Academic literature on the topic 'High Genetic Risk of psychotic conversion'
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Journal articles on the topic "High Genetic Risk of psychotic conversion"
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Lim, Keane, Max Lam, Hailiang Huang, Jianjun Liu, and Jimmy Lee. "Genetic liability in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis: A comparison study of 9 psychiatric traits." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0243104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243104.
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Individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis are characterised by the emergence of attenuated psychotic symptoms and deterioration in functioning. In view of the high non-psychotic comorbidity and low rates of transition to psychosis, the specificity of the UHR status has been called into question. This study aims to (i) investigate if the UHR construct is associated with the genetic liability of schizophrenia or other psychiatric conditions; (ii) examine the ability of polygenic risk scores (PRS) to discriminate healthy controls from UHR, remission and conversion status. PRS was calculated for 210 youths (nUHR = 102, nControl = 108) recruited as part of the Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study (LYRIKS) using nine psychiatric traits derived from twelve large-scale psychiatric genome-wide association studies as discovery datasets. PRS was also examined to discriminate UHR-Healthy control status, and healthy controls from UHR remission and conversion status. Result indicated that schizophrenia PRS appears to best index the genetic liability of UHR, while trend level associations were observed for depression and cross-disorder PRS. Schizophrenia PRS discriminated healthy controls from UHR (R2 = 7.9%, p = 2.59 x 10−3, OR = 1.82), healthy controls from non-remitters (R2 = 8.1%, p = 4.90 x 10−4, OR = 1.90), and converters (R2 = 7.6%, p = 1.61 x 10−3, OR = 1.82), with modest predictive ability. A trend gradient increase in schizophrenia PRS was observed across categories. The association between schizophrenia PRS and UHR status supports the hypothesis that the schizophrenia polygenic liability indexes the risk for developing psychosis.
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Zhou, Yifang, Jie Liu, Naomi Driesen, Fay Womer, Kaiyuan Chen, Ye Wang, Xiaowei Jiang, et al. "White Matter Integrity in Genetic High-Risk Individuals and First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients: Similarities and Disassociations." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3107845.
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White matter (WM) neuroimaging studies have shown varied findings at different stages of schizophrenia (SZ). Understanding these variations may elucidate distinct markers of genetic vulnerability and conversion to psychosis. To examine the similarities and differences in WM connectivity between those at-risk for and in early stages of SZ, a cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging study of 48 individuals diagnosed with first-episode SZ (FE-SZ), 37 nonpsychotic individuals at a high genetic risk of SZ (GHR-SZ), and 67 healthy controls (HC) was conducted. Decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the corpus callosum (CC), anterior cingulum (AC), and uncinate fasciculus (UF) was observed in both the GHR-SZ and FE-SZ groups, while decreased FAs in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and the fornix were only seen in the FE-SZ participants. Additionally, both GHR-SZ and FE-SZ showed worse executive performance than HC. The left SLF III FA was significantly positively correlated with hallucinations, and right SLF II was positively correlated with thought disorder. The presence of shared WM deficits in both FE-SZ and GHR-SZ individuals may reflect the genetic liability to SZ, while the disparate FA changes in the FE-SZ group may represent symptom-generating circuitry that mediates perceptual and cognitive disturbances of SZ and ultimately culminates in the onset of psychotic episodes.
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Schultze-Lutter, F., C. Michel, S. J. Schmidt, B. G. Schimmelmann, N. P. Maric, R. K. R. Salokangas, A. Riecher-Rössler, et al. "EPA guidance on the early detection of clinical high risk states of psychoses." European Psychiatry 30, no. 3 (March 2015): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.010.
