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Academic literature on the topic 'High functional properties'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "High functional properties"

Hasníková-Schenková, N., L. Jiřincová, M. Šikulová, A. Landfeld, M. Marek, M. Houška, and M. Voldřich. "The influence of high pressure and/or antimicrobials on some functional properties of liquid whole egg." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, No. 4 (September 9, 2009): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/167/2008-cjfs.

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The influence of the high pressure treatment of 300 MPa/200 s, possibly combined with antimicrobial additives, on the quality of liquid whole egg (LWE) in terms of rheology, foaming and emulsification properties, colour changes, and microbial quality was studied and compared to the characteristics of commercially available pasteurised liquid whole egg (65°C, 3 min). It can be concluded that the above-mentioned regime of LWE pressurisation did not deteriorate its functional properties and can be used, after the addition of some antimicrobial agents, as a preservation technique keeping its organoleptic and nutritive qualities.

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Ohya, H. "Special issue : high-functional separation membrane.Structure and physical properties of a high-functional separation membrane." Sen'i Kikai Gakkaishi (Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan) 43, no. 9 (1990): P492—P500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.43.9_p492.

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Postorino, Paolo, and Lorenzo Malavasi. "Chemistry at high pressure: Tuning functional materials properties." MRS Bulletin 42, no. 10 (October 2017): 718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2017.214.

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Bažantová, Zdeňka, Karel Kolář, Petr Konvalinka, and Jiří Litoš. "Multi-Functional High-Performance Cement Based Composite." Key Engineering Materials 677 (January 2016): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.677.53.

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The paper introduces development of new type of high-performance Portland cement based composite applicable for number of practical utilization. The fundaments of performed research was to design mixture with controlled process of hydration, easy production, suitable time of setting, good workability and rapid evolution of mechanical properties as well as satisfactory long-term stability of hardened composite. Selected mixture were evaluated by means of mechanical properties and volume changes determination.

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Yan, Xuehui, and Yong Zhang. "Functional properties and promising applications of high entropy alloys." Scripta Materialia 187 (October 2020): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.06.017.

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Wang, Ke, Ya Huang, Zhan Xu, Yiyang Hu, and Shuo Dong. "Crystallization and high temperature functional properties in CoFeB films." Solid State Communications 234-235 (May 2016): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2016.03.001.

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Xiao, Guanjun, Ting Geng, and Bo Zou. "Emerging Functional Materials under High Pressure toward Enhanced Properties." ACS Materials Letters 2, no. 9 (August 11, 2020): 1233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00329.

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Inoue, Akihisa. "Bulk amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys with high functional properties." Materials Science and Engineering: A 304-306 (May 2001): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)01551-3.

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NOMURA, Manabu. "High Functional Properties of Multipurpose Plastics by Composite Technology." Kobunshi 55, no. 11 (2006): 878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.55.878.

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LEE, W., S. CLARK, and B. G. SWANSON. "FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE-TREATED WHEY PROTEIN." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 30, no. 4 (August 2006): 488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2005.00081.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "High functional properties"

Liu, Xiaoming. "Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on whey protein concentrate functional properties." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2004/X%5Fliu%5F050504.pdf.

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Zhang, Xi. "Empirical Properties of Functional Regression Models and Application to High-Frequency Financial Data." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1973.

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Functional data analysis (FDA) has grown into a substantial field of statistical research, with new methodology, numerous useful applications and interesting novel theoretical developments. My dissertation focuses on the empirical properties of functional regression models and their application to financial data. We start from testing the empirical properties of forecasts with the functional autoregressive models based on simulated and real data. We define intraday returns and consider their prediction from such returns on a market index. This is an extension to intraday data of the Capital Asset Pricing model. Finally we investigate multifactor functional models and assess their suitability for the prediction of intraday returns for various financial assets, including stock and commodity futures.

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ye, Yubin. "Effect of High Intensity Ultrasound on Crystallization Behavior and Functional Properties of Lipids." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4281.

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The effects of high intensity ultrasound (HIU) on the crystallization behavior and functional properties of shortenings were evaluated. HIU was applied to different shortenings such as interesterified soybean oil (IESBO), multi-purpose commercial shortening, palm oil, and palm stearin. The functional properties measured include crystal morphology, solid fat content, melting profile, viscoelastic properties, hardness, and polymorphism. Different experimental set-ups were evaluated including a static batch system, a temperature cycling design, and flow cell system. Results showed that HIU generated harder material on IESBO, commercial shortening, and palm oil with more uniform and smaller crystal size, sharper melting profile, and higher elasticity. No chemical changes on triacylglycerol (TAG) and fatty acids were observed on IESBO under the sonication conditions used in this dissertation. Application of HIU maintained the texture of the commercial shortening that was subjected to temperature fluctuations, especially when HIU was applied before changes in temperature occurred. When sonication was applied in a flow-cell system lower power levels applied in a continuous manner was proved to be the most effective at inducing crystallization of palm oil. Research also showed that pulse irradiation of sonication and higher flow rates could be used to decrease the thermal effects generated by higher power levels of HIU. In addition, HIU was used in a highly saturated fat (palm stearin) at low power levels with long durations to delay lipid crystallization and generate a softer material. All the research findings suggest the great potential use of HIU in shortening production and food processing to improve the texture and its stability, as well as other functional properties.

