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1
Forsythe, Brian, Ophelie Z. Lavoie-Gagne, Enrico M. Forlenza, Connor C. Diaz, and Randy Mascarenhas. "Return-to-Play Times and Player Performance After ACL Reconstruction in Elite UEFA Professional Soccer Players: A Matched-Cohort Analysis From 1999 to 2019." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 232596712110088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211008892.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most common injuries afflicting soccer players and requires a lengthy recovery processes after reconstructive surgery. The impact of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) on return to play (RTP) time and player performance in professional soccer players remains poorly studied. Purpose/Hypothesis: To determine player performance and RTP rate and time after ACLR in elite professional soccer players with a retrospective matched-cohort analysis. We expected that the RTP time and rate will be similar to those of other professional-level athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Included were 51 players from 1 of the 5 elite Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) soccer leagues who suffered a complete ACL rupture between 1999 and 2019. These athletes were matched by position, age, season of injury, seasons played, and height and compared to uninjured control players. Change in performance metrics for the 4 years after the season of injury were compared with metrics 1 season before injury. Univariate 2-group comparisons were performed using independent 2-group t tests; Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used when normality of distributions was violated. Results: Overall, 41 players (80%) returned to play after ACL rupture, with 6 (12%) experiencing a subsequent ipsilateral or contralateral ACL tear. The mean (±SD) RTP time for soccer players after ACLR was 216 ± 109 days (26 ± 18 games). Injured athletes played significantly fewer games and minutes per season and recorded inferior performances for 2 seasons after their injury ( P < .001). However, the game performance of injured players equaled or exceeded that of their matched controls by season 3 after injury, with the exception of attackers, who demonstrated a continued decline in performance ( P < .001). Conclusion: Results indicated that the mean RTP time for soccer players after ACLR is short in comparison with other major sports leagues (216 days). However, RTP rates were high, and rerupture rates were comparable with those of other sports. With the exception of attackers, player performance largely equaled or exceeded that of matched controls by the third postinjury season.
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Vega, Jon Manuel, Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe, Jon Ander Aguinaco, and Asier Los Arcos. "Assessing the Anthropometric Profile of Spanish Elite Reserve Soccer Players by Playing Position over a Decade." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 5446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155446.
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The aims of this study were to describe the evolution of the anthropometric profile of soccer players over a decade and to compare the anthropometric profiles of players promoted from an elite reserve team to high-level soccer with those players who were not promoted. We examined the body mass, height, body-mass index, and body fat of 98 players enrolled in the reserve team from 2008 to 2018. The players were classified in terms of (a) the highest competitive level they achieved up to the 2019/2020 season (i.e., Spanish 1st–2nd divisions or semi-professional); (b) the period in which they played their last season on the team; and (c) their playing position. Over time, the height of goalkeepers, lateral midfielders, and attackers has increased (effect size = 0.66 ± 1.13) but has decreased in central midfielders (effect size = 0.83). The body fat of defenders has also fallen (effect size = 0.55 ± 0.95). Spanish high-level goalkeepers, lateral midfielders, and attackers were taller than their semi-professional player counterparts (effect size = 1.20 ± 1.98). Body fat did not determine promotion from a reserve team to high-level soccer, but height may be an advantage for several playing positions. The assessment of the anthropometric profile and the application of interventions should be designed according to the playing position.
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Emmonds, S., K. Till, J. Redgrave, E. Murray, L. Turner, C. Robinson, and B. Jones. "Influence of age on the anthropometric and performance characteristics of high-level youth female soccer players." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2018): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118757437.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric and performance characteristics of high-level youth female soccer players by annual-age category (Under 10 (U10)–U16). Data were collected from 157 female soccer players (U16, n = 46; U14, n = 43; U12, n = 38; U10, n = 30), recruited from three high-level female soccer academies in England. Players completed assessments of anthropometry (height and body mass), isometric mid-thigh pull strength, jump height, aerobic capacity, change of direction (505-left/right) and speed (10 and 30 m). Magnitude based-inferences were used to assess for practical significance between consecutive age groups. Height ( very likely–most likely), body mass ( very likely–most likely), absolute strength ( most likely), jump height ( likely–very likely) and distance on the YYIRL1 ( possibly–most likely) were greater in older players. Both speed and change of direction time were most likely to very likely lower in older players. However, only most likely trivial–possibly trivial differences were observed in relative strength between age groups. Findings suggest that physical characteristics except for relative strength differentiate by age categories. These findings provide comparative data and target reference data for such populations and can be used by coaches and practitioners for player development purposes. Practitioners should be aware that relative strength does not differ between age categories in high-level youth female soccer players.
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Mazza, Daniele, Edoardo Viglietta, Edoardo Monaco, Raffaele Iorio, Fabio Marzilli, Giorgio Princi, Carlo Massafra, and Andrea Ferretti. "Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury on European Professional Soccer Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 232596712210768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221076865.
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Background: The impact of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) on the performance and career of professional soccer players has not been extensively investigated. Purpose: To evaluate in professional European soccer players (1) the ACL injury incidence, (2) the return-to-play (RTP) rate and time after ACLR, (3) career survival and athlete performance in the first 3 postoperative seasons after RTP, (4) factors likely related to different outcomes after ACLR, and (5) any related differences between the top 8 European soccer leagues. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Included were professional soccer players in the top 8 European Soccer leagues (Serie A [Italy], Premier League [England], Ligue 1 [France], LaLiga [Spain], Bundesliga [Germany], Jupiler Pro League [Belgium], Liga NOS [Portugal], and Premier Liga [Russia]) who sustained an ACL injury during seasons 2014 to 2015, 2015 to 2016, and 2016 to 2017. Data were retrieved from publicly available online sources. Outcomes were evaluated based on player age (<25 years, 25-30 years, and >30 years), position (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward), affected side (dominant vs nondominant), and league. Results: Overall, 195 players sustained an ACL injury, for a mean annual ACL injury incidence of 1.42%. The RTP rate was 95%, with a mean RTP time of 248 ± 136 days. Within the third postoperative season, 66 players (36%) competed in a lower level national league, and 25 (13.6%) ended their careers; a significant reduction in the mean minutes played per season was found in all 3 postoperative seasons. Player age correlated significantly with reduction in performance or recovery from an ACL injury. No significant correlation was found between postoperative player performance and affected side, position, league, or time to RTP. Conclusion: A substantial ACL injury incidence was found in top European elite soccer players; however, a high RTP rate in a reasonable time was seen after ACLR. Nevertheless, professional soccer players experienced a short-term decline in their performance.
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García-Calvo, Tomás, José Carlos Ponce-Bordón, Eduard Pons, Roberto López del Campo, Ricardo Resta, and Javier Raya-González. "High metabolic load distance in professional soccer according to competitive level and playing positions." PeerJ 10 (September 20, 2022): e13318. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13318.
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Background High metabolic load distance provides global information about the soccer players’ total high-intensity activities. Thus, this study aimed to examine the Spanish professional soccer players’ high metabolic load distance profile, comparing competitive level and playing positions. Methods A total of 18,131 individual match observations were collected from outfield players competing during the 2018/2019 and 2019/20 seasons in the First and Second Spanish Professional Soccer Leagues (LaLiga™). High Metabolic Load Distance (HMLD; distance covered with a power consumption above 25.5 W·kg−1 and accelerations or decelerations (e.g., accelerating from 2 to 4 m·s−2 for 1 s) were included), and HMLD per minute (HMLDmin) were analyzed by the ChryonHego® video-tracking system. Players were classified according to their playing position as follows: Central Backs (CB), Full Backs (FB), Center Midfields (CM), Wide Midfields (WM), and Forwards (FW). Results No differences between competitive levels were found in any variable when all players were analyzed conjointly except for HMLDmin overall and during the second half. However, when playing positions were considered, differences between competitive levels were observed in all positions, mainly in HMLD and HMLD during the first-half variables. In addition, several differences between playing positions were observed, with CB presenting the lowest values in all variables compared to their counterparts in both competitive levels, whereas CM in First Division and WM in Second Division showed the highest values in the HMLD variables. Discussion The findings are of interest to analyze the HMLD in professional soccer players, enabling the adaptation and individualization of training in this population according to the competitive level and specific playing position of each player.
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Nguyen, Jessica, Calvin Hwang, Geoffrey Abrams, and Michelle Xiao. "Paper 22: Increased Lower Extremity Injury Associated with Player Load and Distance in Collegiate Women’s Soccer." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl3 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00560.
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Objectives: High cumulative workloads and spikes in player workloads have been associated with an increased risk of injury in soccer and other sports. These studies, however, have all been conducted with data from male soccer players or male athletes in other sports, with few studies investigating female athletes. Using metrics collected from GPS units to monitor cumulative load and distance may be valuable for injury prevention. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between injury risk and workload as collected from wearable GPS units in NCAA Division I women’s soccer players. Methods: Lower extremity injury incidence and GPS workload data (player load, total distance, and high-speed distance) of 65 NCAA Division I women’s soccer players were collected over 3 seasons. Accumulated 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-weekly loads and acute: chronic workload ratios (ACWR) were classified into discrete ranges by z-scores. ACWR was calculated using rolling averages and exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) models. Binary logistic regression models were used to compare the 7:28 rolling average and EWMA ACWRs between injured and non-injured players for all GPS/accelerometer variables. The prior 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-weekly accumulated loads for all GPS/accelerometer variables were compared between the injured and uninjured cohorts using two-sample t-tests with an alpha level of 0.05 set as significant. Results: There were a total of 53 lower extremity injuries that resulted in lost time recorded (5.76/1000 hours ‘on-field’ exposure time; 34 non-contact and 19 contact injuries). The prior 2-week (7,242 vs 6,613; p=0.02), 3-week (10,533 vs 9,718; p=0.02), and 4-week (13,819 vs 12,892; p=0.04) accumulated player loads and 2-week (62.40 vs 57.25 km; p=0.04), 3-week (90.97 vs 84.10 km; p=0.03), and 4-week (119.31 vs 111.38 km; p=0.05) accumulated total distances were significantly higher for injured players compared to non-injured players during the same timeframes. There were no significant differences in player load, total distance, or high-speed distance ACWR between injured and non-injured players for both the rolling averages and EWMA calculations. Conclusions: Higher accumulated player load and total distance, but not ACWR, are associated with injury in women’s soccer players.