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AbstractThe aim of this guidance paper of the European Psychiatric Association is to provide evidence-based recommendations on the early detection of a clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis in patients with mental problems. To this aim, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies reporting on conversion rates to psychosis in non-overlapping samples meeting any at least any one of the main CHR criteria: ultra-high risk (UHR) and/or basic symptoms criteria. Further, effects of potential moderators (different UHR criteria definitions, single UHR criteria and age) on conversion rates were examined. Conversion rates in the identified 42 samples with altogether more than 4000 CHR patients who had mainly been identified by UHR criteria and/or the basic symptom criterion ‘cognitive disturbances’ (COGDIS) showed considerable heterogeneity. While UHR criteria and COGDIS were related to similar conversion rates until 2-year follow-up, conversion rates of COGDIS were significantly higher thereafter. Differences in onset and frequency requirements of symptomatic UHR criteria or in their different consideration of functional decline, substance use and co-morbidity did not seem to impact on conversion rates. The ‘genetic risk and functional decline’ UHR criterion was rarely met and only showed an insignificant pooled sample effect. However, age significantly affected UHR conversion rates with lower rates in children and adolescents. Although more research into potential sources of heterogeneity in conversion rates is needed to facilitate improvement of CHR criteria, six evidence-based recommendations for an early detection of psychosis were developed as a basis for the EPA guidance on early intervention in CHR states.
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Gee, Dylan G., and Tyrone D. Cannon. "Prediction of conversion to psychosis: review and future directions." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 33, suppl 2 (October 2011): s129—s142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462011000600002.
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This article reviews recent findings on predictors of conversion to psychosis among youth deemed at ultra high risk (UHR) based on the presence of subpsychotic-intensity symptoms or genetic risk for psychosis and a recent decline in functioning. Although transition rates differ between studies, the most well powered studies have observed rates of conversion to full psychosis in the 30-40% range over 2-3 years of follow-up. Across studies, severity of subthreshold positive symptoms, poorer social functioning, and genetic risk for schizophrenia appear to be consistent predictors of conversion to psychosis, with algorithms combining these indicators achieving positive predictive power > 80%. Nevertheless, a substantial fraction of UHR cases do not convert to psychosis. Recent work indicates that UHR cases who present with lower levels of negative symptoms and higher levels of social functioning are more likely to recover symptomatically and no longer meet criteria for an at-risk mental state. In general, it appears that about 1/3 of UHR cases convert to psychosis, about 1/3 do not convert but remain symptomatic and functionally impaired, and about 1/3 recover symptomatically and functionally. Continued efforts to detect early risk for psychosis are critical for informing early intervention and provide increasing promise of delaying or even preventing the onset of psychosis.
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Bechdolf, A., B. Nelson, S. M. Cotton, A. Chanen, A. Thompson, P. Conus, A. R. Yung, M. Berk, and P. D. McGorry. "A Pilot Study of at-risk Criteria for Bipolar Disorders in Help Seeking Adolescents and Young Adults." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70354-2.
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Introduction:We have developed ultra-high risk criteria for bipolar affective disorder (bipolar at-risk - BAR) which include general criteria such as being in the peak age range of the onset of the disorder and a combination of specific criteria including sub-threshold mania, depressive symptoms, cyclothymic features and genetic risk. In the current study, the predictive and discriminant validity of these criteria were tested in help seeking adolescents and young adults.Method:This medical file-audit study was conducted at ORYGEN Youth Health (OYH), a public mental health program for young people aged between 15 and 24 years and living in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. BAR criteria were applied to the intake assessments of all non-psychotic patients who were being treated in OYH on 31 January.08. All entries were then checked for conversion criteria. Hypomania/mania related additions or alterations to existing treatments or initiation of new treatment by the treating psychiatrist served as conversion criteria to mania.Results:The BAR criteria were applied to 173 intake assessments. Of these, 22 patients (12.7%) met BAR criteria. The follow-up period of the sample was 265.5 days on average (SD 214.7). There were significantly more cases in the BAR group (22.7%, n = 5) than in the non-BAR group (0.7%, n = 1) who met conversion criteria (p < .001).Conclusions:These findings support the notion that people who develop a first episode of mania can be identified during the prodromal phase. The proposed criteria need further evaluation in prospective clinical trials.