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Alreshidi, Abdulrahman Nassar. "A generic high-level specification language for non-functional properties of component-based systems." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-generic-highlevel-specification-language-for-nonfunctional-properties-of-componentbased-systems(c818019a-5483-4a69-b3c3-d37d74f6851e).html.

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The component-based software development is helpful in providing reuse of the components and reducing complexity of software systems. Different components work together to produce a complete system that needs a good understanding of the way the components interact with each other. The components' reuse requires a high level specification, among other things for non-functional properties (NFPs) as these properties control the way these components co-ordinate with each other. The complexity of modern software systems demands a generic and flexible language for formal specification of the functional and NFPs of the system so that the different components in a system can have a well-defined behaviour expectation. The non-functional properties of component-based system are important part of specification because they highlight the non-functional perspective of the system. They also help in implementation of functional elements with constraints on the NFPs in consideration. The absence of specification of NFPs can render the system not usable because the functional implementation may not have considered the constraints for working environment of the system. This is because the component developer will have no clearly defined non-functional objectives of the system. The formal specification of NFPs for components and their interaction with each other can help implement reliable systems. Incorporating these design concepts in the language specification would describe the usage context of language features in clear and precise manner. In this thesis, we developed a novel generic specification language (QML/CS) for NFPs of component-based systems. Defining such a high level specication language using a standard meta-modelling approach is challenging because its definition requires multi levels modelling. We employed deep meta-modelling technique to address this complex problem. We begin by discussing the key concepts used, then show how our meta-model is defined. In addition, we show how our meta-model for QML/CS overcame the issues of the standard meta-modelling language like UML and the mapping of a measurement to a concrete application. Finally, we show a prototype for QML/CS and discuss how the mapping of QML/CS expressions into TLA+ specications can dene the QML/CS semantics.

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Ramzan, Muhammad. "Structural, Electronic and Mechanical Properties of Advanced Functional Materials." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Materialteori, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-205243.

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The search for alternate and renewable energy resources as well as the efficient use of energy and development of such systems that can help to save the energy consumption is needed because of exponential growth in world population, limited conventional fossil fuel resources, and to meet the increasing demand of clean and environment friendly substitutes. Hydrogen being the simplest, most abundant and clean energy carrier has the potential to fulfill some of these requirements provided the development of efficient, safe and durable systems for its production, storage and usage. Chemical hydrides, complex hydrides and nanomaterials, where the hydrogen is either chemically bonded to the metal ions or physiosorbed, are the possible means to overcome the difficulties associated with the storage and usage of hydrogen at favorable conditions. We have studied the structural and electronic properties of some of the chemical hydrides, complex hydrides and functionalized nanostructures to understand the kinetics and thermodynamics of these materials. Another active field relating to energy storage is rechargeable batteries. We have studied the detailed crystal and electronic structures of Li and Mg based cathode materials and calculated the average intercalation voltage of the corresponding batteries. We found that transition metal doped MgH2 nanocluster is a material to use efficiently not only in batteries but also in fuel-cell technologies. MAX phases can be used to develop the systems to save the energy consumption. We have chosen one compound from each of all known types of MAX phases and analyzed the structural, electronic, and mechanical properties using the hybrid functional. We suggest that the proper treatment of correlation effects is important for the correct description of Cr2AlC and Cr2GeC by the good choice of Hubbard 'U' in DFT+U method. Hydrogen is fascinating to physicists due to predicted possibility of metallization and high temperature superconductivity. On the basis of our ab initio molecular dynamics studies, we propose that the recent claim of conductive hydrogen by experiments might be explained by the diffusion of hydrogen at relevant pressure and temperature. In this thesis we also present the studies of phase change memory materials, oxides and amorphization of oxide materials, spintronics and sulfide materials.

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Souza, de Almeida Jailton. "Designing and Tuning the Properties of Materials by Quantum Mechanical Calculations." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6923.

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Osorio, Guillén Jorge Mario. "Density Functional Theory in Computational Materials Science." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Physics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4496.

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The present thesis is concerned to the application of first-principles self-consistent total-energy calculations within the density functional theory on different topics in materials science.

Crystallographic phase-transitions under high-pressure has been study for TiO2, FeI2, Fe3O4, Ti, the heavy alkali metals Cs and Rb, and C3N4. A new high-pressure polymorph of TiO2 has been discovered, this new polymorph has an orthorhombic OI (Pbca) crystal structure, which is predicted theoretically for the pressure range 50 to 100 GPa. Also, the crystal structures of Cs and Rb metals have been studied under high compressions. Our results confirm the recent high-pressure experimental observations of new complex crystal structures for the Cs-III and Rb-III phases. Thus, it is now certain that the famous isostructural phase transition in Cs is rather a new crystallographic phase transition.

The elastic properties of the new superconductor MgB2 and Al-doped MgB2 have been investigated. Values of all independent elastic constants (c11, c12, c13, c33, and c55) as well as bulk moduli in the a and c directions (Ba and Bc respectively) are predicted. Our analysis suggests that the high anisotropy of the calculated elastic moduli is a strong indication that MgB2 should be rather brittle. Al doping decreases the elastic anisotropy of MgB2 in the a and c directions, but, it will not change the brittle behaviour of the material considerably.

The three most relevant battery properties, namely average voltage, energy density and specific energy, as well as the electronic structure of the Li/LixMPO4 systems, where M is either Fe, Mn, or Co have been calculated. The mixing between Fe and Mn in these materials is also examined. Our calculated values for these properties are in good agreement with recent experimental values. Further insight is gained from the electronic density of states of these materials, through which conclusions about the physical properties of the various phases are made.