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Weber, Alexander E., Nicholas A. Trasolini, Ioanna K. Bolia, Santano Rosario, John P. Prodromo, Catherine Hill, Russ Romano, Charles Y. Liu, James E. Tibone, and Seth C. Gamradt. "Epidemiologic Assessment of Concussions in an NCAA Division I Women’s Soccer Team." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 232596712092174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120921746.
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Background: Among collegiate sports, ice hockey and wrestling have been reported to have the highest rates of concussion injury. Recent literature has shown that among all sports, female soccer players had the highest rate of concussion injury at the high school level. Sport-specific analysis will increase our knowledge of epidemiologic characteristics of this serious injury in young soccer players, where “heading” is commonly involved during participation. Hypothesis: Heading during soccer will be associated with increased frequency of concussion injury in collegiate female players compared with other mechanisms of injury, and concussion injury mechanism and rates will differ by setting of injury (practice or match) and player position. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods: This was a retrospective review and epidemiologic analysis of all concussions documented from a single National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female collegiate soccer team between 2004 and 2017. A total of 381 participants were reviewed, and concussion injury mechanism, setting (practice or match), player position, and number of games and practices missed due to injury were analyzed. Results: Overall, 25 concussions in 22 players from the 2004 to 2017 seasons were identified, for an annual rate of 1.79 concussions per year. Collisions (36%) followed by headers (20%) were the most common mechanisms. Forwards sustained the most concussions (32%). Injuries were more common in games (56%) than practice (40%). Of note, the most common cause of concussion during practice was headers (40%). Of the concussions documented, 20 (91%) were the player’s first concussion. On average, each concussion resulted in a player missing 3.96 games and 12.46 practices. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that concussion rates in female NCAA soccer players vary by position and occur with different frequencies and mechanisms in practice and games. Interventions for concussion avoidance should aim to limit exposure to high-risk activity, including player-to-player contact in games and headers in practice. Although gameplay and collisions can be unpredictable and difficult to control, practice settings can be modified in an attempt to decrease risk.
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Azilah Atan, Siti, Mohd Syrinaz Azli, Jorrye Jakiwa, and Shahrulfadly Rustam. "Relationship between Match Running Performance and Physical Capacity in Malaysia Young Soccer Player." Sport Mont 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.230209.
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Monitoring players during match play has become a fundamental approach to gain understanding on soccer demands. Considering there has been growing interest in performances of young players, it is important to understand on young players training requirement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between match running performance and physical capacities in U15 young soccer players. Twenty outfield players from sports school and academy (n=20, 1.63±0.8 m, and 56.1±9.5 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. Match running performance was analysed during two matches for each player using 5 Hz global positioning system. The participants performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1), Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and 20 m Sprint to determine the physical capacities. The results showed there were no significant relationship between; total distance covered and YY1R1, sprint distance and leg power, maximum sprint speed during matches (km.h-1) with 20 m sprint (P>0.05). These results suggest that physical capacity test should not be used as a single factor in recognizing a young player’s potential to excel and to predict soccer performance. Young players may not need extraordinary capacity; however, they must possess a reasonably high level within all areas to be a good player.
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Gupta, Andrew S., Lauren A. Pierpoint, R. Dawn Comstock, and Michael G. Saper. "Sex-Based Differences in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Among United States High School Soccer Players: An Epidemiological Study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 232596712091917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120919178.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common among high school athletes, with sex-based differences accounting for higher injury rates in girls. Previous epidemiological studies on ACL injuries focusing on adolescent athletes have looked at injuries across multiple sports, but few have analyzed ACL tears in solely high school soccer athletes. Purpose: To examine sex-based differences in the epidemiology of ACL injuries among high school soccer players in the United States (US). Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: ACL injury data for US high school soccer players were obtained from the internet-based National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study’s High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) system. Athletic trainers from a random sample of 100 high schools from 8 strata based on US Census geographic region reported data for athlete-exposures (AEs) (practice or competition) and ACL injuries from 2007 through 2017. Injury rates were calculated as the number of ACL injuries per 100,000 AEs. Subgroup differences were evaluated with rate ratios (RRs) or injury proportion ratios (IPRs) and 95% CIs. Statistical differences in demographics between groups were examined using independent t tests. Comparisons of categorical data (ie, level of play) were performed using the Wald chi-square test. Results: The reported number of ACL injuries corresponded to weighted national estimates of 41,025 (95% CI, 33,321-48,730) ACL injuries in boys’ soccer and 110,028 (95% CI, 95,349-124,709) in girls’ soccer during the study period. The rate of injuries was higher in girls’ soccer (13.23/100,000 AEs) than boys’ soccer (4.35/100,000 AEs) (RR, 3.04 [95% CI, 2.35-3.98]). The rate of ACL injuries was higher in competition compared with practice for girls (RR, 14.77 [95% CI, 9.85-22.15]) and boys (RR, 8.69 [95% CI, 5.01-15.08]). Overall, a smaller proportion of ACL injuries were caused by player-player contact for girls (30.1%) compared with boys (48.6%) (IPR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.41-0.93]). Conclusion: ACL injury rates and patterns in high school soccer players differed between sex, type of exposure (practice vs competition), and mechanism of injury.
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Huber, Colin M., Declan A. Patton, Catherine C. McDonald, Divya Jain, Katherine Simms, Valerie A. Lallo, Susan S. Margulies, Christina L. Master, and Kristy B. Arbogast. "Sport- and Gender-Based Differences in Head Impact Exposure and Mechanism in High School Sports." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 232596712098442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120984423.
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Background: Repeated head impacts sustained by athletes have been linked to short-term neurophysiologic deficits; thus, there is growing concern about the number of head impacts sustained in sports. Accurate head impact exposure data obtained via head impact sensors may help identify appropriate strategies across sports and between genders to mitigate repetitive head impacts. Purpose: To quantify sport- and gender-based differences in head impact rate and mechanism for adolescents. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: High school female and male varsity soccer, basketball, lacrosse, and field hockey (female only) teams were instrumented with headband-mounted impact sensors during games over 2 seasons of soccer and 1 season of basketball, lacrosse, and field hockey. Video review was used to remove false-positive sensor-recorded events, and the head impact rate per athlete-exposure (AE) was calculated. Impact mechanism was categorized as equipment to head, fall, player to head, or head to ball (soccer only). Results: Male players had significantly higher head impact rates as compared with female players in soccer (3.08 vs 1.41 impacts/AE; rate ratio, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.8-2.6]), basketball (0.90 vs 0.25; 3.6 [2.6-4.6]), and lacrosse (0.83 vs 0.06; 12.9 [10.1-15.8]). Impact mechanism distributions were similar within sports between boys and girls. In soccer, head to ball represented 78% of impacts, whereas at least 88% in basketball were player-to-player contact. Conclusion: Across sports for boys and girls, soccer had the highest impact rate. Male high school soccer, basketball, and lacrosse teams had significantly higher head impact rates than did female teams of the same sport. For girls, basketball had a higher head impact rate than did lacrosse and field hockey, and for boys, basketball had a similar impact rate to lacrosse, a collision sport. Sport differences in the distribution of impact mechanisms create sport-specific targets for reducing head impact exposure.
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Xiao, Michelle, Jessica N. Nguyen, Calvin E. Hwang, and Geoffrey D. Abrams. "Increased Lower Extremity Injury Risk Associated With Player Load and Distance in Collegiate Women’s Soccer." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 232596712110482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211048248.
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Background: There is limited research regarding the impact of workload on injury risk specific to women’s soccer. Wearable global positioning system (GPS) units can track workload metrics such as total distance traveled and player load during games and training sessions. These metrics can be useful in predicting injury risk. Purpose: To examine the relationship between injury risk and player workload as collected from wearable GPS units in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I women’s soccer players. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Lower extremity injury incidence and GPS workload data (player load, total distance, and high-speed distance) for 65 NCAA Division I women’s soccer players were collected over 3 seasons. Accumulated 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week loads and acute-to-chronic workload ratios (ACWR) were classified into discrete ranges by z-scores. ACWR was calculated using rolling averages and exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) models. Binary logistic regression models were used to compare the 7:28 rolling average and EWMA ACWRs between injured and noninjured players for all GPS/accelerometer variables. The prior 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week accumulated loads for all GPS/accelerometer variables were compared between the injured and uninjured cohorts using 2-sample t tests. Results: There were a total of 53 lower extremity injuries that resulted in lost time recorded (5.76/1000 hours “on-legs” exposure time; 34 noncontact and 19 contact injuries). The prior 2-week (7242 vs 6613 m/s2; P = .02), 3-week (10,533 vs 9718 m/s2; P = .02), and 4-week (13,819 vs 12,892 m/s2; P = .04) accumulated player loads and 2-week (62.40 vs 57.25 km; P = .04), 3-week (90.97 vs 84.10 km; P = .03), and 4-week (119.31 vs 111.38 km; P = .05) accumulated total distances were significantly higher for injured players compared with noninjured players during the same time frames. There were no significant differences in player load, total distance, or high-speed distance ACWR between injured and noninjured players for both the rolling averages and EWMA calculations. Conclusion: Higher accumulated player load and total distance, but not ACWR, were associated with injury in women’s soccer players.
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Lozano, Demetrio, Miguel Lampre, Adrián Díez, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Daniel Castillo, and José Luis Arjol. "Global Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands in Small and Large-Sided Games with Floaters and Official Matches in the Process of Return to Play in High Level Soccer Players." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 6605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226605.
