eau injectée, la technique d'injection de polymères hydrosolubles a été développée. L'addition de polymère augmente la viscosité de l'eau injectée du pétrole par un balayage plus efficace du réservoir. Il est ainsi possible d'augmenter la production de pétrole tout en diminuant l'emprunte carbone. Les principaux polymères utilisés pour cette application sont de la famille des polyacrylamides. L'optimisation du procédé requiert une connaissance précise des relations structures-propriétés des polymères utilisés afin de mieux appréhender leurs propriétés viscosifiantes et de transport en milieu poreux. L'objectif est de mettre en place des méthodes analytiques pour la détermination de la distribution en masse molaire et du taux de ramification des polymères étudiés afin de pouvoir corréler les résultats obtenus aux propriétés rhéologiques et au comportement en filtration de leurs solutions. C'est pourquoi, dans le cadre de la thèse, quatre volets (WP pour work packaging) sont abordés afin de répondre au mieux à cette problématique concernant sa structure. Le premier volet (WP1) consiste à caractériser les différents polymères industriels à travers différents outils analytiques qui sont la Chromatographie d'Exclusion Stérique (Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)) couplée à un détecteur de diffusion de lumière multi-angle (Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS)) pour la taille (masse molaire, Mw, et rayon de giration, Rg), et la rhéologie capillaire pour la viscosité intrinsèque et les courbes d'écoulement (rhéogramme). Ensuite, vient le second volet (WP2) qui a pour but d'étudier le taux de ramification des polymères. Pour ce faire, deux approches analytiques vont être utilisées. La première est la Py-GC/MS, la pyrolyse (Py) couplée à la Chromatographie en Phase Gazeuse (Gaz Chromatography (GC)) couplée elle aussi à la Spectrométrie de Masse (Mass Spectrometry (MS)) afin d'évaluer la microstructure du polymère. La deuxième partie de ce volet est la comparaison des paramètres structuraux (Mw, Rg et viscosité intrinsèque) obtenus par analyses SEC-MALS, diffusion de la lumière (MALS) et rhéologie capillaire. Un système de mélange continu automatique (Automatic Continuous Mixing (ACM)) couplé au rhéomètre capillaire et au MALS sera développé pour faire des analyses en ligne de viscosité intrinsèque et de masse molaire. Ce développement instrumental fait l'objet du troisième volet (WP3). Pour finir, le quatrième volet (WP4) consiste à étudier les propriétés des polymères pendant la filtrationThe knowledge of the dimensional properties (Mw, Rg, and the distributions), the viscosimetric properties ([η]), as well as, the branching rate of polymers is primordial for the implementation of a satisfactory Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) via polymer flooding. The principal objective of this thesis was to develop analytical methods in order to determine the characteristics of an optimized macromolecule developed by the SNF company, the poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate) (P(ATBS)). Two categories of P(ATBS) were studied: the models and the industrials. The models of high molar masses (1-6 million g/mol) were synthetized by Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP), for which the branching was controlled by the addition of a crosslinking agent. While the industrials of higher molar masses (8-19 million g/mol) were obtained by Radical Polymerization (RP), for which the branching could be induced by chain transfer reactions. The characterization of the dimensional/viscosimetric properties and the branching rate for both P(ATBS) categories was performed by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Frit-Inlet Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (FIA4F), capillary viscometry and Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS). A correlation of the physico-chemical properties was done to understand the behaviour of the P(ATBS) in solution. A related study was done by Pyrolysis coupled to a Gaz Chromatography and a Mass Spectrometer (Py-GC/MS) for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the P(ATBS). To this day, the P(ATBS) has never been studied by this technique
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Mendes, Luciana Biagini. "Caracterização do polietileno de ultra alta massa molar processado por moagem de alta energia." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2010. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1398.