The electronic and magnetic properties of the dilute magnetic semiconductor Mn-doped ZnO has been calculated. We have found that for an Mn concentration of 5.6%, the ferromagnetic configuration is energetically stable in comparison to the antiferromgnetic one. A half-metallic electronic structure is calculated by the GGA approximation, where Mn ions are in a divalent state leading to a total magnetic moment of 5 μB per Mn atom.

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Pandolfi, Silvia. "High-pressure pathways towards new functional Si-based materials with tailored optoelectronic properties and their characterization." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS459.pdf.

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Dans cet ouvrage, le traitement à haute température et haute pression est utilisé pour développer et optimiser la synthèse de nouvelles formes exotiques du silicium. La synthèse de nouvelles phases de silicium est un point clé dans le développement de technologies à base de Si, en particulier l'énergie solaire. Le développement de nouveaux matériaux à base de silicium à haut rendement pourrait faire face à la fois à l'optimisation des performances et à la réduction des coûts. Au niveau industriel, la haute pression a été principalement utilisée pour la synthèse des diamants et des matériaux super-durs, mais des études récentes ont prouvé qu’elle est également efficace pour la synthèse de nouveaux matériaux à base de silicium à propriétés remarquables pour les applications. Nous abordons ce défi sous tous ses aspects, à partir de l'étude des mécanismes de transition à haute pression jusqu’à la synthèse et à la caractérisation d'un nouveau matériau de silicium. Nous utilisons la diffraction in situ de rayons X à haute-pression haute-température pour observer et caractériser des transitions de phase du silicium et leur dynamique. Grâce à nos résultats, nous donnons de nouvelles perspectives capables de clarifier certains aspects du diagramme de phase du silicium qui étaient encore en discussion. Nous obtenons la première synthèse de silicium hexagonal pur, un défi de longue date dans le domaine. Grâce à notre échantillon de phase pure, nous caractérisons ses propriétés physiques et structurales. Nous prouvons que le silicium hexagonal obtenu à partir du traitement haute pression est sous forme du polytype 4H (séquence d'empilement ABCB). D'autres caractérisations structurelles révèlent une nanostructure hiérarchique dans la morphologie de l'échantillon. La découverte et la caractérisation de nanoparticules quasi-2D accessibles à la manipulation ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour le développement de nouveaux dispositifs optoélectroniques
In this work, high-pressure high-temperature treatment is used to develop and optimize synthetic pathways to new and exotic forms of silicon. The synthesis of new phases of silicon is a key point in the future development of Si-based technology, especially for solar energy. Development of new Si-based materials with high-efficiency could both optimise the performances and reduce the costs. At an industrial level, high-pressure has been mainly used for the synthesis of diamonds and super-hard materials, but recent studies have proven it also efficient in the synthesis of new silicon-based materials with enhanced properties for applications. We tackle this challenge in all its aspects, starting from the study of transition mechanisms at high-pressure and arriving to the synthesis and characterization of a new silicon material. We use in-situ x-ray diffraction at high-pressure high-temperature conditions to monitor and characterize silicon phase transitions and their dynamics. Our results give new insights that clarify some aspects of the silicon phase diagram that were still a matter of debate. We obtain the first synthesis of pure hexagonal silicon, a longstanding challenge in the field. Thanks to our pure-phase sample, we characterize its physical and structural properties. We prove that hexagonal silicon obtained from high-pressure is in the form of 4H polytype (ABCB stacking sequence). Further structural characterizations reveal a hierarchical nanostructure in the pristine morphology of the sample. Discovery and characterization of discrete quasi-2D nanoparticles accessible for manipulation opens new perspectives for the design of new optoelectronic devices

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Kamath, Ganesh K. "Micro-structural and functional properties of TiAlCN/VCN coating produced by High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering Technology." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2011. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20171/.

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Nanoscale TiAlCN/VCN multilayer coating was deposited in an industrial size 1000x4 Hauzer Techno Coating machine capable to operate with both unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBMS) and high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) mode. The work was directed to study the impact of HIPIMS on the microstructure of the nanoscale TiAlCN/VCN coating, in relation to its properties at both room and elevated temperatures. TiAlCN/VCN coatings were deposited by three different ways in combination of reactive UBM and HIPIMS technique. These are (i) reactive pure UBMS, (ii) reactive combined UBMS and HIPIMS, (iii) reactive pure HIPIMS. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the nanoscale TiAlCN/VCN coatings deposited in all the above combination of deposition have been studied. In all three cases, coatings were deposited in three major steps: (a) HIPIMS etching by Ar[+] + V[+] ions (b) a 300 nm thick TiAIN base layer deposition in Ar + N[2] atmosphere followed by 2.5 pm thick TiAlCN/VCN coating deposition in mixed Ar+N[2]+CH[4] reactive atmosphere. PVD chamber furnished with two pairs of opposing magnetrons with TiAl and V targets were utilised deposit this coating. During the second case of combined deposition, two opposing magnetrons were enabled to operate in HIPIMS mode and other two magnetrons were operated in UBMS mode, where as in third case only two opposing targets with HIPIMS power supply were utilised to deposit the TiAlCN/VCN coating respectively. In all the three cases, deposition parameters such as bias voltage (U[b] = -75V), deposition temperature (T[s]= 450 °C) and total pressure of reactive gas mixture (Ar+N[2]+CH[4]; P = 4 X 10[-3] mbar) were maintained at similar conditions. The V+ HIPIMS etching used in all three processes has shown excellent adhesion (Lc > 50) of the coating to the substrate. The plasma compositional analysis of V+ HIPIMS etching has shown high metal-to-gas ion ratio with ionization states of V up to 5+. The ionic composition of the HIPIMS plasma as a function of discharge current was analysed by plasma sampling using energy-resolved mass spectrometery. During the coating of TiAlCN/VCN, the plasma analysis has confirmed the higher production rate of metal ions and free carbon in case of HIPIMS-UBM in contrast to pure UBM. This has resulted to a denser closed columnar microstructure of the coating during the HDPIMS-UBM technique than UBM. The formation of graded like microstructure achieved during reactive pure HIPIMS case, further plants the importance of HIPIMS in producing advanced nanostructured coatings for high technology applications.