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The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to analyze the physical demands in the return to play (RTP) process of high-level soccer players in the role of floater in different soccer sided games (SGs) formats (i.e., 4vs4 + 2 and 8vs8 + 1); and (ii) to analyze the differences in physical demands encountered by regular and floater players among the SGs formats and official matches by means of global positioning system technology (GPS APEX pod, North Ireland) was used. Twenty-six highly trained, male soccer players (U16 years) participated in this investigation. Players were classified into two groups: 23 regular and 3 floater players, a total of eight SGs were analyzed, which involved the recording of 80 observations of regular and floater players. Match-play players showed most likely–probable differences in distance covered at high-intensity per minute (D > 14.4/min), at high-speed running per minute (D > 21/min), and peak velocity (Vpeak) in comparison to floaters in the 8vs8 + 1 LSG (large-side-games), and presented most likely differences in accelerations >2/min in comparison to match-play players. Therefore, the use of floaters during the last phase of the RTP (return to play) seems to be a useful strategy for progressive reintroduction into specific training (1) floater in the 4vs4 + 2 SSG; (2) floater in the 8vs8 + 1 LSG; (3) regular player in the 4vs4 + 2 SSG; and (4) regular player in the 8vs8 + 1 LSG before starting full trainings and returning to competition.
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Chena, Marcos, José Alfonso Morcillo-Losa, María Luisa Rodríguez-Hernández, Iván Asín-Izquierdo, Beatriz Pastora-Linares, and Juan Carlos Zapardiel. "Workloads of Different Soccer-Specific Drills in Professional Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 84, no. 1 (October 25, 2022): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-000075.
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Abstract Soccer is a predominantly tactical sport and, therefore, tactical training has become the most widely used strategy to improve players' performance. The objective of the present study was to assess the workload of soccer-specific drills in professional players over a two-season period in an established context. GPS technology was used to record the data. One hundred and thirty-two (n = 132) soccer-specific drills were studied and grouped by categories. The individual demands of each task were related to the individual competitive profile of each player. The level of physical demand was significantly different in relation to the specific soccer drills analysed. Total distance covered, high-speed running, and the total number of high accelerations and decelerations were significantly higher in competition than in drills used for training sessions (p < .001). The Large-Sided Games (LSG), Big-Position Games (BPG) and Position Games (PG) showed higher maximum running speed values than the rest of the exercises (p < .01). The sum of high accelerations and decelerations values was greater in the Small-Sided Games (SSG) than in BPG (p < .001), Small-Position Games (SPG) (p < .001) and Physical-Technical Circuits (PTC) (p < .001). Significant differences were observed in the exercises analysed according to the player’s position. The current findings provide a detailed description of conditional demands placed on soccer players in different soccer-specific drills during training sessions, in a professional soccer context and according to their playing position, which may be helpful in the development of individualized training programs in other contexts.
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Jokuschies, Nina, Vanessa Gut, and Achim Conzelmann. "Systematizing coaches’ ‘eye for talent': Player assessments based on expert coaches’ subjective talent criteria in top-level youth soccer." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 5 (October 2017): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117727646.
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Although talent selection in professional soccer mainly relies on the subjective judgment of scouts and coaches, little is known to date about top-level soccer coaches’ conceptions of talent. Drawing on a constructivist approach, this mixed method study intends to give an in-depth insight into coaches’ subjective talent criteria and to investigate the validity and reliability of their player assessments based on these criteria. Five national youth soccer coaches were examined using semistructured inductive interviews and the repertory grid technique. The results reveal experienced soccer coaches’ subjective talent criteria and indicate the multidimensional nature of their concepts of talent. There is a high correlation (−.57 ≤ rs ≤ −.81) between the coaches’ assessment of their players based on their own talent criteria and their previous evaluation of these players’ overall potential, indicating criterion validity. Repeated evaluations of the players according to a coach’s talent criteria display an adequate test–retest reliability over a period of 10 weeks.
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Kumar, Dr G. Syam. "Influence of Interval, Circuit and Combined Training on Selected Skill Related Physical Fitness Variables and Performance Variables among High School Football Players." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 8 (April 24, 2021): 3318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.61841/turcomat.v12i8.14422.
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Soccer requires peak physical conditioning of its players to be played at the highest level. The only way to achieve this level of conditioning is training specifically for soccer and the amount of running done in a match. The benefits of this training vary from better performance on the pitch (soccer field) for longer amounts of time to a decreased chance of injury or cramping before, during and after a match. Also, the better conditioned a player is, the more likely he is to perform with the same amount of skill necessary when passing, dribbling and shooting at the end of the game as the beginning. Interval training is a type of physical training that involves bursts of high-intensity work interspersed with periods of low-intensity work. The high-intensity periods are typically at or close to near-maximum exertion, while the recovery periods may involve either complete rest or activity of lower intensity. Interval training provides benefits to any healthy person such as improving fitness, health, speed and stamina; it’s a very demanding type of activity and certainly not one you would want to fly into without adequate preparation.
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Castagna, Carlo, Matthew Varley, Susana C. A. Póvoas, and Stefano D’Ottavio. "Evaluation of the Match External Load in Soccer: Methods Comparison." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 4 (April 2017): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0160.
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Purpose:To test the interchangeability of 2 match-analysis approaches for external-load detection considering arbitrary selected speeds and metabolic power (MP) thresholds in male top-level soccer.Methods:Data analyses were performed considering match physical performance of 60 matches (1200 player cases) of randomly selected Spanish, German, and English first-division championship matches (2013–14 season). Match analysis was performed with a validated semiautomated multicamera system operating at 25 Hz.Results:During a match, players covered 10,673 ± 348 m, of which 1778 ± 208 m and 2759 ± 241 m were performed at high intensity, as measured using speed (≥16 km/h, HI) and metabolic power (≥20 W/kg, MPHI) notations. High-intensity notations were nearly perfectly associated (r = .93, P < .0001). A huge method bias (980.63 ± 87.82 m, d = 11.67) was found when considering MPHI and HI. Very large correlations were found between match total distance covered and MPHI (r = .84, P < .0001) and HI (r = .74, P < .0001). Player high-intensity decelerations (≥–2 m/s2) were very largely associated with MPHI (r = .73, P < .0001).Conclusions:The speed and MP methods are highly interchangeable at relative level (magnitude rank) but not absolute level (measure magnitude). The 2 physical match-analysis methods can be independently used to track match external load in elite-level players. However, match-analyst decisions must be based on use of a single method to avoid bias in external-load determination.
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Reilly, Brian, Oliver Morgan, Gabriela Czanner, and Mark A. Robinson. "Automated Classification of Changes of Direction in Soccer Using Inertial Measurement Units." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 4625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144625.
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Changes of direction (COD) are an important aspect of soccer match play. Understanding the physiological and biomechanical demands on players in games allows sports scientists to effectively train and rehabilitate soccer players. COD are conventionally recorded using manually annotated time-motion video analysis which is highly time consuming, so more time-efficient approaches are required. The aim was to develop an automated classification model based on multi-sensor player tracking device data to detect COD > 45°. Video analysis data and individual multi-sensor player tracking data (GPS, accelerometer, gyroscopic) for 23 academy-level soccer players were used. A novel ‘GPS-COD Angle’ variable was developed and used in model training; along with 24 GPS-derived, gyroscope and accelerometer variables. Video annotation was the ground truth indicator of occurrence of COD > 45°. The random forest classifier using the full set of features demonstrated the highest accuracy (AUROC = 0.957, 95% CI = 0.956–0.958, Sensitivity = 0.941, Specificity = 0.772. To balance sensitivity and specificity, model parameters were optimised resulting in a value of 0.889 for both metrics. Similarly high levels of accuracy were observed for random forest models trained using a reduced set of features, accelerometer-derived variables only, and gyroscope-derived variables only. These results point to the potential effectiveness of the novel methodology implemented in automatically identifying COD in soccer players.
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Petersen, Jesper, Kristian Thorborg, Michael Bachmann Nielsen, Esben Budtz-Jørgensen, and Per Hölmich. "Preventive Effect of Eccentric Training on Acute Hamstring Injuries in Men’s Soccer." American Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 11 (August 8, 2011): 2296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546511419277.
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Background: The incidence of acute hamstring injuries is high in several sports, including the different forms of football. Purpose: The authors investigated the preventive effect of eccentric strengthening of the hamstring muscles using the Nordic hamstring exercise compared with no additional hamstring exercise on the rate of acute hamstring injuries in male soccer players. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Fifty Danish male professional and amateur soccer teams (942 players) were allocated to an intervention group (461 players) or a control group (481 players). Players in the intervention group conducted a 10-week progressive eccentric training program followed by a weekly seasonal program, whereas players in the control group followed their usual training program. The main outcome measures were numbers of overall, new, and recurrent acute hamstring injuries during 1 full soccer season. Results: Fifty-two acute hamstring injuries in the control group compared with 15 injuries in the intervention group were registered. Comparing intervention versus the control group, overall acute hamstring injury rates per 100 player seasons were 3.8 versus 13.1 (adjusted rate ratio [RR], 0.293; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.150-0.572; P < .001). New injury rates per 100 player seasons were 3.1 versus 8.1 (RR, 0.410; 95% CI, 0.180-0.933; P = .034), whereas recurrent injury rates per 100 player seasons were 7.1 versus 45.8 (RR, 0.137; 95% CI, 0.037-0.509; P = .003). Number needed to treat [NNT] to prevent 1 acute hamstring injury (new or recurrent) is 13 (95% CI, 9-23) players. The NNT to prevent 1 new injury is 25 (95% CI, 15-72) players, and NNT to prevent 1 recurrent injury is 3 (95% CI, 2-6) players. Conclusion: In male professional and amateur soccer players, additional eccentric hamstring exercise decreased the rate of overall, new, and recurrent acute hamstring injuries.
