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Maddigan, Meaghan E., Kathleen M. Sullivan, Israel Halperin, Fabien A. Basset, and David G. Behm. "High tempo music prolongs high intensity exercise." PeerJ 6 (January 8, 2019): e6164. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6164.
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Music has been shown to reduce rating of perceived exertion, increase exercise enjoyment and enhance exercise performance, mainly in low-moderate intensity exercises. However, the effects of music are less conclusive with high-intensity activities. The purpose of this with-participant design study was to compare the effects of high tempo music (130 bpm) to a no-music condition during repeated high intensity cycling bouts (80% of peak power output (PPO)) on the following measures: time to exercise end-point, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), breathing frequency, ventilatory kinetics and blood lactate (BL). Under the music condition, participants exercised 10.7% longer (p = 0.035; Effect size (ES) = 0.28) (increase of 1 min) and had higher HR (4%; p = 0.043; ES = 0.25), breathing frequency (11.6%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.57), and RER (7% at TTF; p = 0.021; ES = 1.1) during exercise, as measured at the exercise end-point. Trivial differences were observed between conditions in RPE and other ventilatory kinetics during exercise. Interestingly, 5 min post-exercise termination, HR recovery was 13.0% faster following the music condition (p < 0.05) despite that music was not played during this period. These results strengthen the notion that music can alter the association between central motor drive, central cardiovascular command and perceived exertion, and contribute to prolonged exercise durations at higher intensities along with a quicken HR recovery.
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Sara Campos Vaz, Luna, Márcia Reimol De Andrade, and Laila Cristina Moreira Damázio. "Morphological aspects of the heart of young rats subjected to high and medium intensity progressive resistance physical exercise protocols." Concilium 24, no. 9 (May 14, 2024): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-3419-24i33.
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The present study investigated the effects of medium and high intensity physical exercise on the morphology of the heart of young rats, after carrying out two physical exercise protocols on the stairs, medium and high intensity. We used 24 young male Wistar rats, 21 days old, divided into three groups: sedentary control group (CG, n=8), group trained with medium intensity physical exercises (GM, n=8) and group trained with physical exercises high intensity (GA, n=8). For 4 weeks, the animals in the GM and GA groups were subjected to a medium and high intensity physical exercise protocol. The physical exercise protocol was applied over a period of 4 weeks, 5 days a week. After training, the animals were euthanized and the heart was removed for weighing, analysis of macroscopic morphology (left ventricular thickness, weight, analysis of diameter and ventricular area); The 5um sections were then processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) for subsequent histomorphometric analysis of the cardiomyocytes. The results did not demonstrate significant differences in the macroscopic parameters of the heart (weight, left ventricular thickness, ventricular area, total area, ventricular diameter). A significant difference was observed in the area of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle of rats that exercised with high intensity. It is concluded that rats exercising at high intensity showed an increase in the area of cardiomyocytes compared to rats that exercised at medium intensity and sedentary ones. Thus, it is concluded that progressive resistance physical exercise on the vertical ladder when performed at high intensity promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in young rats.
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Karaca, İbrahim, Nevin A. Güzel, and Erdem Demir. "Hamstring muscle activation during the flywheel exercises." Journal of Orthopedics Research and Rehabilitation 1, no. 4 (October 30, 2023): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51271/jorr-0017.
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Aims: Aim of this study was to determine hamstring activation during flywheel (FW) exercises, identify differences between muscles and classify the exercises. Methods: Exercises were done by professional footballers and electromyography data from hamstring muscles were recorded and normalized according to maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). Differences between muscles and with-in exercises were compared with repeated measures ANOVA and categorized according to their intensity. Results: The Exercise variable had significant differences (F(3.1,81.5)=96.5, p<0.05) but the muscles variable F(1,26)=2.24, p>0.05) and Exercise*Muscle interaction effect (F(3.1,81.5)=0.97, p>0.05) were not a significantly different. During Romanian Dead Lift, Single Leg Dead Lift, Leg Curl and Single Leg Hamstring Bridge determined over 80% activation according to MVIC for biceps femoris (BF) and medial hamstring (MH) with not significantly different between each other and they were categorized as high-intensity FW exercises (p>.05). During Bilateral Squat for both musclewere determined below 50% according to MVIC and it was categorized as low-intensity FW exercise. During Single Leg Squat and LUNGE in the MH were below 50% according to MVIC, these exercises were categorized as low-intensity FW exercises and in the BF in the range of 50-80% according to MVIC so they were categorized as medium-intensity FW exercises. Conclusion: With this study, both parts of the hamstring contract similarly during the selected FW exercises. Low or moderate intensity FW exercises can be used in the early stages of rehabilitation or preventive hamstring exercise programs, while high intensity ones can be used in later processes.
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Yu, Ming, Xinyi Han, Xiaomei Wang, and Rongxin Guan. "Effects of Physical Exercise on Executive Functions among College Students in China: Exploring the Influence of Exercise Intensity and Duration." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 12 (November 29, 2023): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13120987.
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Background: This study investigates the effects of exercise intensity and duration on executive functions among college students in China. Method: Participants in this study were Chinese college students divided into four groups based on exercise duration and intensity. Each group engaged in physical exercise twice a week for six weeks. Group 1 performed low-intensity exercises for 10 min per session; Group 2 performed low-intensity exercises for 20 min per session; Group 3 performed high-intensity exercises for 10 min per session; and Group 4 performed high-intensity exercise for 20 min per session. Executive functions were assessed in all subjects before the experiment (time 1), after one exercise session (time 2), at the end of the exercise program (time 3), and six weeks after the exercise program (time 4). A mixed ANOVA with a 2 (exercise intensity: low/high) × 2 (duration: short/long) × 4 (time of measurement: time 1/time 2/time 3/time 4) design was employed, with exercise intensity and exercise duration as independent variables and executive functions as the dependent variable. Results: Mixed ANOVA showed that the results revealed a significant main effect of measurement time on working memory accuracy (p < 0.001) and reaction time (p < 0.001); inhibition control accuracy (p < 0.001) and reaction time (p < 0.001); cognitive flexibility accuracy (p < 0.001) and reaction time (p < 0.001). A single session of high-intensity exercise significantly improved executive functions in college students. Both low-intensity and high-intensity exercise were effective in enhancing executive functions, with high-intensity exercise demonstrating better maintenance of the effect. Conclusion: Both exercise intensity and exercise duration were found to enhance executive functions in college students, with exercise intensity showing greater effectiveness than exercise duration.
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Navalta, James W., and Stephen P. Hrncir. "Core Stabilization Exercises Enhance Lactate Clearance Following High-Intensity Exercise." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21, no. 4 (2007): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-21546.1.
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NAVALTA, JAMES W., and STEPHEN P. HRNCIR. "CORE STABILIZATION EXERCISES ENHANCE LACTATE CLEARANCE FOLLOWING HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21, no. 4 (November 2007): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200711000-00057.
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Shi, Haoyu, and Young-Je Sim. "Effects of weekend-focused exercise on obesity-related hormones and metabolic syndrome markers in male high school students." Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 20, no. 6 (December 26, 2024): 227–34. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2448632.316.
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To examine the changes in obesity-related hormones and metabolic syndrome markers in male high school students with obesity following a weekend-focused moderate- or high-intensity exercise program at the recommended weekly physical activity level, or a program of regular exercise 3 times a week at moderate intensity, over a 10-week period. Forty-eight male high school students who were obese with a body fat percentage of ≥ 25% were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a regular moderate-intensity exercise group (n= 17) that freely selected and performed moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance training exercises, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, for a total of 150–300 min/wk; a weekend-focused moderate-intensity exercise group (n= 15) that freely selected and performed aerobic and resistance training exercises every Saturday for 150–300 min; and a weekend-focused high-intensity exercise group (n= 16) that freely selected and performed aerobic and resistance training exercises every Sunday for 75–150 min. Insulin and leptin levels significantly decreased in all the groups, with the greatest reduction in the regular exercise group. Abdominal circumference and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in all the groups. Fasting glucose decreased only in the regular exercise group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased in both the regular and weekend-focused moderate-intensity exercise groups. No significant differences in adiponectin levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed between the groups. A weekend-focused exercise program has health effects similar to those of regular exercise, highlighting the importance of meeting the recommended weekly physical activity levels.
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Goršič, Maja, Imre Cikajlo, Nika Goljar, and Domen Novak. "A Multisession Evaluation of a Collaborative Virtual Environment for Arm Rehabilitation." PRESENCE: Virtual and Augmented Reality 27, no. 3 (July 2020): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00331.
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In recent years, several multi-user virtual environments (VEs) have been developed to promote motivation and exercise intensity in motor rehabilitation. While competitive VEs have been extensively evaluated, collaborative and competitive rehabilitation VEs have seen relatively little study. Therefore, this article presents an evaluation of a VE for post-stroke arm rehabilitation that mimics everyday kitchen tasks and can be used either solo or collaboratively. Twenty subacute stroke survivors exercised with the VE for four sessions, with the first and third sessions involving solo exercise and the other two involving collaborative exercise. Exercise intensity was measured using inertial sensors while motivation was measured with questionnaires. Results showed high motivation and exercise intensity over all four sessions, and 11 of 20 participants preferred collaborative over solo exercise while only 4 preferred solo exercise. However, there were no differences in motivation, exercise duration, or exercise intensity between solo and collaborative sessions. Thus, we cannot currently claim that collaborative exercises are beneficial for upper limb rehabilitation. Future studies should evaluate other collaborative VE designs in different settings (e.g., at home) and with different participant pairs (e.g., patient-unimpaired) to find effective ways to utilize collaborative exercises in motor rehabilitation.