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This research was an exploratory study of the changes that high energy mechanical milling can induce in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), using the mills Spex, Attritor and Planetary, and several times and reasons for grinding. The milling products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and intrinsic viscosity for calculate the viscosity average molecular weight. For the analysis of micrographs observed the morphological change of particles with the grinding, the particles are initially rounded and the milling time increases the aspect ratio, acquire the form of flakes. Changing the shape in Spex mill occurs in less time, because it is a mill more energetic that Attritor and Planetary. By analysis of DSC was possible to observe the influence of high energy mechanical milling on melting and crystallization temperatures, and the percentage of crystalline phase of UHMWPE. Was used deconvolution of peaks in xray diffraction patterns for better identification of the peaks of monoclinic and orthorhombic crystalline structures. Observed the formation of monoclinic phase in the UHMWPE processed in high energy mills, to a greater percentage in the mill Attritor, possibly because it has a temperature control and avoiding a reversal of the monoclinic crystalline structure in orthorhombic crystalline structure.
Este trabalho foi realizado para um estudo exploratório das modificações que a moagem de alta energia pode provocar no polietileno de ultra alta massa molar (PEUAMM), utilizando os moinhos Spex, Attritor e Planetário, e variando tempo e poder de moagem. Os produtos de moagem foram caracterizados utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia ótica (MO), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difração de raios x (DRX), fluorescência de raios x (FRX), e medidas de viscosidade intrínseca para o cálculo da massa molar viscosimétrica média. Pelas análises das micrografias observou-se a mudança morfológica das partículas com a moagem, inicialmente as partículas são arredondadas e com o tempo de moagem aumentam a razão de aspecto, adquirem a forma de flakes. Para o moinho Spex a mudança da forma das partículas ocorre em menor tempo, por este ser um moinho mais energético que o Attritor e Planetário. Pela análise do DSC foi possível observar a influência da moagem de alta energia nas temperaturas de fusão e cristalização, e na porcentagem de fase cristalina do PEUAMM. Foi utilizada a deconvolução de picos nos difratogramas de raios x para melhor identificação dos picos das estruturas cristalinas ortorrômbica e monoclínica. Com a moagem de alta energia ocorreu a formação da estrutura cristalina metaestável monoclínica, em maior porcentagem no moinho Attritor, possivelmente por este possuir um controle de temperatura e evitando uma reversão da estrutura cristalina monoclínica em ortorrômbica.
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Gabriel, Melina Correa. "Estudo do processamento de polietileno de ultra-alta massa molar(Peuamm)e polietileno glico (PEG) por moagem de alta energia." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2010. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1395.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-29Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The intention of this exploratory research is to study the modifications provided by high-energy mechanical milling in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and mixtures of this polymer with polyethylene glycol (PEG). These modifications can be of interest for future processing of UHMWPE. The mechanical milling was performed in an attritor mill, a type of mill that can be used in laboratory as well as in industry. The millings of UHMWPE were performed in different rotation speeds. For mixtures of UHMWPE and PEG, the amounts of PEG were also different. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical milling modified the UHMWPE particles morphology: with milling, the almost rounded shape became flat-like shape. This caused the reduction of apparent density of polymer after milling. The mechanical milling also provided structural changes. With the increasing of the rotation speed,there was the increasing of the monoclinic phase and the decreasing of the orthorhombic, up to 500 rpm. For 600 rpm, the amount of monoclinic phase decreased. In this rotation, the deformation rate probably increased the process temperature, allowing the monoclinic phase to return to its initial structural orthorhombic form. In mixtures of UHMWPE and PEG, after mechanical milling, the particles of PEG were probably reduced and better dispersed in the UHMWPE matrix. Changes in thermal characteristics of polymers also could be noted. The kinetics of UHMWPE crystal growth changed, as well as the behavior of PEG crystallization. Feasibly, dispersed particles of PEG acted as physical barriers against the crystalline phase growth of UHMWPE and the crystallization temperature of PEG decreased, when the UHMWPE and PEG mixtures were milled.