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Ganesh, Kamath K. "Micro-structural and functional properties of TiA1CN/VCN coating produced by high power impulse magnetron sputtering technology." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548497.

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Books on the topic "High functional properties"

The complete encyclopedia of superfoods: With 150 high-impact power-packed recipes : cooking for health, energy, weight loss and fitness : a comprehensive guide to the most powerful nutrient-rich incredients and their properties. Wigston, U.K.]: Hermes House, 2014.

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Kamenskaya, Valentina, and Leonid Tomanov. The fractal-chaotic properties of cognitive processes: age. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1053569.

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In the monograph the literature information about the nature of stochastic processes and their participation in the work of the brain and human behavior. Established that the real cognitive processes and mental functions associated with the procedural side of external events and the stochastic properties of the internal dynamics of brain systems in the form of fluctuations of their parameters, including cardiac rhythm generation and sensorimotor reactions. Experimentally proved that the dynamics of the measured physiological processes is in the range from chaotic regime to a weakly deterministic — fractal mode. Fractal mode determines the maximum order and organization homeostasis of cognitive processes and States, as well as high adaptive ability of the body systems with fractal properties. The fractal-chaotic dynamics is a useful quality to examine the actual physiological and psychological systems - a unique numerical identification of the order and randomness of the processes through calculation of fractal indices. The monograph represents the results of many years of experimental studies of the reflection properties of stochastic sensorimotor reactions, as well as stochastic properties of heart rate in children, Teens and adults in the age aspect in the speech activity and the perception of different kinds of music with its own frequency-spectral structure. Designed for undergraduates, graduate students and researchers that perform research and development on cognitive psychology and neuroscience.

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Sokolov, Artem, and Oleg Zhdanov. Cryptographic constructions on the basis of functions of multivalued logic. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1045434.

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Symmetric encryption algorithms have been successfully used to protect information during transmission on an open channel. The classical approach to the synthesis of modern cryptographic algorithms and cryptographic primitives on which they are based, is the use of mathematical apparatus of Boolean functions. The authors demonstrate that the use to solve this problem of functions of multivalued logic (FML) allows to largely improve the durability of the cryptographic algorithms and to extend the used algebraic structures. On the other hand, the study of functions of multivalued logic in cryptography leads to a better understanding of the principles of cryptographic primitives and the emergence of new methods of describing cryptographic constructions. In the monograph the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the properties of the FML, the presented algorithms for generating high-quality S-blocks for the symmetric encryption algorithms, as well as full-working samples of the cryptographic algorithms ready for practical implementation. For students and teachers and all those interested in issues of information security.

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Schiess, James R. Two algorithms for rational spline interpolation of surfaces. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1986.

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Eriksson, Olle, Anders Bergman, Lars Bergqvist, and Johan Hellsvik. Applications of Density Functional Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788669.003.0003.

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In this chapter we give examples of how density functional theory describes some of the most basic magnetic properties of a material. This involves spin and orbital moments, Heisenberg exchange parameters and magnetic form factors. Relativistic effects couple spin and orbital space and make magnetic materials anisotropic, which means that the ground state magnetization is oriented parallel or perpendicular to high symmetry directions of the crystalline structure. We also illustrate how well density functional theory describes cohesive properties and how magnetism influence these properties. These examples serve to give a general picture of how well density functional theory, as described in the previous chapters, can reproduce relevant features of magnetic materials, as well as to illustrate that the onset of spin-polarization can have drastic influence on all properties of a material.

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Maltisovs, Matīss. Operating Methods of High Voltage Bistable Smart Glass Electronics Systems. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227448.

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The Thesis focuses on Smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystals' (LCs) functional behaviour in order to understand if this will be the next generation product that could improve the daily life of the society. The optical properties of this liquid crystal are by far the best compared to the products available in the market, i.e., the light transmittance in transparent state is >85 % and in scatter state <2 %. Enabling the LC to be used for a variety of purposes, such as smart windows to scatter light on a sunny day or provide a sense of privacy in an open type office space. An in-depth literature review discusses the existing studies, obtained experimental data and attempts to develop functional products. The main unresolved problems are highlighted, described in detail and solutions are offered. In order to understand the potential of SmA LC in the smart glass/window technology, analysis of existing products was performed, a summary of an active smart glass/windows provided, and a comparative study between them was made. In addition, an in-depth study of long-term functional stability was performed during which the most popular types of defects were listed and analysed. Solutions for defect elimination and recommendations for optimization of switching systems and production processes are provided. A methodology for determining the electrical parameters of an LC has been developed in order to create an electrical simulation model and facilitate the development of electronic switching systems.