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Behi, Amir, Thomas Davin Fahey, Taher Afsharnezhad, and Ali Reza Amani. "Effect of High Intensity Interval Training with Blood Restriction on Anaerobic Performance." International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology 6, no. 2 (August 27, 2017): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22631/ijaep.v6i2.181.
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Limiting venous blood flow restriction is a new approach of training aims to improving high level of performance among athletes, which has shown prominent results at muscle hypotrophy and strength. KAATSU[1] is a training system including pressure belt imposed on the proximal part of the upper and lower bodies. The present study aims to investigate the effect of HIIT Kaatsu trainings on anaerobic performance among young athletes. The present quasi experimental research was conducted through a pre-test and post-test and three groups including KAATSU intensive interval exercises (n=11), intense interval exercise (n=9) and a control group (n=10). The exercises included running distances of 20 and 40 meters. In the beginning of the protocol most of the exercises was in short distances and as the sessions proceeded, the number of the sets and repetitions increased and it reached to its highest intensity in the last session. During the exercise protocol, intensity of training was considered to be the highest running speed and based on their abilities each individual tried to run as fast as possible. The exercise load was defined based on repetitions and the sets. In the 20 meters distances, the participants took a ten second rest after each repetition and a one minute rest after each set and in 40 meters distances; Subjects took a 20 second rest after each repetition and 2 minute rest between sets. The control group did not performed any of the mentioned exercises. Moreover, before and after four weeks of training the individuals were given RAST and Anaerobic Biking Wingate Test. Statistical result has been shown, there is a significant change between the maximum anaerobic power in Wingate biking test after four weeks within KAATSU intensive interval (P≥ 0.05) and intensive interval (P≥ 0.05) groups, but no significant change was detected in the control group (P> 0.05). The statistical analysis of this research has been shown that there is of current investigation indicated that compared to intensive interval exercise alone, attending the KAATSU intensive exercises is more effective on the highest anaerobic power ( Wingate bike) and the lowest as well as the average of anaerobic power.
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Safarinejad, Mohammad Reza, Kamran Azma, and Ali Asgar Kolahi. "The effects of intensive, long-term treadmill running on reproductive hormones, hypothalamus–pituitary–testis axis, and semen quality: a randomized controlled study." Journal of Endocrinology 200, no. 3 (December 3, 2008): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-08-0477.
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Effects of intensive exercise on hypothalamus–pituitary–testis (HPT) axis remain controversial. Our aim was to determine the effects of intensive, long-term treadmill running on reproductive hormones, HPT axis, and semen quality. A total of 286 subjects were randomly assigned to moderate-intensity exercise (∼60% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max); group 1, n=143) and high-intensity exercise (∼80% VO2max; group 2, n=143) groups. The two groups exercised for 60 weeks in five sessions per week, each session lasting 120 min. This was followed by a 36-week low-intensity exercise recovery period. All subjects underwent routine semen analysis. Blood samples were drawn for the determination of the levels of the following hormones: LH, FSH, prolactin, testosterone (T), free testosterone (fT), inhibin B, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The HPT axis was assessed using GnRH and human chorionic gonadotropin tests. After 24 weeks of exercise, the subjects exercising with high intensity demonstrated significantly declined semen parameters compared with those exercising with moderate intensity (P=0.03). Serum T and fT began to decrease, and serum SHBG began to increase at the end of 12 weeks with both moderate- and high-intensity exercises. The serum LH and FSH concentrations decreased below the baseline level at 12 weeks in both groups (P=0.07 in group 1 and 0.03 in group 2). Both groups had blunted LH and FSH responses to GnRH. These parameters improved to their pre-exercise level during the recovery period. Long-term strenuous treadmill exercises (overtraining syndrome) have a deleterious effect on reproduction.
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Lagally, Kristen M., Kara I. Gallagher, Robert J. Robertson, Randall Gearhart, and Fredric L. Goss. "Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Low- and High-Intensity Resistance Exercise by Young Adults." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 3 (June 2002): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.3.723.
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Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are commonly used to monitor the intensity of aerobic exercise. Whether ratings of perceived exertion can be used similarly during resistance exercise is unclear. To examine this question, perceived exertion was measured at 30% and 90% of the one-repetition maximum (1-RM), while holding work constant between intensities. Ratings for the active muscles and for the overall body were examined during both intensities. 10 male (age = 23.2 ± 3.6 yr.) and nine female (age = 21.8 ± 2.7 yr.) volunteers underwent a one-repetition maximum procedure for each of the following exercises; bench press, leg press, latissimus pull down, triceps press, biceps curl, shoulder press, and calf raise. All subjects then completed two experimental trials on separate days. The high-intensity trial consisted of one set of five repetitions at 90% of the one-repetition maximum. The low-intensity trial consisted of one set of 15 repetitions at 30% of the one-repetition maximum. Active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion were obtained immediately at termination of each of the seven exercises at both intensities. A two-factor (RPE x Intensity) repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed separately for each exercise. Both active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion were higher ( p<.01) for the high-intensity trial than for the low intensity trial. Active muscle ratings were higher ( p<.01) than overall body ratings for all exercises. Ratings of perceived exertion during resistance exercise are related to intensity of the resistance exercise (percentage of the one-repetition maximum). This information suggests that ratings of perceived exertion can provide information regarding the intensity of resistance exercise. Furthermore, sensations of exertion in the active muscles during resistance exercise are greater than sensations for the overall body.
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TABATA, IZUMI, KOUICHI IRISAWA, MOTOKI KOUZAKI, KOUJI NISHIMURA, FUTOSHI OGITA, and MOTOHIKO MIYACHI. "Metabolic profile of high intensity intermittent exercises." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 29, no. 3 (March 1997): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199703000-00015.
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Gastin, Paul G. "METABOLIC PROFILE OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERMITTENT EXERCISES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 29, no. 9 (September 1997): 1274,1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199709000-00023.
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Behm, David G., Dario Cappa, and Geoffrey A. Power. "Trunk muscle activation during moderate- and high-intensity running." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 6 (December 2009): 1008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-102.
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Time constraints are cited as a barrier to regular exercise. If particular exercises can achieve multiple training functions, the number of exercises and the time needed to achieve a training goal may be decreased. It was the objective of this study to compare the extent of trunk muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity during running and callisthenic activities. EMG activity of the external obliques, lower abdominals (LA), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES), and lumbosacral erector spinae (LSES) was monitored while triathletes and active nonrunners ran on a treadmill for 30 min at 60% and 80% of their maximum heart rate (HR) reserve, as well as during 30 repetitions of a partial curl-up and 3 min of a modified Biering-Sørensen back extension exercise. The mean root mean square (RMS) amplitude of the EMG signal was monitored over 10-s periods with measures normalized to a maximum voluntary contraction rotating curl-up (external obliques), hollowing exercise (LA), or back extension (ULES and LSES). A main effect for group was that triathletes had greater overall activation of the external obliques (p < 0.05), LA (p = 0.01), and LSES (p < 0.05) than did nonrunners. Main effects for exercise type showed that the external obliques had less EMG activity during 60% and 80% runs, respectively, than with the curl-ups (p = 0.001). The back extension exercise provided less ULES (p = 0.009) and LSES (p = 0.0001) EMG activity than the 60% and 80% runs, respectively. In conclusion, triathletes had greater trunk activation than nonrunners did while running, which could have contributed to their better performance. Back-stabilizing muscles can be activated more effectively with running than with a prolonged back extension activity. Running can be considered as an efficient, multifunctional exercise combining cardiovascular and trunk endurance benefits.
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Çilli, Murat, Merve N. Yasar, and Onur Çakir. "Electromyographic responses to Nordic curl and prone leg curl exercises in football players." Physical education of students 25, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2021.0505.
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Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study is to examine the electromyographic responses to Nordic curl and prone leg curl exercises, having two different mechanics.
Material and Methods. The athletes performed the prone leg curl and Nordic curl exercises in random order, 6 repetitions each. Electromyographic data of semimemranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris and rectus femoris muscles were recorded by 8-channel electromyography in order to examine the muscle responses to exercises. Total duration of exercise, cumulative integrated electromyographic values and muscle activation rates in 5 different intensity zones determined according to MVC% values have been compared.
Results. Prone leg curl exercise occurred in less time than Nordic curl exercise. According to the cumulative integrated electromyography data results, all muscles showed similar muscle activation in both exercises. Comparing the muscle activation rates in the five intensity zones, more muscle activity was observed for Nordic curl exercise in the first intensity zone, while prone leg curl exercise was more active in the third and fourth zones. During the prone leg curl exercise, the muscle activation rate of the dominant leg is higher in the first intensity zone, whereas the non-dominant leg in the fourth intensity zone has a higher muscle activation. During the Nordic curl exercise, the muscle activation rates of the dominant leg in the first and fifth intensity zones are higher, whereas the nondominant leg in the fourth intensity zone is higher.