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Diaz, Connor C., Ophelie Z. Lavoie-Gagne, Avinaash Korrapati, Nalin S. John, Mariah I. Diaz, Enrico M. Forlenza, Nicholas A. Trasolini, and Brian Forsythe. "Return to Play and Player Performance After Foot Fracture in UEFA Soccer Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 232596712210783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221078308.
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Background: There is a paucity of information on rate and time to return to play (RTP) in elite-level soccer players who have sustained foot fractures. Purpose: To (1) determine the rate and timing of RTP after foot fracture (eg, tarsal, metatarsal, or phalangeal), (2) investigate foot fracture reinjury incidence after RTP, and (3) evaluate performance after foot fracture as compared with matched, uninjured controls. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Athletes sustaining foot fractures were identified across the 5 major European soccer leagues (English Premier League, Bundesliga, La Liga, Ligue 1, and Serie A) between 2000 and 2016. Injured athletes were matched to controls (1:1) using demographic characteristics and performance metrics from 1 season before injury. The authors recorded RTP rate, reinjury incidence, player characteristics associated with RTP within 2 seasons of injury, player availability, field time, and performance metrics during the 4 seasons after injury. Results: A total of 192 elite soccer players sustaining a foot fracture were identified; 40 players (20.8%) underwent operative treatment. Athletes missed an average of 69.41 ± 59.43 days and 5.15 ± 23.28 games. In the 4 seasons after injury, 80% of players returned to play, with 72% returning to play within 1 season of injury. Nine players (5%) sustained a subsequent foot fracture. Athletes with a foot fracture demonstrated significantly longer league retention compared with uninjured controls ( P < .001). Elite soccer players older than 30 years of age were less likely to RTP (odds ratio, 0.67; P = .002), whereas career experience, field position, and baseline performance showed no significant association with RTP rates. Injured athletes demonstrated similar performance to controls during the 4 years after injury, and there were no position-dependent differences on subgroup analysis. The players who underwent operative treatment had more assists per 90 minutes and more team points per game during the first season after injury compared with athletes treated nonoperatively. Conclusion: Foot fractures in elite soccer players resulted in moderate loss of play time (69.41 days). RTP rates were high at 80%, although players older than 30 years of age were less likely to RTP. On RTP, athletes who sustained a foot fracture maintained performance similar to preinjury levels and to uninjured controls.
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Rekik, Ghazi, Yosra Belkhir, and Mohamed Jarraya. "Improving Soccer Knowledge From Computerized Game Diagrams: Benefits of Sequential Instructional Arrows." Perceptual and Motor Skills 128, no. 2 (January 5, 2021): 912–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512520983083.
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In this study, we used Cognitive Load Theory to examine the role of a sequential versus simultaneous presentation technique for learning tactical skills from computerized diagrams of soccer scenes with two levels of complexity. Young soccer players learned the evolution of soccer game systems from computer-based diagrams with three types of instructional arrows: simultaneous, sequential-without-tracing, and sequential-with-tracing. We randomly assigned participants to one of six experimental conditions (three arrow presentation methods by two levels of soccer scene complexity) and asked them to rate their invested mental efforts, complete a recall-reconstruction test, and indicate their attitudes, immediately after the learning phase. When diagram content complexity was low, the three types of arrow presentations had similar learning effects. However, when diagram content complexity was high, the two sequential means of presenting instructional arrows produced better learning outcomes (with a clear relative advantage for the sequential-with-tracing presentation). We also found that the sequential presentation of arrows elicited more positive player attitudes whatever the level of content complexity. Considering the better learning outcomes and improved player attitudes from sequential diagram presentations, soccer coaches should present computer-based instructional diagram arrows sequentially, rather than simultaneously. A sequential-with-tracing arrow presentation was particularly beneficial for learning complex team sport scenes.
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Cross, Kevin M., Kelly K. Gurka, Susan Saliba, Mark Conaway, and Jay Hertel. "Comparison of Thigh Muscle Strain Occurrence and Injury Patterns Between Male and Female High School Soccer Athletes." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 27, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0178.
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Context: Thigh muscle strains are among the most common injuries in high school soccer for both males and females. Similar results have been reported among college soccer players, specifically for hamstring strains. In college soccer, males have a higher injury rate than women, although they share common injury characteristics. Currently, no studies exist comparing the injury rate or injury characteristics of thigh muscle strains between sexes playing high school soccer. Objective: To compare thigh muscle strain injury rates and injury event characteristics among sexes participating in high school soccer. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: A total of 100 nationally representative high schools that participated in the High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance System, Reporting Information Online. Participants: High school soccer athletes who had a thigh muscle strain. Main Outcome Measures: Injury rates of thigh muscle strains were calculated between sexes. The occurrence of the following variables during a thigh muscle injury was compared between sexes: grade level, age, level of play, event type, time of practice, time of competition, basic injury mechanism, soccer activity, player position, field location, practice type, and time of season. Results: Males had a lower injury rate of thigh muscle strains during competition than females (rate ratio = 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.47–0.93). No differences between sexes existed in the distribution of first-time or recurrent event characteristics. When combining sexes, recurrent strains (93%) occurred more frequently on the offensive side of the field than first-time strains (59%), P < .001. The majority of strains occurred among the varsity players (71%), during running activities (60%) and practices (58%). Conclusions: Males were less likely to sustain a thigh muscle strain during competitions, but no other differences existed between sexes. The events surrounding all thigh muscle strains may be described with some common properties. Consideration of these characteristics may assist in the development of preventive and rehabilitative programs as well as direct future research on thigh muscle strains among high school soccer players.
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Teplan, Jaroslav, Tomáš Malý, Pavel Hráský, František Zahálka, Aleš Kaplan, Lucía Malá, and Jan Heller. "Funkční charakteristiky hráčů fotbalu." Studia sportiva 6, no. 1 (July 9, 2012): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2012-1-8.
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The aim of this contribution is to summarize the state of the functional characteristics of soccer players. Th e key points addressed in the study are motion model structures player in the game and physiological parameters that can aff ect a player‘s performance in the match. Physiological parameters and model physical structures in football are addressed in a number of studies and constantly stress the need for sophisticated scientifi c approach to the player‘s performance in the game. In the survey study, we proceed from the results and conclusions of studies published in foreign scientifi c journals or presented at important posts of scientifi c conferences. Player positions are characterized by distinct physical demands in the model motion structure and bioenergetic expenditure and planning training process should respect the following aspects. Players must match within a short period of time to react to changes in direction or manage football in the intensity of locomotion. During the match aerobic and anaerobic overlap metabolism in terms of intensity loads. Th e player must repeatedly perform in a match of high intensity activity with rapid recovery of energy resources and delaying the maximum fatigue emerging. Th e diff erence between elite players and lower level is the amount of physical activities performed at high intensities. Due to fatigue at the end of the game players appear less smooth coordination and implementation of technical skills. Based on surveillance studies diff erent views and determinants of the functional readiness of the player were identifi ed. Th e dominant role is played by the following criteria: player´s level (professional, amateur, etc.), competition (international, national, etc.), post player, tasks player´s stage game and game system.
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Erol, Mustafa, Ali Enver Kapelman, and Ali Kizilet. "The relationship of player load and anaerobic performance in different football playing strategies." Physical Education of Students 27, no. 4 (August 30, 2023): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2023.0406.
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Background and Study Aim. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of player load on the anaerobic performance of soccer players. Material and Method. Eighty Turkish Super League U21 players (age:19.56±1.3 years, height: 180.3±2.1cm, weight: 75.9±3.7kg) were involved in this study. The players completed eight different 11v11 training games. While one team practiced the ball possession and “defense as a team” strategy, the other team implemented the counterattacking strategy. The formation was kept as “4-4-2”. The games were played as 2x20-min training matches. Maximum heart rate, player load, ratings of perceived exertion, high running speed, and sprint performances were analyzed. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used in determining the level of correlation between quantitative variables. Linear regression analyses were carried out to examine the effect of player load on anaerobic performance components in different strategies and positions. Results. Compared to tactical strategy, player load values were found to be different from all positions (P<0.05). It was observed that maximum hearth rate, ratings of perceived exertion, high running speed, and sprint data were correlated with player load data (p<0.05). Given the results achieved from the regression analysis, it was determined that an increase in player load data caused an increment in these data. Conclusions. In conclusion, it was observed that player load data affect position-specific anaerobic performance in football. It is thought that the use of the data related to player load, acceleration, and deceleration in the training planning in accordance with the positions of players and the team strategies will increase the performance of the athlete.
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Ihsan, Fadli, Dmytro Prykhodko, and Danylo Olinovskyi. "Correlational analysis of psychophysiological functions indicators, technical and physical readiness of young football players aged 12-13 at different training process stages." Health Technologies 2, no. 3 (November 8, 2024): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58962/ht.2024.2.3.39-46.
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Background and purpose At the current stage, many teams in game sports have certain difficulties with stable success on the world sports arena. Football in this sense is no exception. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between psychophysiological functions and indicators of physical and technical readiness of young football players aged 12-13 years in the preparatory and competitive periods of the annual cycle of the training process. Materials and methods 12 football players of the Kharkiv Junior High School, 12-13 years old, took part in the study. We used the next methods. Determining the level of physical fitness: Running for 60 m, 1000 m run, Shuttle race, Pull-ups on the crossbar, Jump from a place. Determination of the level of technical preparation: Juggling. The main task of this test, the player needs to kick the ball so that it does not fall to the ground, this is done with the feet, the athlete must kick the ball as many times as possible; Shot at range. Held from the line of the field, the football player must hit the ball as far as possible from the run, this distance is measured in meters. Results In the preparatory phase for young soccer players aged 12-13 years, the total number of reliable relationships between the psychophysiological index and the physical and technical readiness index was 12. In the competition phase, the total number of reliable relationships between psychophysiological indicators and physical and technical readiness indicators remained the same for young soccer players aged 12-13 years, also 12 relationships. Conclusion The data obtained reflect the formative process of a specific type of soccer player, in which the speed of neurodynamic processes is related to the physical qualities of speed and speed-power.
