Academic literature on the topic 'High Mobility Environments'
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Journal articles on the topic "High Mobility Environments"
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Chapin, Caitlin A., Ruth A. Miller, Karen M. Dowling, Ruiqi Chen, and Debbie G. Senesky. "InAlN/GaN high electron mobility micro-pressure sensors for high-temperature environments." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 263 (August 2017): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.06.009.
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Saito, Tomoyuki, Amnart Boonkajay, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "Improved adaptive STBC-TD in low-to-high mobility environments." IEICE Communications Express 8, no. 5 (2019): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/comex.2019xbl0006.
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Jia, Lile, Chun Hui Lim, Ismaharif Ismail, and Yia Chin Tan. "Stunted upward mobility in a learning environment reduces the academic benefits of growth mindsets." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 10 (March 1, 2021): e2011832118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011832118.
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Does stunted upward mobility in an educational system impede beneficial psychological processes of learning? We predicted that growth mindsets of intelligence, a well-established psychological stimulant to learning, would be less potent in low-mobility, as compared to high-mobility, learning environments. An analysis of a large cross-national dataset and a longitudinal experiment accumulated converging evidence for this hypothesis. Study 1 examined data from 15-y-old students across 30 countries (n = 235,141 persons). Replicating past findings, growth mindsets positively predicted students’ math, science, and reading literacy. More importantly, the country-level indicator of educational mobility (i.e., the percentage of children from low-education households to graduate from tertiary education) moderated the effect of growth mindsets. Depending on the subject, the gain in predicted academic performance from a one-unit increase in growth mindsets was reduced by 42 to 45% from a high-mobility to a low-mobility country. Results were robust with or without important covariates. Study 2 experimentally manipulated people’s perception of mobility in a carefully constructed learning environment. The moderating role of educational mobility was replicated and extended to learning behavior, which subsequently predicted performance. Evidence further suggests that in high-mobility environments, both advantaged and disadvantaged learners benefited from growth mindsets, albeit likely through diverging mechanisms; when the effect of growth mindsets was attenuated in low-mobility environments, the potential for the disadvantaged to overcome the performance gap was also limited. Implications for galvanizing the upward mobility of the disadvantaged, evaluating the effectiveness of mindset interventions, and conceptualizing social mobility from a psychological perspective are discussed.
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Kuroki, Shinichiro, Hirofumi Nagatsuma, Milantha de Silva, Seiji Ishikawa, Tomonori Maeda, Hiroshi Sezaki, Takamaro Kikkawa, et al. "Characterization of 4H-SiC nMOSFETs in Harsh Environments, High-Temperature and High Gamma-Ray Radiation." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.864.
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Characteristics of 4H-SiC nMOSFETs with arsenic-doped S/D and NbNi silicide contacts in harsh environments of high-temperature up to 450°C, and high gamma-ray radiation up to over 100 Mrad, were investigated. At high temperature, field effect mobility increased as proportional to T3/2, and threshold voltage was shifted with temperature coefficients of -4.3 mV/K and -2.6 mV/K for oxide thicknesses of 10 nm and 20 nm, respectively. After Co60 gamma-ray exposure of 113 Mrad, the field effect mobility was varied within 8% for oxide thickness of 10 nm, however for 20 nm oxide thickness, this variation was 26%. The threshold voltage shifts were within 6%.
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Shpektorenko, Igor Valentinovich, and Lysenko Olena Oleksiivna. "Socio-Cultural Mobility as a Condition for Professional Activation of Staff." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/802ecr24c.
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We have identified the basic types of human mobility: social, professional, academic and some mixed types: socio-professional, professional-academic, socio-cultural, etc. Carryed out a comparative, comprehensive analysis, applying the method of sequential comparison of different interpretations of the concept of "socio-cultural mobility" with the use of systematic analysis, we substantiated the basic meaning of this concept: quality inherent in human (individual) which indicate a high level of social and cultural competence, social and general culture of the individual; the process of individual and group mobility of people in different socio-cultural environments (including professional environments in which a person operates), the process of realization of personal qualities, especially those that determine their ability to master social and cultural values and norms of a particular environment; achieved (or determined) result of activity, mobility in different socio-cultural environments (realized the potential of this type of human mobility for a certain period); criterion for evaluating activities in different socio-cultural environments, effectiveness, productivity, efficiency of the specified socio-cultural activities of man.
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Tai Suk Kim, Jae Kyun Kwon, and Dan Keun Sung. "Mobility modeling and traffic analysis in three-dimensional high-rise building environments." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 49, no. 5 (September 2000): 1633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.892547.
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Moyano, Amparo, Carlos Tejero-Beteta, and Santos Sánchez-Cambronero. "Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) and High-Speed Rail Operators: Do Not Let the Train Pass!" Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 23, 2023): 8474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118474.
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Rail operators are developing their own Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) applications for mobility management, integrating all the transport links for door-to-door intermodal journeys. In this context, this paper analyses the main challenges railway operators face when implementing their new MaaS applications on a national scale, analysing and evaluating the factors influencing the successful implementation of MaaS in cities with high-speed rail services. These factors are related directly to the adaptation of MaaS services to different geographies, from large metropolitan areas to small cities located in rural environments. The differences among all the HSR cities in Spain are related to both socioeconomic and transport systems’ variables. Smaller cities are generally in a more rural/suburban environment, with higher percentages of aged and illiterate inhabitants, who are much more vulnerable to the digital divide. In addition, these areas present very few and/or inefficient public transport options, and practically non-existent shared mobility services, largely limiting the possibility of competing for private car mobility. Our paper’s analysis of all these factors fills a gap in the literature and opens the debate about different approaches and transport policies that rail operators could adopt when entering the MaaS environment.
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Chen, Edith, Gene H. Brody, and Gregory E. Miller. "What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility?" Annual Review of Psychology 73, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 599–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-122814.
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Health disparities by socioeconomic status (SES) have been extensively documented, but less is known about the physical health implications of achieving upward mobility. This article critically reviews the evolving literature in this area, concluding that upward mobility is associated with a trade-off, whereby economic success and positive mental health in adulthood can come at the expense of physical health, a pattern termed skin-deep resilience. We consider explanations for this phenomenon, including prolonged high striving, competing demands between the environments upwardly mobile individuals seek to enter and their environments of origin, cultural mismatches between adaptive strategies from their childhood environments and those that are valued in higher-SES environments, and the sense of alienation, lack of belonging, and discrimination that upwardly mobile individuals face as they move into spaces set up by and for high-SES groups. These stressors are hypothesized to lead to unhealthy behaviors and a dysregulation of biological systems, with implications for cardiometabolic health.
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Duchowny, Kate, Philippa Clarke, Nancy Ambrose Gallagher, Robert Adams, Andrea L. Rosso, and Neil B. Alexander. "Using Mobile, Wearable, Technology to Understand the Role of Built Environment Demand for Outdoor Mobility." Environment and Behavior 51, no. 6 (January 1, 2018): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517749256.