Conclusions. Prone leg curl exercises can be preferred in order to stimulate high muscle activation in a short time. Comparing the two exercises there was no significant difference in muscle activity in dominant and nondominant legs.
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Liu, Liu, and Gong Chen. "Exercise Intensity, Perception of Benefits, and Preferences on Taichi and Chigong Exercises of American College Students." Sport Science Review 20, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2011): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0058-z.
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Exercise Intensity, Perception of Benefits, and Preferences on Taichi and Chigong Exercises of American College StudentsThe purposes of this study was to investigate the exercise intensity through heart rate and sweat rate during taichi and chigong workout, student perception on the benefits of different taichi and chigong exercises, and preferred taichi and chigong exercises of American college students. The results indicated that: 1) Taichi and chigong exercises increased heart rate of college students to light intensity level based on ACSM criteria even though the main purpose of taichi and chigong exercise focuses on inner health instead generating high level heart rate. 2) More than 60% students had heavy sweat during practice of most taichi and chigong exercise except Crane style chigong. 3) Most students felt that taichi and chigong exercises are useful for their external fitness, inner health, stress and anxiety reduction, and relaxation. These exercises include simplified Crane Chigong, simplified Taichi Chigong, Standard 24 form Taichi, Stationary Taichi, taichi and chigong combination, and Free Style taichi. 4) Men showed high interest on 24 form taichi and individual work out on this form, and doing taichi/chigong in the gym with music. Women demonstrated high interest on the combination the three key taichi/chigong elements, 24 form taichi, and working out with music and following the instructor. It is expected that the results can be used as a reference for taichi and chigong instructors for designing and teaching taichi classes for the best of student interests.
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Panissa, Valéria Leme Gonçalves, Ursula Ferreira Julio, Felipe Hardt, Carolina Kurashima, Fábio Santos Lira, Monica Yuri Takito, and Emerson Franchini. "Effect of exercise intensity and mode on acute appetite control in men and women." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 10 (October 2016): 1083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0172.
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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of exercise intensity on appetite control: relative energy intake (energy intake minus the energy expenditure of exercise; REI), hunger scores, and appetite-regulating hormones in men and women. Eleven men and 9 women were submitted to 4 experimental sessions: high-intensity intermittent all-out exercise (HIIE-A) for 60 × 8 s interspersed by 12 s of passive recovery; high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) at 100% of maximal load attained in incremental test; steady-state exercise at 60% of maximal load, matched by work done; and a control session. Exercise was performed 1.5 h after a standardized breakfast, and an ad libitum lunch was offered 4 h after breakfast. Blood concentration of insulin, cortisol, acylated ghrelin, peptideYY3-36, glucose, and hunger scores were measured when fasting, and at 1.5, 2, 3.25, and 4 h of experiment. REI was lower in all exercises than in the control, without differences between exercises and sex showing no compensation in energy intake because of any exercise; the hunger scores were lower only in the exercises performed at higher intensity (HIIE and HIIE-A) compared with the control. The area under the curve of acylated ghrelin was lower in the HIIE-A when compared with the control. PeptideYY3-36 was higher in men than women and cortisol higher in women than men independently of the condition. Although high-intensity exercises promoted a little more pronounced effects in the direction of suppressing the appetite, no differences were observed in REI, demonstrating that these modifications were not sufficient to affect energy intake.
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Gearhart, Randall F., M. Daniel Becque, Chad M. Palm, and Matthew D. Hutchins. "Rating Perceived Exertion during Short Duration, Very High Intensity Cycle Exercise." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 3 (June 2005): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.767-773.
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This study compared undifferentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during short duration, very high intensity cycle exercise using high and low resistance. 30 recreationally trained males (24.2 ± 2.4 yr.) were memory-anchored to the Borg 15-category scale. The high and low resistance exercises were defined by 30-sec. maximum tests assigned in counterbalanced order, with resistances set before testing during an orientation session. High resistance was 10% of body mass. Low resistance resulted in the same total work as the high resistance over the 30-sec. sessions (± 5%) but increased pedal rate. RPE was taken at 8, 13, 18, 23, and 28 sec. during the high and the low resistance exercises. Measurements were compared using a 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. RPE was significantly greater ( p = .005) for the high than the low resistance exercise at each interval. RPE increased when the subjects were required to pedal against a greater resistance and produce the highest forces. These RPE data are consistent with data from both aerobic cycle and resistance exercise. The data suggest that instantaneous force production, not summed work, is a primary determinant of RPE. All of these observations support Cafarelli's theoretical model of effort sense. In conclusion, as an individual generates more force during high resistance exercise than in light resistance exercise, a potential explanation of our results is that the increased motor outflow and corollary sensory signal lead to a greater sense of effort.
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Sveaas, Silje Halvorsen, Annelie Bilberg, Inger Jorid Berg, Sella Arrestad Provan, Silvia Rollefstad, Anne Grete Semb, Kåre Birger Hagen, Melissa Woll Johansen, Elisabeth Pedersen, and Hanne Dagfinrud. "High intensity exercise for 3 months reduces disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA): a multicentre randomised trial of 100 patients." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099943.
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BackgroundExercise is considered important in the management of patients with rheumatic diseases, but the effect of high intensity exercises on disease activity is unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of high intensity exercises on disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).MethodAssessor blinded multicentre randomised controlled trial. 100 patients (aged from their 20s to their 60s) with axSpA were randomly assigned to an exercise group or to a no-intervention control group. The exercise group performed cardiorespiratory and muscular strength exercises at high intensity over 3 months. The control group received standard care and was instructed to maintain their usual physical activity level. Primary outcome was disease activity measured with the Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Disease Activity Scale (ASDAS, higher score=worst) and the Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI, 0–10, 10=worst). Secondary outcomes were inflammatory markers, physical function and cardiovascular (CV)-health. There was patient involvement in the design and reporting of this study.Results97 of the 100 (97%) randomised patients completed the measurements after the intervention. There was a significant treatment effect of the intervention on the primary outcome (ASDAS: −0.6 [–0.8 to –0.3], p<0.001 and BASDAI: −1.2 [–1.8 to –0.7], p<0.001). Significant treatment effects were also seen for inflammation, physical function and CV-health.ConclusionHigh intensity exercises reduced disease symptoms (pain, fatigue, stiffness) and also inflammation in patients with axSpA. It improves patients’ function and CV health. This debunks concerns that high intensity exercise might exacerbate disease activity in patients with axSpA.Trial registration numberNCT02356874.
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González-Mohíno, Fernando, Victor Rodrigo-Carranza, Daniel Juárez Santos-García, Anthony P. Turner, and José María González-Ravé. "Acute effects of the sequence of concurrent high-intensity resistance and endurance exercises in recreational athletes." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 20, no. 1 (October 30, 2024): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55860/9a326a77.
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This study aimed to assess the acute effects of the sequence of concurrent training (CT) on physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptive parameters in recreational athletes. Eighteen active men (mean ± SD: 22.00 ± 2.00 years; 79.40 ± 9.87 kg and 175.62 ± 6.35 cm) performed two CT sessions consisting of repeated sprint endurance exercise followed by resistance exercise (E-R) or the reverse sequence (R-E) in a randomized order. The E exercise consisted of 6x30s of cycling “all-out” interspersed by 15s of passive recovery, while the R exercise consisted of 3x15 repetitions near failure (1 repetition in reserve) of back squat exercise with rest intervals of 45s. Height in CMJ, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after each exercise, and at the final of the session (sRPE) were recorded. The R-E sequence showed a higher HR at 10s, 1min and 6min (p < .05) post E exercise compared to R exercise. Significant protocol x time interactions were observed for sRPE (p < .001) being higher after the R-E sequence compared to E-R sequence. RPE was significantly higher (p < .01) after E exercise compared to R exercise in both sequences, without differences between the E exercises. However, there were significant differences between the R exercises (p < .01) being higher in the R-E sequence. Our results suggest that the order of exercises during CT affects the second exercise when performed in a R-E sequence, with more cardiovascular stress and higher perceived exertions.
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Barabasz, Katarzyna, Paulina Więcławek, Piotr Juda, Patrycja Kłaptocz, Katarzyna Łukoś-Karcz, Dominik Bańkowski, Gabriela Pabian, Karol Musiał, and Kamil Bielak. "Assessment of the Impact of Different Types and Intensities of Physical Exercise on the Quality of Life of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Literature Review." Quality in Sport 37 (January 27, 2025): 57776. https://doi.org/10.12775/qs.2025.37.57776.
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Objective Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, representing a global health challenge. The aim of this review is to assess the impact of different types and intensities of physical exercise on cognitive functions, biomarkers, and the quality of life of AD patients. Methods Studies from PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (2000–2024) were analyzed, focusing on the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercises on memory, executive functions, biomarkers (amyloid beta, tau protein, BDNF), daily living abilities (ADL), and quality of life. The review included 42 studies, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. Results Moderate-intensity aerobic and combined exercises improve memory and executive functions, while resistance training increases hippocampal volume, supporting spatial memory. High-intensity exercises boost BDNF levels, and moderate-intensity exercises reduce neurodegenerative biomarkers and improve ADL. Conclusions Moderate aerobic and combined exercises are effective in preventing and supporting AD therapy. Further research is needed to standardize exercise protocols and evaluate their long-term effects.