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Lavoie-Gagne, Ophelie, Nabil Mehta, Sumit Patel, Matthew R. Cohn, Enrico Forlenza, Benedict U. Nwachukwu, and Brian Forsythe. "Adductor Muscle Injuries in UEFA Soccer Athletes: A Matched-Cohort Analysis of Injury Rate, Return to Play, and Player Performance From 2000 to 2015." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 232596712110230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211023098.
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Background: The effects of adductor muscle injury on performance in soccer athletes are unknown. Purpose: To (1) determine the rate and time to return to play (RTP) after adductor muscle injury, (2) investigate the rate of reinjury after RTP, and (3) investigate any long-term effects of injury on elite soccer player performance. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Using publicly available records, athletes sustaining adductor muscle injury were identified across the 5 major European soccer leagues (English Premier League, Bundesliga, La Liga, Ligue 1, and Serie A) between 2000 and 2015. Injured athletes were matched to controls by demographic characteristics and performance metrics from 1 season before the index timepoint. Investigations included the rate of RTP, reinjuries, player characteristics associated with RTP within 2 seasons, player availability, field time, and performance metrics during the 4 seasons after injury. Results: A total of 671 players with adductor muscle injury were included. Based on time to RTP, 86% of injuries were mild to moderate (4-28 days missed), and 4% required surgical intervention. Players with adductor muscle injury were absent for a median of 22 days (range, 1-700 days) and 4 games (range, 1-76 games). A total of 521 (78%) players returned at the same level, with no demographic or clinical characteristics associated with RTP on the multivariable regression. Of those returning to play, 143 (21%) experienced adductor reinjury. After RTP, defenders demonstrated decreased field time compared with controls ( P < .05). As compared with controls, defenders and midfielders scored more points and goals per game during the season of the injury ( P < .01), while attackers recorded more goals and assists per game the season after injury ( P < .05). Conclusion: Only 3 in 4 players (78%) returned to participate in an official match, and the reinjury rate was high (21%). After RTP, defenders demonstrated decreased field time versus controls. On the other hand, defenders and midfielders recorded more points and goals per game, while attackers recorded more goals and assists per game versus controls. Although the multivariable analysis results did not identify player characteristics associated with RTP, there was a position-dependent association on player performance after RTP.
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Lavoie-Gagne, Ophelie Z., Julia Retzky, Connor C. Diaz, Nabil Mehta, Avinaash Korrapati, Enrico M. Forlenza, Derrick M. Knapik, and Brian Forsythe. "Return-to-Play Times and Player Performance After Medial Collateral Ligament Injury in Elite-Level European Soccer Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 232596712110339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211033904.
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Background: Participation in elite-level soccer predisposes athletes to injuries of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), resulting in variable durations of time lost from sport. Purpose: To (1) determine the rate of return to play (RTP) and timing after MCL injuries, (2) investigate MCL reinjury incidence after RTP, and (3) evaluate the long-term effects of MCL injury on future performance. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Using publicly available records, we identified athletes who had sustained MCL injury between 2000 and 2016 across the 5 major European soccer leagues (English Premier League, Bundesliga, La Liga, Ligue 1, and Serie A). Injured athletes were matched to controls using demographic characteristics and performance metrics from the season before injury. We recorded injury severity, RTP rate, reinjury incidence, player characteristics associated with RTP within 2 seasons of injury, player availability, field time, and performance metrics during the 4 seasons after injury. Results: A total of 59 athletes sustained 61 MCL injuries, with 86% (51/59) of injuries classified as moderate to severe and surgical intervention performed in 14% (8/59) of athletes. After injury, athletes missed a median of 33 days (range, 3-259 days) and 4 games (range, 1-30 games). Overall, 71% (42/59) of athletes returned successfully at the same level, with multivariable regression demonstrating no athlete characteristic predictive of RTP. MCL reinjury was reported in 3% (2/59) of athletes. Midfielders demonstrated decreased field time after RTP when compared with controls ( P < .05). No significant differences in player performance for any position were identified out to 4 seasons after injury. Injured athletes had a significantly higher rate of long-term retention ( P < .001). Conclusion: MCL injuries resulted in a median loss of 33 days in elite European soccer athletes, with the majority of injuries treated nonoperatively. RTP remained high, and few athletes experienced reinjury. While midfielders demonstrated a significant decrease in field time after RTP, player performance and long-term retention were not compromised. Future studies are warranted to better understand athlete-specific and external variables predictive of MCL injury and reinjury, while evaluating treatment and rehabilitation protocols to minimize time lost and to optimize athlete safety and health.
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Faude, Oliver, Astrid Junge, Wilfried Kindermann, and Jiri Dvorak. "Injuries in Female Soccer Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 11 (November 2005): 1694–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546505275011.
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Background In contrast to the high number of studies about soccer injuries in men, epidemiologic data in high-level female soccer players are scarce. Purpose Analysis of injury incidence in elite female soccer players. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods There were 165 female soccer players (age, 22.4 ± 5.0 years) from 9 teams competing in the German national league, who were followed for one complete outdoor season. Their trainers documented the exposure to soccer on a weekly basis for each player, and the team physical therapists reported all injuries with regard to location, type, and circumstances of occurrence. An injury was defined as any physical complaint associated with soccer that limited sports participation for at least 1 day. Results There were 241 injuries sustained by 115 players (70%) reported; 39 injuries (16%) were owing to overuse, and 202 injuries (84%) were traumatic. Overall, 42% of the traumatic injuries occurred during training (2.8/1000 hours of training; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-3.4) and 58% during matches (23.3/1000 match hours; 95% confidence interval, 19.1-27.5); 102 of the traumatic injuries were caused by a contact situation, whereas 95 occurred without any contact. Most injuries (80%) were located at the lower extremities, concerning mainly the thigh (n = 44), knee (n = 45), and ankle (n = 43). Ankle sprain (n = 37) was the most often diagnosed injury. There were 51% minor injuries, 36% moderate injuries, and 13% major injuries. Eleven anterior cruciate ligament ruptures were observed during the season. Conclusion The results revealed a high injury incidence rate in games as well as a comparably low incidence rate during training. An important finding of this investigation was the frequent occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. Preventive measures should thus focus on the high prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament tears, mostly occurring in noncontact situations.
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Zanetti, Vinicius, Marcelo Saldanha Aoki, Paul Bradley, Christopher Carling, Thomas Kisil Marino, and Alexandre Moreira. "Running Performance and Hormonal, Maturity and Physical Variables in Starting and Non-Starting Elite U14 Soccer Players During a Congested Match Schedule." Journal of Human Kinetics 80, no. 1 (October 31, 2021): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0096.
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Abstract This study examined changes in match running performance (MRP) in Under-14 soccer players (13.5 ± 0.7 yrs) during a congested match schedule (CMS) (4 matches played within a 5-day period). It also examined the difference in salivary testosterone (sT) concentration, somatic maturation, jumping tests, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) between the players selected to play (SLG; group who participated in all matches) and players non-selected to play (NSG). A significant difference was observed for the frequency of decelerations (DEC) across matches (match 4 vs. matches 1, 2 and 3; p = 0.05; partial ƞ2 = 0.20). No difference between matches was observed for total running distance (TRD), high-speed running distance (HSRD), and frequency of accelerations (ACC) (p > 0.05). A wide range for within-player coefficient of variation (CV) values was observed for all MRP variables (range: 10.5 = TRD to 30.6 = HSRD). No difference between SLG and NSG for any of the assessed variables was observed (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that DEC was the most pertinent variable for monitoring changes in MRP during the CMS. In addition, at an elite youth soccer level, the biological maturity and fitness might not influence selection to play.
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Yiannaki, Christopher, Christopher Carling, and Dave Collins. "Futsal as a potential talent development modality for soccer – a quantitative assessment of high-level soccer coach and player perceptions." Science and Medicine in Football 2, no. 4 (June 19, 2018): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2018.1483079.
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Jeremic, Dejan, Ivana Zivanovic Macuzic, Maja Vulovic, Jelena Stevanovic, Dragan Radovanovic, Vladimir Varjacic, and Dusica Djordjevic. "ACE/ACTN3 GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS`." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 25, no. 1 (February 2019): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192501187684.
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ABSTRACT Objective: Previous studies have shown controversial relationships between ACE and ACTN3 gene polymorphisms and sports performance. Thus, the aim of our study was to assess anaerobic and aerobic performance indicators of young female soccer players with different ACE/ACTN3 gene profiles. Methods: Twenty-seven female soccer players aged 16-18 underwent acceleration, speed, strength, anaerobic power and aerobic endurance tests and had their ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms determined. Results: Based on genetic analysis, they were divided into the following groups: ACE II (n=2), ACE ID (n=11), ACE DD (n=14), ACTN3 XX (n=5), ACTN3 RR (n=7) and ACTN3 RX (n=15). ACE DD and ACE ID groups differed significantly in terms of results achieved on the 5 m sprint test (1.15±0.05 s vs 1.10±0.05 s, P=0.42). ACTN3 RR and RX achieved better results than the ACTN3 XX group in seven continuous vertical jumps (26.57±1.59 cm vs 25.77±2.51 cm vs 22.86±1.16 cm, respectively; P=0.007 for RR vs XX and P=0.021 for RX vs XX). Conclusion: High prevalence of ACE DD and ACTN3 RX genotypes in our subjects may suggest that faster and more powerful young females tend to perform better in soccer. Nevertheless, the absence of differences in most of the physical test results indicates that different genotypes are compatible with high-level soccer performance, meaning that it is the phenotype-genotype interaction that makes a successful female soccer player. Level of Evidence I, Prognostic studies — Investigating the effect of a patient characteristic on disease outcome.
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Semyonov, Moshe, and Mira Farbstein. "Ecology of Sports Violences: The Case of Israeli Soccer." Sociology of Sport Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1989): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.6.1.50.
