Academic literature on the topic 'High Granularity Timing Detector'
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Journal articles on the topic "High Granularity Timing Detector"
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Missio, Marion. "Overview of the ATLAS High-Granularity Timing Detector: project status and results." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 04 (April 1, 2024): C04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04008.
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Abstract The increase of the particle flux (pile-up) at the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with an instantaneous luminosity up to L ≈ 7.5 × 1034 cm-2 s-1 will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector reconstruction and trigger performance. A High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the forward region for pile-up mitigation and luminosity measurement. This detector, based on Low Gain Avalanche Detectors and custom ASICs, will provide a time resolution of 30 ps per track at the beginning of HL-LHC and 50 ps at the end. This proceeding paper will summarise the overall specifications of the HGTD as well as the project status.
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Imam, H. "A High Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS Detector Phase-II Upgrade." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 69, no. 4 (April 2022): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2022.3146347.
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Wang, C., Z. Xu, X. Huang, L. Zhang, Q. Sha, Z. Ge, Y. Che, et al. "Radiation tolerance of the MUX64 for the High Granularity Timing Detector of ATLAS." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 03 (March 1, 2024): C03044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/03/c03044.
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Abstract The MUX64 ASIC is a 64-to-1 analog multiplexer to accommodate 64 inputs, with one addressed to output for ADC readout. It is developed for monitoring of the Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) detector modules in the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) of the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade. The MUX64 chips will be used in the radiation field of high-luminosity pp collisions at LHC to an integrated luminosity of 4000 fb-1. This work presents the radiation tolerance study for the MUX64 being tested with 80 MeV protons and X-ray exposures for damages caused by Non-Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL) and Total Ionizing Dose (TID), respectively. The irradiated samples demonstrated tolerance to the NIEL to a fluence of 3.21 × 1015 (Si, 1 MeV) neq/cm2, and the TID of 7.46 × 105 Gy (Si).
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Casado, M. P. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1032 (June 2022): 166628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166628.
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Perrin, Océane. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade." EPJ Web of Conferences 288 (2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328801001.
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The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will reach an integrated luminosity up to 4 000 fb-1 from 2029 to 2039. The number of collisions per bunch crossing will significantly increase, rising a challenge in terms of pileup mitigation that will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector performance. Therefore, the HighGranularity Timing Dectector (HGTD) will be installed in front of the Liquid Argon Calorimeter (LAr) covering the forward region with a pseudo-rapity from 2.4 to 4.0. HGTD will provide a time measurement of the time for Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIP) with a 30 ps per track resolution and will be coupled to the futur tracking detector (ITk) to assign each particle to a vertex. HGTD will be composed of 3.6 million readout channels, including a Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) based technology sensors and a front-end readout chip (ASIC) based on the 130 nm CMOS technology. These latest will be combined and assembled to produce a module, that will be installed and glued on a support unit. This article presents a general overview of the HGTD project, its status and some highlights of sensitive components.
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Mallios, S., P. Dauncey, A. David, and P. Vichoudis. "Firmware architecture of the back end DAQ system for the CMS high granularity endcap calorimeter detector." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): C04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/04/c04007.
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Abstract During the High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider, the endcap calorimeter detectors of the compact muon solenoid experiment will be replaced by the high-granularity calorimeter. For reading out the new calorimeter, field programmable gate array firmware was developed targeting the off-detector hardware. The firmware is responsible not only for the readout of the detector but also for its slow control and timing. To facilitate system maintenance, the firmware is optimized to handle all the different front-end electronics configurations and data rates using a single — highly configurable — design. This manuscript presents the firmware architecture and the implementation.
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Allaire, Corentin. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector in ATLAS: Performance at the HL-LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 924 (April 2019): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.05.028.
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Yang, Xiao, Kuo Ma, Xiangxuan Zheng, and Yanwen Liu. "Radiation hardness characterization of low gain avalanche detector prototypes for the high granularity timing detector." Journal of University of Science and Technology of China 52, no. 1 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.52396/justc-2021-0204.
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<p>The high granularity timing detector (HGTD) is a crucial component of the ATLAS phase II upgrade to cope with the extremely high pile-up (the average number of interactions per bunch crossing can be as high as 200). With the precise timing information (<i>σ<sub>t</sub></i>～30 ps) of the tracks, the track-to-vertex association can be performed in the “4-D” space. The Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology is chosen for the sensors, which can provide the required timing resolution and good signal-to-noise ratio. Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK) has produced the LGAD with thicknesses of 35 μm and 50 μm. The University of Science and Technology of China(USTC) has also developed and produced 50 μm LGADs prototypes with the Institute of Microelectronics (IME) of Chinese Academy of Sciences. To evaluate the irradiation hardness, the sensors are irradiated with the neutron at the JSI reactor facility and tested at USTC. The irradiation effects on both the gain layer and the bulk are characterized by <i>I</i>-<i>V</i> and <i>C</i>-<i>V</i> measurements at room temperature (20 ℃) or −30 ℃. The breakdown voltages and depletion voltages are extracted and presented as a function of the fluences. The final fitting of the acceptor removal model yielded the <i>c</i>-factor of 3.06×10<sup>−16</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup>, 3.89×10<sup>−16</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup> and 4.12×10<sup>−16</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup> for the HPK-1.2, HPK-3.2 and USTC-1.1-W8, respectively, showing that the HPK-1.2 sensors have the most irradiation resistant gain layer. A novel analysis method is used to further exploit the data to get the relationship between the <i>c</i>-factor and initial doping density.</p>
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Mazza, S. M. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the Phase-II upgrade of the ATLAS detector." Journal of Instrumentation 14, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): C10028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/10/c10028.