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M, Capitelli, European Space Agency, and European Space Research and Technology Centre., eds. Tables of internal partition functions and thermodynamic properties of high-temperature Mars-atmosphere species from 50K to 50,000K. Noordwijk, The Netherlands: ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, 2005.

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D, Giordano, and European Space Agency, eds. Tables of internal partition functions and thermodynamic properties of high-temperature air species from 50 K to 100,000 K. Paris, France: European Space Agency, 1994.

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On the applicability of high-frequency approximations to Lilley's equation. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. High temperature degradation mechanisms in polymer matrix composites. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "High functional properties"

Yeh, Jien-Wei, Swe-Kai Chen, Han C. Shih, Yong Zhang, and Ting Ting Zuo. "Functional Properties." In High-Entropy Alloys, 237–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27013-5_7.

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Karati, Anirudha, Joydev Manna, Soumyaranajan Mishra, and B. S. Murty. "Functional Properties of High Entropy Alloys." In High Entropy Alloys, 429–72. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367374426-18.

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Prikhna, Tatiana, Wolfgang Gawalek, Viktor Moshchil, Sergey Dub, Tobias Habisreuther, Vladimir Melnikov, Felip Sandiumenge, et al. "Improvement of Properties of Y- and Nd-base Melt Textured High Temperature Superconductors by High Pressure - High Temperature Treatment." In Functional Materials, 153–58. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607420.ch26.

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Harizanova, Ruzha, GÜnter VÖlksch, and Christian RÜssel. "Phase Separation and Crystallisation in High Iron Containing Borosilicate Glasses." In Functional Properties of Nanostructured Materials, 169–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4594-8_10.

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Vázquez, Manuel, Rhimou ElKammouni, Galina V. Kurlyandskaya, Valeria Rodionova, and Ludek Kraus. "Bimagnetic Microwires, Magnetic Properties, and High-Frequency Behavior." In Novel Functional Magnetic Materials, 279–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26106-5_7.

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Zope, Indraneel S., and Aravind Dasari. "High-Temperature-Resistant Polymer Nanocomposites." In Functional and Physical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites, 183–201. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118542316.ch9.

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BLIZNAKOV, S., N. DRENCHEV, T. SPASSOV, and A. POPOV. "NANOCRYSTALLINE Mg BASED ALLOYS OBTAINED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING AS PRECURSORS FOR HIGH-CAPACITY NEGATIVE ELECTRODES IN RECHARGEABLE Ni/MH BATTERIES." In Functional Properties of Nanostructured Materials, 469–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4594-8_45.

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Misiuk, A., and I. E. Tyschenko. "Optically Active Silicon Nanostructures Prepared from Implanted Si by Annealing at High Hydrostatic Pressure." In Nanostructures: Synthesis, Functional Properties and Applications, 619–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1019-1_36.

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Ziesche, P. "Density-Matrix Functional Theory and the High-Density Electron Gas." In Electron Correlations and Materials Properties 2, 307–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3760-8_18.

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Raja, Mohan. "Studies on Electrochemical Properties of MnO2and CuO Decorated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as High-Performance Electrode Materials." In Advanced Functional Materials, 283–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118998977.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "High functional properties"

Wada, Masato, Kohei Yamada, Naoya Yamada, Masato Makino, Jin Gong, and Hidemitsu Furukawa. "Frictional properties of high functional gel materials." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Nakhiah C. Goulbourne and Hani E. Naguib. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2045078.

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Jayabalan, Chee Kiang Goh, Ooi Ban Leong, Leong Mook Seng, Iyer, and Tay. "PLL based high speed functional testing." In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (Cat No 03CH37417) ATS-03. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ats.2003.1250794.

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Maeva, Anna R., Adam Strange, Ina Seviaryna, Colin Hopper, Conal Perrett, Hugh Trahair, Oliver Devine, and Arne Akbar. "Age-related changes in collagen mechanical properties detected by high-resolution acoustic microscopy and AFM." In Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, edited by Barjor S. Gimi and Andrzej Krol. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2587620.

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Grigoriev, Sergey N., Marina A. Volosova, Mars S. Migranov, Ilya V. Minin, Semen R. Shekhtman, Nadegda A. Suhova, Vladimir D. Gurin, and Petr M. Pivkin. "Nanostructured biocompatible Ti-TiN coating for implants with improved functional properties." In Technologies for Optical Countermeasures XVIII and High Power Lasers: Technology and Systems, Platforms, Effects V, edited by David H. Titterton, Robert J. Grasso, Mark A. Richardson, Willy L. Bohn, and Harro Ackermann. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2602166.

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Gao, Michael C., Paul D. Jablonski, Jeffrey A. Hawk, and David E. Alman. "High-Entropy Alloys: Formation and Properties." In ASME 2018 Symposium on Elevated Temperature Application of Materials for Fossil, Nuclear, and Petrochemical Industries. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etam2018-6732.