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Bartel, Charles, Victor S. Coswig, Gabriel V. Protzen, and Fabricio B. Del Vecchio. "Energy demands in high-intensity intermittent taekwondo specific exercises." PeerJ 10 (August 24, 2022): e13654. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13654.
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Background Taekwondo is an intermittent Olympic combat sport, which shows an aerobic predominance in matches and high participation of alactic metabolism for actions that determine competitive success. However, there is no information on energetic contribution systems in different high-intensity intermittent exercises for metabolic conditioning with specific movements. The study aimed to measure the physiological demands, mainly the energy expenditure, in taekwondo-specific high-intensity intermittent exercises (HIIE). Methods This study recruited ten male black belt athletes with a mean age of 20.2 ± 4 years, body mass of 62.8 ± 10.5 kg and height of 170.6 ± 7.8 cm, and total practice time of 11.8 ± 5.4 years. Subjects performed an incremental specific test and three different HIIE protocols on nonconsecutive days, and all comprised three 2-min rounds and 1 min of recovery between rounds. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate were measured. Energetic expenditure of aerobic, alactic, and lactic metabolisms was estimated through oxygen consumption, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and peak blood lactate after each round. Results For the mean of the three rounds, the TKDtest100 resulted in higher absolute and relative contribution from the aerobic metabolism (52.4 ± 4%; p = 0.01) and lower than the 35:5 relative alactic contribution (48.7 ± 5.4%; p = 0.03). Conclusion The mean of the three rounds for 35:5 and 15:10:5 presented similar absolute and relative contributions of aerobic and alactic metabolisms, whereas the TKDtest100 was a predominantly aerobic activity. We emphasize that aerobic metabolism was predominant from the second round in the 15:10:5 and 100%TKDtest protocols and in the last round of the 35:5 protocol.
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Moriarty, Terence, Kelsey Bourbeau, Bryanne Bellovary, and Micah N. Zuhl. "Exercise Intensity Influences Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation during Cognitive Testing." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9080083.
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Activation changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions have been linked to acute exercise-induced improvements in cognitive performance. The type of exercise performed may influence PFC activation, and further impact cognitive function. The present study aimed to compare PFC activation during cognitive testing after moderate-intensity, high intensity, and yoga exercises, and to determine if PFC activation is linked to cognitive performance. Eight subjects (four male and four female), aged 35 ± 5 completed a control, high intensity, moderate intensity, and yoga exercises followed by administration of a cognitive task (NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition). Left and right PFC activation (LPFC and RPFC, respectively) were evaluated by measuring hemoglobin difference (Hbdiff) changes during post-exercise cognitive assessment using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Activation during the cognitive test was higher in the LPFC after moderate intensity exercise compared to control, high intensity, and yoga (5.30 ± 6.65 vs. 2.26 ± 2.40, 2.50 ± 1.48, 2.41 ± 2.36 μM, p < 0.05, respectively). A negative relationship was detected between LPFC and processing speed after exercise. PFC activation did not align with cognitive performance. However, acute exercise, regardless of type, appeared to alter neural processing. Specifically, less PFC activation was required for a given neural output after exercise.
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Ramadhan, Nanda Aulya, Damayanti Tinduh, Nuniek Nugraheni, Inggar Narasinta, Imam Subadi, Albert Setiawan, and Soenarnatalina Melaniani. "Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction Improves Balance in Elderly Women: A Comparative Study on the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología 5 (January 1, 2025): 1148. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20251148.
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Introduction: Enhancing leg muscle strength in elderly could play a crucial role in reducing fall risk. A novel approach to enhance muscular strength involves the use of low-intensity resistance exercises in conjunction with blood flow restriction (BFR), as an alternative to high-intensity exercise. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-intensity strength exercise with BFR on lower quarter Y-balance test (LQ-YBT) performance, compare to moderate-intensity strength exercise in elderly female.Methods: The study employed a true experimental randomized design, assessing balance using the LQ-YBT in 26 elderly women over a six-week exercise period. Subjects were divided into two groups: one performing medium-intensity strengthening exercises (≥40-60% 1 RM (Repetition Maximum)) and another engaging in low-intensity strengthening exercises (20-30%1RM) with BFR. The BFR technique involved applying a cuff to the upper third of the thigh with a restrictive pressure of 50 mmHg or 40% Artery Occlusion Pressure, which was released during rest periods.Results: The moderate and BFR groups exhibited notable distinctions in all directions (anterior, posterolateral, posteromedial and composite) for both left and right legs (p<0.001). The disparity in LQ-YBT values between groups was notable in the right anterior (p=0.017), right posterolateral (p<0.001), right composite (p<0.001), left anterior (p=0.007), and left composite (p=0.050) directions.Conclusions: This study showed that low-intensity resistance exercise with BFR for six weeks may yield superior improvements in the LQ-YBT for elderly women compared to moderate-intensity strengthening exercises
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Cho, Han Eol. "Exercise for patients with neuromuscular diseases." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 67, no. 9 (September 10, 2024): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2024.67.9.560.
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Background: Neuromuscular diseases (NMD) vary widely with regard to their onset, progression, and symptoms, which include muscle weakness, sensory loss, pain, fatigue, and joint contractures. Owing to this diversity, creation of a unified exercise therapy approach is challenging.Current Concepts: Exercise recommendations for patients with NMD prioritize maintenance of patients’ current functional status, prevention of further decline, and provision of compensatory training. Conventionally, highintensity exercises are not recommended owing to the risks of overwork weakness and muscle injury. Recent studies indicate that tailored aerobic exercises can improve endurance, cardiovascular function, and overall health without worsening muscle injury. Flexibility exercises are essential to prevent joint contractures. Resistance training should focus on avoidance of high-intensity and eccentric exercises and on maintenance of rather than an increase in muscle strength.Discussion and Conclusion: Evidence regarding the benefits of exercise in patients with NMD is inconsistent. Aerobic exercise is usually safe and may help maintain function and increase maximal oxygen uptake; however, low-intensity exercise is preferred to avoid fatigue and muscle injury. Resistance training may help preserve muscle strength in some patients; however, high-intensity workouts are not should be avoided to mitigate the risk of muscle overload and injury. Tailored exercise programs designed according to disease characteristics are essential.. Further well-designed, large-scale studies are necessary to establish effective and safe exercise guidelines for patients with NMD.
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Tabata, Izumi. "RESPONSE: METABOLIC PROFILE OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERMITTENT EXERCISES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 29, no. 9 (September 1997): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199709000-00024.
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Chan, Hsiao-Lung, Ling-Fu Meng, Yung-An Kao, Ya-Ju Chang, Hao-Wei Chang, Szi-Wen Chen, and Ching-Yi Wu. "Myoelectric, Myo-Oxygenation, and Myotonometry Changes during Robot-Assisted Bilateral Arm Exercises with Varying Resistances." Sensors 24, no. 4 (February 6, 2024): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24041061.
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Robot-assisted bilateral arm training has demonstrated its effectiveness in improving motor function in individuals post-stroke, showing significant enhancements with increased repetitions. However, prolonged training sessions may lead to both mental and muscle fatigue. We conducted two types of robot-assisted bimanual wrist exercises on 16 healthy adults, separated by one week: long-duration, low-resistance workouts and short-duration, high-resistance exercises. Various measures, including surface electromyograms, near-infrared spectroscopy, heart rate, and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale, were employed to assess fatigue levels and the impacts of exercise intensity. High-resistance exercise resulted in a more pronounced decline in electromyogram median frequency and recruited a greater amount of hemoglobin, indicating increased muscle fatigue and a higher metabolic demand to cope with the intensified workload. Additionally, high-resistance exercise led to increased sympathetic activation and a greater sense of exertion. Conversely, engaging in low-resistance exercises proved beneficial for reducing post-exercise muscle stiffness and enhancing muscle elasticity. Choosing a low-resistance setting for robot-assisted wrist movements offers advantages by alleviating mental and physiological loads. The reduced training intensity can be further optimized by enabling extended exercise periods while maintaining an approximate dosage compared to high-resistance exercises.
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Akkurt, Murat, M. Şerif Ökmen, and Metin Polat. "Effects of eight-week aerobic exercises combined with resistance training on cardiovascular risk factors in women." Biomedical Human Kinetics 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2023-0001.
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Abstract Study aim: Main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of moderate-intensity exercises for eight weeks, combined with cardio and resistance exercises, on the cardiovascular risk factors for women. Material and methods:Atotal of 30 volunteer females between the ages of 40 and 65 participated in the study. The volunteers were divided into two groups as exercise and control. The exercise group was given exercises three days aweek. Height, weight, body mass index, waist, hip, waist-to-hip ratio, resting blood pressure, resting heart rate, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, glucose levels were collected before and after the exercise program. Results: There was asignificant decrease in weight, body mass index, hip circumference levels after the exercise program (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was detected for waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratios p > 0.05). While asignificant decrease in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides levels of the exercise group was observed after the exercise program (p < 0.05), no significant change was found in glucose, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein levels (p > 0.05). Conclusion: It was observed that moderate intensity exercises combined with cardio and resistance exercises resulted with positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors.