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Brondolin, E. "CLUE: a clustering algorithm for current and future experiments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2438, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2438/1/012074.
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Abstract CLUE (CLUstering of Energy) is a fast parallel clustering algorithm for High Granularity Calorimeters in High Energy Physics. In these types of detectors, the standard clustering algorithms using combinatorics are expected to fail due to large number of digitized energy deposits (hits) in the reconstruction stage bringing to a consequent memory/timing explosion. This innovative algorithm uses a grid spatial index for fast querying of neighbors and its timing scales linearly with the number of hits within the range considered. Initially CLUE was developed in a standalone repository that allows performance benchmarking with respect to its CPU and GPU implementations, demonstrating the power of algorithmic parallelization in the coming era of heterogeneous computing. CLUE has been successfully used in simulation and beam tests of the High Granularity Calorimeter to be installed for the upgrade of the CMS detector in Phase-2 of the HL-LHC. Recently CLUE was also imported in the key4hep framework and first results will be shown for detectors proposed in future collider projects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "High Granularity Timing Detector"
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Allaire, Corentin. "ATLAS : Search for Supersymmetry and optimization of the High Granularity timing detector." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS316/document.
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Le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules a jusqu’alors extrêmement bien réussi à décrire les particules élémentaires et leurs interactions. Malgré cela, il demeure toujours des questions ouvertes. La possibilité de répondre à ces questions grâce la Supersymétrie est actuellement à l’étude dans les collisions proton-proton à 13 TeV dans le cadre de l’expérience ATLAS au LHC. Cette thèse présente la recherche de la production de paires de particules colorées dans ATLAS, ces dernières se désintégrant en paires de jets. Pour ce faire, les données de 2016, 2017 et 2018 ont été utilisées. De telles particules échappent aux recherches standards de la Supersymétrie du fait de l’absence d’énergie transverse manquante dans l’état final. Deux signatures furent considérées, la désintégration de stops via des couplages violant la R-parité et la production de sgluon, le partenaire scalaire du gluino. En l’absence de signal, une amélioration de 200 GeV sur la masse maximum exclue est attendue. Le HL-LHC augmentera la luminosité intégrée délivrée afin de nous permettre de rechercher des particules plus massives et d'améliorer les mesures de précision du Modèle Standard. La luminosité instantanée augmentera d’un facteur 5 et une luminosité intégrée de 4000 fb⁻¹ devrait pouvoir être atteinte à la fin du LHC en 2037.Cette thèse présente également une étude des perspectives de mesure des couplages du Higgs au HL-LHC effectuée à l’aide de SFitter. Il est démontré que dans le cadre des Delta et d’une EFT, l’augmentation de la luminosité génère une amélioration de la précision de la mesure des couplages. Finalement, le Détecteur de temps fortement segmenté, qui sera installé dans ATLAS au HL-LHC, est présenté. La simulation de ce détecteur a été développée pour prendre en compte la résolution temporelle du détecteur et fut utilisée pour optimiser sa géométrie. Les performances de ce détecteur ont été étudiées, plus de 80 % des traces ont leurs temps correctement associés avec une résolution de 20 ps avant irradiation de 50 ps après. En utilisant les informations temporelles, l’isolation des électrons peut être amélioré de 10 %The Standard Model of particle physics has been extremely successful in describing the elementary particles and their interactions. Nevertheless, there are open questions that are left unanswered. Whether supersymmetry can provide answers to some of these is being studied in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions in the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. In this thesis a search for pair produced colored particles in ATLAS decaying into pairs of jets using data from 2016, 2017 and 2018 is presented. Such particles would escape standard Supersymmetry searches due to the absence of missing transverse energy in the final state. Stops decaying via a R-parity violating coupling and sgluon, scalar partners of the gluino, were considered. In the absence of a signal, an improvement of 200 GeV on the limit on the stop mass is expected. The HL-LHC will increase the integrated luminosity delivered to probe even higher mass ranges as well as improving the precision of Standard model measurements. The instantaneous luminosity will be increased by a factor 5 and an integrated luminosity of 4000 fb⁻¹ should be reached by the end of the LHC in 2037.A study of the Higgs coupling measurement prospects at the HL-LHC using SFitter is performed. Using the Delta and EFT framework shows that the increase in luminosity will result in a significant improvement of the precision of the measurement of the couplings. The High granularity timing detector detector will be installed in ATLAS for the HL-LHC. A simulation of the detector that takes into account the timing resolution was developed and used to optimize its layout. The detector performance was studied. More than 80 % of the tracks have their time correctly reconstructed with a resolution of 20 ps before irradiation and 50 ps after. Using the timing information, the electron isolation efficiency is improved by 10 %
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Agapopoulou, Christina. "Search for supersymmetry with the ATLAS detector and development of the High Granularity Timing Detector." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP019.