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Walking outdoors requires navigating a complex environment. However, no studies have evaluated how environmental barriers affect outdoor mobility in real time. We assessed the impact of the built environment on outdoor mobility, using mobile, wearable inertial measurement units. Data come from a convenience sample of 23 community-dwelling adults in Southeast Michigan. Participants walked a defined outdoor route where gait metrics were captured over a real-world urban environment with varying challenges. Street segments were classified as high versus low environmental demand using the Senior Walking Environmental Assessment Tool. Participants ranged in age from 22 to 74 years (mean age of 47 years). Outdoor gait speed was 0.3 m/s slower, and gait variability almost doubled, over the high- versus low-demand environments (coefficient of variability = 10.6% vs. 5.6%, respectively). This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable motion sensors to gather real-time mobility data in response to outdoor environmental demand. Findings contribute to the understanding of outdoor mobility by quantifying how real-world environmental challenges influence mobility in real time.
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Gilly, Katja, Sonja Filiposka, and Salvador Alcaraz. "Predictive Migration Performance in Vehicular Edge Computing Environments." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030944.
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Advanced learning algorithms for autonomous driving require lots of processing and storage power, which puts a strain on vehicles’ computing resources. Using a combination of 5G network connectivity with ultra-high bandwidth and low latency together with extra computing power located at the edge of the network can help extend the capabilities of vehicular networks. However, due to the high mobility, it is essential that the offloaded services are migrated so that they are always in close proximity to the requester. Using proactive migration techniques ensures minimum latency for high service quality. However, predicting the next edge server to migrate comes with an error that can have deteriorating effects on the latency. In this paper, we examine the influence of mobility prediction errors on edge service migration performances in terms of latency penalty using a large-scale urban vehicular simulation. Our results show that the average service delay increases almost linearly with the migration prediction error, with 20% error yielding almost double service latency.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "High Mobility Environments"
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Qu, Ming. "Experimental studies of wireless communication and GNSS kinematic positioning performance in high-mobility vehicle environments." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50953/1/Ming_Qu_Thesis.pdf.
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In order to support intelligent transportation system (ITS) road safety applications such as collision avoidance, lane departure warnings and lane keeping, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) based vehicle positioning system has to provide lane-level (0.5 to 1 m) or even in-lane-level (0.1 to 0.3 m) accurate and reliable positioning information to vehicle users. However, current vehicle navigation systems equipped with a single frequency GPS receiver can only provide road-level accuracy at 5-10 meters. The positioning accuracy can be improved to sub-meter or higher with the augmented GNSS techniques such as Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) which have been traditionally used in land surveying and or in slowly moving environment. In these techniques, GNSS corrections data generated from a local or regional or global network of GNSS ground stations are broadcast to the users via various communication data links, mostly 3G cellular networks and communication satellites.
This research aimed to investigate the precise positioning system performances when operating in the high mobility environments. This involves evaluation of the performances of both RTK and PPP techniques using: i) the state-of-art dual frequency GPS receiver; and ii) low-cost single frequency GNSS receiver.
Additionally, this research evaluates the effectiveness of several operational strategies in reducing the load on data communication networks due to correction data transmission, which may be problematic for the future wide-area ITS services deployment. These strategies include the use of different data transmission protocols, different correction data format standards, and correction data transmission at the less-frequent interval.
A series of field experiments were designed and conducted for each research task.
Firstly, the performances of RTK and PPP techniques were evaluated in both static and kinematic (highway with speed exceed 80km) experiments. RTK solutions achieved the RMS precision of 0.09 to 0.2 meter accuracy in static and 0.2 to 0.3 meter in kinematic tests, while PPP reported 0.5 to 1.5 meters in static and 1 to 1.8 meter in kinematic tests by using the RTKlib software. These RMS precision values could be further improved if the better RTK and PPP algorithms are adopted. The tests results also showed that RTK may be more suitable in the lane-level accuracy vehicle positioning. The professional grade (dual frequency) and mass-market grade (single frequency) GNSS receivers were tested for their performance using RTK in static and kinematic modes. The analysis has shown that mass-market grade receivers provide the good solution continuity, although the overall positioning accuracy is worse than the professional grade receivers.
In an attempt to reduce the load on data communication network, we firstly evaluate the use of different correction data format standards, namely RTCM version 2.x and RTCM version 3.0 format. A 24 hours transmission test was conducted to compare the network throughput. The results have shown that 66% of network throughput reduction can be achieved by using the newer RTCM version 3.0, comparing to the older RTCM version 2.x format. Secondly, experiments were conducted to examine the use of two data transmission protocols, TCP and UDP, for correction data transmission through the Telstra 3G cellular network. The performance of each transmission method was analysed in terms of packet transmission latency, packet dropout, packet throughput, packet retransmission rate etc. The overall network throughput and latency of UDP data transmission are 76.5% and 83.6% of TCP data transmission, while the overall accuracy of positioning solutions remains in the same level. Additionally, due to the nature of UDP transmission, it is also found that 0.17% of UDP packets were lost during the kinematic tests, but this loss doesn't lead to significant reduction of the quality of positioning results. The experimental results from the static and the kinematic field tests have also shown that the mobile network communication may be blocked for a couple of seconds, but the positioning solutions can be kept at the required accuracy level by setting of the Age of Differential. Finally, we investigate the effects of using less-frequent correction data (transmitted at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 60 seconds interval) on the precise positioning system. As the time interval increasing, the percentage of ambiguity fixed solutions gradually decreases, while the positioning error increases from 0.1 to 0.5 meter. The results showed the position accuracy could still be kept at the in-lane-level (0.1 to 0.3 m) when using up to 20 seconds interval correction data transmission.
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Edwards, Michael. "Characterization of Fillite as a Planetary Soil Simulant in Support of Rover Mobility Assessment in High-Sinkage/High-Slip Environments." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/292.
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This thesis presents the results of a research program characterizing a soil simulant called Fillite, which is composed of alumino-silicate hollow microspheres harvested from the pulverized fuel ash of coal-fired power plants. Fillite is available in large quantities at a reasonable cost and it is chemically inert. Fillite has been selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center to simulate high-sinkage/high-slip environment in a large test bed such as the ones encountered by the Spirit rover on Mars in 2009 when it became entrapped in a pocket of soft, loose regolith on Mars. The terms high-sinkage and high-slip used here describe the interaction of soils with typical rover wheels. High-sinkage refers to a wheel sinking with little to no applied force while high-slip refers to a spinning wheel with minimal traction.
Standard material properties (density, specific gravity, compression index, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio) of Fillite were determined from a series of laboratory tests conducted in general accordance with ASTM standards. Tests were also performed to determine some less standard material properties of Fillite such as the small strain shear wave velocity, maximum shear modulus, and several pressure-sinkage parameters for use in pressure-sinkage models. The experiments include an extensive series of triaxial compression tests, bender element tests, and normal and shear bevameter tests.
The unit weight of Fillite on Earth ranges between 3.9 and 4.8 kN/m3, which is similar to that of Martian regolith (about 3.7 - 5.6 kN/m3) on Mars and close to the range of the unit weight of lunar regolith (about 1.4 - 2.9 kN/m3) on the Moon. The data presented here support that Fillite has many physical and mechanical properties that are similar to what is known about Martian regolith. These properties are also comparable to lunar regolith. Fillite is quite dilatant; its peak and critical angles of internal friction are smaller than those of most other simulants. Smaller shear strength, coupled with much smaller bulk unit weight as compared to other simulants, results in smaller bearing and shearing resistances allowing for better simulation of the intended high-sinkage, high-slip behavior for rover mobility studies.