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Kaymaz, N., M. Drukker, R. Lieb, H. U. Wittchen, N. Werbeloff, M. Weiser, T. Lataster, and J. van Os. "Do subthreshold psychotic experiences predict clinical outcomes in unselected non-help-seeking population-based samples? A systematic review and meta-analysis, enriched with new results." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 11 (January 20, 2012): 2239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711002911.
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BackgroundThe base rate of transition from subthreshold psychotic experiences (the exposure) to clinical psychotic disorder (the outcome) in unselected, representative and non-help-seeking population-based samples is unknown.MethodA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of representative, longitudinal population-based cohorts with baseline assessment of subthreshold psychotic experiences and follow-up assessment of psychotic and non-psychotic clinical outcomes.ResultsSix cohorts were identified with a 3–24-year follow-up of baseline subthreshold self-reported psychotic experiences. The yearly risk of conversion to a clinical psychotic outcome in exposed individuals (0.56%) was 3.5 times higher than for individuals without psychotic experiences (0.16%) and there was meta-analytic evidence of dose–response with severity/persistence of psychotic experiences. Individual studies also suggest a role for motivational impairment and social dysfunction. The evidence for conversion to non-psychotic outcome was weaker, although findings were similar in direction.ConclusionsSubthreshold self-reported psychotic experiences in epidemiological non-help-seeking samples index psychometric risk for psychotic disorder, with strong modifier effects of severity/persistence. These data can serve as the population reference for selected and variable samples of help-seeking individuals at ultra-high risk, for whom much higher transition rates have been indicated.
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Lawrie, Stephen M., Majella Byrne, Patrick Miller, Ann Hodges, Robert A. Clafferty, David G. Cunningham Owens, and Eve C. Johnstone. "Neurodevelopmental indices and the development of psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 178, no. 6 (June 2001): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.6.524.
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BackgroundNeurological ‘soft signs’ and minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are reported to be more frequent in patients with schizophrenia than in controls.AimsTo determine whether these disturbances are genetically mediated, and whether they are central to the genesis of symptoms or epiphenomena.MethodWe obtained ratings in 152 individuals who were antipsychotic drug-free and at high risk, some of whom had experienced psychotic symptoms, as well as 30 first-episode patients and 35 healthy subjects.ResultsMPAs and Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) ‘sensory integration abnormalities’ were more frequent in high-risk subjects than in healthy controls, but there were no reliable differences between high-risk subjects with and without psychotic symptoms. MPAs were most frequent in high-risk subjects with least genetic liability and NES scores showed no genetic associations.ConclusionsThe lack of associations with psychotic symptoms and genetic liability to schizophrenia suggests that soft signs and physical anomalies are non-specific markers of developmental deviance that are not mediated by the gene(s) for schizophrenia.
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Crush, Eloise, Louise Arseneault, Andrea Danese, Sara R. Jaffee, and Helen L. Fisher. "Using discordant twin methods to investigate an environmentally mediated pathway between social support and the reduced likelihood of adolescent psychotic experiences." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 11 (August 15, 2019): 1898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001983.
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AbstractBackgroundSocial support has been shown to be associated with a reduced likelihood of developing psychotic experiences in the general population and even amongst those at high risk due to exposure to multiple forms of victimisation (poly-victimised). However, it is unclear whether this association is merely due to the confounding effects of shared environmental and genetic influences, or reverse causality. Therefore, we investigated whether social support has a unique environmentally mediated effect on adolescent psychotic experiences after accounting for familial factors, including genetic factors, and also prior psychopathology.MethodsParticipants were from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally-representative cohort of 2232 UK-born twins. Adolescents were interviewed at age 18 about psychotic experiences and victimisation exposure since age 12, and their perceptions of social support. Prior childhood mental health problems and psychotic symptoms were assessed at age 12. The discordant twin method was used to disentangle the relative family-wide and unique-environmental effects of social support on psychotic experiences in the general population and among poly-victimised adolescents.ResultsPerceived social support, particularly from friends, was found to have a unique environmentally mediated buffering effect on adolescent psychotic experiences in the whole sample and in the high-risk poly-victimised group.ConclusionsThe protective effects of social support on adolescent psychotic experiences cannot be accounted for by shared environmental or genetic factors, nor by earlier psychopathology. Our findings suggest that early intervention programmes focused on increasing perceptions of social support have the potential to prevent the emergence of psychotic experiences amongst adolescents.