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Qin, Xin-Min, Ji-Young Park, Bo-Ram Kim, and Chang-Hwa Joo. "The Effects of Exercise on Acute Immune Responses in Relative Leisure-Deprived People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 8155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138155.
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Exercise training involving exercises of optimal intensity and duration improves psychological and medical variables in relative leisure-deprived people living with HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to analyze associated psychological variables and the effect of exercise intensity and duration on immune responses in relative leisure-deprived people infected with HIV. The participants completed different moderate-intensity exercises (30 min (60–80% HRmax) and 45 min (60–80% HRmax)) and high-intensity exercise for 10 min (>80% HRmax). Levels higher than “normal” were rated for relative leisure deprivation, indicating relative deprivation of leisure among participants. The overall level of quality of life was “normal”, indicating that quality of life was not considered high. The stress level was psychologically considered low. Time had a significant effect on cortisol levels (p < 0.05). Compared to pre-exercise, cortisol level was significantly decreased immediately after moderate exercise for 45 min and 3 h post-exercise after high-intensity exercise for 10 min (p < 0.05). However, time and the interaction of condition and time had no significant effect on IL-6 and sIgA levels (p > 0.05). Despite the small sample size of this pilot study, the results demonstrate that moderate-intensity exercise can be recommended to improve the health and quality of life of people infected with HIV.
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LIN, LINDA L., and SANDY S. HSIEH. "EFFECTS OF STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE EXERCISE ON CALCIUM-REGULATING HORMONES BETWEEN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 05, no. 02 (June 2005): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519405001461.
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Physical activity has shown to maintain bone mineral density (BMD) through the effects of mechanical loading on bone metabolism. However, the effects of exercise on the calcium-regulating hormones and other metabolic variables are not known. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of strength and endurance exercise on blood pH, total serum calcium, ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) between males with different levels of physical activities. METHODS: The experimental group consisted of 9 physically active males (runners) and the control group consisted of 10 males who had not exercised regularly for the past year. Subjects were asked to perform both strength (eccentric action) and endurance exercises (VO2 peak). The blood pH, total serum calcium, ionized calcium, PTH and CT were measured before and after exercise. A two-way ANCOVA was used for data analysis. RESULTS: (1) When the control group did anaerobic exercise, the free ionized calcium increased significantly (p < 0.05). (2) Mode and intensity of physical activity have no significant effects on the body's calcium regulating hormones. (3) The level of physical activity plays a major role in increasing bone density. High levels of physical activities plus strength exercises can have an additive effect on bone density. CONCLUSION: Regular high intensity exercise will help increase bone density. Strength exercises can maintain bone density not only through mechanical loading, but also through blood pH and biochemical changes in free ionized calcium, which can positively affect bone density.
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Rao, Mubarra, Amna Aamir Khan, and Qurat Ul Ain Adnan. "A review analysis of exercise training regimes among females with polycystic ovary syndrome." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 73, no. 3 (February 15, 2023): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.5647.
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Objective: The current systematic review was planned to provide quality assessment of different exercise regimes and their outcomes on the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome, and to see if one exercise regime was better than the rest. Methods: Search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar databases for studies published between 2001 and 2021 whose full text was available. The search yielded 28 studies that were reviewed. Results: The current evidence suggests that exercise regimes, such as high-intensity interval training, progressive resistance training, aerobic exercises, and yoga may improve polycystic ovary syndrome conditions. This is accomplished through treating associated risk factors, like body morphology, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, lipid profile, reproductive hormones, menstrual cycle, and quality of life. Conclusion: Exercise regimes improves several symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome. However, selecting a specific exercise regime over others as the standardised treatment protocol remained inconclusive. Key Words: Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Exercises, High-intensity interval training, Aerobic exercises.
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Salim, Filiani Natalia, Hanna Goenawan, Faysal Kastella, Ronny Lesmana, and Leonardo Lubis. "Effects of Different Intensity Exercises On Bone Structure of Young Male Wistar Rats." Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v8i2.59086.
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Many adolescents have insufficient physical activity. Regular physical activity from young age can improve health and fitness. Getting regular exercise and eating healthy diet should be encouraged among kids and teenagers to prevent various diseases in adulthood and old age, such as osteoporosis and fractures. When exercising, a prescription is needed that is tailored to each individual abilities. The intensity of exercise will be different for each individual in accordance with their age, physiological function, genetics, economic status, and previous comorbid diseases. There is no standardised exercise prescription proven to increase bone mineral density in adolescents. Based on the above description, a study was conducted on the provision of different intensity exercise and its effect on bone morphology and density. In this study, male Wistar rats, aged 15–16 weeks (body weight ± 250-350 grams; n = 20), were split into 4 groups, namely control group, low intensity exercise group, moderate intensity exercise group, and high intensity exercise group. All groups were receiving intervention for 8 weeks. Then, the rats were sacrificed and the femoral bones were isolated. Femur weight and femur length was checked. Bone density was examined using X-Ray and calculated by statistical tests. Research was conducted in the Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran. There were significant differences of femur weight between high intensity exercise group and control and low intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Moderate and high intensity exercises significantly increased femur length as opposed to control and low intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Bone density was higher in moderate and high intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Moderate to high intensity exercise can increase bone health, seen from significances of bone morphology analysis and a higher density compared to low intensity exercise.
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Cicek, Guner, Oguzhan Ozcan, Pelin Akyol, Ozkan Isik, Dario Novak, and Hamza Küçük. "The effect of aerobic and high-intensity interval training on plasma pentraxin 3 and lipid parameters in overweight and obese women." PeerJ 12 (September 27, 2024): e18123. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18123.
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Background It is unclear whether different exercise programs lead to an increase in the concentration of plasma Pentraxin3 (PTX3), an anti-inflammatory protein. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma PTX3 levels in overweight and obese women. Method A total of 45 sedentary women aged between 32.26 ± 6.30 voluntarily participated in the study. The control group (CG, n = 15) was selected among normal-weight women. Women in the group of participants who partook in exercise consisted of overweight and obese women according to a random method, including the AE group (n = 15) and the HIIT group (n = 15). The AE session conducted was 50 min in duration and consisted of warm-up exercises (5 min), and primary exercises (40 min, basic aerobic-step exercises). HIIT consists of warm-up exercises (5 min), primary exercises (work intervals: 6−10 × 1 min (80–90% HRmax), rest intervals: 1 min (walk, 50% HRmax), 21–29 min running. The exercises were applied for three sessions/week for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken from all participants before and after exercise and their body composition was measured. Results As a result of two different 12-week exercises, serum PTX3 levels increased significantly by 47.53% in the AE group and 50.21% in the HIIT group (p < 0.01). It was determined that the mean PTX3 before and after exercise increased from 1.71 ± 0.43 to 2.47 ± 0.40 ng/dL and HIIT from 1.62 ± 0.39 to 2.31 ± 0.33 ng/dL. A significant decrease in body mass index (BMI) values were detected, approximately 5.81% in the AE group and 5.06% in the HIIT group (p < .01). A significant decrease was detected in glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, and hsCRP whereas HDL-C and VO2max value increased significantly in both exercise groups (p < .05; p < .01). There were no significant differences in TG and TC levels between groups (p > .05). Also, no significant differences were found between the two types of exercises in terms of parameters. A significant negative correlation in the total sample was found between PTX3 with BMI, fat mass, LDL-C, and hsCRP. Conclusion The percentage change in PTX3 values was not different between exercise types, whereas PTX3 was increased with exercise, regardless of the type of exercise. It can be said that both aerobic and HIIT increase PTX3, VO2max levels and improve lipid metabolism in overweight and obese women.
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Hagiu, Bogdan-Alexandru. "Considerations on the Prophylaxis of Severe Forms of Covid-19 Through Endurance Exercises." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 67, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.67(1).05.
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"Prophylaxis of severe forms of COVID-19 can be achieved by combating sedentary lifestyle, preferably through moderate intensity endurance exercises, dosed so as not to cause immune disorders. The mechanism is likely to be to protect the mitochondria from oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory effects may also occur in the organs affected by the virus. The high intensity of the effort (interval training or resistance training) can promote, in addition to immune disorders, even the penetration of the virus into the target cells (according to a hypothesis to be confirmed by future studies). However, there are preliminary results according to which some high-intensity exercises can be adapted to avoid hypoxia and thus be used for COVID-19 prophylaxis. Prevention of serious complications of SARSCOV-2 infection through exercise may be of interest to obese, diabetic and the elderly, high-risk categories. Keywords: COVID-19, exercises, mitochondria "
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Harianto, Tantia Dewi, Bagas Trio Pamungkas, Purwo Sri Rejeki, Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu, Joni Susanto, Nabilah Izzatunnisa, Tri Hartini Yuliawati, Shariff Halim, and Adi Pranoto. "The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Pancreatic and Liver GLUT-2 Expression in High Fructose-Fed Mice." Retos 57 (July 5, 2024): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.104464.