The results of the normal bevameter tests were used to determine parameters for two models available in the literature - the Bekker model and the New Model of Mobility (N2M) model. These parameters were then used to predict the sinkage of a Spirit rover wheel if the rover were to be used on Fillite. The predicted sinkage of a Spirit rover wheel in Fillite was 84% of the wheel diameter, which was within the observed sinkage of 50 to 90% of the wheel diameter of the Spirit rover on Mars. Shear bevameter tests were also performed on Fillite to assess the shear stresses and shear deformations imparted by wheels under torsional loads. The results compared well to the estimated shear stresses and deformations of Martian soil caused by the wheels of the Spirit rover. When compared to other simulants (e.g. GRC-1), the pressure-sinkage and shear stress-shear deformation behaviors of Fillite confirm that Fillite is more suitable for high-sinkage and high-slip rover studies than other typical simulants derived from natural terrestrial soils and rocks.
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Savoie, Courtney Beth Young. "Arsenic Mobility and Compositional Variability in High-Silica Ash Flow Tuffs." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1012.
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Volcanic rocks typically have only low to moderate arsenic concentrations, none-the-less, elevated levels of arsenic in ground waters have been associated with pyroclastic and volcaniclastic rocks and sediments in many parts of the world. The potential for arsenic leaching from these deposits is particularly problematic as they often comprise important water-bearing units in volcanic terrains. However, the role that chemical and mineralogical variations play in controlling the occurrence and mobility of arsenic from pyroclastic rocks is largely unexplored.
This study uses chemical and X-ray diffraction data to characterize and classify 49 samples of ash-flow tuffs, and 11 samples of tuffaceous sediments. The samples exhibit a range of devitrification and chemical weathering. Total and partial digestion, and water extractions of samples are used to determine the total, environmentally available, and readily leachable fractions of arsenic present in all tuff samples. Leaching experiments were also performed with buffered solutions to determine the influence of elevated pH levels on arsenic mobility.
The 49 tuff samples have a mean arsenic content of 7.5 mg kg-1, a geometric mean arsenic content of 4.8 mg kg-1, a median arsenic content of 5.2 mg kg-1, and a maximum arsenic concentration of 81 mg kg-1. The mean and median values are 2.8 - 4.4x the average crustal abundance of 1.7 mg kg-1 (Wedepohl, 1995), and consistent with previously reported values for volcanic glasses and felsic volcanic rocks (Onishi and Sandell, 1955; Wedepohl, 1995), although the maximum arsenic content is higher than previously reported (e.g., Casentini et al., 2010; Fiantis et al., 2010; Nobel et al., 2004). In addition, the arsenic concentrations of tuffs were found to be highly heterogenous, both between and within individual units, and in some cases, individual outcrops.
Results of whole rock and leachate analyses indicate that there is no significant difference in the total arsenic content of tuffs as a result of devitrification or weathering, but both devitrified and weathered tuffs contain higher levels of environmentally available arsenic than unweathered glassy tuffs. Glassy tuffs did not produce any readily leachable arsenic, while individual devitrified and weathered tuffs both generated aqueous concentrations that exceeded regulatory limits after 18 hours. Leaching of weathered tuffs produced higher levels of arsenic at high (~9-11) pH than in tests conducted at circum-neutral pH. Devitrified and glassy tuffs showed no increase in leachable arsenic with increasing pH.
The results of this study indicate that devitrification and weathering processes determine the host phases, degree of adsorption, and overall mobility of arsenic from ash-flow tuffs. Tuffs that have undergone different types of alteration are likely to have different host phases of arsenic, and different mechanisms that mobilize arsenic into the environment. Potential host phases and mobility mechanisms are discussed, and a conceptual model of arsenic behavior in ash-flow tuffs is proposed.
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Kim, Samuel H. "Addressing thermal and environmental reliability in GaN based high electron mobility transistors." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52244.
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AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have appeared as attractive candidates for high power, high frequency, and high temperature operation at microwave frequencies. In particular, these devices are being considered for use in the area of high RF power for microwave and millimeter wave communications transmitter applications at frequencies greater than 100 GHz and at temperatures greater than about 150 °C. However, there are concerns regarding the reliability of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. First of all, thermal reliability is the chief concern since high channel temperatures significantly affect the lifetime of the devices. Therefore, it is necessary to find the solutions to decrease the temperature of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. In this study, we explored the methods to reduce the channel temperature via high thermal conductivity diamond as substrates of GaN. Experimental verification of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on diamond substrates was performed using micro-Raman spectroscopy, and investigation of the design space for devices was conducted using finite element analysis as well. In addition to the thermal impact on reliability, environmental effects can also play a role in device degradation. Using high density and pinhole free films deposited using atomic layer deposition, we also explore the use of ultra-thin barrier films for the protection of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs in high humidity and high temperature environments. The results show that it is possible to protect the devices from the effects of moisture under high negative gate bias stress testing, whereas devices, which were unprotected, failed under the same bias stress conditions. Thus, the use of the atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings may provide added benefits in the protection and packaging of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
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Ong, Felicia Li Chin. "Heterogeneous Networking for Beyond 3G system in a High-Speed Train Environment. Investigation of handover procedures in a high-speed train environment and adoption of a pattern classification neural-networks approach for handover management." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12341.
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Based on the targets outlined by the EU Horizon 2020 (H2020) framework, it is expected that heterogeneous networking will play a crucial role in delivering seamless end-to-end ubiquitous Internet access for users. In due course, the current GSM-Railway (GSM-R) will be deemed unsustainable, as the demand for packet-oriented services continues to increase. Therefore, the opportunity to identify a plausible replacement system conducted in this research study is timely and appropriate. In this research study, a hybrid satellite and terrestrial network for enabling ubiquitous Internet access in a high-speed train environment is investigated. The study focuses on the mobility management aspect of the system, primarily related to the handover management. A proposed handover strategy, employing the RACE II MONET and ITU-T Q.65 design methodology, will be addressed. This includes identifying the functional model (FM) which is then mapped to the functional architecture (FUA), based on the Q.1711 IMT-2000 FM. In addition, the signalling protocols, information flows and message format based on the adopted design methodology will also be specified. The approach is then simulated in OPNET and the findings are then presented and discussed. The opportunity of exploring the prospect of employing neural networks (NN) for handover is also undertaken. This study focuses specifically on the use of pattern classification neural networks to aid in the handover process, which is then simulated in MATLAB. The simulation outcomes demonstrated the effectiveness and appropriateness of the NN algorithm and the competence of the algorithm in facilitating the handover process.
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Uppoor, Sandesh. "Understanding and Exploiting Mobility in Wireless Networks." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912521.