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Le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules est un cadre théorique couronné d'un extrême succès, décrivant les particules élémentaires et leurs interactions. Avec la découverte du boson de Higgs par les expériences ATLAS et CMS en 2012, le Modèle Standard est désormais complet. Cependant, il demeure toujours des questions ouvertes, appelant un modèle théorique plus large qui englobe le Modèle Standard, tout en fournissant des mécanismes pour les phénomènes inexpliqués. La supersymétrie offre un tel cadre en introduisant une nouvelle symétrie entre bosons et fermions. Elle permet de résoudre le problème de la hiérarchie de la masse du boson de Higgs et offre également un candidat pour expliquer la matière noire de l'univers.La première partie de cette thèse est la recherche de supersymétrie avec le détecteur ATLAS au LHC, en utilisant l'ensemble des données du Run 2, dont la luminosité intégrée s'élève à 139 fb⁻¹. Mon travail se focalise sur la recherche de squarks et de gluinos, les super-partenaires des quarks et des gluons, dans des modèles où la R-parité est conservée et dans les états finaux comprenant des jets et une grande énergie transverse manquante. Ma principale contribution à cette analyse fut le développement et l'optimisation d'une nouvelle technique, nommée ajustement "Multi-Bin", pour améliorer la séparation du signal par rapport au bruit et étendre la portée d'exclusion de la recherche. Le gain attendu en la section efficace exclue par l'utilisation d'une configuration d'ajustement Multi-Bin, par opposition à l'approche traditionnelle "cut& count", a été estimé à 40-70% dans les modèles étudiés. De plus, j'ai travaillé sur l'inférence statistique de la recherche, allant de l'évaluation des diverses systématiques à l'interprétation des résultats dans différents modèles supersymétriques simplifiés. Aucun excès au-delà des prédictions du Modèle Standard n'a été trouvé, et, par conséquent, les squarks et les gluinos possédant des masses allant respectivement jusqu'à 1.85 TeV et 2.34 TeV ont été exclus. Ce résultat est une amélioration significative par rapport au cycle précédent de l'analyse, et l'une des contraintes les plus fortes sur les masses actuelles des squarks et des gluinos.La phase d'acquisition de données à haute luminosité (HL-LHC) verra le taux des collisions augmenter d'un facteur de 5 à 7. Afin d'atténuer l'augmentation de l'empilement, ATLAS installera un nouveau détecteur au silicium de haute granularité avec une très bonne résolution temporelle qui sera situé dans la région avant, le High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD). L'objectif de ce détecteur est d'atteindre une résolution en temps meilleure que 50 ps par trace. La seconde partie de cette thèse porte sur deux aspects principaux du développement du HGTD. D'une part, j'ai effectué des études avec la simulation pour évaluer l’occupation et les besoins du système de lecture du détecteur avec diverses géométries. L'occupation du détecteur doit rester inférieure à 10 %, afin de pouvoir correctement attribuer les dépôts d'énergie des traces traversant le détecteur. Il a été constaté que cette limite était satisfaite avec une taille de capteur de 1.3x 1.3 mm², qui est désormais la référence pour le futur détecteur. De plus, l'organisation du système de lecture a été optimisée afin de maximiser l'espace disponible et de minimiser les composants nécessaires. La performance de tout détecteur au silicium est fortement liée à la conception du circuit électronique front-end. Dans le cadre de mon travail à HGTD, j'ai également participé à la caractérisation de deux prototypes électroniques front-end, ALTIROC0 et ALTIROC1, à la fois en laboratoire avec un système d'étalonnage et en tests faisceaux avec des électrons et des protons de haute énergie. La résolution temporelle obtenue était inférieure à 55 ps dans tous les appareils testés, la meilleure performance obtenue étant de 34 psThe Standard Model of particle physics is an extremely successful theoretical framework, describing the elementary particles and their interactions.With the discovery of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012, the Standard Model is now complete. However, open questions remain unanswered, calling for a larger theoretical model that encapsulates the Standard Model, while providing mechanisms for the unexplained phenomena. Supersymmetry offers such a framework by introducing a new symmetry between bosons and fermions. It provides potential solutions to the hierarchy problem for the Higgs boson mass and also offers a candidate to explain the dark matter of the universe.The first part of this thesis is the search for supersymmetry with the ATLAS detector at LHC, using the full dataset of Run 2, amounting to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb⁻¹. The focus is on the search for squarks and gluinos, the "super-partners" of quarks and gluons, in models where R-parity is conserved and in final states with jets and large missing transverse momentum. My main contribution to this analysis was the development and optimization of a novel technique named Multi-Bin fit to enhance the signal to background separation and extend the exclusion reach of the search. The expected gain in the excluded cross section from using a Multi-Bin fit configuration, opposed to the traditional "cut&count" approach, was estimated to be 40 - 70 % in the studied models. In addition, I worked on the statistical inference of the search, ranging from the evaluation of various systematics to the interpretation of the results in various simplified supersymmetric models. No