Este trabalho exploratório teve por objetivo estudar as modificações promovidas por moagem de alta energia no de polietileno de ultra-alta massa molar (PEUAMM) e sua mistura com polietileno glicol (PEG), que podem ser de interesse para auxiliar um posterior processamento do PEUAMM. As moagens foram realizadas em um moinho do tipo attritor, um tipo de moinho que pode ser usado tanto em laboratório quanto em escala industrial. Foram variadas as velocidades de rotação na moagem do PEUAMM, além das concentrações de PEG, quando feita a mistura. As amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de força atômica (MFA), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e difração de raios X. A moagem de alta energia do material modificou a forma das partículas de PEUAMM, passando de arredondadas a flakes, com a evolução do processo de moagem, fazendo com que a densidade aparente do polímero diminuísse muito comparado ao polímero não moído. A moagem também proporcionou mudança estrutural, permitindo a formação de fase monoclínica em detrimento da ortorrômbica. A medida que se aumentou a rotação do moinho até 500 rpm, houve um crescimento da fase monoclínica. Apenas para 600 rpm, a quantidade dessa fase sofreu decréscimo, devido possivelmente ao aumento da frequência de choques e da temperatura de processamento, fazendo com que a estrutura monoclínica retornasse à estrutura ortorrômbica original. Na mistura de PEUAMM com PEG, a moagem provavelmente permitiu redução das partículas e a melhor dispersão de PEG na matriz de PEUAMM. Também se observaram mudanças nas características térmicas dos polímeros na mistura após moagem. Ocorreu mudança na cinética de crescimento dos cristais de PEUAMM e mudança no comportamento de cristalização do PEG, comportamento este que não ocorreu para o PEUAMM moído ou para a mistura de PEUAMM com PEG antes da moagem. Possivelmente, as partículas dispersas de PEG atuaram como barreiras ao crescimento da fase cristalina do PEUAMM e houve diminuição da temperatura de cristalização do PEG, na mistura com PEUAMM após moagem.
Book chapters on the topic "High molar mass"
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Hardouin, F., G. Sigaud, and M. F. Achard. "Phase Behavior of High- and Low-Molar-Mass Liquid Crystal Mixtures." In Partially Ordered Systems, 121–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8333-8_4.
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Valachová, Katarína, Peter Rapta, Ines Batinic-Haberle, and Ladislav Šoltés. "Manganese Porphyrins as Pro-Oxidants in High-Molar-Mass Hyaluronan Oxidative Degradation." In Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 223–41. Includes bibliographical references and index.: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003057895-12.
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"It is possible to displace PEO of low molar mass by PEO of high molar mass." In Adsorption on Silica Surfaces, 523–42. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482269703-37.
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Walton, David J., and J. Phillip Lorimer. "Polymer properties and characterization." In Polymers. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198503897.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the properties and characterization of polymers. The techniques most commonly used to determine polymer molar mass include end-group analysis, osmometry, light scattering, ultracentrifugation, sedimentation, viscometry, and chromatography. However, most of these involve rather lengthy procedures and in practice molar masses are obtained from high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) or viscosity measurements. It is important to recognize that the fundamental measurements of molar mass must be performed on dilute solutions so that intermolecular interactions can be ignored. The chapter then looks at polymer stereochemistry; structure-property relationships; and polymer processing. It also considers the thermal methods of polymer analysis, in which some physical property of a substance is measured as a function of temperature or time while the substance is subject to a controlled temperature programme. The most common techniques are differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, dilatometry, heat-deflection temperature, and melt index.
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Mendichi, Raniero, and Alberto Giacometti Schieroni. "AQUEOUS SEC, LIGHT SCATTERING AND VISCOMETRY OF ULTRA-HIGH MOLAR MASS HYALURONAN." In Hyaluronan, 47–54. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845693121.47.
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Niku-Paavola, M. L., T. Tamminen, B. Hording, L. Viikari, and K. Poppius-Levlin. "Reactivity of high and low molar mass lignin in the laccase catalysed oxidation." In Progress in Biotechnology, 121–30. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-0423(02)80014-4.
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Júnior, João Lameu da Silva, and Harrson Silva Santana. "Experimental and Numerical Analyses of a Micro-Heat Exchanger for Ethanol Excess Recovery From Biodiesel." In Process Analysis, Design, and Intensification in Microfluidics and Chemical Engineering, 167–94. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7138-4.ch006.