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Le degré de pénétration du marché des appareils intelligents tels que les smartphones et les tablettes avec les technologies de communication embarquées comme le WiFi, 3G et LTE a explosé en moins d'une décennie. En complément de cette tendance technologique, les appli- cations des réseaux sociaux ont virtuellement connecté une grande partie de la population, en génèrant une demande de trafic de données croissant vers et depuis l'infrastructure de com- munication. Les communications pervasive ont aussi acquis une importance dans l'industrie automobile. L'émergence d' une gamme impressionnante d' appareils intelligents dans les véhicules permettant services tels que assistance au conducteur, infotainment, suivi à dis- tance du vehicule, et connectivité àux réseaux sociaux même en déplacement. La demande exponentielle de connectivité a encore défié les fournisseurs de services de télécommunications pour répondre aux attentes des utilisateurs du réseau à grande vitesse. L'objectif de cette thèse est de modéliser et comprendre la mobilité dynamique des utilisateurs à grande vitesse et leurs effets sur les architectures de réseau sans fil. Compte tenu de l' importance du développement de notre étude sur une représentation réal- iste de la mobilité des véhicules, nous étudions tout d'abord les approches les plus populaires pour la génération de trafic routier synthétique et discutons les caractéristiques des ensem- bles de données accessibles au public qui decrivent des mobilités véhiculaires. En utilisant l'information des déplacements de la population dans une région métropolitaine, les données du réseau routier détaillées et des modèles réalistes de conduite microscopiques, nous pro- posons un jeux de données de mobilité véhiculaire original qui redéfinit l'état de l'art et qui replie la circulation routière de facon realiste dans le temps et dans l'espace. Nous étudions ensuite l'impact des dynamiques de mobilité du point de vue de la couverture cellulaire en présence d'un déploiement réel des stations de base. En outre, en examinant les effets de la mobilité des véhicules sur les réseaux autonomes, nous voyons des possibilités pour les futurs paradigmes de réseaux hétérogènes. Motivés par l'évolution dynamique dans le temps de la mobilité des véhicules observée dans notre jeux de données, nous proposons également une approche en ligne pour prédire les flux de trafic macroscopiques. Nous analysons les paramètres affectant la prédiction de la mobilité en milieu urbain. Nous dévoilons quand et où la gestion des ressources réseau est plus crucial pour accueillir le trafic généré par les utilisateurs à bord. Ces études dévoilent des multiples opportunités de gestion intelligente des transports, soit pour construire de nouvelles routes, soit pour l'installation de bornes de recharge électriques, ou pour la conception de systèmes de feux de circulation intelligents, contribuant ainsi à la planification urbaine.
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Benigni, Paolo. "Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry coupled to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry for the analysis of Complex Mixtures." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3547.
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Analytical Characterization of complex mixtures, such as crude oil, environmental samples, and biological mixtures, is challenging because of the large diversity of molecular components. Mass spectrometry based techniques are among the most powerful tools for the separation of molecules based on their molecular composition, and the coupling of ion mobility spectrometry has enabled the separation and structural elucidation using the tridimensional structure of the molecule. The present work expands the ability of analytical chemists by furthering the development of IMS-MS instrumentation by coupling Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS platform combines the high-resolution separation of TIMS, which has mobility resolving powers up to 400, and ultra-high mass resolution of FT-ICR MS, with mass resolving power over 1,000,000. This instrumentation allows the assignment of exact chemical composition for compounds in a complex mixture, as well as measurement of the collision cross-section of the molecule. Herein, the principles of the TIMS separation and its coupling to FT-ICR MS are described, as well as how the platform can be applied to targeted analysis of molecules, and untargeted characterization of complex mixtures.
Molecular standards were analyzed by TIMS-MS in order to develop a computational workflow that can be utilized to elucidate molecular structure, using the measured collision cross-section of the ion. This workflow enabled identification of structural, cis/trans isomers, and chelated molecules and provides the basis for unsupervised structural elucidation of a complex mixture, and in particular for the elucidation of hydrocarbons from fossil fuels. In summary, this work presents the coupling of TIMS-FT-ICR MS and provides examples of applications as a proof of concept of the potential of this platform for solving complex analytical challenges.
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Krämer, Dennis [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Bau, Andrea [Akademischer Betreuer] Koschinsky, Gregor [Akademischer Betreuer] Borg, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuhn. "Mobility of High-Technology Metals in Earth’s Surface Environment : A Study on Siderophore-Promoted Mobilization and Implications for the Extractive Hydrometallurgy of some Critical Metals / Dennis Krämer. Betreuer: Michael Bau. Gutachter: Michael Bau ; Andrea Koschinsky ; Gregor Borg ; Thomas Kuhn." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1095233416/34.
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JHANG, LUN-YUAN, and 張掄元. "Reduced-complexity OFDM signal detection under high mobility environments." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05136578910983662760.
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碩士南開科技大學
電機與資訊工程研究所
99
In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, the intercarrier interference (ICI) causes significant performance degradation. The successive interference cancellation (SIC) has been proved to have an excellent performance for mitigating the ICI in OFDM system. However, since the complexity of SIC is proportional to the number of OFDM subcarrier N, the realization of this detector becomes impractical, especially when large number of subcarrier is considered. In this thesis, a modified successive interference cancellation (SIC) algorithm which is referred to as qSIC is proposed for high mobility OFDM system. The qSIC algorithm not only significantly reduces the computational complexity of SIC algorithm, but its performance also approaches the performance of conventional SIC algorithm. Furthermore, a fast matrix inversion for qSIC was purposed. In qSIC, the pseudo-inverse of the (2j+1)-dimensional matrices are repeatedly calculated and successively padded with zero columns. This means that the taken (2j+1)-square matrices are mostly non-full-rank. Thus this leaves room for improvement in decreasing computational complexity. The presented fast matrix inverse can obtain reliable and accurate approximations in the qSIC simulation cases.
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Liu, Ju-Chieh, and 劉如傑. "Channel Tracking Techniques for the High-Mobility Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89250474019104851485.
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碩士國立中正大學
通訊工程研究所
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The industrial standard of Wireless Access Vehicular Environment (WAVE), or called the IEEE 802.11p standard, is an example of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique applied to the high-mobility environment. In addition to the multipath effect, the high-mobility environment introduces severe fading to the received signals. Tracking of the channel state information becomes the critical issue for such high-mobility system. Based one the conventional decision-directed channel tracking (DDCT) algorithm, we proposes a modified decision-directed channel tracking (MDDCT) algorithm. Our proposed algorithm is shown to have approximately equal uncoded bit error rate (BER) to that of the conventional DDCT algorithm, but have significant lower packet error rate than that of the conventional DDCT algorithm under a variety of high-mobility environments. After comparing the error patterns of the uncoded bits that are demodulated by the conventional and our MDDCT algorithms, we observe that our MDDCT algorithm mitigates the burst error; hence, the following error correction decoder works more effectively to improve its packet error rate. Finally, our MDDCT is of very low complexity, and is of practical use.
Books on the topic "High Mobility Environments"
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Pollock, W. J. Slow strain rate testing of high strength low-alloy steels: A technique for assessing the degree of hydrogen embrittlement produced by plating processes, paint strippers and other aircraft maintenance chemicals. Melbourne, Victoria: Dept. of Defence, Aeronautical Research Laboratories, 1985.
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Adler, Michael. The Built Environment. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.31.
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The most intensively studied societies within Southwest archaeology—the Ancestral “Pueblos”—have been defined by their architecture. Stark village ruins of stone and adobe, some perched high in cliff settings, dot much of the region and are today its major tourist attractions. But as this chapter demonstrates, the architecture and built landscapes of the greater Southwest were vastly more diverse, ranging from the ephemeral wikiup-like structures of early hunter-gatherers, to the various pithouse forms and configurations of the Archaic and later periods, to the monumental trincheras, ball courts, and platform mounds of the southern Southwest, to the great kivas, great houses, and road systems of the Chacoan world. This chapter surveys that diversity and considers the way the built environment has been mobilized as evidence to make claims about social and political organization, religion practice, cosmology, mobility, and scale of collective labor projects within studies of ancient Southwest communities.