excess above the Standard Model prediction was found and therefore squarks and gluinos with masses up to 1.85 TeV and 2.34 TeV were excluded, respectively. This result is a significant improvement over the previous round of the analysis and one of the strongest constraints on squark and gluino masses today.The high-luminosity data acquisition phase (HL-LHC) will see an increase of the collision rate by a factor of 5 to 7. In order to mitigate the increase of pile-up, ATLAS will install a new highly granular silicon detector with a very good time resolution that would be located at the forward region, the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD). The goal of this detector is to provide a time resolution better than 50 ps per track. The second part of this thesis focuses on two main aspects in the development of HGTD. On one hand, I performed simulation studies to evaluate the occupancy and read-out requirements of the detector under various geometries. The occupancy of the detector must remain below 10%, in order to correctly assign energy deposits to tracks crossing the detector. It was found that this requirement was met with a sensor size of 1.3 x 1.3 mm², which is now the baseline for the future detector. Additionally, the organization of the on-detector read-out system was optimised, in order to maximise the available space and minimise the necessary components. The performance of any silicon detector is strongly linked to the design of the front-end electronic circuit. As part of my work in HGTD, I also participated in the characterization of two front-end electronic prototypes, ALTIROC0 and ALTIROC1, both in laboratory with a calibration system and in testbeam with highly energetic electrons and protons. The temporal resolution was found to be better than 55 ps in all tested devices, with a best achieved performance of 34 ps
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Holmberg, Mei-Li. "Studies of Low Gain Avalanche Detector prototype sensors for the ATLAS High-Granularity Timing Detector." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253906.
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Sjöström, Fredrik. "Auto-triggering studies of Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High-Granularity Timing Detector." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253905.
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Backman, Filip. "Analysis of Test Beam Data for Sensors in the High Granularity Timing Detector." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210240.
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Szadaj, Antek. "Performance studies of Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes for the ATLAS High-Granularity Timing Detector." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240145.
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Kurdysh, Oleksii. "Study of Vector-Boson Scattering with the ATLAS detector and design of the High Granularity Timing Detector for HL-HLC." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP096.
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Le modèle standard (MS) est un cadre théorique qui fournit une série de prédictions pour les processus des particules élémentaires, qui ont été largement testées expérimentalement. La prédiction et la découverte du boson de Higgs par les expériences ATLAS et CMS en 2012 constituent un succès important du modèle standard. Malgré ses succès, le MS est connu pour être incomplet, ce qui incite à explorer la physique au-delà du modèle standard. L'approche de la théorie quantiques effective des champs (TQCE) permet de paramétrer des déviations potentielles subtiles du MS, souvent observées dans les "queues" des distributions. TQCE pertinente pour cette thèse implique la description des couplages de jauge quartiques anormaux à travers les 18 opérateurs d'Eboli. J'ai participé à la première combinaison statistique complète de l'analyse ATLAS diffusions de bosons vecteurs afin de contraindre ces opérateurs divisés en trois familles. En particulier, j'ai estimé l'importance des termes croisés dans les Monte Carlo (MC), démontrant que ces termes ne peuvent pas être ignorés lorsque les deux membres de la paire appartiennent à la même famille. De nombreuses analyses n'incluaient pas initialement les termes croisés et j'ai mis au point une méthode permettant d'insérer ces termes croisés manquants en tirant parti de la dégénérescence expérimentale entre certains opérateurs. Cette méthode a été généralisée dans les cas où d'autres opérateurs sont manquants. La méthode d'insertion a été validée, montrant typiquement moins de 10% de non-fermeture. J'ai effectué la migration du fJVT (forward pileup jet tagger) vers le logiciel ATLAS mis à jour, ce qui a initialement entraîné une dégradation des performances de l'ordre de 15 %. De plus, j'ai calibré le fJVT en utilisant les données du Run-3 (2022-2023). Cet étalonnage a permis de quantifier les différences d'efficacité du fJVT entre MC et les données réelles, ce qui a donné lieu à un ensemble de facteurs d'échelle. Ces facteurs d'échelle, qui peuvent désormais être utilisés par l'ensemble de la collaboration, doivent être appliqués aux MC en fonction du moment transverse du jet et du nombre d'interactions proton-proton simultanées dans l'événement. J'ai également étudié les effets des incertitudes systématiques : celles provenant des différents générateurs, du sous-détecteur, des variations des profils d'empilement en fonction de l'année, et de l'état final de l'étalonnage. L'étalonnage a été réalisé pour trois points de travail, les différences entre la MC et les données réelles étant généralement