Academic literature on the topic 'High-intensity drinking'

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study attempts to evaluate the drinking patterns and traits of individuals who partake in high intensity drinking, defined as binge drinking at 2 or more times the minimum binge count (4 drinks for females, 5 drinks for males). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We analyzed data from non-treatment seeking volunteers enrolled in NIAAA screening protocols. The sample included 706 males and 474 females ranging in age from 18 to 91. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups (Non-Binge, Level 1, Level 2, Level 3) based on the highest binge session reported in their Timeline Followback questionnaire. The criteria for each group were different for males and females based on the current NIAAA definitions of binge drinking. The cutoffs for females were 0-3 drinks for Non-Binge, 4-7 drinks for Level 1, 8-11 drinks for Level 2, and 12+ drinks for Level 3. The male drink cutoffs were 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15+ respectively. We looked at various drinking measures (Timeline Followback, Self-Reported Effects of Alcohol (SRE), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)) and trait measures (UPPS-P Impulsivity Scale, Barratt’s Impulsiveness Scale, Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire) to identify mean differences between groups. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were significant differences in drinking patterns between the groups for both males and females. Number of drinking days, average drinks per drinking day, and number of heavy drinking days all increased as binge level increased. There were also significant differences between groups in males for trait measures. Level 2 and Level 3 bingers scored significantly higher on impulsivity and aggression than the Level 1 and Non-Binge groups. Ongoing analyses are examining differences among binge groups on other measures including SRE and AUDIT. Future analyses will explore potential mechanisms underlying the relationships between trait measures and binge drinking using structural equation modeling. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study found significant differences between high-intensity drinkers, or “super bingers”, and lighter binge and non-binge drinkers. Super bingers showed an overall heavier drinking pattern across measures. The elevated aggression, impulsivity, and overall heavy drinking patterns of super bingers suggest a behavioral profile that makes this group in particular at higher risk for developing alcohol use disorder and related problems. These traits and behaviors may also help identify targets for treatment interventions for alcohol use disorder.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To test if a machine learning algorithm could predict a person’s capacity to binge drink and explore what measures might be important for identifying individuals at risk for high-intensity binge drinking behaviors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The sample included 1177 (474 female) non-treatment-seeking drinkers (age: 18-91 years), that were assigned to a group based on their heaviest drinking day reported in a 90-Day Alcohol Timeline Followback questionnaire. The groups were Non-Bingers (female: 12 drinks, male:>15 drinks). The sample was divided into a training sample (N = 884) and a testing sample (N = 293). A machine learning algorithm called random forest was then used to generate a predictive model based on measures of substance use, personality traits, and trauma. The model was applied to the testing sample to determine accuracy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The first model correctly assigned 190 out of 293 subjects, giving it a total error rate of 0.35, with lowest rates for non-binge (0.19) and high-intensity (0.18), while medium-intensity had the highest error rate (0.86). The most important variables for the accuracy of the model included: total score on the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, first five sub-score of the Self-Reported Effects of Alcohol, Compulsive Drinking subscale, and presence of a current psychiatric diagnosis. As a follow-up analysis, we built and tested another random forest model without the use of drinking dependence measures. This model had a total error rate of 0.39, and introduced other important variables such as smoking behaviors, perceived stress, IQ, and number of negative life events. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our study showed that it was possible for a machine learning algorithm to predict binge drinking intensity better than chance. Drinking patterns were the most robust predictors, and stress, IQ, and psychiatric diagnoses were also useful in predicting binge drinking intensity.

ObjectivesStudies concerning the association between shift work and drinking problems showed inconsistent results. We used data from a large occupational cohort to examine the association between shift work and different types of drinking behaviour.MethodsA total of 93 121 non-abstinent workers from the Finnish Public Sector Study were enrolled in the study. Six waves of survey data were collected between 2000 and 2017. Work schedules were categorised as regular day, non-night shift and night shift work, and shift intensities were calculated from registered working hour data. Two indicators of adverse drinking behaviour were measured: at-risk drinking (>7 and >14 drinks per week in women and men, respectively) and high-intensity drinking (measured as pass-out experience). Intraindividual analysis was conducted using fixed-effects regression to examine the association between shift work and drinking behaviours.ResultsCompared with regular day work, night shift work was associated with an increased risk of high-intensity drinking (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.52) but a lower risk of at-risk drinking (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.99). Shift workers who worked long shifts had a lower risk of at-risk drinking compared with those who rarely worked long shifts (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.93).ConclusionsAssociations between shift work and alcohol use vary according to drinking patterns. Workers engaged in high-intensity drinking more often during night shift schedules compared with day work, but did not drink averagely higher volume.