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The use of micro-heat exchangers increased with the advancement of microfluidics. These microdevices present some advantages like elevated surface area-to-volume ratio resulting in high heat transfer rates. Micro-heat exchanger with phase change is a new application of such devices. The simultaneous momentum, heat, and mass transfer at microscale still require investigations due to the inherent complexity. The main goal of the chapter is to demonstrate experimentally and numerically the capability of the micro-heat exchanger use in the continuous process of ethanol excess recovery from the biodiesel. The influence of flow rate, ethanol/biodiesel molar ratio, and temperature on the ethanol evaporation performance was evaluated. The flow rate and the ethanol/biodiesel molar ratio influenced negatively the evaporation. In contrast, the temperature was affected positively. The mathematical model was able to capture the main features of the continuous evaporation; however, further improvements must be performed in order to consider the thermodynamics characteristics.
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Clarson, Stephen J. "Cyclic Poly(dimethylsiloxane)." In Polymer Data Handbook, 113–15. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181012.003.0019.
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Abstract Cyclic poly(dimethylsiloxanes) and their Properties Polymer molecules may have a variety of architectural structures such as linear, ring, star, branched and ladder chains, and also three-dimensional network structures. The first synthetic cyclic polymers to be prepared and characterized were the poly(dimethysiloxanes) PDMS which were reported in 1977. Since then, a number of other cyclic polymers have been synthesized which include cyclic polystyrene, cyclic poly(phenylmethylsiloxane), cyclic poly(2-vinylpyridine), cyclic polybutadiene, and cyclic poly(vinylmethylsiloxane). The preparation of cyclic poly(dimethysiloxanes) is achieved by isolating the distribution of cyclic PDMS [(CH3)2SiO]x from PDMS ring–chain equilibration reactions carried out either in the bulk state or in solution. The successful utilization of such reactions for preparing large ring molecules is largely due to the extensive experiments performed on characterizing this system. Also, there is a good theoretical understanding of the reactions through the Jacobson–Stockmayer cyclization theory when used in conjunction with the rotational isomeric state model for PDMS. After attaining an equilibrium distribution of rings, vacuum fractional distillation and preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC) may be used to prepare sharp fractions of the cyclic siloxanes having narrow molar mass distributions. Such methods allow the preparation of cyclic PDMS samples containing up to 1000 skeletal bonds, on average, on a gram scale. The molar mass for each polymer and the polydispersity may then be characterized using techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), analytical gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and other methods.
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Aires da Silva, Diego, Giselle Cristine Melo Aires, and Rosinelson da Silva Pena. "Gums—Characteristics and Applications in the Food Industry." In Innovation in the Food Sector Through the Valorization of Food and Agro-Food By-Products [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95078.
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Gums, or polysaccharides, are complex carbohydrates, soluble in water, which can form gels and mucilages. They have high molar mass and can be formed by galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, galacturonic acid, among others. They have gelling characteristics, thickening, moisture retention, emulsification and stabilization. Polysaccharides are widely used in the formulation of food products, due to their wide versatility. Its diversity of applications is closely linked to its chemical structures. The characterization of structural molecules allows the knowledge of the properties of polysaccharides or glycoconjugates. In this sense, this chapter addresses knowledge about chemical, molecular, rheological, thermodynamic characteristics that are extremely important to identify the use and applications of polysaccharides in the context of elaboration and innovation in the food industry.
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Dobbs, E. R. "Quantum crystal." In Solid Helium Three, 6–38. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198513827.003.0002.
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Abstract The melting curve of He has been measured to 350 MPa by Mills and Grilly (1955) and found to be very similar to that for He, as shown in Fig. 2.1. The lighter mass of the He atom results in a larger zero point energy, and hence a larger molar volume (Chapter 1). It follows that the melting pressure is a little higher for He at all temperatures, the difference being most marked at zero temperature, where it is 3.44 MPa for He compared to 2.62 MPa for He. In similar way, there are three high-pressure phases for each isotope, the two close packed lattices for spherical atoms being present at the highest pressures. The face-centred cubic structure was first detected by Schuch and Mills (1961), while the hexagonal close-packed and body-centred cubic (Fig. 2.3) forms were identified by X-ray diffraction by Schuch et al. (1958). In this section we discuss first the high-pressure, close-packed solid, then the medium-pressure region with the important body-centred phase, and finally the unusual low-pressure melting curve.