inférieures à 5 %. Le LHC à haute luminosité pose des problèmes importants pour la reconstruction des objets. Pour y remédier, il est essentiel d'introduire des informations sur la chronologie de la trajectoire. Un nouveau sous-détecteur, le High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD), sera donc installé pour fournir des informations précises de synchronisation à haute résolution. Pour ce faire, il faut une électronique frontale dotée d'excellentes performances temporelles, appelée ALTIROC. Dans ce contexte, j'ai analysé les données du faisceau d'essai pour ALTIROC1, démontrant une résolution temporelle de 45 ps. En outre, j'ai contribué au développement du logiciel ALTIROC2 pour les essais en laboratoire et les essais de particules chargées, en effectuant de multiples évaluations, en particulier de l'étape de discrétisation du temps d'arrivée, du seuil le plus bas possible et de l'analyse du faisceau d'essai. En outre, j'ai analysé les données du faisceau d'essai pour ALTIROC3, découvrant que l'étalonnage effectué en laboratoire ne pouvait pas être directement appliqué à l'environnement du faisceau d'essai, ce qui entraînait une dégradation des performances. J'ai identifié une méthode pour surmonter cette erreur d'étalonnage uniquement applicable au faisceau d'essai, ce qui a permis d'obtenir une résolution temporelle moyenne de 44 ps sur de nombreux pixelsThe Standard Model (SM) is a theoretical framework that provides a range of predictions for elementary particle processes, which have been extensively tested experimentally. A significant triumph of the SM is the prediction and subsequent discovery of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012. Despite its successes, the SM is known to be incomplete, prompting the exploration of Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics. The Effective Field Theory (EFT) approach enables the parametrization of potential subtle deviations from the SM, often observed in the "tails" of distributions. The EFT relevant to this thesis involves describing anomalous Quartic Gauge Couplings (aQGC) through the 18 Eboli operators. I have participated in the first comprehensive statistical combination of ATLAS Vector Boson Scattering (VBS) analysis in order to constrain those operators divided into three families. In particular, I have estimated the significance of cross-terms in simulations, demonstrating that these terms cannot be ignored when both pair members belong to the same family. Unfortunately, many analyses did not initially include cross-terms. To address this, I developed a method to insert these missing cross-terms by leveraging experimental degeneracy between certain operators. This method has been generalized in cases where other operators are missing. The insertion method was validated, typically showing less than 10% non-closure. Another part of this thesis focuses on the migration of the ATLAS forward pileup jet tagger (fJVT) to the updated ATLAS software, which initially resulted in up to 15% performance degradation. Additionally, I calibrated the fJVT using Run-3 data (2022-2023). This calibration quantified the differences in fJVT efficiency between simulations and real data, resulting in a set of scale factors. These scale factors, now available for use by the entire collaboration, need to be applied to Monte Carlo (MC) simulations based on jet transverse momentum and the number of simultaneous proton-proton interactions in the event. I also investigated the effects of systematic uncertainties, including those arising from different generators, the specific forward sub-detector where the jet is detected, variations in pileup profiles depending on the year, and the final state of the calibration. The calibration was conducted for three working points, with the differences between simulation and real data generally being below 5%. Another part of this thesis focuses on the ATLAS Upgrade for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The HL-LHC will experience up to 200 simultaneous interactions per event, creating significant challenges for object reconstruction. To address this, the introduction of track timing information is essential. Therefore, a new sub-detector, the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD), will be installed to provide precise high-resolution timing information. Achieving this requires front-end electronics with excellent time performance called ALTIROC. I have participated in the characterization of various prototypes. In this context, I analyzed test beam data for ALTIROC1, demonstrating a time resolution of 45 ps. Additionally, I contributed to the development of ALTIROC2 software for laboratory and charged particle tests, conducting multiple evaluations, particularly of the Time of Arrival (TOA) discretization step, the lowest possible threshold, and test beam analysis. Furthermore, I analyzed test beam data for ALTIROC3, discovering that calibration performed in the laboratory could not be directly applied to the test beam environment, leading to performance degradation. I identified a method to overcome this miscalibration only applicable for testbeam, ultimately achieving an average time resolution of 44 ps across many pixels
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PICCOLO, LORENZO. "An Analog Pixel Front-End for High Granularity Space-Time Measurements." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2975704.
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Wilkinson, Christopher Richard. "The application of high precision timing in the high resolution fly's eye cosmic ray detector." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37715.