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Excessive high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) leads to metabolic disorders characterized by decreased expression of pancreatic GLUT-2 and increased expression of liver GLUT-2. Exercise is reported to be a non-pharmacological therapy to improve metabolic disorders. This study aims to compare differences in exercise intensity to changes in pancreatic and liver GLUT-2 expression in mice induced by high fructose. A total of 36 male mice (Mus musculus), weighing 20-30 grams, 8-week-old, were randomly divided into 4 groups: C (Control; n = 9), G1 (light intensity swimming exercises; n = 9), G2 (moderate intensity swimming exercises; n = 9), and G3 (heavy intensity swimming exercises; n = 9). All groups were given 30% fructose solution orally (oral ad libitum) for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, swimming exercise was given out 3×/week for 8 weeks with three different intensities. Pancreatic and liver GLUT-2 expression was measured using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the results of pancreatic and liver GLUT-2 expression measurements were evaluated using the Immunoreactive Score (IRS). The analysis of body weight using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) post hoc test indicates that G2 significantly reduces weight compared to C, G1, and G3 (p ≤ 0.05). Statistical analysis was done using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and followed up with the Mann-Whitney U Test with a significant level of 5%. The data showed that G2 significantly increased expression of pancreatic GLUT-2 and decreased expression of liver GLUT-2 compared to C, G1, and G3 (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, moderate-intensity exercise has the most optimal effect in increasing the expression of pancreatic GLUT-2 and decreasing the expression of liver GLUT-2. Keywords: Obesity, Insulin resistance, GLUT-2 expression, Exercise, High fructose
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Anjali Saxena, Ankita Dua, Mohit Kumar, Alivia Roy, and Aeshna Nigam. "A mini-review on influence of physical exercise in remodeling the immune mechanism." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 18, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.18.2.0264.
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Exercising on a regular basis has been associated with delay in onset of many lifestyle disorders and chronic conditions. Different types of exercise have varied effects on our innate immune cells, both positively and negatively. Low-intensity exercises like yoga or brisk walking, medium-intensity exercises like swimming or cycling, and long-term high-intensity exercises like playing sports like volleyball or working out in the gym are some examples. The immune system's function is impacted differently by exercise training depending on the type, duration, intensity, and other factors. Exercise training is a double-edged sword that helps the body's immune system by changing the immune cells' post-exercise reaction mechanisms. Regular physical exercise is one of the lifestyle adjustments aimed at minimizing morbidity and mortality associated with contemporary illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Regular leisure exercise training is regarded to be beneficial, but extreme exercise, such as that performed by professional athletes, is thought to have possibly detrimental consequences. This review summarizes current information in the field of exercise-associated alterations of infection susceptibility and indicates knowledge gaps for further investigation. It highlights that long term effects of physical activity shows a positive association with longevity and exercise.
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Littbrand, Håkan, Erik Rosendahl, Nina Lindelöf, Lillemor Lundin-Olsson, Yngve Gustafson, and Lars Nyberg. "A High-Intensity Functional Weight-Bearing Exercise Program for Older People Dependent in Activities of Daily Living and Living in Residential Care Facilities: Evaluation of the Applicability With Focus on Cognitive Function." Physical Therapy 86, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/86.4.489.
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Abstract Background and Purpose. Knowledge concerning the applicability and the effect of high-intensity exercise programs is very limited for older people with severe cognitive and physical impairments. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of a high-intensity functional weight-bearing exercise program among older people who are dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities. A second aim was to analyze whether cognitive function was associated with the applicability of the program. Subjects. The subjects were 91 older people (mean age=85.3 years, SD=6.1, range=68–100) who were dependent in personal activities of daily living and randomly assigned to participate in an exercise intervention. Their mean score for the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was 17.5 (SD=5.0, range=10–29). Methods. A high-intensity functional weight-bearing exercise program was performed in groups of 3 to 7 participants who were supervised by physical therapists. There were 29 exercise sessions over 13 weeks. Attendance, intensity of lower-limb strength and balance exercises, and occurrence and seriousness of adverse events were the outcome variables in evaluating the applicability of the program. Results. The median attendance rate was 76%. Lower-limb strength exercises with high intensity were performed in a median of 53% of the attended exercise sessions, and balance exercises with high intensity were performed in a median of 73% of the attended exercise sessions. The median rate of sessions with adverse events was 5%. All except 2 adverse events were assessed as minor and temporary, and none led to manifest injury or disease. No significant differences were observed in applicability when comparing participants with dementia and participants without dementia. In addition, there was no significant correlation between applicability and the MMSE score. Discussion and Conclusion. The results suggest that a high-intensity functional weight-bearing exercise program is applicable for use, regardless of cognitive function, among older people who are dependent in activities of daily living, living in residential care facilities, and have an MMSE score of 10 or higher. [Littbrand H, Rosendahl E, Lindelöf N, et al. A high-intensity functional weight-bearing exercise program for older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities: evaluation of the applicability with focus on cognitive function. Phys Ther. 2006;86:489–498.]
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Al-Naime, Khalid, Adnan Al-Anbuky, and Grant Mawston. "Human Movement Monitoring and Analysis for Prehabilitation Process Management." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan9010009.
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Cancer patients assigned for abdominal surgery are often given exercise programmes (prehabilitation) prior to surgery, which aim to improve fitness in order to reduce pre-operative risk. However, only a small proportion of patients are able to partake in supervised hospital-based prehabilitation because of inaccessibility and a lack of resources, which often makes it difficult for health professionals to accurately monitor and provide feedback on exercise and activity levels. The development of a simple tool to detect the type and intensity of physical activity undertaken outside the hospital setting would be beneficial to both patients and clinicians. This paper aims to describe the key exercises of a prehabilitation programme and to determine whether the types and intensity of various prehabilitation exercises could be accurately identified using Fourier analysis of 3D accelerometer sensor data. A wearable sensor with an inbuilt 3D accelerometer was placed on both the ankle and wrist of five volunteer participants during nine prehabilitation exercises which were performed at low to high intensity. Here, the 3D accelerometer data are analysed using fast Fourier analysis, where the dominant frequency and amplitude components are extracted for each activity performed at low, moderate, and high intensity. The findings indicate that the 3D accelerometer located at the ankle is suitable for detecting activities such as cycling and rowing at low, moderate, and high exercise intensities. However, there is some overlap in the frequency and acceleration amplitude components for overland and treadmill walking at a moderate intensity.
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Valentim-Silva, João Rafael, Marcelo Lentini Costa, Glauber Lameira de Oliveira, Talita Adão Perini de Oliveira, Mario Cezar de Souza Costa Conceição, and Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas. "HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE AND FLEXIBILITY OF THE LOWER LIMBS: DOSE-EFFECT STUDY." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 22, no. 4 (August 2016): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220162204147707.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Sports scientists have been studying the phenomenon involving different types of exercises and their influence on other activities. Stretching exercises have a negative influence on muscular strength and power output, as do high intensity or long duration cardiovascular training. Nevertheless, several studies have found the opposite to be true Nevertheless, few investigations have studied the opposite. Objective: To determine whether high intensity power exercise influences muscular flexibility in an acute manner. Methods: A sample of forty-three male and female young adults aged between 18 and 28 years, with a mean age of 22.88 + 3.04 years, who have practiced physical activity for at least six months. To determine flexibility, the sit-and-reach test was used. For the high intensity training, a 45º leg press was used. A 10-rep movement was performed at 85% of 1 RM, in both pre- and post-tests. Statistic analysis was conducted using the ANOVA and Scheffer's post-hoc tests, with a level of significance for differences of < 0.05. Results: Comparison of the pre- and post-tests proved to be statistically significant from the baseline from the fourth to the seventh repetitions. Conclusion: Strength exercises at 85% of 1RM seem to significantly increase range of motion in an acute manner, and the growth of this range of motion has a dose-effect response.
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Sannicandro, Italo, and Giacomo Cofano. "Large-Sided Games and Sport-Specific Training: Parameters of High Intensity in Professional Soccer Players." Physical Education Theory and Methodology 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.1.18.
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Study purpose. This study aimed to describe, analyze and compare the high intensity in internal and external load deriving from Large-Sided Games (LSG) exercises during the 4vs4 and 5vs5 formats, with goalkeepers. Materials and methods. The study participants were 22 professional soccer players (average age: 23.59±4.87 years, weight: 77.8±7.6 kg; height: 183.5±7.5 cm). The 4vs4 + 2 goalkeepers format was performed on a 60x54 m field (324 m2per player), while the 5vs5 + 2 goalkeepers format was performed on a 65 x 60 m field (325 m2 per player). During the two LSG exercises, the internal load and the external load were analyzed. The LSG exercises were performed in 4 sets of 5 minutes each, with 2 minutes of passive recovery between each set. Results. The data obtained show that the 4vs4 is the LSG exercise that succeeds in ensuring high exercise intensity: the time spent between 90-100% of the Heart Rate (HR) is significantly higher than in the 5vs5 (p <.005). The average HR values (percentage and absolute) were also higher and significant (p <.05) in the 4vs4 LSG. The peak speed (p < .05), average metabolic power during exercise phases (p < .05) and sprint distance (p < .005) are higher in the 5vs5 LSG. Conclusions. By modulating the practice time, both formats can be used on the day after the match for those who did not play or on the match-day +3 for the whole team.