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Martin, Lou. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039454.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter argues that studies of the industrialization of rural places like Hancock County can help in understanding the nature of industrial capitalism, particularly the relationship between capital mobility and the working class. Industries periodically entered periods of crisis that required a general restructuring for companies to remain profitable, and relocations were a key component in the process. In “undeveloped” rural areas, some manufacturers believed that they could create new environments free of discord and find grateful and compliant pool of rural laborers—often women and other low-wage workers—to surround the core of handpicked skilled workers. Thus, manufacturers' old labor problems and their high hopes for an improved workforce figured prominently in the migration of capital to rural places. Eventually, rural migrants and young people from local farms brought their own ideas, goals, and culture—distinct from those of the skilled craftsmen—and came to constitute a truly rural-industrial workforce.
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Gardner, Heidi. Teamwork and Collaboration in Professional Service Firms. Edited by Laura Empson, Daniel Muzio, Joseph Broschak, and Bob Hinings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.21.
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The nature of teamwork in professional service firms, as in many other knowledge-intensive environments, is evolving from highly structured project teams to more fluid, open-ended, peer-to-peer collaboration such as that between powerful, high-autonomy partners. This shift is especially challenging because senior-level collaboration requires peers from different practice groups or offices with different sub-cultures to negotiate task allocation, credit recognition, and decision-making norms, which can be difficult and politically charged. Increased partner-level collaboration is further complicated by other trends in the PSF arena such as expertise specialization, heightened professional mobility, and increased competition. Yet, this phenomenon remains largely under-researched and under-theorized. The chapter therefore lays out a research agenda focusing on opportunities to better understand peer collaboration in PSFs. In addition, the chapter identifies ways that recent changes in the professional sector challenge our understanding of traditional teamwork, and it identifies specific gaps that deserve scholarly attention.
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Nielsen, François. Genes and Status Achievement. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.22.
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A number of human traits that are predictive of socioeconomic success (e.g., intelligence, certain personality traits, and educational attainment) or reflective of success (e.g., occupational prestige and earnings) have been found to be substantially affected by individual genetic endowments; some outcomes, such as educational attainment, are also affected by the family environment, although usually to a lesser extent. The associations among status-related traits are themselves largely due to genetic causes. By reshuffling the genes of parents at each generation, sexual reproduction produces a regression of status-relevant traits of offspring toward the population mean—downward for high-status parents, upward for low-status parents—generating social mobility in an achievement-oriented society. Incorporating the quantitative genetic decomposition of trait variance into genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental sources into the classic sociological model of status achievement allows for a better understanding and measurement of central social stratification concepts, such as opportunity and ascription.
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Potter, Ben, and Ted Goebel. First Traces. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.17.
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This chapter encompasses the earliest human occupations of the Arctic and Subarctic, focusing on paleoclimate and human-environment interactions and the colonization of Beringia and northern North America. It discusses new discoveries in the high latitudes of Eurasia and North America. For each period, from 32,000 to 12,000 years ago, there are summaries of technology, typology, subsistence economy, and settlement systems. After a Late Glacial Maximum hiatus, humans recolonized northeastern Asia around 16,000 cal B.P. and Beringia by 14,000 cal B.P. Early Beringian diets were diverse, incorporating large and small mammals, waterfowl, and fish. These early populations likely had high residential mobility strategies.
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Smil, Vaclav. Grand Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190060664.001.0001.
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The modern world was created through the combination and complex interactions of five grand transitions. First, the demographic transition changed the total numbers, dynamics, structure, and residential pattern of populations. The agricultural and dietary transition led to the emergence of highly productive cropping and animal husbandry (subsidized by fossil energies and electricity), a change that eliminated famines, reduced malnutrition, and improved the health of populations but also resulted in enormous food waste and had many environmental consequences. The energy transition brought the world from traditional biomass fuels and human and animal labor to fossil fuel, ever more efficient electricity, lights, and motors, all of which transformed both agricultural and industrial production and enabled mass-scale mobility and instant communication. Economic transition has been marked by relatively high growth rates of total national and global product, by fundamental structural transformation (from farming to industries to services), and by an increasing share of humanity living in affluent societies, enjoying unprecedented quality of life. These transitions have made many intensifying demands on the environment, resulting in ecosystemic degradation, loss of biodiversity, pollution, and eventually change on the planetary level, with global warming being the most worrisome development. This book traces the genesis of these transitions, their interactions and complicated progress as well as their outcomes and impacts, explaining how the modern world was made—and then offers a forward-thinking examination of some key unfolding transitions and appraising their challenges and possible results.
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Haacke, Paul. The Vertical Imagination and the Crisis of Transatlantic Modernism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851448.001.0001.
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From the invention of skyscrapers and airplanes to the development of the nuclear bomb, ideas about the modern increasingly revolved around vertiginous images of elevation and decline and new technologies of mobility and terror from above. In The Vertical Imagination and the Crisis of Transatlantic Modernism, Paul Haacke examines this turn by focusing on discourses of aspiration, catastrophe, and power in major works of European and American literature as well as film, architecture, and intellectual and cultural history. This wide-ranging and pointed study begins with canonical fiction by Franz Kafka, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and John Dos Passos, as well as poetry by Guillaume Apollinaire, Hart Crane, and Aimé Césaire, before moving to critical reflections on the rise of New York City by architects and writers from Le Corbusier to Simone de Beauvoir, the films of Alfred Hitchcock and theories of cinematic space and time, and postwar novels by Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, and Leslie Marmon Silko, among many other examples. In tracing the rise and fall of modernist discourse over the course of the long twentieth century, this book shows how visions of vertical ascension turned from established ideas about nature, the body, and religion to growing anxieties about aesthetic distinction, technological advancement, and American capitalism and empire. It argues that spectacles of height and flight became symbols and icons of ambition as well as indexes of power, and thus that the vertical transformation of modernity was both material and imagined, taking place at the same time through the rapidly expanding built environment and shifting ideological constructions of “high” and “low.”
Book chapters on the topic "High Mobility Environments"
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Li, Jionghui, Xiongwen He, Xiaofeng Zhang, and Fan Bai. "Adaptive Subcarrier-Bandwidth Multiple Access (ABMA) for High-Mobility Environments." In Wireless and Satellite Systems, 475–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19153-5_49.
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Wojtyńska, Anna, and Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir. "(Im)mobility Patterns among Polish Unemployed Migrants in Iceland Navigating Different Welfare Regimes." In IMISCOE Research Series, 161–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67615-5_10.
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AbstractBased on fieldwork among unemployed Polish migrants in Iceland, this chapter examines how they negotiate and adapt to the social risks and changing circumstances encountered in the countries of emigration and immigration as well as how they navigate the available ‘resource environments’ emerging in conjunction with different welfare regimes. We particularly look at the European Union (EU) regulations for social-security protection vis-à-vis national welfare-protection policies on unemployment in Iceland and Poland and their possible ramifications for the mobility and immobility of Polish workers. Furthermore, we highlight some problematic interactions between the internationalisation of the labour market and concomitant transnational livelihoods, EU social policy and the welfare-assistance environment of member states. In so doing, we apply a critical approach to the commonly assumed high flexibility and extensive geographical mobility of migrant workers that tends to overlook counterfactors that influence different forms of immobility.