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This paper presents ongoing research at NETL aimed at gaining fundamental understanding of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) formation and their properties, and developing highperformance HEAs for high-temperature fossil energy applications. First-principles density functional theory (DFT), Monte Carlo simulation, and molecular dynamics simulation are carried out to predict enthalpy of formation, the entropy sources (i.e., configurational entropy, vibrational entropy, and electronic entropy), and elastic properties of model single-phase HEAs with the face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic and hexagonal closed-packed structures. Classical elastic theory, which considers the interactions between dislocations and elastic fields of solutes, has also been used to predict solid solution strengthening. Large-size (∼7.5 kg) HEAs ingots are produced using vacuum induction melting and electroslag remelting methods, followed by homogenization treatment resulting in greater than 99% homogeneity. Subsequent thermomechanical processing produces fully-wrought face-centered cubic microstructures. The tensile behavior for these alloys have been determined as a function of temperature, and based on these results screening creep tests have been performed at selected temperatures and stresses.

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Yuan, Jinkai, Shenghong Yao, Zhimin Dang, and Jinbo Bai. "Polyaniline/poly(vinylidene fluoride) functional hybrid films with high electric energy density." In 2009 IEEE 9th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpadm.2009.5252325.

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Kumar, S. "Effect of Various Process Parameter of GTA Cladding on Surface Properties of Mild Steel: A Critical Review." In Functional Materials and Applied Physics. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901878-4.

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Abstract. Mild steel has considerable importance in the field of engineering due to its high strength, good mechanical properties and low cost. However, its application is restricted in some industries where wear failure is considered as major problem. Wear attacks on the moving components from the upper surface, which proves wear is often a surface phenomenon. Many researchers have used the gas tungsten arc (GTA) cladding process to deposit a thick alloy layer, metal matrix composite layer and ceramic composite layer on low carbon steel substrate due to its high deposition efficiency, inexpensive, easy to operate and good performance. The metal matrix composite (MMC) coating makes the components reusable because of the synergetic effect of the combination of hard reinforcement and ductile matrix. Researchers also investigated that the deposition of hard coating synthesized by the in-situ method gives better properties rather than the ex-situ method due to the mismatch of the wetting properties between the various phases of ceramics materials during the ex-situ method. This review paper summarizes the literature related to the GTA cladding on mild steel and its applications. Further, it was also described here about the effect of coating materials, process parameters of GTA cladding on surface properties of mild steel such as resistance to wear, corrosion resistance and hardness. This review paper will provide reference for the researchers working in the GTA cladding area.

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Mahlami, C. S., and X. Pan. "Mechanical properties and microstructure evaluation of high manganese steel alloyed with vanadium." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, CHARACTERIZATION, SOLID STATE PHYSICS, POWER, THERMAL AND COMBUSTION ENERGY: FCSPTC-2017. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4990236.

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Verma, Indu, R. Rawat, V. Ganesan, D. M. Phase, A. Banergee, B. Das, Dinesh K. Aswal, and Anil K. Debnath. "Effect of Site Selective Doping of Co on the Physical and Structural∕Micro structural Properties of Bi-Based High Temperature Superconductors." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS OF EMERGING FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (PEFM-2010). AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3530488.

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Liedienov, N., A. Pashchenko, V. Pashchenko, D. Tatarchuk, Yu Prilipko, Y. Didenko, V. Turchenko, V. Prokopenko, A. Voznyak, and I. Fesych. "High hydrostatic pressure effect on functional properties of nanopowder La0.6Sr0.3Mn1.1O3-δ compacts with various dispersion." In 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elnano.2017.7939718.

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Reports on the topic "High functional properties"

Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.

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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing commercial yields. In both cases hydraulic conductance was determined with two methods - the non-destructive evaporative flux (EF)-leaf water potential (L WP) method, and a destructive method in which water was forced through the plant at known pressure using the "high pressure flow meter" (HPFM). Detailed work allowed measurement of conductance of the rootstock-scion union. This was achieved both with the HPFM and with the EF-LWP methods, the former in the US and the latter in Israel. Direct measurements of leaf conductance were made, and carbon isotope ratios ( d ¹³ C) were determined for leaves sampled at the end of the season. The latter can indicate sustained differences in leaf conductance behavior. HPFM and EF-LWP methods did not give the same results. In the small plants results were similar in magnitude, but not significantly correlated. In large trees, EF- L WP measurements were a fraction of those obtained with the HPFM. The latter indicates that some of the xylem is not normally functional but transports water when pressurized. Additional experimental work targeted this result. Xylem was stained before and after perfusion with water at high pressure. This showed that at least for one rootstock a significant amount of xylem was blocked before perfusion. The "air method" for determining xylem vessel properties was improved and employed. Length, radius and density of xylem vessels of different rootstocks were found to be similar, and significant differences found were not clearly related to rootstock vigor. Measurements in the commercial orchard in Israel showed that the graft union in a dwarfing rootstock was a large obstacle for water transport (i.e. had a high resistance). This apparently led to low leaf conductance to water vapor, as indicated by lower d ¹³ C, which implies low internal CO ₂ concentrations. In the US orchard, d ¹³ C in 2001 was correlated with rootstock vigor, and significant differences were found in leaf conductance. However, the d ¹³ C differences were not observed in 2002, were opposite to those found in the Israeli orchard, and measurements of the graft union with the HPFM did not find large resistances. We speculate that the graft union is not necessarily a large impediment to water transport unless the scion starts to separate from the rootstock. It was concluded that significant differences in hydraulic conductance exist between different dwarfing rootstocks. These differences may be caused by differences in xylem properties and in the degree of cavitation, as well as resistance in the graft union. However, no general relationship to rootstock vigor was found. Therefore, hydraulic conductance alone cannot explain dwarfing, but may be one of two or more factors that lead to dwarfing. Future work should integrate more factors with hydraulic relations, e.g. nutrient and solute transport and production of hormones.