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Lan, Yongsheng, Ruisi Wu, Yujuan Feng, Teng Keen Khong, Cunhan Wang, Ashril Yusof, and Guangwei Che. "Effects of Exercise on Arterial Stiffness: Mechanistic Insights into Peripheral, Central, and Systemic Vascular Health in Young Men." Metabolites 15, no. 3 (March 1, 2025): 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15030166.
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Background/Objectives: Arterial stiffness, a critical predictor of cardiovascular events, varies regionally across peripheral, central, and systemic arteries, necessitating targeted exercise interventions for young men. However, research on the effects of exercise on arterial stiffness in these regions among young men remains limited. This review aims to (i) examine the effects of exercise on arterial stiffness in young men across these regions, and (ii) investigate the underlying mechanisms involved. Methods: Database searches on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus were conducted up to July 2024. The keywords were: exercise, men/male, and arterial stiffness. Inclusion criteria were studies involving young men, supervised exercise, and arterial stiffness measures. Thirty-five papers were categorized into groups based on peripheral, central and systemic arterial stiffness. Results: Peripheral arterial stiffness: continuous aerobic cycling (light to high intensity), interval aerobic cycling (moderate to high intensity), and 30-s stretching exercises demonstrated positive effects, likely due to short-term changes in sympathetic nervous system activity, nitric oxide availability, and vascular tone. Central arterial stiffness: chronic high-intensity continuous and interval aerobic cycling exercises promoted vascular remodeling, including elastin preservation and collagen regulation. For systemic arterial stiffness, continuous and interval aerobic cycling and light-intensity squats with whole-body vibration exercises improve endothelial function, smooth muscle relaxation, and vascular remodeling. Conclusions: Tailored exercise intervention can effectively reduce arterial stiffness across peripheral, central and systemic regions in young men. Improvements in peripheral stiffness are linked to short-term metabolic shifts, central stiffness responds to long-term remodeling, while systemic arterial stiffness involves both short- and long-term metabolic adaptations.
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Machado, Alexandre Fernandes, Alexandre Lopes Evangelista, João Marcelo de Queiroz Miranda, Cauê Vazquez La Scala Teixeira, Gerson dos Santos Leite, Roberta Luksevicius Rica, Aylton Figueira Junior, Julien Steven Baker, and Danilo Sales Bocalini. "SWEAT RATE MEASUREMENTS AFTER HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING USING BODY WEIGHT." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, no. 3 (May 2018): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182403178641.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical activity raises body temperature, increases the sweat rate and accelerates fluid loss during exercise, thereby impairing exercise performance. However, studies using the high intensity interval training (HIIT) approach and its effects on rates of perspiration and hydration are still inconclusive. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess sweating and water loss during an HIIT workout session, using body weight, with healthy college students. Methods: Twenty male individuals (31 ± 07 years) were split into two groups: Active group (AG) and Inactive group (IG). The HIIT workout protocol, using body weight, consisted of a single bout with 1:1 stimuli, being: 30” “all out” intensity, involving jumping jack, mountain climber, burpee and squat jump exercises; and 30” of passive recovery, totaling 20 minutes of exercises. For comparison purposes, after 48 hours all the individuals underwent the continuous running protocol with intensity corresponding to 75% of maximum heart rate for 40 minutes. The intensity of the session was monitored continuously, at each 30”, using the perceived exertion scale for both protocols. To ensure euhydration status, all individuals ingested 500 ml of water 120 minutes before the training session. Results: Significant differences (p= 0.01) were found in body mass after HIIT compared to the Moderate session in both Active (HIIT: -0.60 ± 0.29 kg, Moderate: -0.26 ± 0.12 kg) and Inactive (HIIT: -0.92 ± 0.30 kg, Moderate: -0.26 ± 0.26 kg) groups, however, no differences were found between groups. Absolute sweating rate values comparing moderate and HIIT single bout in Inactive (Moderate: 10.55 ± 10.59 ml/min; HIIT: 28.90 ± 13.88 ml/min) and Active (Moderate: 9.60 ± 4.52 ml/min; HIIT: 26.00 ± 15.06 ml/min) groups were different between types of exercise, but not between groups. Conclusions: The sweating rate is influenced by the intensity of the exercise, being higher after HIIT than after a moderate exercise session. However, the sweating rate variation is not affected by the subjects’ physical activity level. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic studies-Investigating a diagnostic test.
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Leite, Carine D. F. C., Paulo V. C. Zovico, Roberta L. Rica, Bruna M. Barros, Alexandre F. Machado, Alexandre L. Evangelista, Richard D. Leite, Valerio G. Barauna, Adriano F. Maia, and Danilo S. Bocalini. "Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage after a High-Intensity Interval Exercise Session: Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 7082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20227082.
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High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is considered an effective method to improve fitness and health indicators, but its high-intensity exercises and the mechanical and metabolic stress generated during the session can lead to the occurrence of exercise-induced muscle damage. Therefore, this study aimed to describe, by means of a systematic review, the effects of a single HIIT session on exercise-induced muscle damage. A total of 43 studies were found in the Medline/PubMed Science Direct/Embase/Scielo/CINAHL/LILACS databases; however, after applying the exclusion criteria, only 15 articles were considered eligible for this review. The total sample was 315 participants. Among them, 77.2% were men, 13.3% were women and 9.5 uninformed. Their age ranged from 20.1 ± 2 to 47.8 ± 7.5 years. HIIT protocols included running with ergometers (n = 6), CrossFit-specific exercises (n = 2), running without ergometers (n = 3), swimming (n = 1), the Wingate test on stationary bicycles (n = 2), and cycling (n = 1). The most applied intensity controls were %vVO2max, “all out”, MV, MAV, Vmax, and HRreserve%. The most used markers to evaluate muscle damage were creatine kinase, myoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase. The time for muscle damage assessment ranged from immediately post exercise to seven days. HIIT protocols were able to promote changes in markers of exercise-induced muscle damage, evidenced by increases in CK, Mb, LDH, AST, ALT, pain, and muscle circumference observed mainly immediately and 24 h after the HIIT session.
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Kurasawa, Shigeki, Katsushi Yokoi, Nobuyuki Miyai, Kouichi Yoshimasu, Shigeki Takemura, and Kazuhisa Miyashita. "Assessment of the Exercise Intensity of Short Stick Exercises in Elderly Individuals." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/209368.
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The present study was to obtain basic data for applying the short stick exercises to frail elderly individuals. A total of 20 individuals aged ≥60 years (10 men, and 10 women) with independence in activities of daily living participated in a short stick exercise program. During the exercise program, the time required and the number of times the short stick was dropped were investigated. The exercise intensity was also evaluated based on expired gas and heart rate measurements. The mean exercise intensity of the short stick exercises was 1.9 ± 0.3 metabolic equivalents (METs), equivalent to talking while standing or walking indoors. Compared to the early elderly (those aged 60 to 74 years), the late elderly (those aged ≥75 years) had a significantly higher number of stick drops and significantly lower increase in heart rate from resting to the warming-up exercise. The short stick exercises had a low exercise intensity and can be applicable to exercise interventions of the frail elderly individuals. However, in the case of the late elderly, the high frequency of short stick drops and the change in heart rate during warming up must be considered.
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Leite, Neiva, Juliana Pizzi, Francisco José de Menezes Junior, Maiara Cristina Tadiotto, Íncare Correa de Jesus, Patricia Ribeiro Paes Corazza, Durcelina Schiavoni, Jorge Mota, and Rosana Bento Radominski. "EFFECT OF MICT AND HIIT ON CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK AND BODY COMPOSITION IN OBESE BOYS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 28, no. 4 (August 2022): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202228042020_0129.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased and is associated with the development of several chronic diseases. Moderate-intensity continuous training is recommended as the main exercise method for treating obesity. However, in overweight and obese individuals, high-intensity interval training models have similar or greater fat reduction potential than moderate-intensity continuous training. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic parameters, body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness in obese adolescent boys. Methods: Fifty-six obese boys, aged 10-16 years old, were included. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, body composition, oxygen consumption, glucose, insulin, and the lipid profile were assessed. Participants were assigned to moderate-intensity continuous training (n=20), high-intensity interval training (n=20), and control (n=16) groups. The moderate-intensity continuous training sessions consisted of 90 minutes of cycling/walking exercises and the high-intensity interval training sessions consisted of 15 minutes of warm-up, 15-18 minutes of interval exercises, and 15 minutes of cool-down. Both were performed three times a week. A two-way mixed-model factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used. Results: In the high-intensity interval training group, there was an increase in relative and absolute oxygen consumption and a reduction in diastolic blood pressure. However, in the moderate-intensity continuous training group, there were increases in relative oxygen consumption and high-density lipoproteins, as well as reductions in anthropometric measurements, fat mass, and triglycerides. Conclusion: Moderate-intensity continuous training may be a better protocol for the reduction of fat mass, anthropometric measurements, and improvement of the lipid profile, while high-intensity interval training may be more effective in improving blood pressure among obese boys. Both exercises improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Köhnke, Julija E., Damian L. Mialkowskyj, and Vaiva Hendrixson. "EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN MYOKINE CONCENTRATION AND EXERCISE INTENSITY IN YOUNG INDIVIDUALS." Health Sciences 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2025): 56–61. https://doi.org/10.35988/sm-hs.2025.009.