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This thesis represents work performed by the author on the development of the High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) detector for the study of extremely high energy (>10 [superscript 18] eV) cosmic rays. Chapter 1 begins with an review of this field. This chapter details the development of the field, the physics questions we seek to answer, and our current understanding based on experimental and theoretical results. It provides the basis for understanding why detectors such as HiRes are being constructed. This review leads into chapter 2, which discuses the development of cosmic ray induced extensive air showers (EAS) and the techniques used to study them. Particular emphasis is placed upon the air fluorescence technique utilised by HiRes. The two site HiRes prototype detector is then discussed in detail in chapter 3. This covers the different components that form the detector, together with details of the calibration performed to extract useful information from the data. Chapter 4 discusses the installation and subsequent testing of GPS based clock systems for the two sites that make up the HiRes prototype detector. The entire timing system was checked, and some previously hidden bugs fixed. This chapter concludes with work performed on the time to digital converter calibration for the second HiRes site. The high relative timing accuracy provided by the GPS clocks allowed the use of timing information in programs to reconstruct the arrival directions of cosmic rays. Chapter 5 covers the development of a program to use geometrical and timing information to reconstruct EAS viewed by both HiRes sites. This chapter concludes with an evaluation of the likely reconstruction accuracy of the new HiRes (stage1) detector. A well reconstructed EAS trajectory is the first step in the determination of more interesting parameters such as primary particle energy. Chapter 6 covers the collation and analysis of EAS viewed by the both sites of the prototype detector. This includes an evaluation of effects such as the atmosphere, and an estimation of the performance of the new (stage 1) HiRes detector based on results with the prototype detector. Finally the conclusions from this thesis are summarised and sugestions made for further follow up work.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Physics and Mathematical Physics, 1998.
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PIGAZZINI, SIMONE. "Search for anomalous production of high energy photon events with the CMS detector at the LHC and prospects for HL-LHC." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/198972.
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Sebbene lo Standard Model (SM) descriva con grande successo le interazioni fondamentali della materia, esso
non fornisce la risposta a diverse domande ancora aperte nella fisica
fondamentale tra cui la natura della materia oscura, il problema della gerarchia delle
interazioni fondamentali e non fornisce un modello quantistico della gravitazione.
Per questo motivo diversi modelli mirano a completare lo SM (modelli con extra dimensioni,
modelli super-simmetrici, ...). Denominatore comune di questi modelli (denominati
generalmente BSM) è la predizione dell'esistenza di nuove particelle di massa dell'ordine
di 1 TeV. La ricerca di produzione di risonante di bosoni o fermioni nelle collisioni
protone-protone a LHC è una verifica diretta di questi modelli.
La produzione risonante di coppie di fotoni può sondare l'esistenza di
bosoni di spin-0, spin-2. L'eccellente risoluzione
che è possibile raggiungere sulla misura della massa invariante dei due fotoni, e la segnatura
peculiare del processo, permettono di cercare un picco di segnale nello spettro
di massa continuo prodotto da processi descritti dallo SM.
La risoluzione sulla massa invariante del sistema dei due fotoni è determinata da due
fattori: la risoluzione energetica sui singoli fotoni e l'efficienza nella ricostruzione
del corretto vertice di interazione da cui originano i fotoni.
La ricerca è stata condotta sui dati raccolti in collisioni protone-protone a 13 TeV effettuate
da LHC durante il 2016 (luminosità integrata pari a 35.9fb$^{-1}$).
L'aumento dell'energia disponibile nel centro di massa della collisione ha permesso
di esplorare una regione dello spettro più ampia di quella analizzata nelle
ricerca in collisioni a 8TeV raccolti nel periodo 2011-2012.
I risultati ottenuti non hanno evidenziato nessuna deviazione rispetto alla previsione del SM.
Sono stati quindi fissati dei limiti di esclusione sulle sezioni d'urto per
la produzione di gravitoni del tipo previsto dai modelli Randall-Sudrum
I limiti variano tra tra 10fb e 1fb a
seconda della massa prevista nell'intervallo $0.5 \mbox{TeV} < m < 4 \mbox{TeV}$.
I risultati sono compatibili con le osservazioni dell'esperimento ATLAS.
Il programma di LHC prevede una fase ad alta luminosità che inizierà nel 2026
durante la quale il complesso di acceleratori del CERN verrà migliorato fino a raggiungere una luminosità
istantanea di $7.5\times10^{34}\mbox{cm}^{-2}\mbox{s}^{-1}$, cinque volte maggiore rispetto a quella raggiunta
attualmente. A questo rinnovamento degli acceleratori sarà associata una revisione degli
esperimenti che prevede il miglioramento dei rivelatori
già esistenti e l'installazione di nuovi.
Ai benefici indotti dall'aumento del numero di eventi disponibili per le analisi si oppone
un generale degredamento della ricostruzione a causa dell'alto numero di collisioni che avverranno
simultaneamente. Per mitigare questo fenomeno e per massimizzare l'accettanza ai canali di interesse
per le misure di fisica CMS sta programmando un serie di interventi al rivelatore.