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Steffens, John C., and Eithan Harel. Polyphenol Oxidases- Expression, Assembly and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571358.bard.

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Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.

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Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.

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The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.

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Johnson, B. Mechanical and transport properties of rocks at high temperatures and pressures. Task II. Fracture permeability of crystalline rocks as a function of temperature, pressure, and hydrothermal alteration. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6252349.

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Steffens, John, Eithan Harel, and Alfred Mayer. Coding, Expression, Targeting, Import and Processing of Distinct Polyphenoloxidases in Tissues of Higher Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613008.bard.

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones at the expense of O2. PPOs are ubiquitous in higer plants, and their role in oxidative browning of plant tissues causes large annual losses to food production. Despite the importance of PPOs to agriculture, the function(s) of PPOs in higher plants are not understood. Among other roles, PPOs have been proposed to participate in aspects of chloroplast metabolism, based on their occurrence in plastids and high Km for O2. Due to the ability of PPO to catalyze formation of highly reactive quinones, PPOs have also been proposed to be involved in a wide array of defensive interactions with insect, bacterial, and fungal pests. Physiological and biochemical studies of PPO have provided few answers to the major problems of PPO function, subcellular localization, and biochemical properties. This proposal achieved the following major objectives: cloning of PPO cDNAs in potato and tomato; characterization of the tomato PPO gene family; antisense downregulation of the tomato PPO gene family; and reduction in post-harvest enzymic browning of potato through expression of antisense PPO genes under the control of tuber-specific promoters. In addition, we established the lumenal localization of PPO, characterized and clarified the means by which PPOs are imported and processed by chloroplasts, and provided insight into the factors which control localization of PPOs. This proposal has thereby provided fundamental advances in the understanding of this enzyme and the control of its expression.

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Bradford, Joe, Itzhak Shainberg, and Lloyd Norton. Effect of Soil Properties and Water Quality on Concentrated Flow Erosion (Rills, Ephermal Gullies and Pipes). United States Department of Agriculture, November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613040.bard.

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Concentrated flow erosion in rills, pipes, ephermal gullies, and gullies is a major contributor of downstream sedimentation. When rill or gullies form in a landscape, a 3- to 5-fold increase in soil loss commonly occurs. The balance between the erosive power of the flow and the erosion resistance of the bed material determines the rate of concentrated flow erosion. The resistance of the bed material to detachment depends primarily on the magnitude of the interparticle forces or cohesion holding the particles and aggregates together. The effect of soil properties on bed material resistance and concentrated flow erosion was evaluated both in the laboratory and field. Both rill erodibility and critical hydraulic shear were greater when measured in 9.0 m long rills under field conditions compared with laboratory mini-flumes. A greater hydraulic shear was required to initiate erosion in the field compared to the mini-flume because of the greater aggregate and clod size and stability. Once erosion was initiated, however, the rate of erosion as a function of hydraulic shear was greater under field conditions because of the greater potential for slaking upon wetting and the greater soil surface area exposed to hydraulic shear. Erosion tests under controlled laboratory conditions with the mini-flume allowed individual soil variables to be studied. Attempts to relate rill erosion to a group soil properties had limited success. When individual soil properties were isolated and studied separately or grouped separately, some trends were identified. For example, the effect of organic carbon on rill erodibility was high in kaolinitic soils, low in smectitic soils, and intermediate in the soils dominated by illite. Slow prewetting and aging increased the cohesion forces between soil particles and decreased rill erodibility. Quick prewetting increased aggregate slaking and increased erodibility. The magnitude of the effect of aging depended upon soil type. The effect of clay mineralogy was evaluated on sand/clay mixtures with montmorillonite (M), Illite (I), and kaolinite (K) clays. Montmorillonite/sand mixtures were much less erodible than either illite or kaolonite sand mixtures. Na-I and Na-K sand mixtures were more erodible than Ca-I and Ca-K due to increased strength from ionic bonding and suppression of repulsive charges by Ca. Na-M was less erodiblethan Ca-M due to increased surface resulting from the accessibility of internal surfaces due to Na saturation. Erodibility decreased when salt concentration was high enough to cause flocculation. This occurred between 0.001 mole L-1 and 0.01 mole L-1. Measuring rill erodibility in mini-flumes enables the measurement of cohesive forces between particles and enhances our ability to learn more about cohesive forces resisting soil detachment under concentrated water flow.

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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas, and S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.

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Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.

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Ginzberg, Idit, Richard E. Veilleux, and James G. Tokuhisa. Identification and Allelic Variation of Genes Involved in the Potato Glycoalkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593386.bard.