Conference papers on the topic "High molar mass"
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Eichler, H. J., R. Elschner, G. Heppke, R. Macdonald, and H. Schmid. "Reversible optical storage effects in low molar mass chiral liquid crystals." In Nonlinear Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.md19.
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In recent years laser adressing of liquid-crystalline polymers have been extensively studied owing to their suitability for optical information storage. However, many practical applications of polymers are somewhat limited because of their high viscosity, which can be several orders of magnitude larger than their low molar mass analogues [1]. Recently we report on the possibility to use low molar mass liquid crystals in optical information and data processing systems as holographic recording materials [2].
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Lee, Tae Seok, Jacob N. Chung, and Yen-Cho Chen. "Pre-Reformer Design and Optimization for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54207.
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We have conducted optimization for a flow process consisting typical direct internal reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) utilizing syngas with anode off gas recycling. The mass and energy balance analysis for the whole system has been carried out. Mass balance (or molar balance) analysis includes optimization for minimum fuel and oxygen consumption rates corresponding to the temperatures of pre-reformer and SOFC, the steam to carbon ratio inside the pre-reformer, recirculation ratio, and rate of CO2 capture. Studies on the reforming chemical reactions and chemical equilibria are presented. The results include CO2 adsorption in the adsorbent bed as well as recirculation. For the molar balance study, we provided methane consumption rate and overall molar balance. With the energy balance analysis, the temperature distributions in the system are calculated. We have also investigated the total system efficiency based on the first law of thermodynamics. The overall efficiency is defined as the total net power output divided by the lower heating value rate of fuel input. We also provided optimal case design parameters. Thermodynamic efficiency is mainly affected by CO2 adsorption percentage under low steam to carbon ratio region, while efficiency is mainly affected by recirculation rate under high temperature operation. In accordance with our simulation, it is recommended high SOFC temperature, moderate SC ratio, moderate CO2 adsorption and high recirculation operation.
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Ribeiro, A., C. Vilarinho, J. Araújo, and J. Carvalho. "Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Gasification Using Different Gasifying Agents." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71268.
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Wastes represent nowadays, one of the major concerns for modern societies and for the environment, either by the wastage of raw materials and also by the existence of poor management systems that can originate and contaminate the ground water and air, and therefore, change the environment irreversibly. Waste management policies enhance the basic principles of prevention, which are the reduction in origin, followed by its recovery through recycling or energy recovery, in order to reduce the environmental and health impacts of wastes. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is a solid fuel made after basic processing steps or techniques that increase the calorific value of municipal solid waste (MSW), commercial or industrial waste materials. Therefore, energy production from RDF can provide economic and environmental benefits, as reduces the amount of wastes sent to landfill and allows the energy recovery from a renewable source. In this work, it was studied the gasification of RDF collected in a Portuguese company, using steam and air as gasifying agents. This study intended to evaluate the effect of temperature and different molar ratios of both agents in gas production, gas composition and mass conversion of RDF. Physical and chemical composition of RDF was determined according to EN 15359:2011. Results showed that RDF has high quality for thermal valorization being registered high values of Low Heating Value (LHV) (24330 kJ/kg), carbon content (56.2%) and volatile matter content (77.2%). Experiments of RDF gasification were performed in a laboratory scale fixed bed gasifier, under different conditions. The effect of reaction temperature was studied at 750°C and 850°C. Gasification experiments with steam were executed at S/B feeding molar ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 and the ones performed with air ranging from ER 0.2 to 0.6. Results showed that, for the same operational conditions, the rise of gasification temperature improved gas production ratio (Nm3/kg RDF), gas LHV and mass conversion. Results also proved that steam gasification achieved higher LHV values compared with gasification using air in optimal conditions, 9.4 and 9.8 MJ/m3, respectively. The gasification of RDF using steam at S/B ratio of 1.0 enables the production of syngas with 51% of hydrogen (H2), 32% of carbon dioxide (CO2), 11% of carbon monoxide (CO) and 6% of methane (CH4) (in N2 free basis). The increasing of steam to RDF molar ratio, increased the contents of H2 and CO2, while the content of CO, CH4 and heating value decreased. Regarding to gas production ratio the utilization of air, especially at ER of 0.6, induced the formation of 1.5 m3 gas/kg RDF. Instead, steam gasification only allowed the production of 0.5 m3 gas/kg RDF. Mass conversion and carbon conversion achieved almost 100% in air gasification at highest molar ratio.