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This research explores the extent to which aggregate violence among players and spectators of soccer teams is affected by the urban ecology and the sports ecology in which the teams operate. Sports violence is viewed here as characteristic of the social system. The analysis focuses on 297 soccer teams in Israel, and demonstrates that violence in sports is systematically related to both the team’s urban ecology and sports ecology. First, teams representing communities of subordinate ethnic minorities are more violent than others. Second, teams competing in higher level (professional) divisions and teams at either the bottom or top of their division (high levels of competition) are more violent. Third, teams characterized by violent players are more likely to have violent spectators. Finally, the causal relation between player and spectator violence is asymmetric: players affect spectators’ violence but not vice versa. These findings are discussed and interpreted in light of sociological theory.
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Reche-Soto, Pedro, Donaldo Cardona-Nieto, Arturo Diaz-Suarez, Alejandro Bastida-Castillo, Carlos Gomez-Carmona, Javier Garcia-Rubio, and Jose Pino-Ortega. "Player Load and Metabolic Power Dynamics as Load Quantifiers in Soccer." Journal of Human Kinetics 69, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0072.
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Abstract There has recently been an increase in quantification and objective analysis of soccer performance due to improvements in technology using load indexes such as Player Load (PL) and Metabolic Power (MP). The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the performance of PL and MP in competition according to the specific role, match‐to‐ match variation, periods of play, game location and match status according to game periods, and (2) to analyze the relationship between both indexes. Twenty‐one national‐level soccer players were distributed in the following specific positional roles: external defenders (ED) (n = 4), central defenders (CD) (n = 4), midfielders (M) (n = 5), external midfielders (EM) (n = 4) and attackers (A) (n = 4). A total of 12 matches played by a Spanish Third Division team during the 2016/2017 season were analyzed. WIMU PROTM inertial devices (RealTrack System, Almeria, Spain) were used for recording the data. The main results were: (1) a performance reduction in both variables over the course of match time, (2) significant differences in both variables based on the specific position, (3) differences in physical demands during the season matches, (4) winning during a game period and the condition of being the visitor team provoked higher demands, and (5) a high correlation between both variables in soccer. In conclusion, different contextual variables influence the external load demands; both indexes are related so they could be used for external load quantification, and it is necessary to analyze physical demands of the competition for a specific and individualized load design in training sessions.
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Guan, Hao, and Hualiang Niu. "Feature Extraction of Foul Action of Football Players Based on Machine Vision." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (January 31, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7253159.
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With the improvement of technology and tactics, the rhythm of football match is getting faster and faster, which leads to more intense competition behavior in a football match; the physical contact of both players is also increasing, and the frequency of fouls by football players is getting higher and higher. This leads to fouls by players. Because of the error of visual analysis, in the crowd of high-level football players, the traditional football players’ foul behavior feature extraction method has the problem of low precision of foul action feature extraction. This paper mainly studies the feature extraction of soccer players’ foul action based on machine vision. To solve these problems, this paper uses a machine vision-based football player foul action feature extraction method, using a machine vision system to obtain football player action image, based on threshold recognition algorithm to identify the football player’s foul action. Based on the recognition of the foul action image, the potential function sequence of the foul action sequence is established by the Harris 3D operator, and the characteristic data of football player foul action are filtered by the AdaBoost algorithm. The simulation results show that this method has high accuracy in identifying fouls in the range of high-level football players and effectively reduces the recognition error. The method proposed in this paper can effectively analyze the characteristics of foul action and help football clubs to develop more perfect tactics.
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Lago-Fuentes, Carlos, Ezequiel Rey, Alexis Padrón-Cabo, Javier Prieto-Troncoso, and Javier Garcia-Núñez. "The Relative Age Effect in Professional Futsal Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 72, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0105.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to verify the occurrence and effect size of relative age effect in professional futsal players, by observing how its presence and impact change according to the season, team level and player position. The sample was composed of 1873 professional futsal players who played in the First Division of the Spanish National Futsal League between seasons 2006-2007 and 2014-2015. The players’ birthdates were divided into quarters (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4). A relative age effect reversal was observed in the professional futsal players for the nine analyzed seasons. A relative age reversal effect was observed in high and medium level teams. Finally, a relative age effect reversal was also found for the goalkeeper and pivot positions. The results could suggest that players that initially experienced maturity disadvantages in major sports, can have a second chance to emerge in professional minor sports (i.e. futsal vs. soccer). However, the underlying mechanisms why a reversal occurs are still unclear, and more studies focusing on the mediators of the effect are needed.
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Alanen, Aki-Matti, Lauren C. Benson, Matthew J. Jordan, Reed Ferber, and Kati Pasanen. "Effects of Game-Specific Demands on Accelerations during Change of Direction Movements: Analysis of Youth Female Soccer." Biomechanics 3, no. 2 (May 29, 2023): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics3020021.
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The aim of this study was to assess center of mass (COM) acceleration and movement during change of direction (COD) maneuvers during a competitive soccer game to elucidate situation-specific demands of COD performance. This information can assist in developing soccer-specific tests and training methods. Fifteen elite-level female youth soccer players were tracked for one game with inertial measurement units (IMU) attached to the lower back. COD movements in combination with situational patterns were identified using high-speed video. LASSO regression was used to identify the most important predictors associated with higher vertical peak accelerations (PAv) of the COM during COD movements. COD angle, running speed, contact, and challenge from the opposition were identified as important features related to higher PAv. This study adds to the literature on the demands of COD performance in soccer match-play. The unique approach with game-specific situational data from female youth players provides increased insight into the game-demands of COD and agility performance. PAv in games was higher with larger COD angles, increased running speed, or with contact when the player was challenged by the opposition. A larger study including more games is warranted to increase confidence in using these variables as a basis for training or testing agility.
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Avanzi, Paolo, Luca Dei Giudici, Roberto Giovarruscio, Antonio Gigante, and Claudio Zorzi. "Isolated Subscapularis Tendon Tear in a Skeletally Immature Soccer Player." Joints 06, no. 01 (December 11, 2017): 068–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608952.
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AbstractSubscapularis injury in adolescents, usually associated to an avulsion fracture of the lesser humeral tuberosity, accounts for less than 2% of all fractures of the proximal humerus. Isolated tears of the subscapularis tendon without a history of dislocation and associated avulsion fractures are an even rarer occurrence, and treatment is controversial. This article describes a rare case of a 12-year-old suffering from an isolated subscapularis tear and discusses its management. The patient was evaluated at presentation, and at 1 to 2.5 months after he underwent a cuff tear arthroscopic repair with a single “all suture” anchor loaded with two wires, active/passive range of motion (A/PROM), Constant–Murley score, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score were noted. Patient reported an excellent outcome, recovered the whole ROM, was pain free, and returned to the previous level of activity. Isolated avulsion of the subscapularis tendon requires a high index of suspicion for a proper diagnosis as early treatment is required for a good recovery. Arthroscopy reserves more advantages in proper hands, restoring the previous levels of function and activity. An increase in attention for this condition is mandatory in a society where many adolescents are getting more and more active in high levels of sport activities.
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Fransz, Duncan P., Arnold Huurnink, Idsart Kingma, Vosse A. de Boode, Ide C. Heyligers, and Jaap H. van Dieën. "Performance on a Single-Legged Drop-Jump Landing Test Is Related to Increased Risk of Lateral Ankle Sprains Among Male Elite Soccer Players: A 3-Year Prospective Cohort Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 14 (November 12, 2018): 3454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518808027.
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Background: Soccer has a high injury rate, with lateral ankle sprains being a common injury. Therefore, an approach to prevent or at least reduce the occurrence is warranted. Injury prevention can be improved by identifying specific risk factors and individuals at risk. Purpose: To assess drop-jump landing performance as a potential predictor of lateral ankle sprain within 3-year follow-up. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Single-legged drop-jump landing tests were performed by 190 elite soccer players. Based on ground-reaction forces, 6 outcome measures were calculated that aim to reflect the impact and stabilization phase. Lateral ankle sprains were registered during up to 3 years of follow-up. Following a z score correction for age, a multivariate regression analysis was performed. Results: During follow-up, 45 players (23.7%) suffered a primary lateral ankle sprain. Of those, 34 were regarded as severe (absence >7 days). Performance was related to increased risk of ankle sprain ( P = .005 for all sprains and P = .001 for severe sprains). Low mediolateral stability for the first 0.4 seconds after landing (a larger value indicates more force exerted in the mediolateral direction, resulting in rapid lateral stabilization) and high horizontal ground-reaction force between 3.0 and 5.0 seconds (a smaller value indicates less sway in the stabilization phase) were identified as risk factors. A player that scored 2 SD below average for both risk factors had a 4.4-times-higher chance of sustaining an ankle sprain than a player who scored average. Conclusion: The current study showed that following a single-legged drop-jump landing, mediolateral force over 0 to 0.4 seconds and/or mean resultant horizontal ground-reaction force over 3 to 5 seconds has predictive value with regard to the occurrence of an ankle sprain among male elite soccer players within 3 years.
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Lee, Marcus, and Swarup Mukherjee. "Relationship of Training Load with High-intensity Running in Professional Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 05 (March 18, 2019): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0855-3843.
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AbstractThis study determined the training load (TL) and its relationship with high-intensity running performance across the season in professional soccer players. The TL, YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (YYIR 2) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) were monitored in 29 players (age 26.2±3.8 years, height 173.6±5.6 cm, body mass 68.5±8.6 kg). In the mid in-season (MS), Lucia TRIMP (TRIMPL) was inversely correlated with YYIR 2 (r=−0.6, p<0.05), with total distance (TD), work-rate (WR), low-intensity distance (LID) and player load (PL) showing correlation with YYIR 2 (r=0.81, 0.77, 0.88, 0.67; p<0.05) in the late in-season (LS). In pre-season (PS), TD, WR and moderate-intensity distance (MID) were correlated with YYIR 2 (r=0.65, 0.80, 0.83, p<0.05), whereas in early in-season (ES), TD, WR, LID were correlated with YYIR 2 performance (r=0.58, 0.67, 0.55, p<0.05). There was no significant relationship (p>0.05) between TL and RSA. The findings showed the volume, intensity and types of TL accrued influences the relationship with physical performance that suggest the significance of phase-specific monitoring of TL for maximizing performance in soccer players.