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Hein, Michael, Paul Carlson, Paul Craig, Rick Moffett, Glenn Littlepage, and Andrea Georgiou. "Developing a High-Fidelity Simulation and Training to Improve Coordination between Aerospace Specializations." In Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Interaction for Health, Safety, Mobility and Complex Environments, 66–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39215-3_8.
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Chen, Yen-Ju, Rungtai Lin, and Chih-Long Lin. "Research on the Development of High-Tech Imported Jewelry Composite Media Creation." In Cross-Cultural Design. Product and Service Design, Mobility and Automotive Design, Cities, Urban Areas, and Intelligent Environments Design, 54–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06053-3_4.
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Farmaki, Eleni, Maria Aryblia, Stavroula Tournaki, and Theocharis Tsoutsos. "Assessing Sustainable Urban Mobility Policies in the Mediterranean Tourism Destinations Through Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models." In Sustainable Mobility for Island Destinations, 19–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73715-3_2.
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AbstractThis chapter presents the assessment of 11 sustainable urban mobility measures according to 10 criteria for European medium-sized touristic cities, using multi-criteria decision-making. The study includes the viewpoint of six different European stakeholder groups, identifying their interests and comparing their ranking on appropriate mobility measures. It was found that the majority of stakeholders give the highest priority to the wellbeing of local communities and the quality of life, despite the economic implications of services and the potential impact on incoming tourism. Mostly they emphasise on at least two out of five criteria categories: Society and Environment or Society and Mobility. Tourism stakeholders showed a high preference for environmental criteria, demonstrating the continuously raising awareness on the links of tourism and environment. “Mobility management and travel plans” policy was the most popular policy amongst all groups, indicating that the provision of information, personalised plans, and smart applications can increase the use of sustainable mobility modes and have a significant positive impact in all examined categories. Overall, the multi-criteria analysis performed in this study can be a valuable tool for decision-makers during the shaping of future policies for sustainable mobility in urban tourist destinations, considering numerous parameters and stakeholders’ viewpoints. Moreover, it can be further developed and adapted to specific needs.
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Wang, Fawu, Kyoji Sassa, and Hiroshi Fukuoka. "Cyclic-Loading Ring-Shear Tests to Study High-Mobility of Earthquake-Induced-Landslides." In Environmental Forest Science, 575–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5324-9_60.
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Mann, R. "The local costs to ecological services associated with high seas global transport." In The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment, 25–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4504-2_2.
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van der Grift, E. A., and R. Pouwels. "Restoring habitat connectivity across transport corridors: identifying high-priority locations for de-fragmentation with the use of an expert-based model." In The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment, 205–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4504-2_10.
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Lukasiewicz, Agnieszka, Venere Stefania Sanna, Vera Lúcia Alves Pereira Diogo, and Anikó Bernát. "Shared Mobility: A Reflection on Sharing Economy Initiatives in European Transportation Sectors." In The Sharing Economy in Europe, 89–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86897-0_5.
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AbstractFreedom of movement is a fundamental human right. The transportation sector, therefore, holds high socio-economic significance—while contributing almost a quarter of Europe’s greenhouse gas emissions and being a major air polluter. Key parts of the ‘collaborative and sharing economy’ relate to transport, including peer-to-peer and on-demand transportation. While these forms of ‘collaborative consumption’ may be seen as promoting environmental sustainability, such models also generate inequality and regulatory disputes (e.g., Uber’s workers and licences), leading to stakeholder conflict. This chapter examines the importance of the main shared mobility services within the transportation sector, their contribution to changing mobility habits, and their connection to sustainable development issues. We also consider conflicts in different European countries caused by shared mobility and the possible effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Cholat, Florent, and Luca Daconto. "Reversed Mobilities as a Means to Combat Older People’s Exclusion from Services: Insights from Two Alpine Territories in France and Italy." In International Perspectives on Aging, 141–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_11.
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AbstractOlder people’s social exclusion in mountain areas is often the result of service inaccessibility. Mountain territories are indeed partly characterised by a low availability of services and high transport constraints. In this environment, older people, with a lower capacity for mobility (such as impaired or not autonomous individuals), require a set of reversed mobilities, where the mobility of relatives, caregivers or shops ensures, at least indirectly, their access to relevant services. This chapter aims to stress how reversed mobilities may promote older people’s inclusion in mountain areas and contribute to a better understanding of exclusion from services. In particular, we will emphasise: (1) the interaction between different factors in constructing service inaccessibility as an exclusionary process in the lives of mountain dwelling older people; (2) the key role played by reversed mobilities in combatting older people’s experience of exclusion from services in mountain areas, as well as the environmental, economic and social costs and “new” inequalities that might be associated with this form of adaptation. Our analysis is underpinned by a focus on two European Alpine territories (Isère, France; Bergamo, Italy) as exploratory examples. The extension of our arguments to other socio-cultural contexts is also considered.
Conference papers on the topic "High Mobility Environments"
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Chen, Xia, and Minming Ni. "Seamless handover for high mobility environments." In 2016 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc.2016.7577071.
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Thrasher, Robert D., and Gregory J. Pottie. "Performance of OFDM in high-mobility environments." In Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting, edited by Franklin T. Luk. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.512229.
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Okuyama, Tatsuki, Satoshi Suyama, Nobuhide Nonaka, and Takahiro Asai. "Millimeter-Wave Base Station Cooperation Technologies for High-Mobility Environments." In 2021 IEEE VTS 17th Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apwcs50173.2021.9548717.
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Gui, Guan, Li Xu, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "Suitable is the best: Least absolute deviation algorithm under high-mobility non-Gaussian noise environments." In 2014 International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications (HMWC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hmwc.2014.7000208.
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Shin, Wooram, Kyeongpyo Kim, Kapseok Chang, and Young-Jo Ko. "Coded Multicarrier Systems for High Mobility Environments in 30 GHz Band." In 2021 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictc52510.2021.9621204.
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Jairaj, V., J. Pohjonen, and K. Shemyak. "High Performance Implementation of Snow3G Algorithm in Memory Limited Environments." In 2011 4th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ntms.2011.5720611.
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Bolla, Raffaele, and Matteo Repetto. "WLC25-1: Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for Wireless Networks in High-Mobility Environments." In IEEE Globecom 2006. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2006.757.
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Hasan, Syed Faraz, Nazmul H. Siddique, and Shyam Chakraborty. "WLAN Data Rates Achievable from Roads in Low and High Mobility Environments." In 2010 International Conference On Communications Workshops. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccw.2010.5503944.
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Huang, Yaodong, Fan Ye, and Yuanyuan Yang. "Peer Data Caching Algorithms in Large-Scale High-Mobility Pervasive Edge Computing Environments." In 2018 IEEE 37th International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pccc.2018.8711041.
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Hashimoto, Kenji, Takashi Matsuzawa, Tomotaka Teramachi, Kazuhito Uryu, Xiao Sun, Shinya Hamamoto, Ayanori Koizumi, and Atsuo Takanishi. "A four-limbed disaster-response robot having high mobility capabilities in extreme environments." In 2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2017.8206436.