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Zabihian, Farshid, and Alan S. Fung. "Process Flow Model of Combined High Temperature Fuel Cell Operated With Mixture of Methane and Carbon Dioxide." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46680.
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This paper investigates the impacts of carbon dioxide concentration in the inlet fuel on the performance of a hybrid tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and gas turbine (GT) cycle with two configurations: system with and without anode exhaust recirculation. The reference case is introduced when the system is fueled by pure methane. Then, the performance of the hybrid SOFC-GT system is investigated when methane is partially replaced by CO2 from concentration of 0% to 90% with an increment of 5% at each step. The steady-state macro level model of the SOFC-GT hybrid system was developed in Aspen Plus® using built in and user-defined modules. The performance of the system was monitored by estimating and recording performance parameters, such as SOFC and system thermal efficiency; net and specific work of SOFC, GT, and cycle as a whole; air to fuel ratio; and mass and molar flow rate and temperature of various streams. The results demonstrate that the CO2 fraction in the inlet fuel has remarkable influences on the system’s operating parameters, such as efficiency and specific work.
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Fu, Pei, Min Zeng, and Qiuwang Wang. "Effect of Gradient Anode on Mass Transfer Performance for Anode-Supported Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66095.
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For anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), the thick anode support layer (ASL) prevents the supply of fuel gas to the anode functional layer (AFL) where the electrochemical reactions take place. Shortage of the fuel gas at the active region results in concentration polarization. SOFC designs with porosity gradient anode may improve the cell performance. In order to investigate the effect of the porosity distributions on mass transfer characteristics of SOFC, a three dimensional half-cell model is developed based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The numerical model solves continuity equation, conservation of momentum, multi-component mass transfer and electrochemical reaction. According to the numerical results, a SOFC design with a higher porosity gradient anode could effectively enhance mass transport of the fuel gas in the AFLs, which would lead to the reduction of polarization loss. It is also found that high porosity gradient among the anode layers could improve the H2 concentration gradient in the porous anode, which is beneficial to facilitate diffusion of the fuel gas in the porous anode. Concentration overpotentials of the SOFC decrease with the increase of the porosity gradient, especially for the low inlet H2 molar fraction. These findings indicate that the comprehensive performance of SOFC can be effectively improved by employing a high porosity gradient anode.
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Zhao, Changsui, Chuanmin Chen, Xiaoping Chen, Fengjun Wang, Wenxuan Wang, Aiqiang Zhu, and Xin Wu. "Experimental Study on Characteristics of Pyrolysis, Ignition and Combustion of Blends of Petroleum Coke and Coal in CFB." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78048.
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It is a common understanding that co-firing of petroleum coke and coal in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is an efficient, economical and environment-friendly way to utilize petroleum coke with medium or high sulfur content. Experimental investigations on characteristics of pyrolysis, ignition and combustion of petroleum coke, coal and their blends with different mixing ratios were conducted on a thermogravimetric analyzer and a pilot CFB combustor systematically. Ignition temperature and burnout temperature were also acquired. The effects of several parameters in terms of the fuel category, the heating rate, the coal/coke mass flow ratio, the CO2 partial pressure, and the Ca/S molar ratio on the ignition and burnout characteristics of the petroleum coke and the blends of the petroleum coke and coal were verified. The results show that the ignition temperature and the burnout temperature of the petroleum coke are between those of bituminous coal and anthracite, which implies that its combustion characteristic is between bituminous coal and anthracite, but is more closer to the bituminous. The pyrolysis process of blends of petroleum coke and coal accords with mechanism model (1−α)1.5 well, and the combustion process accords with mechanism model w1.5 well. Although the ignition temperature of the blended fuels keeps the same when the heating rate, or the CO2 partial pressure or the Ca/S molar ratio increases, the burnout temperature decreases gradually. With decrease in the coal/coke mass flow ratio, the ignition temperature and the burnout temperature of the blends rise.