High-intensity drinking (HID; ie, having 10+ drinks in a row) is a recognized public health concern due to the individual and public risks (eg, alcohol-related injuries, alcohol poisoning, memory loss, sexual risk) associated with consumption of a large quantity of alcohol over a relatively short time period. Using nationally representative samples of US 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students, and follow-up of subsamples of 12th graders, we present overall and sex-specific prevalence estimates of past 2-week HID from 29 966 individuals at the modal ages of 14 to 30 in 2016-2017. Similar data for the more commonly studied measure of binge drinking (having 5+ drinks in a row) is provided for comparison. HID prevalence ranged from 1% to 11.5% and was significantly higher for males than females at all ages other than modal age 14 (8th grade). Binge drinking prevalence ranged from 3.5% to 32.5%; males reported a higher prevalence than females at approximately half of the ages examined. Peak binge drinking and HID age for males was earlier (modal age 21/22) than that for females (modal age 21-24 for binge drinking and 25/26 for HID). The observed rapid increase in HID from adolescence through the early to mid-20s highlights the importance of prevention and intervention efforts targeted to these ages.

Introduction: This study explored whether structural stigma, defined by U.S. state policies related to sexual minority rights, moderated the relationship between sexual identity identity and heavy drinking, alcohol problems, and marijuana use among men and women. Methods: Using combined data from the National Alcohol Survey (NAS) series (2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015), the sample included 11,115 men (421 sexual minority and 10,694 heterosexual) and 14,395 women (413 sexual minority and 13,982 heterosexual). State policy environment was assessed using a time-varying dichotomous indicator of comprehensive protections for sexual minorities (4–6 protections vs. limited or no protections). Gender-stratified logistic regression analyses examined the differential effect of the policy environment by sexual identity on three past-year substance use outcomes: high-intensity drinking (8+ drinks/day), any DSM-5 alcohol use disorder, and marijuana use. Results: Among women, sexual minority status was associated with increased odds of all alcohol and marijuana use outcomes. Among men, sexual minority status was associated with decreased odds of high-intensity drinking but increased use of marijuana. Comprehensive policy protections were associated significantly decreased odds of high-intensity drinking among sexual minority men and marginally significant decreases among women. Conclusions: Comprehensive policy protections appear to be protective for high-intensity drinking among sexual minority men and women. Findings underscore the importance of supportive policies in reducing risk of alcohol-related problems among sexual minorities.

Eight endurance~trained cyclists rode as far as possible in 1 h on a stationary cyclesimulator in a moderate environment (20°C, 60% relative humidity, 3 m/s wind speed) while randomly receiving either no fluid (NF) or attempting to replace their ~1.7 l sweat loss measured in a previous 1 h familiarisation performance ride at ~85% of peak oxygen uptake (VO₂ peak) with artificially sweetened, coloured water (F). During F the cyclists drank 1.49 ± 0.14 1 (values are mean± SEM), of which 0.27 ± 0.08 1 remained in the stomach at the end of exercise and 0.20 ± 0.05 1 was urinated after the trial. Thus, only 1.02 ± 0.12 l of the ingested fluid was available to replace sweat losses during the 1 h performance ride. That fluid decreased the average heart rate from 166 ± 3 to 157 ± 5 beats/min (P < 0.0001) and reduced the final serum [Na+] and osmolalities from 143 ± 0.6 to 139 ± 0.6 mEq/1 (P < 0.005) and from 294 ± 1.7 to 290 ± 1.9 mOsm/1 (P = 0.05), respectively. Fluid ingestion did not attenuate rises in plasma anti diuretic hormone and angiotensin concentrations, or decrease the ~-15% falls in estimated plasma volume in the F and NF trials. Nor did fluid ingestion significantly effect the ~1.7 l/h sweat rates, the rises in rectal temperature (~36.6° to 38.3°C) or the ratings of perceived exertion in the two trials. Ingestion of ~1.5 l of fluid produced an uncomfortable stomach fullness and reduced the distance covered in 1 h from 43.1 ± 0. 7 to 42.3 ± 0.6 km (P<0.05). Thus, trying to replace > 1.0 l/h sweat losses during high-intensity, short duration exercise in a moderate environment does not induce beneficial physiological effects, and may impair exercise performance.