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Shen, Yinhao, Shinting Chen, Qingguang Liu, and Antonio Cicchella. "Heading in Female Soccer: A Scoping Systematic Review." Sports 12, no. 12 (November 29, 2024): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports12120327.
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Heading is a key skill in soccer, and it is few investigated in females. Research on heading focused mostly on males and on young players. Data on females’ soccer players are sparse and it is difficult to draw firm conclusions. Thus, little is known is known about heading in females. The most investigated aspects of heading are the relationship between heading and play state, training level and anthropometrics. The relationship between the frequency and intensity of headings and long-time outcomes in terms of vigilance, and neuro-cognitive status is also a topic of interest. Aim of this scoping review is to survey the available knowledge about heading in female football to identify possible weaknesses and issues for future research direction in the field. A structured literature search was performed in the main databases. Results show research on heading in female soccer is sparse and to draw firm conclusion on the investigated aspects (effect of play position, occurrence, cognitive impairment, influence of muscle strength, and player’s level) is difficult. It emerged mild intensity heading is not dangerous, helmet does not help, play state and player position influences the heading and that high rotational velocities are achieved. The survey identified new directions for research, that should focus on how to ameliorate heading training and skills and develop a more effective and safe heading technique.
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McIntosh, Jerome, Pouya Akhbari, Amar Malhas, and Lennard Funk. "Scapula Fractures in Elite Soccer and Rugby Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 232596711988738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119887388.
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Background: Scapula fractures are uncommon in sports and are poorly understood in this patient group. Purpose: To report on scapula fractures in contact and collision athletes and assess the injury patterns of different mechanisms of injury. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective case series was performed of all sports-related scapula fractures treated at a single institution between 2007 and 2015. The mechanisms of injury were divided into direct lateral impact, fall onto an outstretched arm, or abduction/external rotation. Results: A total of 11 patients were identified: 9 professional rugby players, 1 professional soccer player, and 1 amateur soccer player. The mean age was 28 years (range, 18-35 years). The mean return to play was 127 days in those treated nonoperatively and 163 days in those treated operatively. A direct impact mechanism occurred in 7 patients, all of whom sustained glenoid neck and body fractures and were treated nonoperatively. Two rugby players had a concomitant suprascapular nerve injury. An outstretched arm mechanism occurred in 2 cases, leading to posterior and inferior glenoid fractures. Both patients were treated operatively. An abduction/external rotation mechanism occurred in 2 cases, resulting in an anteroinferior and an anterior glenoid rim fracture. One case was treated operatively and the other was treated nonoperatively. Of those with glenoid fractures, 75% were not visible on plain radiographs and required further imaging. Conclusion: Scapula fractures acquired in sports are a serious injury with a prolonged recovery period. The mechanism of injury can help predict the injury pattern and highlight the need for further imaging. There is a high association with suprascapular nerve injuries.
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Cezarino, Leandro Gonçalves, Bruno Leonardo da Silva Grüninger, and Rodrigo Scattone Silva. "Injury Profile in a Brazilian First-Division Youth Soccer Team: A Prospective Study." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-449-18.
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Context Despite the popularity of soccer at the male first-division youth level, data on the incidence of injuries in Brazil are limited. Objective To prospectively study the injury profile of male first-division youth soccer players during 1 season (January to December 2017). Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Data compiled at a youth soccer academy. Patients or Other Participants The study involved 228 players between 10 and 20 years old from a first-division Brazilian soccer academy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Injury incidence rate was reported as the number of injuries divided by overall exposure (training and match hours) multiplied by 1000. The rate ratio (injury incidence rate during matches in relation to training) was also calculated. Time-loss injuries (ie, physical complaints sustained during soccer matches or training that resulted in a player being unable to take part in soccer training or match play) during the season were recorded. Results A total of 187 injuries were documented in 122 players (65.2%). During the season, 100 389 hours of exposure (5995 hours of match play and 94 394 of training) were registered. The overall injury incidence rate was 1.86 per 1000 hours. In total, 4792 days were lost from soccer activities. The majority of injuries were noncontact thigh muscle disorders and ankle sprains. Injury incidence was greater in matches than in training, and the oldest age group (under 20 years old) had the highest injury incidence rate in matches, while the under 17-year-old group had the highest injury incidence rate in training sessions (22.48 and 3.05 per 1000 hours, respectively). Conclusions Muscle injury incidence rates observed among Brazilian soccer athletes under 20 years old were similar to those reported in professional players. Preventive measures are recommended to reduce injury rates. Additionally, the number of injuries incurred during training was high compared with match play, and training programs need to be assessed so that injury prevention can be improved.
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Welsch, Goetz Hannes, Anna-Maria Behr, Karl-Heinz Frosch, Enver Tahir, Milena Pachowsky, Frank Oliver Henes, Gerhard Adam, Kai-Jonathan Maas, and Malte Lennart Warncke. "Semi-quantitative magnetic resonance imaging scoring of the knee detects previous injuries in professional soccer players." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 30, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 1161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06897-5.
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Abstract Purpose The medical examination (“medical”) is an important procedure in professional soccer since it has high economic relevance. In addition to clinical tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to assess joint health. In the present study, the reliability of semiquantitative knee MRI during the “medical” in professional soccer was tested, and its relationship with clinical data and days missed due to knee injury was observed. Methods In this cross-sectional study, between 2012 and 2019, 69 newly assigned players (age 18–35 years) from a professional soccer club underwent MRI (3.0 T) of both knee joints during their “medical”. Reported knee injuries and previously missed days due to injury were obtained from player anamnesis and the “transfermarkt.com” database. Based on the established “Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score” (WORMS), two independent radiologists graded the MRI results. Further evaluation was based on the mean score of both knees. Results The mean WORMS for all subjects was 13.9 (median 10.5, range 0–61). Players with previous injuries had significantly higher scores than players without reported injuries (22.1 ± 17.7 vs. 8.9 ± 4.4, p < 0.002). Three outliers (previously undetected injuries) in the group of players without reported injuries were observed (6.7%). The WORMS was significantly correlated with a prior knee injury (r: 0.424, p < 0.0001) and days missed due to injury (r: 0.489, p < 0.001). Age was correlated with the WORMS (r: 0.386, p < 0.001). In a linear regression model, prior injury was the only significant predictor of a high WORMS (p = 0.001). The WORMS was a significant predictor of days missed due to injury (p < 0.0002) and prior injury (sensitivity: 78%, specificity: 91%, p = 0.006). The intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent (0.89). Conclusion Semiquantitative knee MRI for WORMS determination during the soccer “medical” is a robust and reliable method. Prior injury, even in players without documented trauma, was detected by the WORMS, and previously missed days due to injury were correlated with the semiquantitative MR knee score. Level of evidence Level III.
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Owen, Adam L., Carlos Lago-Peñas, Miguel-Ángel Gómez, Bruno Mendes, and Alexandre Dellal. "Analysis of a training mesocycle and positional quantification in elite European soccer players." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 665–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117727851.
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Ensuring adequate levels of training and recovery at the elite level of professional soccer to maximise player performance has continued to drive the necessity to monitor the training load and physical training output of soccer players. The aim of this investigation was to analyse a training mesocycle whilst quantifying positional demands imposed on elite European soccer players. Sixteen players were assessed using global positioning systems and ratings of perceived exertion over a competitive training six-week mesocycle period. The positional demands and training loads were analysed in addition to match conditions (match location, match score) and player’s age. Results from the investigation revealed that typical daily training loads (i.e. total distance, high-intensity distance, sprint distance, average speed, ratings of perceived exertion) did not differ throughout each week of the mesocycle in-season period. Further analysis revealed training loads were significantly lower on match day-1 when compared to training loads on match day-2, match day-3 and match day-4 preceding a match ( p < 0.05). Significant differences in physical outputs were also found between match day-2, match day-3 and match day-4 highlighting a structured periodised tapered approach ( p < 0.05). Lower average speeds were reported in training post-successful matches compared to defeats ( p < 0.05), and more specifically when a match was played away compared to home fixtures ( p < 0.05). To conclude, practitioners can maintain a uniformed and structured training load mesocycle whilst inducing variation of the physical outputs during the microcycle phase. Additionally, the investigation also provides a tapering approach that may induce significant variation of the positional demands.
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Naessens, G., J. DeSlypere, H. Dijs, and M. Driessens. "Hypogonadism as a Cause of Recurrent Muscle Injury in a High Level Soccer Player - A Case Report." International Journal of Sports Medicine 16, no. 06 (August 1995): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-973030.
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Chaabouni, Safouen, Rihab Methnani, Badria Al Hadabi, Majid Al Busafi, Mahfoodha Al Kitani, Khalifa Al Jadidi, Pierre Samozino, Wassim Moalla, and Nabil Gmada. "A Simple Field Tapping Test for Evaluating Frequency Qualities of the Lower Limb Neuromuscular System in Soccer Players: A Validity and Reliability Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073792.