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Thominette, F., I. Merdas, and J. Verdu. "Ageing of PA 11 Pipes in CO2 Medium: A Tool to Predict Their Residual Lifetime." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28054.
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The study of polyamide 11 hydrolysis in acid medium has a great importance taking into account the presence of CO2 pressure in the fields. Experimentally we have put in evidence that CO2 accelerates PA 11 hydrolysis and shift the equilibrium towards high conversions. Theoretically, two mechanisms can be involved in the CO2 effect on hydrolysis: - a catalytic effect by H+ ions (acceleration of the hydrolysis reaction); - an amine scavenging by CO2 (shift of the equilibrium towards high conversion) From this mechanistic scheme we propose a kinetic model. Then, we have built a computer program allowing to made all the calculations needed in practice by the users as the average molar mass and the residual lifetime for given conditions.
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Steindl, Johannes, Rafael Eduardo Hincapie, Ante Borovina, Christoph Puls, Johann Badstöber, Gerhard Heinzmann, and Torsten Clemens. "Improved EOR Polymer Selection Using Field-Flow Fractionation." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207700-ms.
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Abstract Various polyacrylamide polymers have been successfully applied in chemical EOR projects. These polymers are characterised by high molecular weights (MW) to achieve high viscosifying power. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the polymers has a major impact on polymer properties and performance. Measuring the molecular weight distribution is challenging using conventional methods. Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF) enables the determination of the distribution to select and quality check various polymers. Polymers with high molar masses (> 1 MDa) are used for EOR to obtain highly viscous aqueous solutions. The MWD of the polymers is crucial for the solution characteristics. Conventional analysis of polymers is performed using either viscometry – which is able to determine the average MW but does not give information on MWD, or size-exclusion chromatography – which is restricted to molecular weights of < 20 MDa. FFF is based on the analytes flowing at different speeds in a channel dependent on their size and mass. This effect leads to separation, which is then used to determine the MWD. FFF allows to determine the MW and MWD of various ultra-high molecular weight polyacrylamides (HPAAMs). The FFF measurements showed, that despite similar MWs are claimed, substantial differences in MWD are observed. This technology offered the quantification the MWD of HPAAMs up to a MW of 5 GDa. Furthermore, gyration radii of the HPAAM molecules were determined. Selecting polymers on viscosifying power only is not addressing issues related to different MW and MWDs such as selective polymer retention and degradation of the high molar mass part of the distribution. The results were used to improve the polymer selection for chemical EOR projects. Overall, this work presents a new technique for analysis of ultra-high molecular weight EOR polymers, which enables the possibility to determine the full range of polymer MWD. This available information enhances the EOR polymer selection process addressing selective polymer retention and mechanical degradation in addition to the viscosifying power of polymers.
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Tawfik, Mena E., Shashwat Gupta, Aaron Stern, and F. J. Diez. "Transient Effects in High Power Electroosmotic Pumps." In ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2016-8077.