碩士
國立東華大學
體育與運動科學系
106
Purpose：This study aims at exploring the influence of drinking alkaline electrolyzed water on uric acid concentration after high intensity interavl exercise. Methods：Nine healthy university male students were selected to perform high intensity interavl exercise by riding cycle ergometer, and drank alkaline electrolyzed water or pure water after the exercise. The blood samples were collected before the exercise, right after the exercise, and one hour, two hours, twenty-four hours after the exercise. The urine samples were collected before the exercise, right after the exercise, and one hour, two hours after the exercise. Serum uric acid (SUA) , Urine rine acid(UUA), Creatinine(Cre), and Lactate Dehydrogenase(LDH) were examined by biochemical tests. Data were analyzed by SPSS 14.0 nonparametric methods with the statistical significance set at .05 . Conclusions：The effects of drinking alkaline electrolyzed water and pure water were statistically significant( p < .05) on all time points. The highest SUA were found an hour after intensity interavl exercise, and gradually decreased afterwards. There was a decrease in UUA excretion after intensity interavl exercise. Although immediate influences were found on Cre and LDH, they, however, both resumed to normal levels twenty-four hours after the exercise. Our findings also indicated that drinking alkaline electrolyzed water and pure water showed no significant effects ( p > .05) on all physiological data.

ZusammenfassungAus Sicht des Naturschutzes tangiert Lichtverschmutzung vor allem die Lebensräume von nachtaktiven Tieren, zum Beispiel die der Fledermäuse. Dieses Kapitel bietet eine strukturierte Übersicht darüber, in welchem Umfang sich Lichtverschmutzung auf Fledermäuse negativ auswirken kann und wie sich unter der Maßgabe des hohen nationalen und internationalen Schutzstatus von Fledermäusen dieser negative Einfluss von Lichtverschmutzung vermeiden oder reduzieren lässt. Die aktuellen Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass vor allem an solchen Orten Fledermäuse künstliches Licht meiden, an denen sie für Beutegreifer vorhersehbar anzutreffen sind. Hierzu zählen vor allem Quartieröffnungen und Trinkstellen sowie für einzelne Arten auch Flugkorridore. Bei der Jagd meiden vor allem waldbewohnende und langsam fliegende Arten künstliches Licht bei Nacht, während hingegen schnell fliegende Fledermausarten, die im offenen Luftraum oder an Randstrukturen (Waldränder, Häuserschluchten) nach Nahrung suchen, mitunter Insekten an Lichtquellen jagen. Als besonders wirksame Maßnahmen, um Fledermäuse vor Lichtverschmutzung zu schützen, sind an erster Stelle die Vermeidung von Lichtquellen, die Reduzierung der Lichtintensitäten und die Abblendung von Streulicht, insbesondere in der Nähe von Quartieren und an potenziellen Trinkstellen, zu nennen. Ein Rückbau von Beleuchtungsquellen an sensiblen Quartierstandorten oder Trinkstellen ist aus Sicht des Fledermausschutzes ratsam, ebenso eine Umstellung auf neue Beleuchtungstypen mit fokussiertem Lichtstrahl und ohne ultraviolettes (UV) Spektrum. Schattenspendende Vegetation kann einerseits das Streulicht reduzieren, andererseits aufgrund der höheren Insektenabundanz zu einer größeren Anlockwirkung von künstlichen Lichtquellen für einige relativ häufige Fledermausarten führen. Eine temporäre Beleuchtung zu Beginn der Nacht wirkt sich unterschiedlich auf verschiedene Fledermausarten aus; vermutlich in Abhängigkeit von ihrem nächtlichen Jagdrhythmus. In ähnlicher Weise könnte eine durch Bewegungsmelder gesteuerte Beleuchtung besonders in wenig frequentierten Gegenden zur Reduzierung von Lichtverschmutzung beitragen, wobei die Auswirkungen einer solchen Steuerung auf Fledermäuse noch nicht im Detail erforscht sind. Eine Beleuchtung von sensiblen Lebensräumen mit einem rötlichen oder orangefarbenen anstatt mit einem weißen Lichtspektrum könnte Dunkelkorridore erhalten und potenziell der Fragmentierung der Landschaft durch Lichtverschmutzung entgegenwirken.SummaryFrom a conservation point of view, light pollution is mostly affecting nocturnal animals, such as bats. This chapter provides a structured compilation about the extent at which light pollution impacts bats and how to avoid and mitigate the negative effects of light pollution on bats based on the high level of protection bats are benefiting from on the national and international scale. The recent literature demonstrates that bats are most affected by light pollution at places where they are most visible and well predictable for predators. This is most apparent for roost openings and drinking sites, and for some species as well for flight corridors. Most forest bats and slow-flying species avoid artificial light at night, whereas fast-flying bats foraging in the open space or at edges (forest edges or street ‘canyons’) may hunt insects at street lamps. The most efficient way to reduce the negative impact of artificial light at night on bats is to avoid its installation, to reduce its intensity or to avoid light scatter beyond the target area; particularly in the vicinity of daytime roosts and potential drinking sites. Removing light sources from sensitive roost or drinking sites seems advisable from the perspective of bat conservation. A transition of light sources to modern luminaires with a focused beam and without UV light serves bat conservation as well. On the one hand, vegetation may reduce the light scatter and thus help light sensitive species. On the other hand, vegetation may increase the overall abundance of insects and may thus make light sources attractive for bats when hunting for insects lured by street lanterns. A part-time lighting scheme affects bat species in a diverse manner, most likely reflecting to what extent the part-time lighting interferes with the activity rhythm of bats. Similarly, using motion-sensor-controlled lighting could reduce light pollution particularly in less frequented areas, although the effects of such an adaptive control have not been investigated in detail. Illuminating sensitive habitats with a red or orange instead of white lighting may preserve dark corridors and thus counteract the fragmentation caused by light pollution at the landscape level.