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Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are secondary metabolites being part of the plant defense response. The two major SGAs in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are α-chaconine and α-solanine, which exhibit strong cellular lytic properties and inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, and are poisonous at high concentrations for humans. As SGAs are not destroyed during cooking and frying commercial cultivars have been bred to contain low levels, and their content in tubers should not exceed 20 mg/100 g fresh weight. However, environmental factors can increase tuber SGA content above the safe level. The focus of the proposed research was to apply genomic approaches to identify candidate genes that control potato SGA content in order to develop tools for potato improvement by marker-assisted selection and/or transgenic approaches. To this end, the objectives of the proposal included identification of genes, metabolic intermediates and allelic variations in the potato SGAbiosynthetic pathway. The SGAs are biosynthesized by the sterol branch of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway. Transgenic potato plants that overexpress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (HMG1) or squalene synthase 1 (SQS1), key enzymes of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway, exhibited elevated levels of solanine and chaconine as well as induced expression of genes downstream the pathway. These results suggest of coordinated regulation of isoprenoid (primary) metabolism and SGA secondary metabolism. The transgenic plants were further used to identify new SGA-related candidate genes by cDNA-AFLP approach and a novel glycosyltransferase was isolated. In addition, genes involved in phytosterol biosynthesis may have dual role and synthesize defense-related steroidal metabolites, such as SGAs, via lanosterol pathway. Potato lanosterol synthase sequence (LAS) was isolated and used to prepare transgenic plants with overexpressing and silencing constructs. Plants are currently being analyzed for SGA content. The dynamics of SGA accumulation in the various organs of a potato species with high SGA content gave insights into the general regulation of SGA abundance. Leaf SGA levels in S. chacoense were 10 to 20-fold greater than those of S. tuberosum. The leptines, SGAs with strong antifeedant properties against Colorado potato beetles, were present in all aerial tissues except for early and mid-developmental stages of above ground stolons, and accounted for the high SGA content of S. chacoense. These results indicate the presence of regulatory mechanisms in most tissues except in stolons that limit the levels of α-solanine and α-chaconine and confine leptine accumulation to the aerial tissues. The genomes of cultivated and wild potato contain a 4-member gene family coding for SQS. Three orthologs were cloned as cDNAs from S. chacoense and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Squalene accumulated in all E. coli lines transformed with each of the three gene constructs. Differential transcript abundance in various organs and amino acid sequence differences in the conserved domains of three isoenzymes indicate subfunctionalization of SQS activity and triterpene/sterol metabolism. Because S. chacoense and S. phureja differ so greatly for presence and accumulation of SGAs, we selected four candidate genes from different points along the biosynthetic pathway to determine if chcor phuspecific alleles were associated with SGA expression in a segregating interspecific diploid population. For two of the four genes (HMG2 and SGT2) F2 plants with chcalleles expressed significantly greater total SGAs compared with heterozygotes and those with phualleles. Although there are other determinants of SGA biosynthesis and composition in potato, the ability of allelic states at two genes to affect SGA levels confirms some of the above transgenic work where chcalleles at two other loci altered SGA expression in Desiree. Present results reveal new opportunities to manipulate triterpene/sterol biosynthesis in more targeted ways with the objective of altering SGA content for both human health concerns and natural pesticide content without disrupting the essential metabolism and function of the phytosterol component of the membranes and the growth regulating brassinosteroids.

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Russo, David, Daniel M. Tartakovsky, and Shlomo P. Neuman. Development of Predictive Tools for Contaminant Transport through Variably-Saturated Heterogeneous Composite Porous Formations. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7592658.bard.

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The vadose (unsaturated) zone forms a major hydrologic link between the ground surface and underlying aquifers. To understand properly its role in protecting groundwater from near surface sources of contamination, one must be able to analyze quantitatively water flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated subsurface environments that are highly heterogeneous, often consisting of multiple geologic units and/or high and/or low permeability inclusions. The specific objectives of this research were: (i) to develop efficient and accurate tools for probabilistic delineation of dominant geologic features comprising the vadose zone; (ii) to develop a complementary set of data analysis tools for discerning the fractal properties of hydraulic and transport parameters of highly heterogeneous vadose zone; (iii) to develop and test the associated computational methods for probabilistic analysis of flow and transport in highly heterogeneous subsurface environments; and (iv) to apply the computational framework to design an “optimal” observation network for monitoring and forecasting the fate and migration of contaminant plumes originating from agricultural activities. During the course of the project, we modified the third objective to include additional computational method, based on the notion that the heterogeneous formation can be considered as a mixture of populations of differing spatial structures. Regarding uncertainly analysis, going beyond approaches based on mean and variance of system states, we succeeded to develop probability density function (PDF) solutions enabling one to evaluate probabilities of rare events, required for probabilistic risk assessment. In addition, we developed reduced complexity models for the probabilistic forecasting of infiltration rates in heterogeneous soils during surface runoff and/or flooding events Regarding flow and transport in variably saturated, spatially heterogeneous formations associated with fine- and coarse-textured embedded soils (FTES- and CTES-formations, respectively).We succeeded to develop first-order and numerical frameworks for flow and transport in three-dimensional (3-D), variably saturated, bimodal, heterogeneous formations, with single and dual porosity, respectively. Regarding the sampling problem defined as, how many sampling points are needed, and where to locate them spatially in the horizontal x₂x₃ plane of the field. Based on our computational framework, we succeeded to develop and demonstrate a methdology that might improve considerably our ability to describe quntitaively the response of complicated 3-D flow systems. The results of the project are of theoretical and practical importance; they provided a rigorous framework to modeling water flow and solute transport in a realistic, highly heterogeneous, composite flow system with uncertain properties under-specified by data. Specifically, they: (i) enhanced fundamental understanding of the basic mechanisms of field-scale flow and transport in near-surface geological formations under realistic flow scenarios, (ii) provided a means to assess the ability of existing flow and transport models to handle realistic flow conditions, and (iii) provided a means to assess quantitatively the threats posed to groundwater by contamination from agricultural sources.

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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.

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