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COSWAY, R., M. BYRNE, R. CLAFFERTY, A. HODGES, E. GRANT, J. MORRIS, S. S. ABUKMEIL, et al. "Sustained attention in young people at high risk for schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 2 (February 2002): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701005050.
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Background. Sustained attention has been found to be impaired in individuals suffering from schizophrenia and their close relatives. This has led to the hypothesis that impaired sustained attention is an indicator of vulnerability to schizophrenia.Methods. The Edinburgh High Risk Study used the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs version (CPT-IP) to assess sustained attention in 127 high risk participants, 30 controls and 15 first-episode schizophrenic patients. A second assessment was completed by 59 high risk and 18 control participants 18 months to 2 years after the first.Results. No differences in attentional capacity were found between the high risk and control groups and there was no association between genetic liability to schizophrenia and poor performance on the CPT-IP. Additionally, no association between occurrence of psychotic symptoms in the high risk group and impaired attentional capacity was found.Conclusions. The results suggest that deficits in sustained attention are not indicative of a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, and are not associated with the occurrence of psychotic symptoms.
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Rek-Owodziń, Katarzyna, and Anna Konopka. "Cognitive-behavioral therapy in ultra high risk states of psychosis (UHR)." Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 25, no. 1 (March 22, 2023): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/app/152940.
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Ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR) is a condition associated with a higher risk of developing schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder as compared to the general population. Three groups of symptoms are reported to be related to UHR states: attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS), brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS) and genetic risk and deterioration syndrome (GDR). In addition, specific cognitive deficits within attention, verbal and visual memory, executive functions and processing speed are all described as linked to UHR. UHR individuals also manifest negative cognitive beliefs and attribution biases, which affect their everyday lives. Hence, a first-line treatment recommended in UHR states is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), whose effectiveness has been assessed across different studies. In this paper we describe the characteristics of UHR states, including specific cognitive difficulties they are linked with, alongside therapeutic recommendations and specificity of dedicated cognitive-behavioral treatment options.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "High Genetic Risk of psychotic conversion"
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Arrouet, Alana. "Exploration de la prédiction temporelle associée à la motricité chez les individus neurotypiques et neuro-atypiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ067.
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L’objectif de la thèse était d’explorer l’impact de la prédiction temporelle sur la planification et l’exécution de mouvements. Nous avons utilisé des tâches où les participants arrêtaient un mouvement de l’index en réponse à un signal prédictible et étudié comment cette prédiction influençait la préparation et l'exécution de l'arrêt. Chez les neurotypiques, nos résultats ont révélé plusieurs prédictions temporelles opérant simultanément : une prédiction liée à la commande motrice influençant la préparation, une prédiction sensorimotrice affectant l'exécution et une prédiction indépendante de la commande motrice reflétant une attente cognitive. La prédiction temporelle sensorimotrice évolue avec le développement et semble altérée chez les individus à haut risque génétique de conversion psychotique. Chez les individus atteints de schizophrénie, des résultats préliminaires suggèrent que la réalisation d’un mouvement pourrait rétablir les capacités de prédiction temporelle. Cette thèse apporte des connaissances sur l’intégration des prédictions temporelles au programme moteur et questionne les mécanismes de l’intégration sensorimotriceThe aim of this thesis was to explore the impact of temporal prediction on movement planning and execution. We used motor tasks in which participants stopped an index finger movement in response to a predictable target signal and examined how this prediction influenced both movement preparation and stopping execution. In neurotypical individuals, our findings revealed multiple temporal prediction mechanisms operating simultaneously: one linked to motor commands affecting preparation, a sensorimotor prediction influencing execution, and an independent prediction reflecting cognitive anticipation. Sensorimotor temporal prediction evolves with development and appears to be impaired in individuals at high genetic risk of psychotic conversion. In people with schizophrenia, preliminary findings suggest that performing a movement may help restore temporal prediction abilities. This thesis provides insights into how temporal predictions are integrated into motor programs and raises questions about the mechanisms underlying sensorimotor integration
Books on the topic "High Genetic Risk of psychotic conversion"
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Gupta, Nikhil, and Vinod H. Srihari. North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0045.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on schizophrenia. The question studied was “In patients identified clinically to be at high risk for psychosis, which variables (or their combinations) best predict conversion to schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder?” Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. This study demonstrates that presence of some characteristics can better prognosticate conversion of a prodromal state to a psychotic disorder. Finally, the chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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Burdick, Katherine E., Luz H. Ospina, Stephen J. Haggarty, and Roy H. Perlis. The Neurobiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0020.