Energy and water are interrelated. We use water for energy, for example to cool thermoelectric power generation and produce liquid fuels. Conversely, we use energy for the collection, treatment, disinfection, and distribution of water and wastewater. In the water sector, strain on existing water supplies, population growth, and the push toward stricter water and wastewater treatment standards potentially leads to more energy-intensive water. Treating water to more stringent potable standards requires additional energy beyond conventional treatment. Additionally, as existing water supplies become increasingly strained in some locations, water planners turn to alternative options to quench cities’ thirst. Among these options for inland cities is desalination of seawater followed by long-haul water transfer. Though many desalination technologies exist to treat seawater to potable standards, reverse osmosis membranes are the most common technology in use because of their cost-effectiveness and productivity as compared with more traditional techniques such as multi-effect distillation. [1] However, the high pressures required for reverse osmosis make desalination a very energy-intensive water supply option. The subsequent conveyance of desalinated water through long-haul pipelines also requires large amounts of energy. Even for local water production, 85% of the energy required for standard surface water treatment goes toward water distribution, and so adding in long-haul will only increase this requirement. [2] To examine desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply option, Texas was chosen as a test-bed with desalination near Houston and long-haul transfer to the rapidly-growing Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. Various pipeline routes were modeled to simulate options for long-haul desalinated water transfer. Elevation change over the route of the long-haul transfer pipeline was determined using a digital elevation model of the state of Texas. These elevation data were then used to calculate energy requirements for water pumping with standard assumptions for pump performance, efficiency, and rating. Combining these energy requirements with the energy demands for desalination provides an estimate of this option as a water supply for Dallas-Fort Worth. Results suggest that desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply is 9 to 23 times more energy-intensive per unit of water than conventional treatment of local surface water sources, an increase of 230 to 630 megawatt-hours per day for 20 million gallons. Ensuring adequate water supplies for the future is important, as is developing these water supplies in a sustainable manner. The energy-intensity of desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply suggests this option is not a sustainable water or energy policy decision if other less energy-intensive options exist.

Nowadays, Kazakhstan is experiencing a shortage of fresh groundwater resources, which in the future may lead to a complete depletion of this type of resources. One of the most promising sources of drinking fresh water in our country is the Kokzhide groundwater field, the state of which has deteriorated under the influence of oil production enterprises. The aim of the research was to conduct an environmental assessment of the state of the underground lake Kokzhide, taking into account the impact of the activities of oil producing enterprises, as well as to develop practical recommendations to minimize the harmful effects of subsoil users. Field and laboratory research methods were used in the work. Assessment of the state of groundwater at the Kokzhide deposit consists in a comparative analysis and processing of the results obtained during laboratory studies of water samples, taking into account the data of field route observations of the territory of the studied object, made in October 2019. In addition, the average intensity of pollution by oil products and the degree of natural protection of groundwater were chosen as the main criteria for assessing the ecological state of groundwater. The results of the research have shown increased concentrations of oil products in the content of the underground water. A comparative analysis of the obtained data shows the correlation of the content of oil products with the depth of observation wells. The greatest excess of the maximum permissible concentration of oil products in groundwater was observed mainly in the north-western part of the territory of the Kokzhide groundwater field, in the areas of intensive production of hydrocarbons. The high content of phenols in groundwater is the result of the impact of the activities of oil producing enterprises, as a result of which oil products, which contain phenol, are introduced into the aquifers. At the same time an increase in the content of total iron in the Kokzhide underground waters was found, which may result from the processes of oxidation and corrosion of well filters and casing pipes. Moreover, the assessment of the natural protection intensity of the groundwater field it has shown that the natural hydrogeological conditions of the site give rise to a high risk of introducing oil products into the aquifers, resulting in the formation of extensive pollution.