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Physical activity offers numerous health benefits, including improved brain function, weight management, disease prevention, and enhanced muscle and bone strength. This study aimed to explore the link between exercise intensity and myokine concentrations, specifically Brain- Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Irisin, in young individuals. Fifteen participants performed both low- and high-intensity exercises, with blood samples taken before and after exercise for analysis using ELISA. While no significant difference in myokine levels or exercise intensity was observed, a strong positive correlation between total exercise and BDNF/Irisin concentrations was found, suggesting greater benefits from high-intensity exercise. Interestingly, a correlation between BDNF and Irisin themselves was found as well as their correlation with fat mass. These findings may have important implications for clinical practices related to metabolic health and cognitive function, though further research with larger sample sizes and varied testing conditions is recommended. Introduction. Engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity provides considerable health benefits. During exercise small proteins – myokines – are produced and released by striated skeletal muscle cells and have diverse functions, including anti-inflammatory effects, regulation of metabolism, and modulation of muscle growth and repair. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a link can be found between the concentration of myokines and exercise intensity in young individuals. The objectives were to determine if myokine levels increase following low- and high-intensity exercise at two different time points: 1-hour and 24-hours post-exercise; to investigate potential differences in myokine levels between low- and high-intensity exercises, aiming to provide insights into the type of exercise that most significantly raises myokine concentration; and to explore the interrelation (cross-talk) between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Irisin levels in response to physical exercise. Material and Methods. Fifteen young adult volunteers were investigated. They were required to engage in exercises of both low- and high-intensity levels. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise, then centrifuged and subsequently analyzed using ELISA. Efforts to comprehend the link between BDNF, Irisin, and exercise offer potential for devising tailored interventions aimed at enhancing cognitive function and metabolic health through physical activity. The results showed no statistical difference between myokine secretion and the intensity of exercises. Also, no increase of myokine levels after exercising was observed. However, a strong positive correlation was observed between the myokine concentration of total exercise (low- and high-intensity exercise) for BDNF and Irisin and subjective perception of high-intensity exercise showing a possible higher benefit in high-intensity exercise. Interestingly, a correlation between BDNF and Irisin themselves was found as well as their correlation with fat mass. Conclusions. The findings from this research could significantly influence clinical practice, especially in managing conditions associated with fat mass and metabolism, as well as cognitive functions. Further research involving larger test groups and varied blood sample collection times would be advantageous.
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Bafirman, Bafirman, Afifan Yulfadinata, Apri Agus, and Novadri Ayubi. "Curcumin: Compound in Turmeric that Has the Potential to Increase Serum Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Levels After High-Intensity Exercise." Retos 52 (December 15, 2023): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v52.101895.
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This study aims to analyze the effect of curcumin on serum IL-10 levels after high-intensity exercise. This experimental research uses pre and post-control group design. Research subjects were selected using purposive sampling technique. Next, the subjects were divided into 2 groups, namely group (K1) given placebo and group (K2) given curcumin. A total of 20 healthy men participated in this study who were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. On the first day, all subjects collected data on the characteristics of the research subjects, then warmed up, then the subjects did exercises in the form of squad exercises and leg presses with an intensity of 80-90% of their maximum ability. Exercises are done in 4 sets, 10 repetitions for each form of exercise and rest between sets for approximately 60 seconds. On the second day, after 24 hours, all subjects had pre-test blood samples taken to measure serum IL-10 levels and were given intervention according to group. On the third day, after 24 hours, all subjects had post-test blood samples taken to measure serum IL-10 levels. Blood samples were analyzed in the laboratory using the ELISA method with the Human IL-10 ELISA kit catalog number MDBEH6154. The results of this study reported that the group given curcumin at a dose of 400 mg had significantly increased serum IL-10 levels (p<0.05). Increasing serum IL-10 levels, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, has the potential to control uncontrolled inflammation after exercise. So in this case, the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin also have the potential to reduce post-exercise muscle pain. Reducing the intensity of pain after high intensity exercise is necessary to support body function. Keywords: Curcumin, Inflammation, Cytokines, Pain Intensity, Exercise
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Andersen, Lars L., Christoffer H. Andersen, Ole S. Mortensen, Otto M. Poulsen, Inger Birthe T. Bjørnlund, and Mette K. Zebis. "Muscle Activation and Perceived Loading During Rehabilitation Exercises: Comparison of Dumbbells and Elastic Resistance." Physical Therapy 90, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090167.
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BackgroundHigh-intensity resistance training plays an essential role in the prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. Although resistance exercises with heavy weights yield high levels of muscle activation, the efficacy of more user-friendly forms of exercise needs to be examined.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate muscle activation and perceived loading during upper-extremity resistance exercises with dumbbells compared with elastic tubing.DesignA single-group, repeated-measures study design was used.SettingExercise evaluation was conducted in a laboratory setting.ParticipantsSixteen female workers (aged 26–55 years) without serious musculoskeletal diseases and with a mean neck and shoulder pain intensity of 7.8 on a 100-mm visual analog scale participated in the study.MeasurementsElectromyographic (EMG) activity was measured in 5 selected muscles during the exercises of lateral raise, wrist extension, and shoulder external rotation during graded loadings with dumbbells (2–7.5 kg) and elastic tubing (Thera-Band, red to silver resistance). The order of exercises and loadings was randomized for each individual. Electromyographic amplitude was normalized to the absolute maximum EMG amplitude obtained during maximal voluntary isometric contraction and exercise testing. Immediately after each set of exercise, the Borg CR10 scale was used to rate perceived loading during the exercise.ResultsResistance exercise with dumbbells as well as elastic tubing showed increasing EMG amplitude and perceived loading with increasing resistance. At the individually maximal level of resistance for each exercise—defined as the 3 repetitions maximum—normalized EMG activity of the prime muscles was not significantly different between dumbbells (59%–87%) and elastic tubing (64%–86%). Perceived loading was moderately to very strongly related to normalized EMG activity (r=.59–.92).LimitationsThe results of this study apply only for exercises performed in a controlled manner (ie, without sudden jerks or high acceleration).ConclusionsComparably high levels of muscle activation were obtained during resistance exercises with dumbbells and elastic tubing, indicating that therapists can choose either type in clinical practice. The Borg CR10 can be a useful aid in estimating intensity of individual rehabilitation protocols.
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Kasahara, Kazuki, Keita Oneyama, Takeru Ito, Masatoshi Nakamura, and Genta Ochi. "Foam Rolling Intervention Improves Lactate Clearance After High-Intensity Exercise." Sports 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2024): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports12110303.
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The acute effects of a foam rolling intervention on lactate clearance and the impaired executive function associated with fatigue after high-intensity exercise remain unclear. This study examined whether foam rolling is an effective tool for fatigue recovery. Eighteen healthy adults without consistent exercise habits participated in this study. Participants performed high-intensity exercises, and the post-exercise foam rolling intervention was compared to the control condition. Measurements included lactate, vigor/fatigue by the Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition, cognitive function (cognitive task performance), leg and body rating of perceived exertion pre- and post-exercise, and post-intervention. Blood lactate concentrations post-foam rolling intervention (−7.3 ± 3.0 mmol/L) were significantly reduced among all participants. Increased lactate clearance by foam rolling correlated with a faster recovery of executive function for those with greater lactate clearance. However, cognitive fatigue was not observed after high-intensity exercise (p = 0.086, r = 0.41). Lactate clearance was not significantly correlated with the rating of perceived exertion in the foam rolling condition. The rating of the perceived exertion decreased with increased lactate clearance for those with greater lactate clearance in the control condition (leg: r = 0.778; body: r = 0.669). In conclusion, foam rolling intervention may be effective for exhausting exercise recovery.
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Nagle, Elizabeth F., Mary E. Sanders, and Barry A. Franklin. "Aquatic High Intensity Interval Training for Cardiometabolic Health." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 11, no. 1 (June 22, 2016): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827615583640.
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High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional continuous exercise training (CT) programs for clinical and healthy populations who find that they can achieve equal or greater fitness benefits in less time. Land-based HIIT may not be an appropriate choice for some participants. Few studies have explored the acute responses and chronic adaptations of HIIT in an aquatic environment, and no study has compared the cardiometabolic responses of an aquatic-based program to a land-based HIIT program. Shallow-water aquatic exercise (AE) programs utilizing HIIT have elicited comparable and, in some cases, greater physiological responses compared with constant-intensity or continuous AE regimens. Factors that may explain why HIIT routines evoke greater cardiometabolic responses than CT protocols may be based on the types of exercises and how they are cued to effectively manipulate hydrodynamic properties for greater intensities. Favorable aquatic HIIT protocols such as the S.W.E.A.T. system may serve as a beneficial alternative to land-based HIIT programs for clinical, and athletic populations, potentially reducing the likelihood of associated musculoskeletal and orthopedic complications. Hence, the purpose of this review is to examine the role of AE as an alternative safe and effective HIIT modality.