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Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe mood disorder that often has psychotic features. Its most severe forms are more common and significantly more likely to cause disability than originally thought. Studies of high-risk children have found them to be at increased risk for a variety of symptoms and neurobiological abnormalities. In contrast to schizophrenia, there is no formal prodromal syndrome that has been identified, and cognitive abnormalities do not precede the onset of the disorder. Abnormal sleep and circadian rhythms are prominent and have led to intriguing biological models. Neurobiological experiments have primarily focused on candidate pathways and include circadian abnormalities, epigenetic processes including histone modification, WNT/GSK3 signaling, other modulators of neuroplasticity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent data suggest that BPD is a highly polygenic disease and that integration of prior modeling and data with the wide variety of new genetic risk loci will be productive in the future.
Book chapters on the topic "High Genetic Risk of psychotic conversion"
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Grazioplene, Rachael G., and Tyrone D. Cannon. "Predictors of conversion to psychosis." In Psychotic Disorders, edited by Albert R. Powers III, Thomas H. McGlashan, and Scott W. Woods, 113–21. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190653279.003.0014.
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The prodromal phase of psychosis represents an opportunity to understand how psychosis develops, and research in this area has the potential to generate strategies for treatment and prevention. This chapter reviews findings from clinical high risk (CHR) and general population sampling research related to prediction of psychosis, discussing what has been learned from these two approaches as well as theoretical and practical pitfalls of each. Work conducted in the CHR paradigm has yielded practical tools for psychosis prediction as well as evidence that progressive loss of neuronal connectivity may underlie onset of full psychosis, but cases meeting criteria for a CHR syndrome represent a small fraction of new onsets of psychosis in the population. Population-based studies benefit from a broader ascertainment scheme but are limited in feasibility of in-depth or frequent assessments and follow-ups. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to reconcile different approaches under a transdiagnostic framework.
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Auther, Andrea M., and Barbara A. Cornblatt. "Treatment approaches in the psychosis prodrome." In Psychotic Disorders, edited by Andrea M. Auther and Barbara A. Cornblatt, 621–30. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190653279.003.0069.
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Interest in intervening prior to the onset of psychosis, in the prodromal or clinical high-risk (CHR) phase of illness, gained momentum in the 1990s. Initial treatment trials were conducted with the goal of preventing psychosis, but results to date have been equivocal. Only a few trials have found partial benefit of specific treatments over control conditions on transition rates, and even fewer show long-term gains. Challenges include high attrition and feasibility issues, especially for antipsychotic medication and cognitive remediation trials. While better tolerated, psychosocial therapy trials have mixed results, though when combined, meta-analyses show advantages compared to other treatments. Integrated treatment approaches lack specificity and the promising initial Omega-3 trial has not been replicated. Aside from conversion, early intervention appears to improve clinical outcomes including positive symptoms, depression, and anxiety. Importantly, treatment trials have not had a notable impact on functional outcomes, making this a crucial area for future research.
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Soares, Walter Barbalho, and Amannda Melo de Oliveira Lima. "First Episode of Psychosis." In Advances in Neuroscience, Neuropsychiatry, and Neurology, 65–87. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0851-6.ch005.