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On generating high electroosmotic flows in microfluidic pumps under applied DC voltage, the flow rate and the drawn current drop with time. When generating high electroosmotic flows using microfluidic pumps under applied DC voltage, the flow rate and current draw decrease with time. The electroosmotic (EO) pump efficiency decreases with time due to flow rate deterioration. In order to study the transient effect in EO pumps, the mass transport of ions in the membrane is investigated. Ions mass transport are affected by the membrane surface charge, ion diffusion, ion migration and flow convection. Many studies investigate the mass transport in ion selective membranes, micro-channels, and nano-channels without focus on the transient effects at high electric fields. In most of these studies, the Poisson-Nernst-Plank and the Naiver stokes equations are used to model the ion transport in electrokinetic devices. Without applying simplifying assumptions, these system of equations can be only solved numerically. A theoretical model, based on diffusion and ion migration, is developed to predict the current drop and experiments are conducted to verify this model. EO flow can be neglected when there is no membrane installed between the pump electrodes (electrochemical cell). The current drop is predicted under no flow conditions using the advection diffusion equation and it solved analytically using the Ogata and Banks solution. In order to predict the current drop in the EO pump under flow conditions, the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation is used to calculate the EO flow velocity. This equation holds under thin electrical double layer assumption and small zeta potential. The current drop has been calculated theoretically and compared with the experimental data. The ion screening and depletion at the electrodes result in increasing the EO pump total resistance and decrease the total current. The calculated current drop time scale has been found to be in the order of 100 seconds under no flow conditions. As flow rate increases, the flow rate contributes to the mass transport of ions (convection current) and screens the ions faster, leading to a decrease in the current drop time scale. On the other hand, by increasing the fluid molar concentration, the current drop is much slower as more ions are available and need more time to be depleted. The current drop time scale decreases rapidly as higher DC voltages are applied, leading to low efficiency. The ion transport can be limited by applying a pulse voltage waveform instead of DC voltage, leading to more stable flow rate, current and hence constant EO efficiency. The pulse voltage waveform allows the ions to diffuse back from high to low concentration regions during the off-time, preventing ion depletion and current drop.
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Aslanidis, Panagiotis, Dimitris Marinakis, Tina Puntervold, Vasilis Gaganis, and Nikolaos Varotsis. "Density Changes at Supercritical and Near-Critical Conditions by Increasing CO2 Content in Synthetic Hydrocarbon Mixtures – A Comparison Between Experiments and Simulation Predictions." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209663-ms.
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Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection is a well-known EOR-method to reduce residual oil in the pore network of oil reservoirs. It is also increasingly used as a means of mitigating the greenhouse gas emissions problem by storing it in geological formations. A key parameter to such attempts is the density of the rich CO2 mixture, which is formed downhole in the injection well, since it affects the swelling potential, oil formation volume factor, viscosity, hydrostatic gradient, fluid distribution and formation pore pressure. The density of the crude oil-CO2 mixture depends on the pressure-temperature conditions, the CO2 concentration and the dominant hydrogen compounds in the crude oil, i.e. whether they are aliphatics, aromatics, or naphtenics (cyclic structures). The PVT properties of the different CO2-hydrocarbon mixtures vary greatly and the available experimental data for tuning PVT simulators are scarce, especially for ternary mixtures at high pressures and CO2 concentrations. This study investigates the effect of CO2 concentration on the density of ternary mixtures containing CO2, methane, and a pure liquid hydrocarbon, which is either an alkane, aromatic or cycloalkane compound. The liquid hydrocarbons used in the study were normal heptane (n-C7), toluene (Tol) and cyclohexane (c-C6). The measurements were conducted at variable compositions, at temperatures of 50, 70, and 90 °C, and at pressures ranging between 100 and 517 bar. The ternary mixtures were: Methane, toluene and CO2 at 1:1 molar ratio and CO2 concentrations of 14%, 27% and 72%, Methane, cyclohexane and CO2 at 1:1 molar ratio and CO2 concentrations of 19%, 47% and 68%. Methane, n-heptane and CO2 at constant molar hydrocarbon ratio (C1/n-C7) of 2:1 and varying CO2 concentrations of 23% and 75%, Some of the rich CO2 mixtures exhibited retrograde condensation behaviour at high temperatures. The results were compared against predictions from an EoS model (Peng Robinson Equation of State), coupled with volume shift parameters. The comparison between the simulation calculations and the experimental data indicated good agreement in the densities, but significant deviations in the boiling point pressures (Pb). As a result, the EoS model can be safely used to predict the CO2 mass storage potential of reservoirs of known pore volume such as the depleted ones.