Tra questi l'introduzione della misura di tempo nella ricostruzione richiede la costruzione ed
installazione di un rivelatore di particelle cariche con risoluzione termporale di 30~ps.
La tecnologia grazie ad una serie di test condotti con fasci di particelle in cui è stato anche dimostrato
che l'attuale calorimetro elettromagnetico di CMS, con un opportuno miglioramento dell'elettronica di lettura,
può raggiungere una risoluzione di 30~ps per energie maggiori di 20~GeV.
Lo studio per la definizione del rivelatore è accompagnato da studi di simulazione volti a evidenziare
il guadagno indotto dall'uso del tempo nella ricostruzione degli eventi. Questi studi hanno
dimostrato un generale miglioramento nell'efficienza di ricostruzione di osservabili di interesse
per la fisica che verrà esplorata nella fase ad alta luminosità.Although the Standard Model of particle physics (SM) describes with extreme success the fundamental interactions of matter it does not provide a solution for open questions of modern physics. The nature of cosmological dark matter, a quantum description of gravity and the hierarchy problem cannot included in the framework of the SM. For this reason several extensions have been proposed throughout the years to address these open problems. The beyond the standard model (BSM) frameworks often predict the existence of additional particles, either arising from additional symmetries introduced by the model or by the inclusion of gravity. Part of the parameter space of these models can be covered by experiments at LHC, since the predicted particles can have masses in the TeV range. The diphoton resonant production is sensitive to spin-0 and spin-2 BSM resonances. These can be originated by wrapped extra dimensions or extension of the Higgs sector which are typically included in BSM models. The excellent energy resolution achieved with the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) and the clean signature of the dipho- ton events makes this channel very attractive as a tool for the search of exotic resonances. The sensitivity of the search in the diphoton channel is subordinated to the ECAL energy resolution and the precision on the location of the interaction vertex. The search pre- sented in this work has been conducted on data collected by the CMS experiment at LHC with proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, for a total integrated luminosity of 35.9fb −1 . No significant deviation from the Standard Model prediction has been highlighted by the analysis, thus exclusion limits on the graviton production cross- section have been established in the context of the Randall-Sundrum extra dimensions model. The limits varies between 6 fb and 0.1 fb depending on the mass and coupling of the resonance in the 0.5 < m < 4.5 TeV and 0.01 < κ < 0.2 ranges. The LHC program foresees an high luminosity phase starting from 2026 (HL-LHC), during which the instantaneous luminosity will reach the record value of 7.5×10 34 cm −2 s −1 , five times the current one. On one hand higher instantaneous luminosity will bring benefits to the physics analysis by providing a dataset 10 times larger than what will be available during the LHC phase but, on the other hand will pose severe challenges to the event reconstruction given the high number of overlapping collisions. CMS is already planning various actions and detector upgrades to match the physics goal of HL-LHC. Among those the introduction of time into the event reconstruction will require the installation of a completely new detector. Technologies suitable for the measurement of charged particles time with a precision of 30 ps have been identified through a series of tests with particles beam. In the same tests the intrinsic time resolution of the ECAL has been proved to be better than 20 ps for electrons and photons of at least 25 GeV. The R&D campaign has been coupled to simulation studies to quantify the expected gain in performance provided by a time-aware event reconstruction. The simulation studies show a general improvement for observable of interest for the HL-LHC physics program.
Book chapters on the topic "High Granularity Timing Detector"
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Bonanomi, Matteo. "The CMS Detector at the LHC." In Response of the High Granularity Calorimeter HGCAL and Characterisation of the Higgs Boson, 21–64. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26833-5_2.
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Gaur, Ankit, Aman Phogat, Moh Rafik, Ashok Kumar, and Md Naimuddin. "Timing and Induced Charge Profile of Large Size RPC Detector for INO-ICAL Experiment." In XXII DAE High Energy Physics Symposium, 369–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73171-1_85.
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Kabilan, R., J. Zahariya Gabrie, Ravi R., and M. Philip Austin. "High-Performance Mixed Signal VLSI Design For Multimode Demodulator." In Advanced Technologies for Science and Engineering, 150–67. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815196269124030013.
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A mixed signal quadrature demodulator was suggested in this study. In 90 nm CMOS technology, to get the desired frequency range, a quadrature VCO is employed. The fast speed is achieved with a three-bit ADC. Unused ADC construction components have been removed to conserve energy and space. Outputs obtained are used to meet the power needed in the mixed signal demodulator designed for multigigabit applications. QVCO, baseband AGC, frequency synthesizers, and IQ mixers, are all part of the demodulator. This displays the highest level of integration while using the least amount of electricity. To sample the symbols at optimal SNR, the baseband modem included a mixed signal timing recovery loop based on the Gardner timing error detector.