Full textReports on the topic "High Mobility Environments"
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Bodie, Mark, Michael Parker, Alexander Stott, and Bruce Elder. Snow-covered obstacles’ effect on vehicle mobility. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38839.
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The Mobility in Complex Environments project used unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to identify obstacles and to provide path planning in forward operational locations. The UAS were equipped with remote-sensing devices, such as photogrammetry and lidar, to identify obstacles. The path-planning algorithms incorporated the detected obstacles to then identify the fastest and safest vehicle routes. Future algorithms should incorporate vehicle characteristics as each type of vehicle will perform differently over a given obstacle, resulting in distinctive optimal paths. This study explored the effect of snow-covered obstacles on dynamic vehicle response. Vehicle tests used an instrumented HMMWV (high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle) driven over obstacles with and without snow cover. Tests showed a 45% reduction in normal force variation and a 43% reduction in body acceleration associated with a 14.5 cm snow cover. To predict vehicle body acceleration and normal force response, we developed two quarter-car models: rigid terrain and deformable snow terrain quarter-car models. The simple quarter models provided reasonable agreement with the vehicle test data. We also used the models to analyze the effects of vehicle parameters, such as ground pressure, to understand the effect of snow cover on vehicle response.
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Slattery, Kevin. Unsettled Topics on Surface Finishing of Metallic Powder Bed Fusion Parts in the Mobility Industry. SAE International, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021001.
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Laser and electron-beam powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) technology has transitioned from prototypes and tooling to production components in demanding fields such as medicine and aerospace. Some of these components have geometries that can only be made using AM. Initial applications either take advantage of the relatively high surface roughness of metal PBF parts, or they are in fatigue, corrosion, or flow environments where surface roughness does not impose performance penalties. To move to the next levels of performance, the surfaces of laser and electron-beam PBF components will need to be smoother than the current as-printed surfaces. This will also have to be achieve on increasingly more complex geometries without significantly increasing the cost of the final component. Unsettled Topics on Surface Finishing of Metallic Powder Bed Fusion Parts in the Mobility Industry addresses the challenges and opportunities of this technology, and what remains to be agreed upon by the industry.
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Shoop, Sally, Clifford Witte, Sebastian Karwaczynski, Clifton Ellis, Eoghan Matthews, Steven Bishel, Barry Bomier, et al. Improving winter traction for vehicles in northern operations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42524.
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As part of the campaign to increase readiness in northern regions, a near commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) solution was identified for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV); and used to assess the suitability of commercially available winter tires for operational deployment. Initial performance evaluations conducted during the winters of 2020 and 2021 demonstrated and quantified significant improvements to traction and handling on a variety of winter surfaces. User feedback from United States Army Alaska (USARAK) Soldiers confirmed these results in an operational environment. Results of this study provide new winter tire specifications for the Army and justify the procurement of a HMMWV winter tire for improved safety and capability for US Soldier and vehicle fleet needs. The data and Soldier evaluations support attaining a National Stock Number (NSN) and provide data to develop models of winter vehicle performance that include the impact of winter tires and chains. This work also paves the way for future development and procurement of winter tires for vehicles where COTS solutions are unavailable. The motivation is to provide Soldiers with state-of-the-art winter tires to increase safety, capability, and operational compatibility with North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) partners in the European Theater of Operations, and mobility superiority in all environments.
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Fowler, Camilla. Automation in transport - Leading the UK to a driverless future. TRL, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/tawj9464.
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The gap between technology development and automated vehicle deployment has been underestimated and the challenges involved with delivering autonomy have been far greater and more complex than first envisaged. TRL believe that in order for the UK to achieve its potential for automation in transport, the following activities are key in overcoming these challenges: Develop a UK regulatory approval system that enables the safe and secure deployment of automated vehicles in the future. A flexible and responsive regulatory system is needed that can enable innovation by streamlining entry into emerging markets and lessen the initial regulatory burden on developers and manufacturers. Provide a simple, consistent but robust approach to assuring safety during trials and testing to enable and facilitate trials across all UK locations and environments. The approach to safety assurance varies between stakeholders and this inconsistency can provide a barrier to testing in multiple locations or avoiding areas with more stringent requirements. TRL is developing a software tool that could be used to guide and support stakeholders when engaging with trialling organisations. Develop and implement a UK safety monitoring and investigation unit to monitor safety, analyse data, investigate incidents and provide timely feedback and recommended actions. TRL can identify road user behaviours that are likely to lead to a collision. These behaviours could be monitored using in-vehicle data and supplemented with environmental and location data from intelligent infrastructure. This proactive approach would drive safety improvements, promote continuous improvement, accelerate innovation and development and make Vision Zero a more realistic and achievable target. Enable more advanced trials to be undertaken in the UK where the boundaries of the technology are extended and solutions to the identified challenges are explored without compromising safety. London’s Smart Mobility Living Lab (SMLL) provides a unique real-world test facility to conduct advanced tests and validate vehicle behaviour performance. Through testing in a real-world environment and monitoring performance using cooperative infrastructure, we can accelerate learning and technology progression. Accelerate the adoption and safe implementation of automated vehicles for off- highway activities and minimise worker exposure to high risk environments and working practices within the UK and globally. As part of an Innovate funded project on Automated Off-highway Vehicles, TRL has developed and published a draft Code of Practice providing guidance to operators of automated vehicles in all sectors of the off-highway industry.
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Doo, Johnny. Unsettled Issues Concerning eVTOL for Rapid-response, On-demand Firefighting. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021017.
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Recent advancements of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry, and many novel applications have been identified and are in development. One promising application for these innovative systems is in firefighting, with eVTOL aircraft complementing current firefighting capabilities to help save lives and reduce fire-induced damages. With increased global occurrences and scales of wildfires—not to mention the issues firefighters face during urban and rural firefighting operations daily—eVTOL technology could offer timely, on-demand, and potentially cost-effective aerial mobility capabilities to counter these challenges. Early detection and suppression of wildfires could prevent many fires from becoming large-scale disasters. eVTOL aircraft may not have the capacity of larger aerial assets for firefighting, but targeted suppression, potentially in swarm operations, could be valuable. Most importantly, on-demand aerial extraction of firefighters can be a crucial benefit during wildfire control operations. Aerial firefighter dispatch from local fire stations or vertiports can result in more effective operations, and targeted aerial fire suppression and civilian extraction from high-rise buildings could enhance capabilities significantly. There are some challenges that need to be addressed before the identified capabilities and benefits are realized at scale, including the development of firefighting-specific eVTOL vehicles; sense and avoid capabilities in complex, smoke-inhibited environments; autonomous and remote operating capabilities; charging system compatibility and availability; operator and controller training; dynamic airspace management; and vehicle/fleet logistics and support. Acceptance from both the first-responder community and the general public is also critical for the successful implementation of these new capabilities. The purpose of this report is to identify the benefits and challenges of implementation, as well as some of the potential solutions. Based on the rapid development progress of eVTOL aircraft and infrastructures with proactive community engagement, it is envisioned that these challenges can be addressed soon. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
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Shirai, Sayuri. An Overview on Climate Change, Environment, and Innovative Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies. Asian Development Bank Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/drtf8552.