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The first episode of psychosis is the interval between the onset of the first positive psychotic symptom above the threshold for clinical psychosis for at least 1 week until the first 5 years of starting treatment. The at-risk mental state is subdivided into three ultra high-risk populations for psychosis: brief intermittent psychotic symptoms; attenuated positive symptoms syndrome; genetic risk and deterioration syndrome. The incidence of psychotic disorders varies between 15-34/100,000 person-years at risk, most of the specific diagnoses are schizophrenia. The duration of untreated psychosis is the most studied variable and closely related to the assessment of the impact of early treatment on the patient's prognosis. Psychosis can be divided into primary (affective and non-affective) or secondary causes. Intervening early in the course of psychotic illness is important as centers specialized in FEP aim reduce DUP, achieve remission of the psychotic condition, reduce recurrence, and reduce the number of hospital admissions.
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Shahsavand Ananloo, Esmaeil. "The Role of Epigenetics in Psychosis." In Psychosis - Phenomenology, Psychopathology and Pathophysiology. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99231.
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Epigenetics (genome - environment interaction) is the study of mitotically heritable, but reversible changes in gene expression without any change in DNA modifications and the chromatin structure. Transition to psychosis is a complex and longitudinal process during which epigenetic changes have been hypothesized and investigated. This process is especially important in individuals at high/ultrahigh risk for psychosis, before the development of full-blown psychosis. Psychoses is a range of complex disorders, where genetic variants explain only a portion of risk. Neuro-epigenetic mechanisms may explain the remaining share of risk, as well as the transition from susceptibility to the actual disease. There is a need for computational model of psychosis integrating genetic risk with environmental factors (epigenetic) associated with the disorder to discover its pathophysiological pathways. Epigenetic dysregulation of many genes has been widely speculated that are important factors involved in etiology, pathophysiology, and course of the psychoses, such as schizophrenia, and mood disorders with psychotic features. In addition, the role of epigenetic changes, including histone and DNA modifications and also targeting microRNAs in the treatment of psychoses is a new field of investigations.
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Burdick, Katherine E., Stephen J. Haggarty, and Roy Perlis. "The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder." In Neurobiology of Mental Illness, edited by Pamela Sklar, 355–64. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199934959.003.0028.
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The focus of this chapter is squarely on bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a severe mood disorder that often has psychotic features. Its most severe forms are more common than thought and significantly more likely to cause disability than originally thought. Studies of high-risk children have found them to be at increased risk for a variety of symptoms and neurobiological abnormalities. In contrast to schizophrenia, there is no formal prodromal syndrome that has been identified and cognitive abnormalities do not precede the onset of the disorder. Abnormal sleep and circadian rhythms are prominent and have led to intriguing biological models. Neurobiological experiments have primarily focused on candidate pathways and include circadian abnormalities, epigenetic processes including histone modification, Wnt/GSK3 signaling, other modulators of neuroplasticity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent data suggest that bipolar disorder is a highly polygenic disease and that integration of prior modeling and data with the wide variety of new genetic risk loci will be productive in the future.
Conference papers on the topic "High Genetic Risk of psychotic conversion"
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Ball, Zachary, Joe Szabo, Felipe M. Pasquali, and John F. Hall. "A Framework for Wind Energy Conversion to Promote Sustainability in Product Design." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68393.
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This paper presents a sustainable design method for wind turbines. Sustainable design recognizes three main pillars; economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection. A framework is developed to observe the tradeoffs among these areas of sustainable design. Each pillar of sustainability is mapped to a design variable, and normalized objective functions are defined. For the economic component, the objective function is based on costs and power production. The societal objective function focuses on noise and aesthetics impacts. These are represented by risk averse utility functions. Carbon dioxide emissions and noise pollution are the environmental objectives. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is also used with Pareto optimality to identify tradeoffs between these three sustainability factors. Wind speed data from three sites is used to simulate the performance of the system. The sets of data are unique and represent low, medium, and high wind speed areas. In all three cases, the results indicate that the economic and environmental objectives can both be met with a relatively small tradeoff. However, a greater amount of tradeoff is necessary when considering societal impacts.