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Strano, Alessandro, Carles Hernández, Federico Silla, and Davide Bertozzi. "Wearout and Variation Tolerant Source Synchronous Communication for GALS Network-on-Chip Design." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 399–419. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6034-2.ch016.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of multi-IP chips making use of internal communication paths other than the traditional buses, source synchronous links for use in multi-synchronous Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) are becoming the most vulnerable points for correct network operation and therefore need to be safeguarded against intra-link delay variations and signal misalignments. The intricacy of matching link net attributes during placement and routing and the growing role of process parameter variations in nanoscale silicon technologies, as well as the deterioration due to the ageing of the chip, are the root causes for this. This chapter addresses the challenge of designing a timing variation and layout mismatch tolerant link for synchronizer-based GALS NoCs by implementing a self-calibration mechanism. A timing variation detector senses the misalignment, due to process variation and wearout, between data lines with themselves and with the transmitter clock routed with data in source synchronous links. Then, a suitable delayed replica of the transmitter clock is selected for safe sampling of misaligned data. This chapter proves the robustness of the link in isolation with respect to a detector-less link, also addressing integration issues with the downstream synchronizer and switch architecture, proving the benefits in a realistic experimental setting for cost-effective NoCs.
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Bhat, Mohd Shahid. "CT ANGIOGRAPHY." In MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS: LABORATORY TO RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING. KAAV PUBLICATIONS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9788196919528.2024.eb.ch-13.
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Globally, cardiovascular illnesses continue to be the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. With the development of sophisticated imaging technology, diagnostic methods have been completely transformed. One essential tool for evaluating cardiovascular architecture and pathology is CT angiography. This technique uses intravenous contrast material and X-ray technology to produce finely detailed, three-dimensional images (3D) of the body's blood vessels. Through the use of multi-detector CT scanners and sophisticated computer algorithms, CTA gives medical professionals high-resolution images that enable accurate assessment of venous and arterial diseases. By making blood vessels more visible, contrast enhancement makes it possible to spot anomalies like emboli, stenosis, and aneurysms. In cardiovascular diagnostics, CTA is essential because it provides a quick and precise way to assess the vascular system. For the best imaging results, the timing of the contrast agent's administration must coincide with the peak arterial enhancement. In addition to its diagnostic powers, CTA aids in treatment planning by offering a thorough comprehension of vascular anatomy and pathology. Though it works well, radiation exposure concerns highlight the need for careful application and, when appropriate, alternative modalities. The importance of CTA as a flexible and effective tool in contemporary medicine, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of a broad range of vascular diseases.
Conference papers on the topic "High Granularity Timing Detector"
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She, X., H. Qi, Y. Chang, and M. Titov. "High Granularity Readout Time Projection Chamber technology development for the future lepton collider." In 2024 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (NSS), Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) and Room Temperature Semiconductor Detector Conference (RTSD), 1. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic/rtsd57108.2024.10656928.
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Hoff, J. R. "Design and Testing of the Endcap Concentrator ASICs for the CMS High-Granularity Calorimeter Upgrade." In 2024 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (NSS), Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) and Room Temperature Semiconductor Detector Conference (RTSD), 1. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic/rtsd57108.2024.10656139.
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Král, J., V. Zabloudil, P. Liška, F. Pagano, V. Čuba, K. Děcká, E. Mihóková, and E. Auffray. "High loading nanocomposites of cesium lead halide nanocrystals for fast timing." In 2024 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (NSS), Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) and Room Temperature Semiconductor Detector Conference (RTSD), 1. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic/rtsd57108.2024.10654909.
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Kratochwil, N., E. Roncali, J. W. Cates, and G. Arino-Estrada. "Timing perspective with dual-ended high-frequency SiPM readout for TOF-PET." In 2024 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (NSS), Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) and Room Temperature Semiconductor Detector Conference (RTSD), 1. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic/rtsd57108.2024.10655496.
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Tang, Jianwei, Bang Yang, Jinlong Wei, Chen Cheng, Yaguang Hao, Qi Wu, Jianyu Wang, et al. "Low-Complexity and Multiplier-Free Baud-Rate Timing Phase Error Detector for High-Speed Optical IM/DD Systems." In 2024 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR), 1–2. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo-pr60912.2024.10676692.
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Terzo, Stefano. "Design and construction of the ATLAS High-Granularity Timing Detector." In The 32nd International Workshop on Vertex Detectors. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.448.0029.
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Bendebba, Fatima. "Physics and performance of the High Granularity Timing Detector." In The Tenth Annual Conference on Large Hadron Collider Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.422.0283.
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Rizzi, Chiara. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade." In 40th International Conference on High Energy physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.390.0868.
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Soares Canas Ferreira, Afonso. "A High Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS Phase II Upgrade." In 10th International Workshop on Semiconductor Pixel Detectors for Particles and Imaging. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.420.0013.
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Aboulhorma, Asmaa. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade." In The Ninth Annual Conference on Large Hadron Collider Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.397.0176.
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