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Over the years, the foot tapping test protocol has been proposed by scientists to identify the capabilities of the lower limb neuromuscular system in the medical context; however, to our knowledge, no studies have established its usefulness and relationship to athletic performance. The aim of the present study was to test the reliability, criterion validity and sensitivity of a new foot tapping (TAP) test, and to examine its relationship with proxies of athletic performance in soccer players. Forty voluntary soccer players of two different levels participated in this study (20 players from the national level: age: 22.6 ± 2.5 years and 20 players from regional level: 25.1 ± 3.6 years). They performed the TAP test on two separate occasions to test its relative and absolute reliability. To examine the criterion validity of the TAP test, all participants performed four types of jumps, sprint tests, agility tests, the Wingate test and the finger tapping test considered a gold standard tapping test. The sensitivity was assessed with national and regional player levels. The TAP test presented a high relative and absolute reliability with intra-class correlation coefficient ICC > 0.90, standard errors of measurement SEM < 5% and mean difference ±95% limits of agreement equal to 0.2 ± 0.8 tap·s−1. National level players showed a higher TAP score (p < 0.001; dz = 1.96, large) compared to regional players (9.68 ± 1.41 tap·s−1 vs. 7.28 ± 1.01 tap·s−1, respectively) and the value of area under curve measured by the receiver operating characteristic curve technique was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.827–0.990). The TAP test showed a significant association with the finger tapping test (r = 0.84, p < 0.001), whereas no correlation was seen between the TAP test and all the other physical tests measured. The TAP test could be considered a valid and reliable test to assess lower limb neuromuscular ability in soccer players.
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Fernandes, Haniel. "Refeeding Days Strategies Applied in Elite Soccer Player Week Dietary Intake: A Short Communication." Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Investigation 3, no. 2 (October 23, 2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52916/jcbi234027.
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Even knowing that elite soccer players body fat mass does not undergo major changes and remains stable and similar across all age groups they ever want to reduce their body fat percentage because, according to their own reports, by doing this they felt light on the pitch. However, during the off-season soccer periods, the elite soccer players tends reduced you performance after training and matches cessation [1], something that could put into question the need for a diet rich in carbohydrates on this moment due increasing body fat percentage fear. However, there is a strategy for prescribing hypocaloric diets commonly used by resistance athletes during reduce body fat percentage phases, which is called refeeding days. Basically, the strategy consists of a calorie-restricted diet during the week and two days during weekends with 100% energy requirements, something that correlates performance maintenance at body fat percentage reduction [2]. And thinking about, it is something that could correlate with elite soccer players reducing caloric intake and training level during soccer off-seasons with diet strategies that can help them maintained sports performance and low body fat percentage during this phase. A study can prove scientifically that hypocaloric diets on low carbohydrate consumption during short periods were able to decrease body fat in elite soccer players without to harm their performance [3]. Thus, it becomes necessary to understand some methodology that leads the athlete to a low-carbohydrate diet, does not make him lose performance over time and maintains his body composition as desired by him. Thus, knowing that the refeeding days strategies can be used implementing one or two days at high carbohydrate and energy intake (generally at or slightly above body weight maintenance levels), thereby providing a break on the another five consecutive days of low carbohydrate and hypocaloric diet [4], this diet model would add as one more strategy to be recommended for soccer players who try to lower the body fat percentage without worse the performance, becomes this proposal for these athletes interesting. Furthermore, dietary prescriptions for athletes who want to reduce body fat percentage remain within the range of less than 45 kcal/kg-1 lean body mass/day-1, carbohydrates between 3 and 5 g/kg-1 body weight/day-1, proteins between 1 and 3 g/kg-1 body weight/day-1 and the dietary fat prescription percentage comprising 20 to 30% of the total energy value of the diet [5-7]. And for athletes who need to optimize performance, the carbohydrate recommendation is within the range of 5 to 10 g/kg-1 body weight/day-1 and in this case the protein can reach the highest range of the recommendation and go up to 4 g/kg-1 body weight/day-1 [8,9]. This way, a strategy refeeding days model was proposed by the author in Table 1, as a strategy that can be used to decrease the body fat percentage of the elite soccer player with the possibility of not harming his performance.
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Salguero, Guillermo Charneco, Francisco García-Muro San José, Arturo Pérez Gosalvez, Jose Miguel Cárdenas Rebollo, Isabel Brígido Fernández, and Luis Fernández Rosa. "ISOKINETIC PROFILES AND REFERENCE VALUES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 6 (December 2021): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127062021_0073.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Isokinetics is a tool commonly used in professional soccer. There is ongoing debate among researchers as to the isokinetic reference values a player should have. Objectives: To determine the absolute peak torque (PT) and average work of professional soccer players in relation to their positions on the field, and to establish the reference values for these variables. Methods: Purposeful sampling was used to select 289 professional soccer players. The sample included 32 goalkeepers, 100 defenders, 98 midfielders, and 59 strikers. The participants were measured preseason. The players were asked to perform a 10-minute warm-up on an exercise bike, and then to perform 5 repetitions at low speed, 10 at medium speed, and 25 at high speed, with 30 to 40-s of rest between each set of repetitions. The contraction method was concentric-concentric in a dynamometer Isomed 2000. Results: The average age, weight, and height of the players was 21.9 years, 74.3 kilograms, and 1.8 meters, respectively. The goalkeepers presented higher PT at the 3 measured speeds, and the higher average work at 180°/s and 240°/s in relation to defenders and midfielders. The strikers presented higher average work at 240°/s in relation to midfielders, and higher PT in relation to the defenders and midfielders. Absolute values were shown and reference values were established. Conclusions: The goalkeepers and strikers were the players that showed the greatest differences in their favor in relation to the other positions. The peak torque values and average work were described in relation to the player's position on the field. This study resulted in the creation of a tool for health professionals working with professional soccer players, providing reference values for these players in relation to their position on the field that can be used as benchmarks, by health professionals, to optimize soccer players’ performance. Level of evidence II, Prospective comparative study.
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Herget, Lenore. "Return to Sport Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Women's Soccer." Journal of Women's Sports Medicine 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53646/jwsm.v2i2.27.
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Soccer is largely recognized as the most popular sport in the world. It involves speed, agility and endurance, requiring its athletes to sprint, explode to the ball, change direction and maintain high thresholds of work for prolonged periods. In the United States, as many as 80,000 high school female athletes experience ACL injuries each year. Females tend to be more at risk for ACL injury for a multitude of reasons including biomechanical, neuromuscular activation patterns, strength imbalances and hormonal factors. Athletes and their families are becoming increasingly aware of this risk and the subsequent risk of not returning to their pre-injury level of play; thus, necessitating both preventative and post injury rehabilitation programs aimed at maximizing function and minimizing subsequent injury. A program that focuses on neuromuscular activation patterns, proprioception and balance training, functional strength, agility, landing techniques and quality of footwork is best for mitigating risk of ACL injuries in female soccer players. This post-surgical ACL reconstruction rehabilitation program for the female soccer player has been divided into five phases, each phase a progression and building upon its preceding phase. The phases range from early post-operative care to late stage, pre-clearance to return to sport guidance and have been constructed based on evidence informed guidelines focusing on maximizing function post operatively in a safe, efficient manner while minimizing risk for re-injury.
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Barrett, Steve. "Monitoring Elite Soccer Players’ External Loads Using Real-Time Data." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 10 (November 1, 2017): 1285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0516.
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Purpose: To assess the validity of measuring locomotor activities and PlayerLoad using real-time (RT) data collection during soccer training. Methods: Twenty-nine English soccer players participated. Each player wore the same MEMS device (Micromechanical Electrical Systems; S5, Optimeye; CatapultSports, Melbourne, Australia) during 21 training sessions (N = 331 data sets) in the 2015–16 and 2016–17 seasons. An RT receiver (TRX; Catapultsports, Melbourne, Australia) was used to collect the locomotor activities and PlayerLoad data in RT and compared with the postevent downloaded (PED) data. PlayerLoad and locomotor activities (total distance covered; total high-speed running distance covered, >5.5#x00A0;m/s; total sprinting distance covered, >7 m/s; maximum velocity) were analyzed. Results: Correlations were near perfect for all variables analyzed (r = .98–1.00), with a varied level of noise between RT and PED also (0.3–9.7% coefficient of variation). Conclusions: Locomotor activities and PlayerLoad can use both RT and PED concurrently to quantify a player’s physical output during a training session. Caution should be taken with higher-velocity-based locomotor activities during RT compared to PED.
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van Dyk, Nicol, Abdulaziz Farooq, Roald Bahr, and Erik Witvrouw. "Hamstring and Ankle Flexibility Deficits Are Weak Risk Factors for Hamstring Injury in Professional Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 438 Players Including 78 Injuries." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 9 (May 17, 2018): 2203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518773057.
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Background: Hamstring injuries remain a significant injury burden in sports such as soccer that involve high-speed running. It has repeatedly been identified as the most common noncontact injury in elite male soccer, representing 12% of all injuries. As the incidence of hamstring injuries remains high, investigations are aimed at better understanding how to prevent hamstring injuries. Stretching to improve flexibility is commonly used in elite-level sports, but risk factor studies have reported contradicting results, leading to unclear conclusions regarding flexibility as a risk factor for hamstring injuries. Purpose: To investigate the association of lower limb flexibility with the risk of hamstring injuries in professional soccer players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: All teams (n = 18) eligible to compete in the premier soccer league in Qatar (Qatar Stars League [QSL]) underwent a comprehensive musculoskeletal assessment during their annual periodic health evaluation at Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital in Doha, Qatar. Variables included passive knee extension and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. A clustered multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify associations with the risk of hamstring injuries. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to determine sensitivity and specificity. Results: A total of 438 unique players (72.4% of all QSL players) competed for 601 player-seasons (148 players competed both seasons) and sustained 78 hamstring injuries. Passive knee extension range of motion (hazard ratio [HR], 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95-0.99]; P = .008) and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (HR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88-0.99]; P = .02) were independently associated with the injury risk. The absolute differences between the injured and uninjured players were 1.8° and 1.4 cm, respectively, with small effect sizes ( d < 0.2). The ROC curve analyses showed an area under the curve of 0.52 for passive knee extension and 0.61 for ankle dorsiflexion, indicating failed to poor combined sensitivity and specificity of the 2 strength variables identified in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. Conclusion: This study identified deficits in passive hamstring and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion as weak risk factors for a hamstring injury. These findings have little clinical value in predicting the risk of future hamstring injuries, and test results must therefore be interpreted cautiously in athletic screening.