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The global economy has been facing a series of adverse shocks in recent years including the COVID-19 pandemic, climate crisis, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, high inflation, and interest rate shocks driven by global monetary policy normalization. The high cost of fossil fuels since 2021, moreover, has reminded the world that investment for clean energy projects has been severely inadequate due to limited implementation of climate policies and limited capital inflows to financing decarbonization efforts. While overdependence on fossil fuels might be inevitable currently, the world needs to accelerate transition to carbon neutrality and also begin to cope with nature capital stock and biodiversity losses, which are happening at an alarming pace. In particular, more financial support should be provided to emerging and developing economies (EMDEs) to help achieve climate and environmental goals and other sustainable development goals (SDGs). We give an overview of some innovative finance schemes applicable to EMDEs, including blended finance to mobilize more private capital to climate and environmental projects and debt-for-climate swaps (or debt-for-nature swaps), to provide de facto grants to small high-debt economies in exchange for climate projects (or nature protection). We also provide some suggestions for further actions through better coordination among donor and recipient nations led by G7 and G20 nations.
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Blundell, S. Micro-terrain and canopy feature extraction by breakline and differencing analysis of gridded elevation models : identifying terrain model discontinuities with application to off-road mobility modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40185.
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Elevation models derived from high-resolution airborne lidar scanners provide an added dimension for identification and extraction of micro-terrain features characterized by topographic discontinuities or breaklines. Gridded digital surface models created from first-return lidar pulses are often combined with lidar-derived bare-earth models to extract vegetation features by model differencing. However, vegetative canopy can also be extracted from the digital surface model alone through breakline analysis by taking advantage of the fine-scale changes in slope that are detectable in high-resolution elevation models of canopy. The identification and mapping of canopy cover and micro-terrain features in areas of sparse vegetation is demonstrated with an elevation model for a region of western Montana, using algorithms for breaklines, elevation differencing, slope, terrain ruggedness, and breakline gradient direction. These algorithms were created at the U.S. Army Engineer Research Center – Geospatial Research Laboratory (ERDC-GRL) and can be accessed through an in-house tool constructed in the ENVI/IDL environment. After breakline processing, products from these algorithms are brought into a Geographic Information System as analytical layers and applied to a mobility routing model, demonstrating the effect of breaklines as obstacles in the calculation of optimal, off-road routes. Elevation model breakline analysis can serve as significant added value to micro-terrain feature and canopy mapping, obstacle identification, and route planning.
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Christopher, David A., and Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.
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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.
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Roye, Thorsten. Unsettled Technology Areas in Deterministic Assembly Approaches for Industry 4.0. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021018.
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Increased production rates and cost reduction are affecting manufacturing in all sectors of the mobility industry. One enabling methodology that could achieve these goals in the burgeoning “Industry 4.0” environment is the deterministic assembly (DA) approach. The DA approach is defined as an optimized assembly process; it always forms the same final structure and has a strong link to design-for-assembly and design-for-automation methodologies. It also looks at the whole supply chain, enabling drastic savings at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) level by reducing recurring costs and lead time. Within Industry 4.0, DA will be required mainly for the aerospace and the space industry, but serves as an interesting approach for other industries assembling large and/or complex components. In its entirety, the DA approach connects an entire supply chain—from part manufacturing at an elementary level to an OEM’s final assembly line level. Addressing the whole process of aircraft design and manufacturing is necessary to develop further collaboration models between OEMs and the supply chain, including addressing the most pressing technology challenges. Since all parts aggregate at the OEM level, the OEM—as an integrator of all these single parts—needs special end-to-end methodologies to drastically decrease cost and lead time. This holistic approach can be considered in part design as well (in the design-for-automation and design-for-assembly philosophy). This allows for quicker assembly at the OEM level, such as “part-to-part” or “hole-to-hole” approaches, versus traditional, classical assembly methods like manual measurement or measurement-assisted assembly. In addition, it can increase flexibility regarding rate changes in production (such as those due to pandemic- or climate-related environmental challenges). The standardization and harmonization of these areas would help all industries and designers to have a deterministic approach with an end-to-end concept. Simulations can easily compare possible production and assembly steps with different impacts on local and global tolerances. Global measurement feedback needs high-accuracy turnkey solutions, which are very costly and inflexible. The goal of standardization would be to use Industry 4.0 feedback and features, as well as to define several building blocks of the DA approach as a one-way assembly (also known as one-up assembly, or “OUA”), false one-way assembly, “Jig-as-Master,” etc., up to the hole-to-hole assembly approach. The evolution of these assembly principles and the link to simulation approaches are undefined and unsolved domains; they are discussed in this report. They must be discussed in greater depth with aims of (first) clarifying the scope of the industry-wide alignment needs and (second) prioritizing the issues requiring standardization. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
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Or, Dani, Shmulik Friedman, and Jeanette Norton. Physical processes affecting microbial habitats and activity in unsaturated agricultural soils. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587239.bard.
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experimental methods for quantifying effects of water content and other dynamic environmental factors on bacterial growth in partially-saturated soils. Towards this end we reviewed critically the relevant scientific literature and performed theoretical and experimental studies of bacterial growth and activity in modeled, idealized and real unsaturated soils. The natural wetting-drying cycles common to agricultural soils affect water content and liquid organization resulting in fragmentation of aquatic habitats and limit hydraulic connections. Consequently, substrate diffusion pathways to soil microbial communities become limiting and reduce nutrient fluxes, microbial growth, and mobility. Key elements that govern the extent and manifestation of such ubiquitous interactions include characteristics of diffusion pathways and pore space, the timing, duration, and extent of environmental perturbations, the nature of microbiological adjustments (short-term and longterm), and spatial distribution and properties of EPS clusters (microcolonies). Of these key elements we have chosen to focus on a manageable subset namely on modeling microbial growth and coexistence on simple rough surfaces, and experiments on bacterial growth in variably saturated sand samples and columns. Our extensive review paper providing a definitive “snap-shot” of present scientific understanding of microbial behavior in unsaturated soils revealed a lack of modeling tools that are essential for enhanced predictability of microbial processes in soils. We therefore embarked on two pronged approach of development of simple microbial growth models based on diffusion-reaction principles to incorporate key controls for microbial activity in soils such as diffusion coefficients and temporal variations in soil water content (and related substrate diffusion rates), and development of new methodologies in support of experiments on microbial growth in simple and observable porous media under controlled water status conditions. Experimental efforts led to a series of microbial growth experiments in granular media under variable saturation and ambient conditions, and introduction of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) to study cell size, morphology and multi-cell arrangement at a high resolution from growth experiments in various porous media. The modeling efforts elucidated important links between unsaturated conditions and microbial coexistence which is believed to support the unparallel diversity found in soils. We examined the role of spatial and temporal variation in hydration conditions (such as exist in agricultural soils) on local growth rates and on interactions between two competing microbial species. Interestingly, the complexity of soil spaces and aquatic niches are necessary for supporting a rich microbial diversity and the wide array of microbial functions in unsaturated soils. This project supported collaboration between soil physicists and soil microbiologist that is absolutely essential for making progress in both disciplines. It provided a few basic tools (models, parameterization) for guiding future experiments and for gathering key information necessary for prediction of biological processes in agricultural soils. The project sparked a series of ongoing studies (at DTU and EPFL and in the ARO) into effects of soil hydration dynamics on microbial survival strategy under short term and prolonged desiccation (important for general scientific and agricultural applications).